Math 204: Statistics

Statistical graphs/tables
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STATISTICAL GRAPHS

The readers’ sustained interest should be the primary concerns of the researcher in presenting the
gathered data. The presentation may be done in different manners:

Presentation of Data

1. Textual form – one presents data in textual form or by narration, but it needs a lot of reading and
visualization, and oftentimes are not easily understood or imagined. These are usually presentation of
newspaper and journals. There are people who are used to textual information, but there are others who
find it difficult to digest information from textual data and need further help in visualizing them.
 The data are presented in paragraph form.

2. Tabular form – data can be arranged in a table with well-designed categorizations for the x and y axes,
that would make data more understandable and clearer.
 The data presented in tables to show the relation between the column and row quantities.
 A good table has the following characteristics or parts:
a. Table number and heading on the top
b. The rows and columns properly identify what variables are presented.
c. The body which contains the major data and;
d. The source if the data, if documentary.

3. Graphical form – data are presented in pictures which help in the understanding of the table and this is
easily seen by the reader
a. With title found at the bottom of the graph
b. Title and from what table the graph are a picture of
c. The variables of x and y are well presented
 The data are presented in visual form. It is a picture that displays numerical information.
Data are presented best if the three techniques are used, for in using more senses, appreciation of data becomes
clearer and faster. Although it is better to work with ungrouped data, because they give parametric values, it is
also good to reduce ungrouped data in frequency distributions, which are also helpful.
Graphical Representation of Frequency Distribution

1. BAR GRAPH  used to show relative sizes of data; Bars drawn proportional to the data may be
horizontal or vertical.
 used to show the comparison of nominal data, such as nationality, sex, religion,
month,… and numerical data –discrete or continuous, such as population and
other frequency information
 Bar Graph of the arithmetic scores of 30 students using y-axis as the frequency and the x-axis as
the class intervals.

Arithmetic Scores of 30 students

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
22 - 28 29 - 35 36 - 42 43 - 49 50 - 56

Frequency

2. FREQUENCY POLYGON  a line graph where the frequency of each class is plotted against the
corresponding class mark.
 Frequency Polygon of the arithmetic scores of 30 students using the y-axis as the frequency and
the x-axis as the real limits.

Arithmetic Scores of 30 students

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
15.5 – 21.5 21.5 – 28.5 28.5 – 35.5 35.5 – 42.5 42.5 – 49.5 49.5 – 56.5 56.5 – 63.5

Frequency

3. HISTOGRAM  a bar graph-like representation of a frequency distribution

 The rectangular bars are without space between them.
 The height of each bar corresponds to the frequency of the class and the width
corresponds to the interval of the class.

AN EXERCISE FOR THESE GRAPHICAL

REPRESENTATIONS WILL BE UPLOADED
IN CLASS WORK.