9

Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Six Trigonometric Ratios of a
Right Triangle
Mathematics – Grade 9
Quarter 4 – Module 1: Six Trigonometric Ratios of a Right Triangle
First Edition, 2021

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 9

Mathematics
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
Six Trigonometric Ratios of a
Right Triangle
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn
Trigonometry is a tool used for measuring distance that cannot be directly
measured for example, the height of a tree, a bird’s altitude when it is in flight, a
lake’s width, and a ship’s distance from the shore, among others it also involves the
study of angles and geometric ratios. Its applications are not limited to finding areas
and distances on earth. The word trigonometry is derived from the Greek word trigon
and metron which mean triangle measurement.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

• illustrate the six trigonometric ratios;
• apply trigonometric ratios to solve right triangles given:
a. the length of the hypotenuse and the length of one leg
b. the length of the hypotenuse and one of the acute angles
c. the length of one leg and one of the acute angles
d. the length of both sides

Let Us Try
Let us find out how much you already know about this module. Answer the following
questions as much as you can by writing on you answer sheet the letter that you
think is the correct answer. Take note of the items that you were not able to answer
correctly and then let us find out the correct answer as we go through this module.

Choose the correct answer.

1. If ÐS = 30 and ÐT = 60, what is the measure of ÐR?

S

A. 400 C. 650
B. 550 D. 900

T R

2. What is the reciprocal ratio of sine?

A. Secant B. Cotangent C. Cosecant D. Cosine

3. What is the mnemonic used with trigonometric ratios?

A. SAH COA TOH B. SHO CAH THA
C. SOA CAH TOA D. SOH CAH TOA

4. Which of the following represents the sine ratio in a right triangle?

!"#!$%&' +**+-.'% +**+-.'% !"#!$%&'
A. ()*+'%&,-
B. ()*+'%&,-%
C. !"#!$%&'
D. +**+-.'%

3
For nos. 5-7, refer to the figure below:
c 400
b
𝛼
4
5. Solve for Ða
A. 45o B. 55o C. 42o D. 50o

6. Solve for b.
A. 5.22 B. 4.76 C. 3.36 D. 2.26

7. Solve for c.
A. 6.22 B. 33.6 C. 3.36 D. 62.2

8. In trigonometry, what is the inverse function of cosine?

A. tangent B. secant C. cosecant D. cotangent

9. In rQPR where m∠P = 90°, PR = 12cm and PQ = 5cm. What is the length of QR?
A. 7 cm B. 11 cm B. 13 cm D. 17 cm

10. Write the ratios for sin A and cos A from the given figure at the right.

3 4 4 3
sin A = , cos A = sin A = , cos A =
A. 5 5 C. 5 5

3 4 3 4
sin A = , cos A = sin A = , cos A =
B. 4 5 D. 5 3

11. What is the value of tan 90°?

A. 0 B. ½ C. 1 D. undefined

12. What is the measure of angle A from the figure below?

A. 53.140
B. 63.140
C. 36.870
D. 46.870

13. With respect to the given angle, what is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the
adjacent side?
A. sine B. cosine C. tangent D. cosecant

4
14. Given the triangle below, which of the following statements is NOT true?

5 3
sec q = csc q =
A. 3 C. 5

4 4
tan q = sin q =
B. 3 D. 5

15. In solving the right triangle ABC whose leg a = 15 unit and hypotenuse c = 27
unit, which of the following equations solve the length of the third side b?

A. 729 = 225 + b² C. 225 = 729 + b²

B. b² = 729 + 225 D. 27 = 15 + b²

For items 16 – 18, use the figure below.

16. If A = 30˚ and c = 23 units, what is the value of side a?

A. 23 cos 30˚ B. 23 csc 30˚ C. 23 sin 30˚ D. 23 sec 30˚

17. If B = 60˚and b = 10, find side c.

10 10 10
o o o
A. sin 60 B. cos 60 C. tan 60 D.10sin 60˚

18. If a = 8 cm and c = 12 cm, determine the measure of ∠B

# # # #
A.sin!" B.tan!" C.cos !" D.csc !"
12 "$ "$ "$

5
19. In right triangle PQR right angled at Q, PQ = 12 cm and QR = 5 cm . What is
cosR ?

12 5 5 12
A. 13 B. 13 C. 12 D. 5
20. In the figure given below, find the measure of side BC.

