YLG@Q CPGNONJH G@H Y@QP :7/91/1919 :239>377

OLQW@ _PY@QNLQ G@ CP_WNONJ O@GPHJ @H@OWQLKNOJ Yjb : g` :
HNMJ KLQW@
Kóm`rl g` Gnbntjhnzjonÿk
Jv. Ojrhls Nzjbunrr` K¹:24 Nkg`p`kg`konj
999992499>-1919-JKU-CQ-Y@

*719199?9?0519:49?7759>9::?29?7*
719199?9?0519:49?7759>9::?29?7911
KLWNDNOJONLK K¹?9?05-1919-CQ-Y@
@UY@GN@KW@ 9?775-19:4-?7-9>9:-CQ-Y@-91 CPSBJGL 1¹CPSBJGL Y@KJH PKNY@Q_LKJH - _@G@ O@KWQ
CP@S (KOYY)
(KOYY)GJ
GJTNH
TNHJ
J JHJ
JHJQOL
QOLK
K GLMNWNH
GLMNWNHJ
J MJQN
MJQNHP
HP @_Y@ON
@_Y@ONJHN
JHN_W
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J H@BJ
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H (KOYY)
(KOYY)M@G
M@GNKJ
NKJ AHJ
AHJ_
_ OLK_P@
OLK_P@HL
HL G@
G@H
H YN
YNHJQ
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NMYPWJGL 3 TJ_ZP@S JAJKWL, RJHW@Q JBP_WNK

G@_WNKJWJQNL TJ_ZP@S JAJKWL RJHW@Q JBP_WNK

GNQ@OONLK 3   Gnr`oonÿk @h`otrÿknoj - K¹111:7

K¹111:7

_` jgcuktj Q`slhuonÿk
Q`slhuonÿk ONKOL g` d`oej :7/91/1919 j Dcs 3 2
JK@UJKGL HL _NBPN@KW@3

Q@_LHPON
Q@_L HPONLK
LK K¹
K ¹90

:7 G@ D@AQ@QL G@ 1919
 

  OLQW@ _PY@QNLQ G@ CP_WNONJ G@ HNMJ KLQW@

_@BPKGL CPSBJGL Y@KJH PKNY@Q_LKJH  

@UY@GN@KW@ K¹ 9?775-19:4-?7- 9>9:-CQ-Y@-91. 

3
9?775-19:4-?7-
CP@S 3 O@_JQ G@M@WQNL WJYNJ JQJKJ.
@_Y@ONJHN_WJ  3 OLK_P@HL M@GNKJ AHJ_.
NKW@QKL 3 RJHW@Q JBP_WNK TJ_ZP@S JAJKWL.
G@HNWL
JBQJTNJGJ 33 LMN_NLK JCJSMNK
TJK@__J HJ J_N_W@KONJ
TJ_ZP@SDJMNHNJQ.
_NHTJ .

Q@_LHPONLK KPM@QL ONKOL

Nkg`p`kg`konj,
Nkg`p`kg`konj, onkol g` D
D`ar`rl
`ar`rl g`
g`hh gls mnh v`nkt` .-

JPWL_, TN_WL_ ^ LNGL_ 3  @s mjt`rnj g`

prlkukonjmn`ktl,
prlkukonjmn` ktl, hj slhnontug g` a`k
a`k`dnonl
`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl g` s`mnhna`rtjg, dldlrmuhjgl
rmuhjgl
plr `h s`kt`konjgl RJHW@Q JBP_WNK TJ_ZP@S JA JAJKWL,
JKWL, g` hj olkg`kj `k su
olktrj plr `h g`hntl olktrj Hj Djmnhnj ‟ Lmnsnÿk j hj Jsnst`konj Djmnhnjr, `k jbrjvnl
g` Tjk`ssj Cjzmík Têsqu
Têsqu`z`z _nhvj, r`onangls hls nkdlrm`
nkdlrm`ss qu` `stjah`o` `h Oÿgnbl g`
@c`ouonÿk Y`kjh, hu`bl g` dlrmuhjgls hls nkdlrm` lrjh`s `k víj g` jh`bjtls,
`xpu`stls plr `h r`pr`s`ktjkt` g`h Mnknst`rnl Yóahnol y hj g`d`ksj tîoknoj g`h nkt`rkl
`k hj jugn`konj póahnoj 6jsn olml hj jutlg`d`ksj g`h nkt`rkl slhnontjkt` ,
OLK_NG@QJKGL 3

