Terrestrial Commu, Satcom

1. Ship Station -oboard ship commu

2. Coast Station
3. Coast Radio Station-VHF,
4. Coast Earth Station-Inmarsat C,fleet77
5. SAR Station
6. VTS
7. Aids to Navigation-
8. Aircraft Station

Solas regulates GMDSS

ORGS UNDER UN
1. ILO,ITF,IMO,WHO

9 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF GMDSS

1. TX/RX SHIP TO SHORE Distress Alerts (SAT C,HF)
2. TX/RX SHIP TO SHip DISTRESS ALERTS (VHF,MF)
3. TX/RX SHORE TO SHIP
4. TX/RX SAR Operations (First to arrive will be the OSC assigned by RCC) Hellicopter to Vessel (Ch.06)
5. TX/RX On scene commu
6. TX/RX of MSI (NAVTEX 400NM SEA AREA 1&2)
(SEA AREA A-3INM-C EGC covers 76N AND S oNLY )
SAT-C EGC is a substitute for Navtex
(Polar Region you will use HF Telex)
7. TX/RX Locating Signal (EPIRB, SART) -COSPAS(RUSSIA) SARSAT (US,UK,CANADA)SATELLITE
EPIRB---COSPAS SARSAT----Alert Data------LUT(will compute the estimated location of the locating signal)-----MCC(will validate if the distress alert isfactual then they willsend it to)-----
MRCC(dispatch SAR Vessel to locate survivor)----SART (transmit blips)(Standby mode 76hrs) Txmode 8Hrs-----

8. TX/RX General Communication (Must know MF,HF teresstrial communication) INM-C, Fleet77 (to contact pilot stn,agent,ship chandler,pilot boat)

9. TX/RX Bridgeto Bridge Communication Portable GMDSS (yung yellow na tatlo)(Classification Society) CH.16 (For Distress), CH.13 (Bridge to Bridge)Purpose of Safety of Navigation
6NM Call kana usingVHF sabi ni Sir
VHF TWO POWER OUTPUT : 25WATTS (aLMOST ERRUPTED SPEAKER) before using CH 13 reduce power output to minimum
 1 watt

( AND 1 WATT) Note: Use 1 watt if there are to many vessels used to avoid interference and noise.

EQUIPMENT NEED TO BE USED TO EXECUTE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Terrestrial Commu
A. VHF
B. MF
C. HF
2. Satellite Communication
A. INM-C
B. INM-FLEET 77
3. MSI Equipment Subsystem
A. NAVTEX
B. EGC RECEIVER
4. EPIRB Subsystem
5. SART

SHIP TO SHIP DISTRESS

VHF- MAX range 50NM
MF-50-250 NM (Safe distance 150)
HF (CANNOT USE)
EPIRB (CANNOT USE)
SART (YES)

Simplex Mode (TX/RX)

CH.16
156.800 MHz

DUPLEX Mode (TX-157.400MHz)RX-162.000MHz

Ch.70, CH.28 (Public Correspondence) 156.525
USE VHF-DSC No answer wait 5mins before a second call IF NO ANSWER WAIT FOR 15 MINS
Within 10 secs after rcving ACKBQ RELEASE ptt button then press again to talk
ACKBQ
Governing all aspect o ship operations -
Ship to shore-
Alert must come shore to ship

MMSI,CALL SIGN,SHIP’S NAME

Radio Wave-propagate over long distance

VHF (SHORT DISTANCE COMMUNICATIONS)
Waelenth is smaller

Electromagnetic Wave/Radio Wave of VHF- Line of sight (no obstruction)

Higher Antenna-Higher Coverage

Range of VHF 30-50 NM (More than this you cannot use whf anymore)

MF
Surface Waves, Ground Waves ,CT Band(Coast Band)
waves along the curvature
of the earth
50NM-250NM

HF (LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION)

(250NM-ABOVE) (SKY WAVES)
Radio Waves bounce back from the ionosphere
Signal will go to ionosphere and then back to earth
Refraction reflecting action-SKIP
Multiple Hop-more than one skip

Factors affecting radio waves:

Time distance and frequency

(HIGHER FREQUENCY, WAVELENGTH IS SHORTER) INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

*****MODULATION*****
Radio wave that will propagate over long distance

Elements of communication system:

Modulator circuit is inside the transmitter
Modulator converts voice into radio signal (Radio Waves)is a combination of Electric and Magnetic Wave
Demodulator (Circuit inside the receiver) converts radio signal into a form understable by human (Demodulation)
MF/HF TRANSCEIVER
(Radio Telex) MODEM Most important component o MF/HF tRANSCEIVER

TRANSCEIVER(HAS BOTH MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR)

****TYPES OF ANTENNA**

VHF ANTENNA=WHIP ANTENNA (OMNI-DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA---radiowave can pick up inany direction and has no moving parts
MF/HF=WHIP ANTENNA

INM-C ANTENNA =OMNI DIRECTIONAL(In any direction) no moving parts

Parabolic Antenna (Points to Satellite) yung parang oblong na pwet nang coke, has moving parts

DAY 2
SHIP’S STATION,MMSI,ITU LIST,

MMSI is composed of MID.

