Amperage increase in DX potlines at EMAL

Vijayakumar Pillai1, Shaikha Al Shehhi2, Dinesh Bakshi3, Joseph Ndjebayi4, Tariq Majeed5
1
Lead Engineer, Process Control Reduction
2
Senior Manager, Process Control Reduction
3
Lead Engineer, Process Information Reduction
4
Manager, Potrooms Reduction
5
Senior Superintendent, Potlines Reduction
Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA) Al Taweelah (EMAL)
Corresponding author: vkumarpillai@ega.ae

Abstract

Emirates Aluminium (EMAL) completed the greenfield start-up of Potlines 1 and 2 in January
2011, comprising 756 pots using DX Technology developed by Dubai Aluminium (DUBAL).
The start-up was at 350 kA and increased to 354 kA gradually over the first year. From January
2012, amperage creep started at the rate of 0.60 kA per week in both potlines simultaneously
and reached 366 kA by June 2012. After about two months of process optimisation, the second
phase of accelerated ramp-up at the rate of 2.0 kA per week to 380 kA commenced in August
and was completed at the end of September 2012. The third phase was delayed until September
2014 due to Potline 3 start-up and reached 388 kA by February 2015 following an amperage
increase rate of 0.35 kA per week. Different control strategies were applied during the three
phases of amperage increase in order to minimise the thermal disturbances in pots and optimise
performance. This paper discusses the steps taken for smooth and safe amperage increase with
minimum process disturbances. Performance results achieved during the process are discussed
and compared with the pilot section of 40 DX pots operating at DUBAL.

Keywords: DX Technology; amperage creep; side shell temperature; bath voltage.

1. Introduction

EMAL Potlines 1 and 2 were started at 350 kA during 2009 and 2010 using DX Technology [1,
2]. The rectifier groups for each potline comprised five transformer-rectifiers, enabling an N-1
operating capacity at 350 kA. Within three months after completing the start-up, the amperage
was increased to 352 kA. After confirming stable operation, the amperage was increased to 353
kA within the next three months and to 354 kA by the end of 2012. An upgrade project was on
track to be completed by mid-2012, which would add a sixth rectifier to each potline and
thereby increase the rectifier capacity to more than 400 kA. In January 2012, it was decided to
increase the amperage slowly and steadily, even though N-1 condition would cause load
reduction. By July 2012, both potlines reached 366 kA.

The sixth rectifier was commissioned in Potline 2 first and the accelerated amperage increase
from 366 kA to 380 kA commenced from 7 August 2012. In the following week, the sixth
rectifier was also ready in Potline 1 and the accelerated amperage increase commenced from 16
August 2012. Potline 2 reached the target amperage of 380 kA on 1 October 2012 and Potline 1
reached 380 kA on 8 October 2012. A performance test at 380 kA, carried out on a group of 30
adjacent reduction cells over a period of 28 days in February 2013, showed that DX
Technology’s performance at 380 kA exceeded expectations and showed potential for further
amperage increase [3].

By June 2014, DUBAL, the technology supplier to EMAL, had developed the design for the
next generation DX Technology pot, capable of operating at 400 kA and beyond [4]. The DX

1
generation two (G2) design involved a modified potshell and lining design. By mid-2014, the
planned pot relining schedule based on a conservative cell age target of 1 900 days started in
EMAL potlines. Accordingly, potshells that were turned around were modified to G2 design
and installed with G2 lining design. As G2 design pots were designed for higher amperage,
further increase in amperage was carried out, reaching 388 kA in March 2015. Figure 1 shows
the different stages of amperage increase from 350 kA to 388 kA.

Amperage Increase - 350 kA to 388 kA

Potline 1 Potline 2
400
395
354 kA to
390
385 366 kA
380 @0.6
375 kA/week
370 380 kA to
365 388 kA
360 @0.35
355 366 kA
350 to 380 kA/wk
345 kA @2
340 kA/wk
335
330
31-Oct-2011

31-Oct-2012

31-Oct-2013

31-Oct-2014
30-Jun-2011

30-Jun-2012

30-Jun-2013

30-Jun-2014

30-Jun-2015
31-Dec-2010

31-Dec-2011

31-Dec-2012

31-Dec-2013

31-Dec-2014
30-Apr-2011

30-Apr-2012

30-Apr-2013

30-Apr-2014

30-Apr-2015
28-Feb-2011

29-Feb-2012

28-Feb-2013

28-Feb-2014

28-Feb-2015
31-Aug-2011

31-Aug-2012

31-Aug-2013

31-Aug-2014
Figure 1. Amperage increase in Potlines 1 and 2 from 350 kA to 388 kA