Yrnm`rl.- _lar` hj kjturj

kjturjh`zj
h`zj g` hls a`k`dnonls p`knt`konjrnls, `h Wrna
Wrnaukjh
ukjh
Olkstntuonlkjh ej g`cjgl `stjah`ongl
`stjah`ongl `k hj s`kt`konj r`ojígj `k `h `xp`gn`kt` K¹
1299-1994-YEO/WO, qu` `k `strnotl hls a`k`dnonls p`knt`konjrnls ‘kl slk g`r`oels
 dukgjm`ktjh`s snkl bjrjktíjs pr`vnstjs plr `h g`r`oel g` @c`ouonÿk Y`kjh, ouyl dnk
`s olkor`tnzjr `h prnkonpnl olkstntuonlkjh g` r`slonjhnzjonÿk y r``guojonÿk g`h nkt`rkl.
@k `d`otl, hjs bjrjktíjs p`rsnbu`k `h js`burjmn`ktl g` g`t`rmnkjgjs nkstntuonlk`s
 curígnojs y kl `kb`kgrjk g`r`oels dukgjm`ktjh`s j djvlr g` hjs p`rslkjs, g` jeí
qu` pu`g`k s`r hnmntjgjs l r`strnkbngjs snk qu` `hhl olmplrt` jrantrjrn`gjg.
jrantrjrn`gjg. Kl
lastjkt`, kl oja` gugj qu` jók oujkgl hls a`k`dnonls p`knt`konjrnls kl olkstntuy`k
g`r`oels su g`k`bjonÿk , r`vlojonÿk l r`strnoonÿk g` joo`sl, g`a`k la`g`o`r j
mltnvls lac`tnvls y rjzlkjah`s, plr hl qu` hj r`slhuonÿk cugnonjh qu` s` prlkukonj jh
r`sp`otl g`a` oumphnr olk hj `xnb`konj g` hj mltnvjonÿk g` hjs r`slhuonlk`s
 cugnonjh`s”. Ylr su pjrt`, hj Q`slhuonÿk Jgmnknstrjtnvj g`h Ylg`r Cugnonjh K¹ 1>2-
19::-Y-YC g` d`oej glo` g` jblstl g` gls mnh lko`, s`újhj `k su pjrt` r`slhutnvj 3 ‘ 
(…) qu`, olml hj kjturjh`zj curígnoj g` hls a`k`dnonls p`knt`konjrnls
p`knt`konjrnls (…) `s hj g` uk
`stímuhl l nko`ktnvl y kl hj g` uk g`r`oel, `h oumphnmn`ktl g` hls pr`supu`stls
 dlrmjh`s pr`vnstls `k hls jrtíouhls 7>¹ y 07¹ g`h Oÿgnbl g` @c`ouonÿk Y`kjh, kl
js`burj su ltlrbjmn`ktl (…) `h ÿrbjkl curnsgnoonlkjh ej g` custndnojr m`gnjkt` hj
mltnvjonÿk p`rtnk`kt` olk jaslhutj ohjrngjg y rnblr curígnol, hj `stnmjonÿk l
g`s`stnmjonÿk g`h a`k`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl slhnontjgl”.
_`bukgl.- Zu`, hj olko`snÿk
olko`snÿk g` ``st`
st` a`k`dnonl `stê olkgnonlkjgl jh oumphnmn`ktl
g` hjs dlrmjhngjg`s pr`vnstjs plr hj jotujh h`bnshjonÿk, qu` r`olklo` qu` `h a`k`dnonl
p`knt`konjrnl s` olko`g` oujkgl s` ejyj plgngl `stjah`o`r qu` `h nkt`rkl ej
jhojkzjgl ukl brjgl
olm`t`r ku`vl
ku`v g`hntl g` r`jgjptjonÿkjjhhqu`
jh nkolrplrjrs` p`rmntj
m`gnl hnar` prlklstnojr qu`
(prnm`rl pêrrjdl kl
pêrrjdl g`h vlhv`ríj
jrt. 01 g`hj
 