MMSI example 548---MID
548-assigned by ITU for Philippines
Pag nakita mo may 00 sa start nang MMSI followed by 548 that is PHil MMSI
Example: 005481234
00-assigned to CRS----pag isa lang ang 0 assigned tongroup of ship stations 05481234-------if no zero 548123456 assigned directly to a ship station Philippines
INM-C mmsi 4 sa unahan followedby 454812345 assigned to inm-c
ALRS VOLUME 5 FOR GMDSS

FREQUENCY OF MF/HF DSC TRANSCEIVER

DSC SSB FIB

MF 2187.5 KHZ (LISTEN FOR RADIO TELEPHONY ON 2182 KHZ AFTER RECEIVING DISTRESS ALERT)
HF 4207.5 KHZ, 6312.0, 8414.5, 12577.0, 16804.5 (these are distress frequencies)(cannot use 24hrs)
SSB MF 2182 KHz (listening for radiotelephony during distress call reception)
FIB-- NBDP---SITOR (Simplex Telex over Radio),TOR (Telex Over Radio),Radio Telex,Radio Teletype (all is under FIB)

NBDP frequencies 2,174.5, 4,177.5, 6,268, 8,376.5, 12,520 and 16,695 kHz

Distress Frequencies
VHFChannel 701111112
MF (You can use MF Frequencies 24Hrs)
2187.5khz---listen for complete distress broadcast to 2182khz or 2174.5
HF DSC RADIOTELEPHONY RADIOTELEX
SSB COUNTERPART
4207.5----listen to 4125 or 4177.5 (dito k makakareceive nang mayday3x
6312.0khz-----listen to 6215.0 or radiotelex 6268
8414.5khz-----listen for complete distress message radiotelephony 8291.0 khz forRadiotelex 8776.5KHZ
12577.0Khz---listen for radiotelephony 12290.0Khz for radiotelex 12520.0Khz
16804.5Khz---16420.0 for radio telex 16695.0

Terrestrial Communication
(Distress Frequencies)
VHF 16=156.800
70=156.525

One u receive a distress in 2187.5 gamitin mo radiotelex 2174.5 hindi 2182 (incase handset cord is broken)
Distress Message is composed of 4 msgs
1. Nature of Distress
2. Position of Vsl
3. Time in UTC
4. Subsequent communication to follow, RTEL or RTLX

BEST HF DSC FREQUENCY TO USE ACCORDING TIME

4Mhz= best frequency during 2nd mate duty Midnight to Early Morning
6Mhz=best frequency during 2nd mate duty Midnight to Early Morning
8Mhz=24Hrs
12Mhz=D/N OR N/D
 16Mhz= Daytime frequency (Radiowave is small becausethewavelength doesnt penetrate the other layers of ionosphere anymore)
IONOSPHERE LAYER

D Layer 70-90Km from earth’s crust

E-90-120KM
F1-120-240KM
F2-240-400KM

D & E - Layer disappear at night 12 mhz is the best frequency

F1 and F2 combine at late night when the sun is out

HF Distress Frequency can be used Regardless of distance

VHF line of sght
MF-CT Band, ground wave,sky wave

AIA--Morse Code invented by Samuel Morse

DSC -Digital Selective Calling
Components of DSC
1. Dot Pattern -Temporarily stop the rcvr from Stop scaning to give way to incoming call to perfom synchronization
2. Phasing Signal- Perform character synchronization
3. Format Specifier-Program the receiver so that it can interpret
4. Address-Address of the receivig station, receiving station MMSI
5. Category-Inform the receiving operator if it is distress, urgency,safety,routine
6. Self ID-Calling Station’s MMSI
7. Message Elements-Additional Information
8. End of Sequence-Symbol indicates whether there’s a need to ackbq
9. Error Check Sum Symbol

Distress MessageS is composed of 4 msgs

1. Nature of Distress
2.Position of Vsl
3.Time in UTC
4.Subsequent communication to follow, RTEL or RTLX
DSC SSB-RADIOTELEPHONY FIB-RADIOTELEX (ALL IN ONE EQUIPMENT MF/HF)these are modesof communication