2. Pot ages and failures

The first pot was cut out in April 2014 for autopsy at the age of 1 559 days and pot replacement
started on schedule from July 2014. Potlines 1 and 2 did not experience any pot failures until
December 2014. The first pot tapped out on 19 December 2014 in Potline 2, followed by only
three more cases, as shown in Table 1. So few tap-outs for two large potlines show that the DX
lining design is very good and the pot operation is well controlled.

Table 1. Failed pots in EMAL DX Potlines 1 and 2.

Cell ID Tap-out date Pot age (days)
2B062 19-Dec-14 1761
2B085 08-Apr-15 1859
1B142 24-Jun-15 1653
2B181 27-Aug-15 1891

As a part of the cell relining schedule, 38 % of the pots were replaced by the end of August
2014. About 10 % of the pots cut-out were selected because of increasing iron content in the
metal (0.15 % to 0.30 %). This iron was suspected to come from collector bar attack, but only
approximately half of these pots were observed during delining to have damaged collector bars.
The remainder probably had smaller multiple collector bar attacks, which could not be seen
during delining. The age distribution of pots cut-out until 31 August 2015 is given in Figure 2
and the statistics are given in Table 2.

2
 Age Distribution of Cut-out Pots
1st Quartile Max Average Min 3rd Quartile
2100 2079
2044
2000 1987
Pot age at cut-out, days
1900 1891 1891
1841
1800 1803 1791

1700 1717
1677
1653
1600
1547
1500
1400
Planned cut-out Confirmed collector Suspected collector Failed by tap-out
bar attack bar attack

Figure 2. Age distribution of cut-out pots in Potlines 1 and 2.

Table 2. Statistics of relined pots.

Planned Collector Collector Failed by Overall relined
cut-out bar attack bar attack tap-out pots
pots (confirmed) (suspected)
Number of pots & 251 (88) 13 (4.6) 16 (5.6) 4 (1.4) 284 (38 % of
(% of cut-out pots) total 756 pots)
Average age, days 1803 1841 1891 1791 1809
Minimum age, days 1547 1717 1677 1653 1547
Maximum age, days 2079 1987 2044 1891 2079

The age distribution of operating pots on 31 August 2015 is shown in Figure 3. The average age
of operating pots from the first generation (G1) is 1 824 days. The predicted life expectancy of
the first generation, based on this age distribution and on pot replacement schedule, is more than
1 900 days. This figure is expected to increase after the limitation of relining capacity will be
relaxed, when more than 50 % of pots will have been replaced.

Age Distribution of DX-G1 Pots Operating on 31st August 2015

60%
52%
50%

40%
Frequency, %

29%
30%

18%
20%

10%
0% 2% 0%
0%
<1700 1701 - 1800 1801 - 1900 1901 - 2000 2001 - 2100 >2100
Pot Age, days

Figure 3. Age distribution of DX generation 1 pots in operation on 31 August 2015.

To understand the operational reasons for this performance, several operational results and
strategies are reviewed.

3
3. Amperage increase from 352 kA to 380 kA

3.1. Amperage increase strategy

The adjustment of pot operation parameters for the amperage increase to 380 kA was based on
the operation at 352 kA from March 2011 to February 2012. The change of pot operation
parameters was based on model calculations, using the following compromise between three
strategies – constant anode cathode distance (ACD), constant voltage and constant internal heat:
• ACD at 380 kA reduced by a maximum 7.5 % compared to 352 kA;
• Internal heat input at 380 kA increased by a maximum of 5 % compared to 352 kA.

As a consequence:
• Base Resistance Set Point (BRSP) decreased by a total of 0.42 µΩ, achieved in steps of
0.020 µΩ per kA up to 370 kA and 0.015 µΩ per kA from 371 kA to 380 kA;
• Net pot voltage at 380 kA increased by 35 mV compared to 352 kA.

Figure 4 shows the BRSP for the period in EMAL DX pots compared to DX pots in DUBAL
Potline 8. The corresponding chart for net pot voltage is shown in Figure 5. At 352 kA, EMAL
potlines were operating at lower bath temperature than DUBAL Potline 8 pots, therefore the
planned voltage decrease in EMAL, during the transition period, was slower than in Potline 8. A
step-change in the model at 370 kA is due to the assumption that the ACD would be kept
constant from 370 kA to 380 kA. In practice, this was not required and the BRSP and pot
voltage continued to decrease from 370 kA to 380 kA.