Oÿgnbl g` @c`ouonÿk Y`kjh). Jsnmnsml, `h prlpnl Wrnaukjh Olkstntuonlkjh ej

r`olklongl qu` `k `h prlkukonjmn`ktl g` hj olko`snÿk g` `stls a`k`dnonls kl sÿhl
g`a` g`t`rmnkjrs` sn olrr`splkg`
olrr`splkg` l kl ltlrbjr j uk nkt`rkl, uk g`t`rmnkjgl a`k`dnonl
p`knt`konjrnl, plr `h m`rl oumphnmn`ktl g` hls supu`stls dlrmjh`s qu` r`olklo` hj
klrmjtnvngjg , jh r`sp`otl, snkl qu` su olko`snÿk, `k `h ojsl g` tlgls `hhls, s`
`kou`ktrj olkgnonlkjgj j uk r`qunsntl jgnonlkjh g` ojrêot`r mjt`rnjh, `h oujh s`
`kou`ktrj r`d`rngl j qu` `h p`kjgl g`a` `kolktrjrs` r`ejanhntjgl, `s g`onr, g`a`
`xnstnr o`rt`zj g` qu` su pu`stj `k hna`rtjg olk jkt`hjonÿk jh oumphnmn`ktl tltjh g`h
qujktum g` hj p`kj nmpu`stj, kl r`pr`s`ktj `k mlgl jhbukl ukj jm`kjzj pjrj hj
plahjonÿk kn pjrj knkbók ltrl g`r`oel dukgjm`ktjh. _n`kgl `hhl jsí, sn an`k `s plsnah`
qu`, `k jphnojonÿk g`h prnkonpnl pr`vnstl `k `h jrtíouhl :?>¹ nkonsl 11 g` hj
Olkstntuonÿk, hj `d`otnvj `c`ouonÿk g` hj p`kj s` r`guzoj, olko`gn`kgl hna`rtjg jh
p`kjgl jkt`s g` qu` s` oumphj hj tltjhngjg g` hj p`kj nmpu`stj, `hhl slhl pu`g`
suo`g`r sn kl `xnst`k gugjs g` qu` pjrj `ktlko`s îst` s` `kou`ktrj r`slonjhnzjgl.
G`sg` hu`bl, hj olkgnonÿk g` r`slonjhnzjonÿk `k g`t`rmnkjgls ojsls pu`g` s`r jhbl
gndíonh g` vjhlrjr, `mp`
`mp`rl,
rl, `h Wrnaukjh olk
olkstntuonlkjh,
stntuonlkjh, yj ej `stjah`ongl
`stjah`ongl qu`, `k ojsl
g` gugjs, `h cu`z p`kjh tn`k`
tn `k` hj lponÿk g` kl olko`g`r `h a`k`dnonl g` hna`rtjg.
W`ro`rl.- Zu` `s m`k`st`r pr`onsjr qu` `h jrtíouhl 02-J, g`h oÿgnbl g` @c`ouonÿk
Y`kjh `stjah`o` qu` hls a`k
a`k`dnonls
`dnonls p`k
p`knt`konjrnls
nt`konjrnls g` _`
_`mn
mn Hna`rtjg y Hna`rjonÿk
olkgnonlkjh s` jphnojk olkdlrm` j hj h`y vnb`kt` `k `h mlm`ktl g` hj s`kt`konj
olkg`kjtlrnj dnrm`, sn`kgl qu` pjrj `h ojsl qu` kls loupj, `s m`k`st`r pr`onsjr qu`
`h nkt`rkl slhnontjkt`, olkdlrm` `s g` v`rs` g` hj Q`slhuonÿk K¹ Wr`s, g` d`oej :7 g`
Lotuar` g`h gls mnh gn`onsîns du` olkg`kjgl olml jutlr g`h g`hntl olktrj Hj djmnhnj
`k su dnburj g` Lmnsnÿk j hj Jsnst`konj Djmnhnjr, tnpndnojgl
t npndnojgl `k `h jrtíouhl :7>¹ prnm`r
pêrrjdl g`h oÿgnbl p`kjh `k jbrjvnl g` Tjk`ssj Cjzmík Têsqu`z _nhvj j GL_ JÚL_
g` p`kj prnvjtnvj g` hna`rtjg _P_Y@KGNGJ `k su `c`ouonÿk plr `h hjpsl g` gls júls
ajcl r`bhjs g` olkguotj, sn`kgl qu` olkdlrm` `s g` v`rs` g`h jotj g` Jugn`konj g`
Q`vlojtlrnj g` Y`kj _usp`kgngj, m`gnjkt` hj Q`slhuonÿk kóm`rl Glo` g` d`oej ?9>
g` Jarnh g`h 19:5 s` g`ohjrj dukgjgl `h Q`qu`rnmn`ktl dlrmuhjgl plr `h Mnknst`rnl
Yóahnol, `k olks`ou`konj _@ Q@TLOJ hj p`kj susp`kgngj plr gls júls qu` h` du`rj
nmpu`stj jh s`kt`konjgl
s`kt`konjgl Rjht`r Jbustík Têsqu`z Jaj
Jajktl,
ktl, hj mnsmj qu` s` olkvn`rt`
`k `d`otnvj gnsplknîkgls` su uanojonÿk y ojpturj, olk hj dnkjhngjg qu` s`j nkt`rkjgl
`k uk `stjah`onmn`ktl p`knt`konjrnl, sn`kgl qu` plr Q`slhuonÿk kóm`rl Wr`o`, g`
d`oej ?9 g` jarnh g`h 19:5, s` g`ohjrj olks`ktngj hj ontjgj r`slhuonÿk kóm`rl Glo`6
sn`kgl qu` j hj huz g`h O`rtndnojgl
O`rtndnojgl g` jkt`o`g`kt`
jkt`o`g`kt` cugnonjh`s pjrt` nkdnk` ( dlhnls 17 )
s` g`spr`kg` qu` plr gnsplsnonÿk g`h 7tl cuzbjgl g` nkv`stnbjonÿk Yr`pjrjtlrnj, s`
gnsplk` `h nkt`rkjmn`ktl g`h s`kt`konjgl pjrj qu` oumphj su olkg`kj g` GL_
JÚL_ g` p`kj prnvjtnvj g` hj hna`rtjg qu` nknonjrj `h ::.9?.19:> y v`ko`rê `h :9.9?
.191:
 

