BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL

EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

EXPERIMENT 2

TITLE: RECTIRIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

I. OBJECTIVES:

1. To construct half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuit and explain their

waveform and voltage.

2. To construct filter and regulator circuit and explain their waveform and
voltage.

II. EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1. Digital Multi Meter (DMM)

2. Analog Multi Meter

3. Oscilloscope

4. Components

III. THOERY
Rectifier and filter are essential parts for an unregulated power supply. A rectifier
is an electrical device that converts alternating current to direct current. Whereas
an Electronic filter is electronic circuits which perform signal processing
functions, for instant, to remove unwanted signal components and enhance wanted
ones.

Electronic equipment needs a source of power. Portable equipment such as

transistor radios and calculators operate on batteries. Such designed is important
to reduce the drainage of current in order to extend the battery life. Rectifiers have
many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio
signals.

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

IV. PROCEDURE:
PART1: RECTIFIER
Part A: Half-wave Rectifier

1. The circuit is constructed as shown in Figure 2.1. Input and output waveform
are observed and obtained. The average voltage Vdc at the output is identified.

2. The result obtained is compared with simulation result and calculation result.

Part B: Full Wave (Bridge Rectifier)

1. The circuit is constructed as shown in Figure 2.2. Input and output waveform
are observed and obtained. The average voltage Vdc at the output is identified.

2. The result obtained is compared with simulation result and calculation result.

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

V. RESULTS
PART 1: RECTIFIERS
Part A: Half- Wave Rectifier

Stimulated Results:

Input Voltage (DC-Mode/ AC-

Mode)

Output Voltage (DC-Mode)

Output Voltage (AC-Mode)

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Measured Results:

Input Voltage (DC-Mode/ AC-

Mode)

Output Voltage (DC-Mode)

Output Voltage (AC-Mode)

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EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Measuring Average Voltage,

Vdc 5.8 V

Calculated Average Voltage, V peak 15

= V
Vdc π π

= 4.775 V

Comparison:

From the graph, both the measured output and average voltage is slightly difference with
simulation output voltage and the calculated average voltage. The measured average
voltage is 1.025V higher than the calculated voltage. This is caused by the systematic
error like the depletion energy that cause by internal resistance of power supply and
oscilloscope.

Explanation (DC):

- The diode is in forward bias condition from t= 0ms to 10ms, in this moment, the diode
would simply work as short circuit. Hence the value of output voltage, V0 is same as
input voltage which maximum voltages, 15V.

- The diode is in reverse bias condition from t= 10ms to 20ms, in this moment, the diode
would act like an open circuit. Hence there will be no current flow through the load, so
the voltage is 0V.

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Part B: Full wave (Bridge Rectifier)

Stimulated Results:

Input Voltage
(DC-Mode/ AC-Mode)

Output Voltage
(DC-Mode)

Output Voltage
(AC-Mode)

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Measured Results:

Input Voltage
(DC-Mode/ AC-Mode)

Output Voltage
(DC-Mode)

Output Voltage
(AC-Mode)

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EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Measuring Average Voltage, 13V

Vdc

2 2× 15
Vpeak = V
Calculated Average Voltage, π π
Vdc
= 9.549 V

Comparison:
-Both graph for the measured output voltage and simulation output voltage are the
same. But due to the non-constant output of power supply during the experiment, the
measured value is 3.451V higher than the calculated value.

Explanation:
-From 0s to 10ms, the diode D2 and D4 is in forward bias condition. While, from
10ms to 20ms, the diode D5 and D1 is in forward bias condition. Hence, when
positive cycle, the current will flow through D2 and D4 and to the load, while in
negatively cycle, the diodes D1 and D3 will act as short circuit for the load and
allow the current to flow through the load in one direction at all of time. So, the
output voltage, Vo will be the same as input voltage which maximum voltages are
15V. Hence there is a full wave rectifier.

VI. PROCEDURE
PART 2: FILTER AND REGULATOR

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

1. The circuit is constructed as shown in Figure 2.3. The 1kΩ potentiometer is set
to its maximum value. Input and output waveform are observed and obtained
from the circuit and the average voltage Vdc at the load voltage, V L is
identified.

2. The waveform across the capacitor and the corresponding load current, V L are
observed.

3. The result obtained with simulation result and calculation results are
compared.

4. The 1kΩ potentiometer is set to its minimum value. Input and output
waveform are observed and obtained from the circuit and the average voltage
Vdc at the load voltage, V L is identified.

VII. RESULTS
PART 2: FILTER AND REGULATOR

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Maximum Value of Potentiometer

Simulated Results

Input Voltage (DC-Mode/ AC-Mode)

Output Voltage (DC-Mode)

Output Voltage (AC-Mode)

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Voltage across Capacitor (DC-Mode)

Voltage across Capacitor (AC-Mode)

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EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Measured Results

Input Voltage (DC-Mode/ AC-Mode)

Output Voltage (DC-Mode)

Output Voltage (AC-Mode)

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EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Voltage across Capacitor (DC-Mode)

Voltage across Capacitor (AC-Mode)

Measuring Average 9V
Voltage (load), Vdc

Measuring Average 4.846 mA

Current (load), Idc

Measuring Average 0A
Current (load), Iac

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EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Minimum Value of Potentiometer

Stimulated Results

Input Voltage (DC-Mode/ AC-Mode)

Output Voltage (DC-Mode)

Output Voltage (AC-Mode)

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EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Voltage across Capacitor (DC-Mode)

Voltage across Capacitor (AC-Mode)

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Measured Results

Input Voltage (DC-Mode/ AC-Mode)

Output Voltage (DC-Mode)

Output Voltage (AC-Mode)

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BENE 1123 – ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTAL
EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Voltage across Capacitor (DC-Mode)

Voltage across Capacitor (AC-Mode)

Measuring Average 8V
Voltage (load), Vdc

Measuring Average 9.145 mA

Current (load), Idc

Measuring Average 0A
Current (load), Iac

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EXPERIMENT 2: RECTIFIERS, FILTER AND REGULATOR

Comparison:

-Because of the insensitivity of oscilloscope to measure the smallest change of voltage, hence
the measured output voltage will slightly different with simulation output voltage.

Explanation (DC):

-When we connect a capacitor into a circuit across the load, the capacitor will discharge
when there is no current flow through it, hence, there will be a full-wave rectification; the
output is a varying DC, and a constant DC is obtained. .

VIII. Discussion:

1. Prevent the zero error by calibrate the positing adjusting knob of multi meter as it will
affect the accuracy of the measurement value.
2. When reading a scale from either oscilloscope or multi meter, we should avoid
parallax error.
3. The voltage across the resistance is proportional to the resistance of the resistance,
hence, when the temperature of the resistance is increased, the value of resistance
increased, and the voltage of resistors will also increased, and vice-versa.
4. Make sure the probe of oscilloscope is connected to right terminal, if not, we will not
obtain any reading from the oscilloscope.

IX. Conclusion:

After completing this experiment, we realize that the output voltage that simulated by
using Multisim will be the same as measured value that by using oscilloscope. We
also learned how the process of rectification and filtration process, in order to produce
a half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier.

X. Reference

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/4.html

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