BRSP with Amperage - Actual versus Model

DUBAL Line 8 Model EMAL Lines 1 & 2
7.30
7.20
7.10
7.00
BRSP, µΩ

6.90
6.80
6.70
6.60
6.50
6.40
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380

Amperage, kA
Figure 4. BRSP with amperage increase – Model prediction versus actual in EMAL and
DUBAL Potline 8.

4
 Net Pot Voltage with Amperage - Actual versus Model
DUBAL Line 8 Model EMAL Lines 1 & 2
4.26
4.24
Net Pot Voltage, V 4.22
4.20
4.18
4.16
4.14
4.12
4.10
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
Amperage, kA
Figure 5. Net pot voltage with amperage increase – Model prediction versus actual in
EMAL and DUBAL Potline 8.

From 366 kA to 380 kA, the amperage increase was accelerated to 2.0 kA per week and it took
only two months to reach 380 kA. During this period, the thermal state of some pots was out of
balance and some red potshells were observed. The situation improved after stabilisation of the
amperage at 380 kA. At 380 kA, the pots were operated at the planned BRSP (varying between
6.72 µΩ and 6.76 µΩ) until August 2014, as shown in Figure 6.

BRSP at 380 kA
Potline 2 Potline 1
6.80
6.79
6.78
6.77
BRSP, µΩ

6.76
6.75
6.74
6.73
6.72
6.71
6.70
15-Apr-13

15-Apr-14
15-May-13

15-May-14
15-Feb-13

15-Sep-13

15-Feb-14
15-Jul-13

15-Jul-14
15-Oct-13
15-Nov-12

15-Aug-13

15-Nov-13
15-Jun-13

15-Jun-14
15-Mar-13

15-Mar-14
15-Jan-13

15-Jan-14
15-Dec-12

15-Dec-13

Figure 6. BRSP in Potlines 1 and 2 at 380 kA.

3.2. Monitoring and control in the potrooms

Specific monitoring of pot condition was not required during the initial phases of the amperage
increase (up to 366 kA). Before commencing the accelerated ramp-up from 366 kA to 380 kA,
the following monitoring and control strategy was implemented:
• No change to the metal tap table for three days after the amperage increase step;
• Daily “red shell survey” by shop floor team during the night covering the whole potline
within one week and repeating the same the following week;
• Applying forced shell cooling with compressed air on red hot shells;
• Measurements of shell temperatures to monitor the freeze build-up, indicated by
reduced shell temperature;
• Review of potline status every week to decide on the next step amperage increase.

5
4. Amperage increase from 380 kA to 388 kA

BRSP was reduced only marginally during the increase from 380 kA to 388 kA, which resulted
in an increase in net pot voltage as shown in Figures 7 and 8, for the first generation (G1) pots.
As can be seen, after reaching 388 kA, the BRSP and pot voltage were reduced and finally
optimised to the same voltage as at 380 kA, which meant a net reduction in ACD.

BRSP from 380 kA to 388 kA

BRSP - PL2 BRSP - PL1 kA - PL1 kA - PL2
6.80 390
6.75 388
6.70

Amperage, kA
6.65 386
BRSP, µΩ

6.60 384
6.55 382
6.50
6.45 380
6.40 378

20-Apr-15
11-May-15
01-Sep-14
22-Sep-14

16-Feb-15

13-Jul-15
13-Oct-14
03-Nov-14
24-Nov-14

01-Jun-15
22-Jun-15
09-Mar-15
30-Mar-15
05-Jan-15
26-Jan-15
15-Dec-14

Figure 7. BRSP reduction from 380 kA to 388 kA.

Net Pot Voltage from 380 kA to 388 kA

Pot V - PL2 Pot V - PL1 kA - PL1 kA - PL2
4.30 390
4.29
4.28 388
4.27 386 Amperage, kA
Pot Voltage, V

4.26
4.25 384
4.24
4.23 382
4.22 380
4.21
4.20 378
20-Apr-15
11-May-15
01-Sep-14
22-Sep-14

16-Feb-15

13-Jul-15
13-Oct-14
03-Nov-14
24-Nov-14

01-Jun-15
22-Jun-15
09-Mar-15
30-Mar-15
05-Jan-15
26-Jan-15
15-Dec-14

Figure 8. Net pot voltage during 380 kA to 388 kA increase

Figure 9 shows the BRSP reduction for established G2 pots (age > 56 days), after reaching 388
kA. At the end of this transitional period there were only 120 established G2 pots which were
operating at 0.08 µΩ lower BRSP and 28 mV lower pot voltage than the G1 pots.