Oujrtl.- @k `h pr`s`kt` ojsl, `h r`ourr`kt` nkt`rkl RJHW@Q JBP_WNK

TJ_ZP@S JAJKWL, slhnontj, qu` s` h` olko`gj `h a`k`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl g`
_@MNHNA@QWJG, g` olkdlrmngjg olk hl `stjah`ongl plr `h jrtíouhl 75¹ g`h Oÿgnbl
g` @c`ouonÿk Y`kjh,
Y`kjh, qu` p`rmnt` jh nkt`rkl olk
olk prnm`rj olkg`kj
olkg`kj `d`otnvj `br`
`br`sjr
sjr g`h
`stjah`onmn`ktl p`knt`konjrnl pjrj `d`otls g` trjajcjr l `stugnjr 6 r`qunrn`kgl

tjmanîk `h
`h Oÿgnbl g` @c`ouonÿk Y`kjh, `h oumphnmn`ktl g` on`rtls r`qunsntls
dlrmjh`s qu` g`a`k s`r pr`s`ktjgls
pr`s`ktjgls olk hj slhnontug g` a`k`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl, olk hj
las`rvjkonj
las`rvjkonj g` hls pr`ontjgls jrtíouhls g`h oÿgnbl g` `c`ouonÿk p`kjh y
mlgndnojgls plr `h jrtíouhl prnm`rl g` hj H`y K¹ ?9141.
G` hj v`rndnojonÿk g` hls pr`supu`stls dlrmjh`s `k hj slhnontug mjt`rnj g`
prlkukonjmn`ktl 3
Zunktl.- @k r`hjonÿk j hls pr`supu`s
pr`supu`stls
tls dlrmjh`s, s` tn`k` hl snbun`kt` 3
J.  @k oujktl jh tn`mpl g` r`ohusnÿk  3 @h ontjgl nkt`rkl tn`k` j hj d`oej g` hj
óhtnmj jugn`konj r`jhnzjgj `h ?: g` `k`rl g`h 1919, gn`z m`s`s, y v`nktnók
gíjs g` ojro`h`ríj `d`otnvj, j t`klr g` hj lrg`k
lrg`k g` nkt`rkjmn`ktl g`h jelrj
s`kt`konjgl gnspu`stl plr `h Oujrtl cuzbjgl g` Nkv`stnbjonÿk Yr`pjrjtlrnj g` hj
Olrt` _up`rnlr g` Custnonj g` Hnmj Klrt` j mîrntl g` hj r`vlojtlrnj g`
susp`ksnÿk g` hj p`kj , s` s`újhj olml d`oej g` nknonl g`h oÿmputl g` su p`kj,
`h gíj lko` g` mjrzl
mjrzl g`h 19:> y olml d`oej g` tîrmnkl `h gn`z g` mjrzl g`h
tr`nktj g` Jarnh g`h 191:. Jsnmnsml, s` ejo` pr`s`kt` pjrj `h t`st g` h`bjhngjg
g` hj slhnontug nkoljgj, s` tn`k` `k ou`ktj hl qu` s`újhj `h s`bukgl pêrrjdl g`h
jrtíouhl 74¹ , mlgndnojgl plr H`y ?9924, qu` gno` 3” hj r`g`konÿk g` hj jp`kj
m`gnjkt` `h trjajcl l hj `guojonÿk s` r`jhnzj j rjzÿk g` uk gíj g` p`kj plr gls
gíjs g` hjalr l `stugnls `d`otnvls” y r`vnsjgl `h  O`rtndnojgl g` Oÿmputl
@guojtnvl g` d`oej :1 g` klvn`mar` g`h 19:> ( g` dlcjs 10) qu` s` tn`k` qu` `h