A. 10.11 units C. 25.03 units

B. 19.99 units D. 10.91 units

Let Us Study

In a right triangle, we can define the six trigonometric ratios. Consider the right
triangle ABC below. Let us focus on angle B as our reference. The leg denoted by a
is the side adjacent to B, the leg denoted by b is the side opposite to B, and the leg
denoted by c is the hypotenuse of the triangle.

A
We will use the usual way that
ANGLES are symbolized by capital
c
letters, while the SIDE OPPOSITE
b -
EACH ANGLE will carry the same
letter symbol in lowercase.
C B
a

Using the lengths of these sides denoted by a, b and c, the SIX TRIGONOMETRIC
RATIOS of the acute angle B are:

opposite b hypotenuse c
sine ratio: sin B = = cosecant ratio: csc B = =
hypotenuse c opposite b

adjacent a hypotenuse c
cosine ratio: cos B = = secant ratio: sec B = =
hypotenuse c adjacent a

opposite b adjacent a
tangent ratio: tan B = = cotangent ratio: cot B = =
adjacent a opposite b

6
The sine, cosine, and tangent ratios are the primary ratios. While the ratios
cosecant, secant and cotangent are the reciprocal ratios.

For you to easily remember the trigonometric ratios, know the mnemonic device for
remembering the definition of the primary trigonometric ratios.
“SOH – CAH – TOA”
#$$#%&'( *(+
where SOH is the acronym for Sin 𝜃 =
,-$#'(./%(

01203(.' *(+
CAH means Cos 𝜃 =
,-$#'(./%(
#$$#%&'( *(+
TOA means Tan 𝜃 =
01203(.' *(+

Example: Find the value of the trigonometric ratios of 𝜃 in the triangle.

𝜃
s
3 Since the hypotenuse (s) is missing, we need to
solve for it using the Pythagorean Theorem.

The Pythagorean Theorem is c2 = a2 + b2 where c is the hypotenuse and a and b are

the legs.

c2 = a2 + b2 pythagorean theorem
s2 = 42 + 32 substitution
s = √4/ + 3/
= √16 + 9
= √25
=5 length of the hypotenuse

Now that the lengths of the sides are complete, we can now determine the values of
the trigonometric ratios of angle 𝜃 .
From the definition of the trigonometric ratios:

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 4 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5
sin 𝜃 = = csc 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5 #$$#%&'( 4

𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 6 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5
cos 𝜃 = = sec 𝜃 = =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 5 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 6

7
 #$$#%&'( 4 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 6
tan 𝜃 = = cot 𝜃 = =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 6 #$$#%&'( 4

Using the trigonometric ratios, we can solve for any missing part of a right triangle.
Solving a right triangle means solving for the missing measure of an angle or a
side. A right triangle has 6 parts: 3 sides and 3 angles. The missing part/s may be
solved when the right triangle falls into any of the following cases:
A. the length of the hypotenuse and the length of one leg are given
B. the length of the hypotenuse and one of the acute angles are given
C. the length of one leg and one of the acute angles are given
D. the length of both sides is given.

Note: In solving right triangles, the use of a scientific calculator is encouraged to

make computations easier, especially in evaluating trigonometric values. However,
you cannot get access to a scientific calculator, you could download an app that
could let you use your smart phone as a scientific calculator.

A. Solving a right triangle where the hypotenuse and one leg are given.
EXAMPLE:
B
Triangle ABC is right-angled at C. If c = 23,
c = 23
and b = 17, find ∠A, ∠B and a. Express a
your answers up to two decimals.
A b = 17 C

STEP 1: Solve for ∠A

Solve for angle A by using cosine ratio since b is the adjacent leg of ∠A and c is the
hypotenuse.

adjacent
cos q = definition of cos ratio
hypotenuse
b
cos A = substitute the values of sides and angles
c
17 divide using calculator, show answers up to four
cos A = decimal places.
23
cos A = 0.7391 use calculator: press SHIFT, COS, 0.7391, =

A = 42.34° calculator display up to two decimal places

8
STEP 2: Solve for ∠B

In STEP 1, it was already found that m∠A = 42. 34o and we also know that m∠C =
90o, we can now solve for the third angle ∠B . In a triangle, the three angles
should sum up to 180o. Thus, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180o. To solve for ∠B:

formula to solve for ∠B

ÐB = 180° - (ÐA + ÐC )
ÐB = 180° - (42.34° + 90°) substitute values for ∠A and ∠C
ÐB = 180° - (132.34) add values inside parentheses
ÐB = 47.66° simplify

STEP 3: Solve for side a.

