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ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
Published by NORDTEST Tekniikantie 12, FIN-02150 ESPOO, FINLAND Phone +358 9 455 4600 Fax +358 9 455 4272
ISSN 0283-720X Proj. 864-89 www.nordtest.org
NORDTEST METHOD NT NDT 013 2
1 INTRODUCTION 2 APPLICATION
This Nordtest method does not specify acceptance criteria. (i) Reporting level.
Reference is to be made to relevant codes or other documents (ii) Extent of examination, i.e. areas to be examined includ-
specifying such criteria. ing configuration and dimensions.
Generally the condition of the surface that will be in contact replacing a probe, all calibration, adjustment of time-base and
with the probe shall be such that satisfactory coupling between sensitivity setting shall be repeated.
the probe and the workpiece can be maintained, providing
- Straight beam probes
satisfactory conditions for the transmission of the ultrasonic
waves. Surfaces where scanning will be performed must also The straight beam probes shall be checked frequently and
allow for free movement of the probe. always before and after a specific ultrasonic examination.
The surface roughness should not exceed 6 µm rms. Echo amplitude and number of echoes (if applicable) from a
calibration/reference block can be used in the check pro-
For aluminium the grinding requirement may impose specific
cedure.
requirements on the grinding equipment to avoid corrosion
problems. Aluminium surfaces should be metallically clean.
7 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
7.1 Ultrasonic apparatus
5 COUPLANT
An oscilloscope type ultrasonic flaw detector (A-scan display
A couplant such as water, oil, grease or a commercial ultra-
or similar) covering at least the frequency range of 4-12 MHz
sonic couplant shall be used in accordance with common
shall be used.
practices (IIW doc. 527-76, Section 4.3).
The apparatus must be able to work in single as well as twin
A probe holder with a 0.05 to 0.1 mm probe stand-off may be
crystal modes.
used with micro miniature probes when using liquid couplant,
to ensure stable coupling, less probe wear, more easy probe It must be possible to adjust the time base of the apparatus
handling and correct probe angle. down to a range of 10 mm corresponding to full screen width.
It must be possible to draw a reference curve directly on the
screen.
6 PERIODIC CHECK OF EQUIPMENT
6.1 General 7.2 Probes
Whenever personnel discovers irregularities in equipment per-
7.2.1 General
formance, or the equipment has been exposed to rough treat-
ment which could influence the equipment performance, a Single crystal probes should be chosen so that sound paths
quality check is required. Documents of quality checks shall exceed 60 % of the near field length.
be available. Twin crystal probes should be chosen so that the sound path
is typically 50-200 % of focal distance.
6.2 Periodic quality checks High frequencies, 4-10 MHz, should be used for good sensi-
tivity. The highest frequency probes are needed for the
The ultrasonic apparatus, probes and cables shall be checked
smallest plate thicknesses.
at intervals not exceeding 6 months. The check shall ensure
that all the operating modes function satisfactory. The probe angle should be in the range of 60° to 80°. The
advantage of using different probe angles may be less for thin
plate examination because the ultrasonic beam may fill the
6.3 Periodic checks during operation inspection volume. This will depend on plate thickness, probe
frequency and probe crystal size. For high frequency micro
In order to ensure that the ultrasonic equipment is properly
miniature probes this effect will be less pronounced.
calibrated at any time during examination, the operator shall
perform checks at regular intervals as outlined below:
* check of time-base range or display range using blocks (i) Micro miniature angle beam probes or TR probes,
manufactured for the purpose.
- Frequency in the range of 4-10 MHz
* check of sensitivity. - A probe angle of approximately 70° should be used.
- Angle beam probes The probe angle in aluminium will depend on the type
of alloy and treatment of the material. The nominal
The angle probes shall be checked frequently and always
probe angle will normally be given for steel, and the
before and after a specific ultrasonic examination.
actual probe angle has to be established by cali-
If wear has caused an angular deviation of more 2° bration as described in Clause 8.2.
from the nominal value, the probe shall be replaced. When - Transversal wave mode.
NORDTEST METHOD NT NDT013 4
(i) Micro miniature angle beam probes or TR probes, A cylindrical bore hole of 1.0 mm diameter and two notches of
1.0 mm depth and max. 0.2 mm width, with lengths equal to
- Frequency in the range of 4-10 MHz half the reference block width, shall be positioned as shown in
- Beam angle of 70° Figure 7.1.
- Twin crystal probe
(i) The notches shall be used to determine probe angle.
- Transverse wave mode, since the lower attenuation
of longitudinal waves gives no advantage for the short (ii) The time base should be calibrated using the cylindrical
path lengths in thin plates. bore hole as reflector.
W/2
Figure 7.1. Calibration and reference block with side drilled hole and notches.
NORDTEST METHOD NT NDT 013 5
(iii) Sensitivity setting shall be performed with the cylindrical The echo is maximized against the 25 mm or 50 mm
bore hole of 1 mm diameter. The construction of the diameter surface and the position of the index point is
reference curve should be carried out as recommended positioned directly below the reference mark on the
by DOC IIS/IIW - 527-76. calibration block. The index point should be marked on
the probe and the result should be reported in the probe
log.