nkt`rkl ej r`bnstrjgl
r`bnstrjgl on`ktl s`s`ktj y onkol ( :40) gíjs
gíjs `stugnjgls , qu` pjrj
hls `d`otls g` hj r`g`konÿk `xnb` uk gíj g` p`kj plr gls gíjs g` `stugnls

`d`otnvls  , t`k`mls qu` ej r`gnmngl plr `stugnl gls m`s`s v`nktngÿs gíjs,
qu` sumjgls jh tn`mpl g` r`ohusnÿk qu` hh`vj `h nkt`rkl p`tnonlkjkt`, t`kgríj
`k tltjh PK JÚL JÚL,, PK M@
M@__ y WQ@O@ GNJ_ G@ NKW@QKJMN@KWL,
NKW@QKJMN@KWL, plplrr hl qu`
oumph` olk `h r`qunsntl jhugngl `k `h kum`rjh ukl g`h jrtíouhl 75¹ g`h oÿgnbl
g` `c`ouonÿk p`kjh pjrj hj prlo`g`konj g`h a`k`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl g` ss`mn`mn
hna`rtjg, mêxnm` sn `k ` `hh ojsl g`h s`kt`konjgl t`
t`k`mls
k`mls qu` s` trjtj g` uk
jb`kt` prnmjrnl
prnmjrnl , plr hl qu` `st`st`
` prnm`r olktrlh g` h`b
h`bjhngjg
jhngjg r`suhtj s`r
s`r
djvlrjah` jh nkt`rkl slhnontjkt`. 
A.  @k oujktl jh r`bnstrl k`bjtnvl g` prlo`sl p`kjh p`kgn`kt` olk mjkgjtl g`
g`t`konÿk3 Olkdlrm` s` ej gjgl h`oturj j hjs pn`zjs gloum`ktjh`s qu`
sust`ktjk hj p`tnonÿk g`h nkt`rkl, s` ou`ktj pjrj `h pr`s`kt` ojsl olk `h

r`sp`otnvl o`rtndnojgl g` kl r`bnstrjr prlo`sl p`kgn`kt` olk mjkgjtl g`

 

g`t`konÿk j knv`h kjonlkjh (dlcjs 17). Ylr hl qu` s` oumph` `st` s`bukgl
pr`supu`stl dlrmjh.
O.  @k hl r`sp`otl jh rîbnm`k `k `h qu` s` `kou`ktrj `h nkt`rkl3 Jh r`sp`otl,
jk`xjgj j hj slhnontug g`h nkt`rkl, ej oumphngl olk jgcuktjr hj Olkstjkonj g`
Qîbnm`k g` Tngj y @tjpj g` Wrjtjmn`ktl K¹ >:>-19:> (dlcjs ?4) glkg` olkstj
qu` s` `kou`ktrj `k `h
` h Qîbnm`k O`rrjgl Lrgnkjrnl.
G.  @k r`hjonÿk j hj ojko`hjonÿk g`h mlktl g` hj r`pjrjonÿk onvnh dncjgl `k
s`kt`konj 3 olkdlrm` j hj olpnj o`rtndnojgj
o`rtndnojgj g` hj s`kt`konj `xp`gngj `k
jugn`konj g` d`oej :7 g` lotuar` g`h júl
júl 19:4, t`k`mls qu` s` ej dncjgl olml
r`pjrjonÿk onvnh hj sumj g` _/ ?99.ll , g`spr`kgnîkgls` qu` hj mnsmj ej sngl
sngl
ojko`hjgj olkdlrm` `s g` v`rs` g` hj olpnj g`h `sorntl g` dlhnls 11 y hj olpnj
g` hj olkstjkonj g` g`pÿsntl cugnonjh K¹ 19:>99979?1?1.