Use Pythagorean Theorem since two of the sides are given. c= 23 and b = 17.

a 2 + b2 = c2 formula for Pythagorean Theorem

a + (17) = (23)
2 2 2
substitute values for b and c
a + 289 = 529
2
evaluate values with exponents
a = 529 - 289
2
apply subtraction property of equality
a = 240
2

a 2 = 240 extract square roots of both sides

a = 15.49 final answer

In Summary:
B

c = 23 47.66 o
a = 15.49
42.34 o
A b = 17 C

B. Solving a right triangle where the hypotenuse and one of the acute angles
are given.

EXAMPLE: B

Triangle BCA is right-angled at C. If c = 27 and c = 27

a
∠A = 58o, find the ∠B, b and a. o
58
A b C

9
STEP 1: Solve for ∠B.

Since the measure of two angles (∠A and ∠C) are already given, we can solve for the
third angle by ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180o. To solve for ∠B:

formula to solve for ∠B

ÐB = 180° - (ÐA + ÐC )
ÐB = 180° - (58° + 90°) substitute values for ∠A and ∠C
ÐB = 180° - (148°) add values inside parentheses
ÐB = 32° simplify

STEP 2: Solve for side b.

Let us use the given angle A as our θ.

adjacent
cosq = definition of cos ratio
hypotenuse
b
cos A = substitute the values of sides and angles
c
b
cos 58° = cross multiply
27
use calculator to multiply
b = cos 58°(27 )
b = 14.31 calculator display up to two decimal
places

STEP 3: Solve for side a

Let us use the given angle A as our θ.

opposite
sin q = definition of sin ratio
hypotenuse
a
sin A = substitute the values of sides and angles
c
a
sin 58° = cross multiply
27
a = sin 58°(27 ) use calculator to multiply
a = 22.90 calculator display up to two decimal
In Summary: places
B

c = 27 32 o
a = 22.90
58o
A b = 14.31 C
C. Solving a right triangle where one leg and one of the acute angles are given.

10
EXAMPLE:
Triangle ABC is right-angled at C. If ∠A = 63o B

and a = 11, find ∠B, b, and c. c

a=11
63o
A b C

STEP 1: Solve for ∠B.

Take note that the sum of the three angles in a triangle is 180O. Then, to find the
measure of ∠B:
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180o. To solve for ∠B:

ÐB = 180° - (ÐA + ÐC ) formula to solve for ∠B

ÐB = 180° - (63° + 90°) substitute values for ∠A and ∠C

ÐB = 180° - (153°) add values inside parenthesis
ÐB = 27° simplify

STEP 2: Solve for side b.

Let us use the given angle A as our θ.

opposite
tan q = definition of tan ratio
adjacent
a
tan A = substitute the values of sides and angles
b
11
tan 63° = cross multiply
b
b(tan 63°) = 11 use calculator to multiply
b(tan 63°) 11
= divide both sides by tan 63 o to isolate b
tan 63° tan 63°
b = 5.60 calculator display up to two decimal places

11
STEP 3: Solve for side c
Let us use the given angle A as our θ.

opposite
sin q = definition of sin ratio
hypotenuse
a
sin A = substitute the values of sides and angles
c
11
sin 63° = cross multiply
c
c(sin 63°) = 11
c(sin 63°) 11
= divide both sides by sin 63o
sin 63° sin 63°
c = 12.35 calculator display up to two decimal places

In Summary:

c = 12.35 27 o
a=11
63o
A b = 5.60 C

D. Solving right triangles where the two legs are given.

EXAMPLE: B

Triangle ABC is right-angled at C. If a = 18.5 c

a=18.5
and b = 14.2. Find ∠A, ∠B and c.
A b = 14.2 C
STEP 1: Solve for side c.
Since two sides are given, we can use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve for the third
side.

c2 = a 2 + b2 formula for Pythagorean Theorem

c2 = (18.5) + (14.2)
2 2
substitute values for a and b
c2 = 342.25 + 201.64 evaluate values with exponents
c2 = 543.89 add values on the right-hand side

c 2 = 543.89 extract square roots of both sides

c = 23.32 final answer

12
STEP 2: Solve for ∠A.

Since a and b are opposite leg and adjacent leg of ∠A respectively, we can use the
tangent ratio.

opposite
tan q = definition of tan ratio
adjacent
a
tan A = substitute the values of sides a
b and b
18.5
tan A = divide
14.2
tan A = 1.3028 use calculator: press SHIFT, TAN, 1.3028, =

A = 52.50° final answer on two decimal places

STEP 3: Solve for ∠B.