6
 Weekly Average BRSP (µΩ) Weekly Average Net Pot Voltage (V)
DX - G1 Pots DX - G2 Pots DX - G1 Pots DX - G2 Pots
6.85 4.34
6.80 4.32
6.75 4.30
6.70
4.28
6.65
4.26
6.60
6.55 4.24
6.50 4.22
6.45 4.20
10-Apr-15

24-Apr-15

10-Apr-15

24-Apr-15
08-May-15

22-May-15

08-May-15

22-May-15
11-Sep-15

25-Sep-15

11-Sep-15

25-Sep-15
03-Jul-15

17-Jul-15

31-Jul-15

03-Jul-15

17-Jul-15

31-Jul-15
14-Aug-15

28-Aug-15

14-Aug-15

28-Aug-15
05-Jun-15

19-Jun-15

05-Jun-15

19-Jun-15
27-Mar-15

27-Mar-15
Figure 9. BRSP and net pot voltage of G1 and G2 pots at 388 kA.

5. Other control parameters at various stages of amperage

Monthly average side shell temperature, excluding red shells, as well as the temperature
distribution at various stages of amperage increase, is shown in Figure 10. The shell temperature
increased by approximately 50 °C during the amperage increase from 366 kA to 380 kA.
Thereafter, the temperature remained at that level, indicating thinner side ledge than at lower
amperages, but there were no pots with no freeze. The decrease in average potshell temperature
from April to August 2015 is due to the G2 pots being included in the samples. The potshell
temperature of G2 pots is approximately 60 °C lower than temperature of G1 potshells.

Average Side Shell Temperature of Operating Pots Average Side Shell Temperature (°C) Distribution
450 1st Quartile Maximum Average Minimum 3rd Quartile
440
accelerated ramp-up to 380 kA

465
430
420 445
410 425
400
°C

405
390
380 385
370 365
360 345
350
325
Jan-10

Jan-11

Jan-12

Jan-13

Jan-14

Jan-15
Apr-10

Apr-11

Apr-12

Apr-13

Apr-14

Apr-15
Jul-10

Jul-11

Jul-12

Jul-13

Jul-14

Jul-15
Oct-10

Oct-11

Oct-12

Oct-13

Oct-14

350 kA (Jan- 366 kA (Jul- 380 kA (Dec- 388 kA (Jul-

2011) 2012) 2012) 2015)

Figure 10. Side shell temperature trend and distribution at different amperage levels.

Figure 11 shows the age distribution of the operating pots, cathode voltage drops, metal levels
and metal reserves as a function of amperage increase for G1 pots. The cathode voltage drop
(CVD) increase is mostly due to amperage increase. The average metal level has been on target,
which is constant at 18 cm for amperages from 366 kA. The gradual increase in metal reserve is
the result of cathode erosion in old pots.

7
 Pot age (days) Distribution of Operating Pots Cathode Voltage Drop (mV) Distribution
1st Quartile Maximum Average Minimum 3rd Quartile 1st Quartile Maximum Average Minimum 3rd Quartile
2100 340
1800 320
1500 300
1200 280
900 260
600 240
300 220
0 200
350 kA (Jan- 366 kA (Jul- 380 kA (Dec- 388 kA (Jul- 350 kA (Jan- 366 kA (Jul- 380 kA (Dec- 388 kA (Jul-
2011) 2012) 2012) 2015) 2011) 2012) 2012) 2015)

Metal Level (cm) Distribution Metal Reserve (t/pot) Distribution

1st Quartile Maximum Average Minimum 3rd Quartile 1st Quartile Maximum Average Minimum 3rd Quartile
21.0
28.0
20.0
24.0
19.0
20.0
18.0

17.0 16.0

16.0 12.0
350 kA (Jan- 366 kA (Jul- 380 kA (Dec- 388 kA (Jul- 350 kA (Jan- 366 kA (Jul- 380 kA (Dec- 388 kA (Jul-
2011) 2012) 2012) 2015) 2011) 2012) 2012) 2015)