MESSAGE STRUCTURE FOR ROUTINE CALL

1. Rtel or RTLX?
2. Frequency

SSB (RADIOTELEPHONY)
JRC

FIB (RADIOTELEX) three ways of communicating

1. ARQ-Automatic Repetition Request (u can communicate with only two vessels using frequency)
2. FEC-Forward Error Correction (Has 7 bits) -0101001, 1010, there are correction bits to correct the error, cannot commu w/ other vsl

*****garbled message meaning di mu na mababasa dahil madami na error

In FEC u can use this for broadcasting message

3. SELFEC-u can select only one vessel (Selective Call)SELCAL (Receiver cannot reply using this mode
Ship station 12345 (5 digits), Coast Radio Station 1234 (4digits)

SOLAS REG 13

SOURCE OF ENERGY
1. Ships Emergency Light
2. Ship’sGMDSS Equipment (3rdmate charges the bridge)

VENTILATE THE BATTERY ROOM FOR 5 MINS

1.280 sg For a fully charge battery 100% capacity

1.250 SG the capacity is 75%
1.225 SG the capacity is 50%
1.190 SG nearly discharged
Battery lasts for about 4years
Hydrometer- is used to measure the specific gravityof a battery
Inside the battery room :
Gloves, Goggle,Apron,Tester
GMDSS BATTERY
1. VHF
2. MF/HF
3. INMSAT-C

1 h on ships provided with an emergency source of electrical power,

6 h on ships not provided with an emergency source of electrical power 

 A means of automatically charging such batteries shall be provided which shall be capable of recharging them to minimum capacity requirements within 10 h;

DAY 2 ACTIVITY

GMDSS
EPIRB
SART
What Frequency 156 While at sea VHF DSC distress
VHF antenna broken how many length ca you make (mahaba)
Connector of Transceiver (UHF)
VHF (Whip Antenna)
VHF DSC (Sea Area A1) primary purpose
When transmiting alert
Nature of Distress is AGROUND
Procedures :

DAY 3
Digital Selective Calling-uses terrestial communication

TC---VHF,MF/HF
VHF 30-50nm
MF-150nm
HF-150 above
Radio Interference Types

1. Natural Interference
2. Human Made Interference

DSC is use to transmit distress alert

VHF is the primary alerting, secondary alerting is EPIRB

DSC Categories
1. Distress------p3
2. Urgency------p2
3. Safety----------p1
4. Routine---------p0

Sea Area 1------monitor channel 70(Only 1 channel to monitor in VHF DSC), in radiotelephony monitor CH.16

MF/HF DSC

EU Coast stations MMSI starts with 2, asia 5,US 3.

Wrap EPIRB in tin foil

2177-is used for DSC calling ship to ship

ITU FREQ VHF------------------156-174mHZ

Phil C/S
DUA-DZZ
4DA-4IZ

SQ-----Squelch--eliminate noise
DW---Dual Watch (You cannot reply on dual watch mode)

AAIC-Acounting Authority Identification Code---charges for using communication will be forwarded here
001-LES USA Sta Paula
Danger Ship-----Seelonce Mayday
OSC---------------Seelonce Distress
CRS/RCC by OSC ------------Seelonce Feenee(if within VHF Range then RCC/CRS)

Daily Activity

Have at least 8 intrinsically safe------Portable VHF Radio------UHF 400MHz (answer is UHF)

Automatic Identification System (AIS)------

SSAS Alert------

Seelonce Produnce-----continuos silence is no longer needed on frequency being used for distress, operation resume with caution

----BREAK---
Channel 14--always assigned for pilot
Epirb-15 hEXADECIMAL ID, MMSI,VESSEL NAME

JASREP-------Send VoyagePlan--------(within 48h PR)-----Final Report

AMVER---INM-43 (free ofcharge)----send final report immediately

DAY 4
83539676

MF/HF DSC FREQUENCY 2187.5 KHZ

Routine ship to ship-----2177,2177

Routine Ship to Coast Sation----RX2177, TX2189.5

3 MODES OF MF/HF DSC

DSC SSB F1B (RTEL,SITOR,SITOR,NBDP)

2187.5Khz 2182Khz 2174.5Khz
1. Send distress message, relay distress by radio telephony,relay distress message by telex
ARQ (exchange commu bet two vsls----FEC(Forward Error Correction)

F1B (RTELX)
ARQ-----commu bet two vessel
FEC---Broadcast Msg
SELFEC----Selective FEC (Vessel can select vessel where she can broadcast