Take note that the sum of the three angles in a triangle is 180O. Then, to find the
measure of ∠B:
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180o. To solve for ∠B:

ÐB = 180° - (ÐA + ÐC ) formula to solve for ∠B

ÐB = 180° - (52° + 90°) substitute values for ∠A and ∠C

ÐB = 180° - (142.50°) add values inside parenthesis

ÐB = 37.5° simplify

In Summary:

c = 23.32
37.5 o a=18.5
52.5 o
A b = 14.2 C

13
 Let Us Practice

A. Determine the six trigonometric ratios of 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽.

A
For 𝜃 For 𝛼
𝛼
sin θ _________ sin α _________
c cos θ _________ cos α _________
1. 12 tan θ _________ tan α _________
csc θ _________ csc α _________
sec θ _________ sec α _________
𝜃 C
B cot θ _________ cot α _________
9

𝜃 For 𝜃 For 𝛼
7
2√6 sin θ _________ sin α _________
2. cos θ _________ cos α _________
𝛼 tan θ _________ tan α _________
5 csc θ _________ csc α _________
sec θ _________ sec α _________
cot θ _________ cot α _________
Questions:
a. How did you find your answer?
b. What are the mathematical concepts that you have learned in this activity?
c. Do you think you can apply these concepts in your daily life? How? Why?

B. Evaluate the following trigonometric ratios using a scientific calculator.

Round off up to 4 decimal places.

1. sin 240 3. sin 320 5. cos 600 7. sec 250

2. cos 560 4. tan 450 6. cot 900 8. csc 250

14
 Let Us Practice More
Solve for the remaining parts of each right triangle.

B a
E L

e
o l = 25
x = 15 70 0
1. 3.
A
480
O X
b

I Z

x
25

t=30
0

2. n 4.

Y y=75
T N
i

520
z

Let Us Remember

• The six trigonometric ratios can be used to solve the missing parts of a right
triangle. The six trigonometric ratios are:

Primary Ratios Secondary Ratios

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ,-$#'(./%(
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
,-$#'(./%( 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

01203(.' ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 01203(.'

#$$#%&'( 01203(.'
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

15
 • To easily remember the primary ratios, just remember the mnemonic device
SOH-CAH-TOA.
• Solving a right triangle means solving for the measures of the missing parts.
A right triangle has 6 parts: 3 angles and 3 sides.

Let Us Assess
Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.

1. What is the reciprocal ratio of sine?

A. Secant B. Cotangent C. Cosecant D. Cosine

2. Which of the following represents the sine ratio in a right triangle?

!"#!$%&' +**+-.'% +**+-.'% !"#!$%&'
A. ()*+'%&,-
B. ()*+'%&,-%
C. !"#!$%&'
D. +**+-.'%

3. In trigonometry, what is the inverse function of cosine?

A. tangent B. secant C. cosecant D. cotangent

4. Write the ratios for sin A and cos A from the given figure at the right.

3 4 4 3
sin A = , cos A = sin A = , cos A =
A. 5 5 C. 5 5

3 4 3 4
sin A = , cos A = sin A = , cos A =
B. 4 5 D. 5 3

5. What is the value of tan 90°?

A. 0 B. ½ C. 1 D. undefined

6. With respect to the given angle, what is the ratio of the hypotenuse to the
adjacent side?
A. sine B. cosine C. tangent D. cosecant

7. In solving the right triangle ABC whose leg a = 15 unit and hypotenuse c = 27
unit, which of the following equations solve the length of the third side b?

A. 729 = 225 + b² C. 225 = 729 + b²

B. b² = 729 + 225 D. 27 = 15 + b²

16
8. Given the triangle below, which of the following statements is NOT true?

5 3
sec q = csc q =
A. 3 C. 5

4 4
tan q = sin q =
B. 3 D. 5

For items 9 – 11, use the figure below.