Figure 11. Pot age, cathode voltage drop, metal level and metal reserve in operating G1
pots during various amperage levels

Figure 12 shows weekly average values and standard deviation (SD) of Excess AlF3 and bath
temperature for G1 pots during the amperage increase. The excess Fluoride and bath
temperature increased slightly during the whole period and as a consequence the superheat
increased as shown in Figure 13. On a daily basis, the correlation between excess AlF3 and bath
temperature is used to identify abnormal pots with anode or AlF3 feeder problems. Effective
monitoring and control during the amperage increase resulted in low SD on Excess AlF3 (< 1.5
%) and bath temperature (< 8 °C). The increase in SD observed from April 2015 is mainly due
to an increase in anode problems.

Weekly Average - Excess AlF3 and Bath Temperature during Amperage Weekly Standard Deviation - Excess AlF3 and Bath Temperature during
Increase (350 kA - 388 kA) Amperage Increase (350 kA - 388 kA)
Excess AlF3 Bath Temperature Excess AlF3 Bath Temperature
12 980 3.0 12
Average Bath Temperature, °C

11 975 2.5 10
SD Bath Temperature, °C
Average Excess AlF3, %

SD Excess AlF3, %

10 970 2.0 8

9 965 1.5 6

8 960 1.0 4

7 955 0.5 2

6 950 0.0 0
29-Oct-10

29-Oct-11

29-Oct-12

29-Oct-13

29-Oct-14

29-Oct-10

29-Oct-11

29-Oct-12

29-Oct-13

29-Oct-14
29-Jul-10

29-Jul-11

29-Jul-12

29-Jul-13

29-Jul-14

29-Jul-15

29-Jul-10

29-Jul-11

29-Jul-12

29-Jul-13

29-Jul-14

29-Jul-15
29-Jan-10

29-Jan-11

29-Jan-12

29-Jan-13

29-Jan-14

29-Jan-15

29-Jan-10

29-Jan-11

29-Jan-12

29-Jan-13

29-Jan-14

29-Jan-15
29-Apr-10

29-Apr-11

29-Apr-12

29-Apr-13

29-Apr-14

29-Apr-15

29-Apr-10

29-Apr-11

29-Apr-12

29-Apr-13

29-Apr-14

29-Apr-15

Figure 12. Weekly average and standard deviation of Excess AlF3 and bath temperature
for G1 pots during amperage increase from 350 kA to 388 kA.

8
 Bath superheat (°C) distribution
1st Quartile Maximum Average Minimum 3rd Quartile
25

20

15

10

0
350 kA (Jan- 366 kA (Jul- 380 kA (Dec- 388 kA (Jul-
2011) 2012) 2012) 2015)
Figure 13. Bath superheat distribution for G1 pots during various amperage levels.

During the process of amperage increase, in order to facilitate heat loss at increased amperage,
the anode cover thickness in G1 pots was decreased from 13 cm at 350 kA to 9 cm at 388 kA, as
shown in Figure 14. During the same period, pot gas flow rate was increased slightly from 8 500
Nm3/h to 8 800 Nm3/h.

Weekly Average - Anode Cover Thickness during Amperage Increase (350 kA

- 388 kA)
18
Average Anode Cover Thickness, cm

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
29-Oct-10

29-Oct-11

29-Oct-12

29-Oct-13

29-Oct-14
29-Jul-10

29-Jul-11

29-Jul-12

29-Jul-13

29-Jul-14

29-Jul-15
29-Jan-10

29-Jan-11

29-Jan-12

29-Jan-13

29-Jan-14

29-Jan-15
29-Apr-10

29-Apr-11

29-Apr-12

29-Apr-13

29-Apr-14

29-Apr-15

Figure 14. Anode cover thickness for G1 pots during amperage increase (350 kA - 388 kA).

Figure 15 shows the trend of iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) in metal during the period. Normal
variation between 0.020 % and 0.040 % caused by changes in raw material is observed for Si
which is indicating good side freeze stability. The increase in Fe seen from July 2014 is caused
by a combination of anode problems and collector bars attack in some pots before cut-out for
relining.