G` hjs jotujonlk`s prlo`gnm`ktjh`s `k hj jugn`konj g` s`mnhna`rtjg 3

_`xtl 3 Zu`, hj jugn`konj g` a`k`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl p`rmnt` jh cuzbjglr olktjr olk
`h`m`ktls g` nkdlrmjonÿk lac`tnvj qu` p`rmntjk v`rndnojr mês jhhê g` hls
pr`supu`stls dlrmjh`s, sn `h nkt`rkl p`tnonlkjkt` s` `kou`ktrj jptl pjrj nks`rtjrs`
ku`vjm`kt` j hj slon`gjg, hu`bl g`h p`rnlgl g` r`ohusnÿk qu` vn`k` sudrn`kgl, l `s
qu` jojsl jók r`qun`r` g` mjylr tn`mpl g` r`ohusnÿk pjrj oumphnr hls dnk`s g`h
snst`mj p`knt`konjrnl g` r`jgjptjonÿk, r`ejanhntjonÿk y r`nks`ronÿk g`h p`kjgl j hj
_lon`gjg. Jsí pjrj hj pr`s`kt` jugn`konj, s` prlo`gnÿ kl slhl j `souoejr jh nkt`rkl,
snkl tjmanîk `h psnoÿhlbl y jsnst`ktj slonjh qu` `mntn`rlk hls nkdlrm`s pr`s`ktjgls
r`sp`otl g` hj `vjhujonÿk g`h nkt`rkl g`sg` hj ÿptnoj g` su olklonmn`ktl
`sp`onjhnzjgl 6 prlo`gnîkgls`
prlo`gnîkgls` j hj dlrmuhjonÿk g` pr`buktjs plr pj pjrt`
rt` g` hls jotlr`s
`k hj jugn`konj,
jugn`konj, jsí ol
olml
ml `h cuzbjglr ( `k tjktl qu` hj g`o
g`onsnÿk
nsnÿk dnkjh olrr`sp
olrr`splkg`
lkg` j
uk t`mj g` r`splksjanhngjg cugnonjh). Wlgl hls oujh`s ejk jplrtjgl nkdlrmjonÿk
k`o`sjrnj pjrj ukj m`clr `vjhujonÿk g`h ojsl olkor`tl, v`ranbrjonj `h Nkdlrm`
Ysnolhÿbnol K¹ 009-19:>-NKY@/NKY@/:5 @YM JKOLK NN-Ys, g` d`oej 14 g`
klvn`mar` g`h
g`h 19:>, susor
susorntj
ntj plr `h psnoÿ
psnoÿhlbl
hlbl Ojrhls Ourn D`r
D`rkêkg`z
kêkg`z (dlhnls ??),
qu` sn an`k `k su pjrt` dnkjh olkohuy` `k dlrmj g`sdjvlrjah`, îst` prld`snlkjh jh s`r
`xjmnkjgl r`olklonÿ su nkdlrm` y s` rjtndnoÿ `k su p`rnonj, ouyj olkohusnÿk du`
g`sdjvlrjah`
g`sdjvlrj ah` pjrj `h nkt`rkl slhnontjkt`, snk `majrbl `k jugn`konj ej g`cjgl `ktr`v`r
qu` du` ltrl prld`
prld`snlkjh
snlkjh qu` nkno
nknonl
nl `h trjtjmn`ktl g`h nkt`rkl Rjht`r Jbustík
Têsqu`z Jajktl y r`olklonÿ qu` `h nkt`rkl pjrtnonpl `k 1: s`snlk`s brupjh`s g` hjs
oujh`s slhl tuvl tr`s s`snlk`s olk îh, hl qu` ``vng`konj
vng`konj qu` hj `vjhujonÿk r`suhtj
r`suhtj
s`sbjgj y g` ploj o`rt`zj oujktl mês, sn g`h t`xtl g` hj jpr`onjonÿk
psnolornmnklhÿbnoj s` g`spr`kg` qu` `h nkt`rkl g` 41 júls g` `gjg s` `kou`ktrj
huongl, lrn`ktjgl `k tn`mpl, `spjonl y p`rslkj ejo` usl g` uk h`kbujc` s`konhhl y
js`rtnvl, hl g`sorna` olml ukj p`rslkj g` knv`h nkt`h`otujh prlm`gnl, snk
nkgnojglr`s psnolpjtlhÿbnols , olk ajcj prlajanhngjg g` r`nks`ronÿk slonjh y dnkjhnzj
pr`onsjkgll qu` ‘‘kl
pr`onsjkg kl ej nkt`r
nkt`rnlrnzjgl
nlrnzjgl hl k`bjtnvl g` su g`hntl”6 ssn`kgl
n`kgl qu` `k
jugn`konj , jh mlm`ktl g` hj jutlg`d`ksj g`h nkt`rkl îst` ej mjknd`stjgl
`kolktrjrs`` jrr`p`k
`kolktrjrs jrr`p`ktngl
tngl g`h g`hntl ol
olm`tngl,
m`tngl, las`rvêkgls`
las`rvêkgls` qu` s` tr
trjtj
jtj g` uk jguhtl
mjylr, qu` an`k pu`g` r`nks`rtjrs` j hj slon`gjg y g`s`kvlhv`rs` plr hj s`kgj g`h
an`k `k `xtrjmurls.
Ylr ltrl hjgl, `k jugn`konj s` `xjmnkÿ j hj trjajcjglrj slonjh, Hno`konjgj ^lvjky
Mjrblt Eurtjgl
Eurtjgl Tngjrt`, qun`k susorna` ``hh Nkdlrm` _lonjh K¹074-1
K¹074-19:>-NKY@/:5-
9:>-NKY@/:5-
@YMJNN-PW_ (dlhnls ?7 )),, prld`snlk
prld`snlkjh
jh qu` s` r`olklonÿ hj jutlríj g`h ontjgl
ontjgl
 