7.5 Control blocks
(ii) The calibration of the angle of refraction shall be per-
It is recommended, but non-mandatory, to have control blocks formed directly on the reference block by mechanically
with real defects for the purpose of increased detection re- measuring the plate thickness and horizontal distance
liability. The control block shall have the same material quality, from the index point of the probe to the position of the
thickness, surface geometry and surface condition as the body notches, and then calculating the angle. The calibration
to be examined. procedure is described in Figure 8.2. At least one of the
indicated positions should be used, and the angle of
refraction then calculated from the following formula:
8 PROCEDURE FOR EXAMINATION OF WELDS
a = arctg(d/T)
8.1 General
(iii) If the probe wedge has been adapted to test body
The ultrasonic weld examination shall be performed according curvature, the probe index and angle of refraction shall
to commonly accepted practice, as described in DOC IIS/IIW- be determined by using a reference block of curvature
527-76. The temperature of the calibration and reference block similar to that of the test object.
shall be the same as that of the surface of the test object within
10 °C.
Figure 8.1. Calibration of index point using the V2 block. Figure 8.2. Calibration of probe angle.
Figure 8.4. Calculation of sound path s and horizontal distance d from the probe to a cylindrical bore hole.
The sound path s and the horizontal distance d from the first 8.4 Sensitivity setting
probe position A to the reflector can be calculated by the
The sensitivity setting shall be performed and a reference
following formulas, when the plate thickness T, the probe angle
curve shall be established by using the 1 mm diameter bore
a and the radius R (0.5 mm) of the cylindrical bore hole are
hole in the reference block described in Fig. 7.1. The procedure
known (see Figure 8.4):
is shown in Figures 8.5 to 8.8.
s = (T/2)/cos(a) - R
The sound path from the position corresponding to the first
d = (T/2)tg(a) - R sin(a) point on the reference curve to the cylindrical bore hole should
be not less than 60 % of the near field length of the probe.
The position A is approximately 1/4 skip distance from the bore
hole and the positions B, C and D correspond to 3/4, 5/4 and Probe positions A(1), B(3) and C(5) shall be used for estab-
7/4 skip distances, or N*(1/4) skip distances, where N is 1, 3, lishing the reference curve if the sound path from the probe in
5 and 7. A table of horizontal distances and sound paths position A(1) to the reflector is more than 0.6 times (60 %) the
corresponding to the probe positions A, B, C and D should be near field length of the probe. Otherwise probe positions A(3),
made and the probe positions for these skip distances should B(5) and C(7) shall be used.
be marked with a felt tip pen on the surface of the reference The echo height from the first position should be maximized
block. The formulas for these positions will be
and the gain adjusted so that the echo height is 80 % of the
s = N(T/2)/cos(a) - R full screen height.
d = N(T/2)tg(a) - R sin(a) With constant gain setting echo heights from the other probe
positions shall be maximized and the maximum echo positions
An example of such a table is given below, for T = 4 mm, a = should be marked on the instrument screen.
70°:
A smooth curve should be drawn through the established echo
Probe ID height positions and is to be plotted on the instrument screen.
Figure 8.5. Probe positions for establishing reference curve, numbers in parentheses are number of quarter
skip distances.
100 % t
\\
\\
\\ REFERENCE CURVE
75 %
Figure 8.7. Probe positions for establishing reference curve, numbers in parentheses correspond to number
of quarter skip distances.
100 % t
\\\
75 % ! REFERENCE CURVE
Figure 8.9. Minimum scanning area for probes with short near field length.
s = 10 mm
Figure 8.10. Minimum scanning area using a probe with relatively long near field length.
reflector position near the center of the plate, and the most far
away probe position corresponds to a reflector position near
the top (Figure 8.9) or bottom (Figure 8.10) surface of the
plate with a distance S, minimum 10 mm, from the weld
MACHINED FLUSH groove.
9 REPORTING
8.6 Examination routines The results from the weld examination shall be given in a report
which should include all the necessary information required to:
The centre of the weld should be marked on the surface. The
minimum scanning area is indicated in Figure 8.9 for probes (i) Take decisions on acceptance.
with short near field lengths, with reference curves established
(ii) Facilitate repair or other remedial actions on unaccept-
according to Figures 8.5 and 8.6. For probes with longer near
able structures.
field lengths, with reference curves established according to
Figures 8.7 and 8.8, the minimum scanning area is indicated (iii) Enable measurements to be repeated in order to check
in Figure 8.10. The closest probe position corresponds to a measurement reliability.
NORDTEST METHOD NT NDT 013 9
The test report shall therefore include the following informa- (9) Description of calibration block and report on calibration
tion: data
(1) Job identification (10) Description of reference blocks and report on reference
(2) Test object identification, drawings and dimensions data
(3) Date, time and place of the examination (11) Data concerning the results from the examination.
(4) Ambient conditions of the examination (12) Additional data which may concern limitations of the
(5) Name and signature of the operator examination because of surface geometry, coating thick-
ness or others.
(6) Relevant material characteristics
(13) Specific requirements agreed upon by the parties in-
(7) Surface condition and geometry
volved
(8) Data related to equipment, eg. manufacturer, serial no.,
equipment type, probe description (14) Drawings of affected areas, if required.