9
 Weekly Average - Fe and Si in Metal during Amperage Increase (350 kA -
388 kA)
Fe in metal Si in metal
0.400 0.050
0.350 0.045
0.040
Average Fe in metal, %

Average Si in metal, %
0.300
0.035
0.250 0.030
0.200 0.025
0.150 0.020
0.015
0.100
0.010
0.050 0.005
0.000 0.000
29-Oct-10

29-Oct-11

29-Oct-12

29-Oct-13

29-Oct-14
29-Jul-10

29-Jul-11

29-Jul-12

29-Jul-13

29-Jul-14

29-Jul-15
29-Jan-10

29-Jan-11

29-Jan-12

29-Jan-13

29-Jan-14

29-Jan-15
29-Apr-10

29-Apr-11

29-Apr-12

29-Apr-13

29-Apr-14

29-Apr-15
Figure 15. Fe and Si in metal during amperage increase (350 kA - 388 kA).

6. DX pot performance at EMAL

The operational performance of EMAL Potlines 1 and 2 has been reported earlier for different
amperage stages [1, 3, 5]. Table 3 gives the key performance indicators (KPIs) of established
pots (age > 56 days) during the whole period from start-up until 30 September 2015 and two
other periods, at 380 kA and 381 kA to 388 kA. The performance was excellent throughout the
whole period. Decrease in current efficiency is seen at 388 kA as shown in Figure 16, which is
mainly due to an increase in anode problems experienced from April to August 2015 and due to
intentional metal reserve build-up in July 2015.

Table 3. KPIs of established pots.

DX EMAL DX EMAL DX EMAL
KPI Units Jan. 2010 – Nov. 2012 Aug. 2014
Sept 2015 – Jul. 2014 – Sept 2015
Amperage kA 368.7 380.0 385.3
Current efficiency % 95.0 94.4 93.7
Metal production kg/pot-day 2821 2887 2907
Net cell voltage V 4.25 4.24 4.27
DC net specific energy cons. kWh/kg Al 13.32 13.40 13.57
Gross carbon consumption kg C/t Al 0.544 0.542 0.542
Net carbon consumption kg C/t Al 0.418 0.418 0.418
Bath temperature °C 958 960 961
Excess AlF3 % 9.9 9.8 10.1
Fe % 0.051 0.040 0.069
Si % 0.030 0.025 0.031
AE frequency No./pot- day 0.10 0.06 0.06
AE duration seconds 37 12 17
PFC emissions CO2 71 13 17
kg/t Al
equivalent*
*CO2 equivalent is calculated as in Reference [6], using the Tier 2 method and SAR (Second
Assessment Report).

10
 Current Efficiency and Amperage from 350 kA to 388 kA
CE, % - DX Pots Amperage, kA
100 390

98 380
Current Efficiency, %
96 370

Amperage, kA
94 360

92 350

90 340

88 330
Apr

Apr

Apr

Apr

Apr

Apr
Jul

Jul

Jul

Jul

Jul

Jul
Oct

Oct

Oct

Oct

Oct
Jan

Jan

Jan

Jan

Jan

Jan
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 16. Monthly average current efficiency of DX pots during amperage increase.

7. Conclusion

EMAL Potlines 1 and 2 have successfully increased amperage from 350 kA to 388 kA,
which increases the annual metal production by approximately 80 000 tonnes. The KPIs
during the whole period were maintained at an excellent level. The potlining
performance was also excellent with no failures during the first five years of operation.
The potential for further amperage increase has been proven in DUBAL Potline 8,
which opens the path to the future for EMAL potlines 1 and 2.

8. References

1. Ali Al Zarouni et al., The successful implementation of DUBAL DX Technology at

EMAL, Light Metals 2012, 715-720.
2. B. Kakkar et al., Commissioning of Emirates Aluminium smelter potlines, Light Metals
2012, pp 721-726.
3. Michel Reverdy et al., Successful implementation of amperage increase to 380 kA in
DX cells at DUBAL and EMAL, 31st International Conference of ICSOBA, 19th
Conference, Aluminium Siberia, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, September 4 – 6, 2013, 542-545.
4. Rawa Ba Raheem, Arvind Kumar, Sergey Akhmetov, DX cell technology at 400 kA
and beyond, 33rd ICSOBA Conference and Exhibition, Dubai, 29 November to 1
December 2015.
5. Ali Al Zarouni, Technology and innovation at Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA), 33rd
ICSOBA Conference and Exhibition, Dubai, 29 November to 1 December 2015.
6. Ali Al Zarouni et al., “DX+ an Optimized Version of DX Technology”, Light Metals
2012, 697-702.

11