NAVTEX broadcasts are primarily made on the medium frequencies of 518 kHz and 490 kHz. The international NAVTEX frequency is 518 kHz, and these
broadcasts should always be in English. National transmission of NAVTEX, where supported, uses 490 kHz specifically for broadcasts in local languages.
GMDSS Sea Areas:
Sea Area A1:
This area is within coverage of VHF coast stations where digital selective calling alert (DSC) is available (CH. 70/156.525 MHz) so you must use VHF capable
transceivers with DSC capabilities. Typically, this area could extend 30 to 40 nautical miles (56 to 74 km) from a coastal radio station.
Sea Area A2:
This excludes Sea Area A1 and provides coverage of at least one MF coast station and continuous DSC (2187.5kHz) alerting is available so a VHF and MF radio
station set up is required. This area typically extends up to 180 nautical miles (330 km) offshore during daylight hours and 150 nautical miles (280 km) offshore
during night time hours.
Sea Area A3:
Excluding Sea Areas A1 & A2, this area is within coverage of INMARSAT geostationary satellites. Here a complete VHF radio and either a MF/HF radio or
INMARSAT station is required. This area covers 70-degrees North Latitude and 70-degrees South Latitude.
Sea Area A4:
This area excludes Sea Area’s A1, A2 & A3 and is essentially the polar regions. A complete VHF and MF/HF radio station must be used in this area. This covers 71-
degrees North Latitude and above 71-degrees South Latitude.

Other Required Equipment:

Portable radios are also a necessity for all the sea areas mentioned above. 2 sets of 2-way radio for survival craft are necessary for cargo ships weighing 300-500
gross tons (GT) and 3 sets are necessary for all passenger ships as well as cargo ships weighing 500 GT or more.
As well as the portable radios, SOLAS vessels must also be equipped with a Search and Rescue Transponder (SART), a NAVETX (Navigational Telex) receiver, 406
MHz Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) as well as an INMARSAT station.

Aside from NAVTEX rcvr, you can also receive in HF RTLX (NBDP)@ 4209.5Khz, Inm-C EGC

Limited to 400nm bec u can interfere with other stations

There’s a coordinator for each NAVAREA

STRUCTURE OF NAVTEX SYSTEM
Information Provider: Hydrographic Office(A), RCC (D),Meteological Office (B)
Programmed: A,B,D cannot be deleted in Navtex and Inmarsat C-EGC receiver

Hydrographic Office-----Coordinator send to---Navarea Coordinator------

Why the range is 200-400 Nm

--You are only allowed to transmit for about 10 mins every 4Hrs (518 KHZ)
B1--Transitter Identification (Transmitting station)
B2---Subject Indicator
B3---
B4---

Note:
ZCZC---Start of message
TA43----T-(Transmitter Identity)A-(subject identity)
NNNN---End of Message

Why only 200NM-400NM for NAVTEX (frequency)

1--3% (you can still receive) but 33%

Daily Activity 4

EPIRB--mounted outside bridge

406 Mhz (operate mode in global mode, and real time mode)
121.5Mhz (operates only in real time (epirb homing signal)

VHF Frequency DSC= 156.525

VHF CH=70

MF DSC=2187.5 Khz
MF RTELEPHONY=2182
MF TELEX 2174.5

HF DSC=8Mhz
INM C- press distress button, pressdistress icon, compose/type mayday in INM C

What is URGENCY------PAN PAN

Medical Advice
38---Urgent Medical Advice

INM-C has no voice commincation

---DAY 5------

Highest Certificate--------1st Class Radio Electronic Certificate

2ND Highest Certificate-----You must know the problem of the faulty equipment
3rd Highest Certificate-------Deck officer
Lowest Certificate------------Restricted operator’s certifcate
Primary means of alerting is------VHF DSC,
Secondary means of alerting------EPIRB

ROC----Sea Area 1
Vhf--depend on the antenna height
SQ---Eliminate Noise

Simplex--less sensitive to interference

Calling 70-public correspondence
Ch70

Ship to Ship is primarily based on VHF

Rapid and continuos alerting is called distress alerting
Ship to shore----
10. TX/RX General Communication (Must know MF,HF teresstrial communication) INM-C, Fleet77 (to contact pilot stn,agent,ship chandler,pilot boat)
1 Watt to avoid interference and avoid the cracking noise of speaker

Can you use MF/HF DSC while along alongside---(should not use MF/HF DSC) select from antenna changer .E.
(Select Antenna dummy before conducting DSC Call in MF/HF DSC)
(Select E (Ground Earth Sation to avoid the radio signals containing electric and magnetic fields)

U receive an urgency VHF 16 (Listen)

Roger Out
Seelonce Mayday----OSC/RCC
002571234---Coast Radio Station

Ionizing Radiation---carries enough energy to breakdown ato

Non ionizingradiation---carry out radiation
Switch off transmitter-----when doing gmdss maintenance
24V----Battery
Charge every Saturday minimum 10hrs
Shock Hazard of INM-C----you should ground
Battery to easily breadown---cause of battery sulfation
Electrolysis--process of breaking down water into hydrogen and oxygen gases
Electrolyte---fluid inside the battery(mixture of sulfuric acid and water)
Battery