9. If A = 30˚ and c = 23 units, what is the value of side a?

A. 23 cos 30˚ B. 23 csc 30˚ C. 23 sin 30˚ D. 23 sec 30˚

10. If B = 60˚and b = 10, find side c.

10 10 10
o o o
A. sin 60 B. cos 60 C. tan 60 D.10sin 60˚

11. If a = 8 cm and c = 12 cm, determine the measure of ∠B

# # # #
A.sin!" B.tan!" C.cos !" D.csc !"
12 "$ "$ "$

12. If ÐS = 30 and ÐT = 60, what is the measure of ÐR?

S

A. 400 C. 650
B. 550 D. 900

T R

For nos. 13-15, refer to the figure below:

c 400
b
𝛼
4
13. Solve for Ða
A. 45o B. 55o C. 42o D. 50o

17
14. Solve for b.
A. 5.22 B. 4.76 C. 3.36 D. 2.26

15. Solve for c.

A. 6.22 B. 33.6 C. 3.36 D. 62.2

16. What is the measure of angle A from the figure below?

A. 53.140
B. 63.140
C. 36.870
D. 46.870

17. What is the mnemonic used with trigonometric ratios?

A. SAH COA TOH B. SHO CAH THA
C. SOA CAH TOA D. SOH CAH TOA

18. In rQPR where m∠P = 90°, PR = 12cm and PQ = 5cm. What is the length of
QR?
A. 7 cm B. 11 cm B. 13 cm D. 17 cm

19. In right triangle PQR right angled at Q, PQ = 12 cm and QR = 5 cm . What is

cos R ?

12 5 5 12
A. 13 B. 13 C. 12 D. 5

20. In the figure given below, find the measure of side BC.

A. 10.11 units C. 25.03 units

B. 19.99 units D. 10.91 units

18
 Let Us Enhance
Solve the problem.

A 6-meter long ladder is leaning against a wall. If the top

of the ladder makes an angle of 450 with the wall, how far
is the foot of the ladder from the wall?

Source: www.Pngtree.com

Rubrics:
20 points 16 points 12 points 8 points 4 points
The learner The learner The learner The learner The learner’s
has complete has basic has limited has no response does
understanding understanding understanding understanding not fit the
of the of the of the of the problem given problem,
problem, the problem, the problem, the and the no numbers
computations computations computations computations shown and no
are all correct, are correct but are are incorrect attempt or
has organized contain minor incomplete, and evidence to
thinking using flaws, organize organized inappropriate explain the
multiple thinking at thinking, at strategy is solution
representation least two least one shown or
s and has representation representation explained.
thorough and s and has but
concise understandabl inappropriate
explanations e explanations strategy is
on the on the shown or
solution. solution. explained.

19
 Let Us Reflect
On this activity, share your insights, thoughts and significant learning
from the lesson. Write your answers in the space provided.

Like, Heart and Sad Reacts

On the Like React, write two things that you have learned about the lesson.
On the Heart React, write one real-life situation where you can apply the concept
of six trigonometric ratios of a right triangle.
On the Sad React, write one question that you want to ask about the topic.

______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________

______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________

20
 21
Let us
Assess
1. C
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. D
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. D
18. B
19. B
Let us practice 20. A
A.
1.
for 𝛼 for 𝜃
sin = 9/15 or 3/5 sin = 12/15 or 4/5
cos =12/15 or 4/5 cos = 9/15 or 3/5
tan = 9/12 or 3/4 tan = 12/9 or 4/3 Let us Try
csc = 15/9 or 5/3 csc = 15/12 or 5/4 1. D
sec = 15/12 or 5/4 sec = 15/9 or 5/3 2. C
cot = 12/9 or 4/3 cot = 9/12 or 3/4 3. D
4. B
2. 5. D
for 𝜃 for 𝛼 6. B
! #√% 7. A
sin = sin = 8. B
" "
#√% ! 9. B
cos = cos =
" "
! !√% #√%
10. A
tan = or tan = 11. D
#√% &# !
" " "√% 12. C
csc = !
csc = #√% or &# 13. B
" "√% "
sec = or sec = 14. C
#√% &# !
#√% ! !√% 15. A
cot = cot = or 16. C
! #√% &#
17. A
B. 18. C
1) 0.4067 3) 0.5300 5) 0.5 7) 1.1034 19. B
2) 0.5592 4) 1 6) 0 8) 2.3662 20. A
Answer Key
 References

Grade 9 Mathematics – Patterns and Practicalities, Gladys C. Nivera, Ph.D., Minie

Rose C. Lapinid, Ph.D., pages 427 – 443.

https://pngtree.com/freepng/boy-climbing-the-wall_4691382.html

https://www.govst.edu/uploadedFiles/Academics/Colleges_and_Programs/CAS/T
rigonometry_Short_Course_Tutorial_Lauren_Johnson.pdf

https://youtube/5tp74g4N8EY

https://youtube/a5WQlcFTXyk

https://youtube/tmnFOSquJF4

Mathematics Learner’s Materials 9, Department of Education, pages 430 – 447.

22
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