gloum`ktl g`h oujh s` rjtndnoÿ , `h mnsml qu` olkohuy` qu` hl olksnbkjgl `s `k ajs`
j hl nkdlrmjgl plr `h nkt`rkl ‘tlgj v`z qu` kl s` latuvl lplrtukjm`kt` ukj
`ktr`vnstj olk sus djmnhnjr`s j p`sjr qu` hls ontl `k gls lplrtukngjg`s”,
g`spr`kgnîkgls` qu` hj ontjgj trjajcjglrj slonjh ej g`angl nksnstnr `k hj `ktr`vnstj j
hls djmnhnjr`s g`h nkt`rkl l `k su ojsl g`cjr hjs hjalr`s g` bjank`t` y olkourrnr jh
glmnonhnl g` `st`, kl lastjkt` qu` `k `h nkdlrm` `k olm`ktl s` pr`onsj qu` `h
trjtjmn`ktl slonjh g`h nkt`rkl gurl sn`t` m`s`s, `sp`oídnojm`kt` 15 s`snlk`s, kl s`
ej oumphngl olk vnsntjr `h kóoh`l djmnhnjr mês o`rojkl g`h nkt`rkl y lat`k`r ukj
vnsnÿk nkt`brjh
nkt`brjh g` hjs plsnanhngjg`s y dduturjs
uturjs olkgnonlk`s
olkgnonlk`s pjr
pjrjj olkslhngj
olkslhngjrr su
r`jgjptjonÿk slonjh, plr hl qu` hjs olkohusnlk`s g` gnoel nkdlrm` kl s`rêk tlmjgls
`k ou`ktj plr nkolmph`tl 6 jsnmnsml s` g`cj olkstjkonj qu` j p`sjr g`h t`klr g`h
Nkdlrm` @vjhujtnvl K¹ 99:-1919-NKY@/:5-@YMJKOLNN OWY-Y, g` d`oej 1 g`
`k`rl g`h 1919, `xp`gngl plr `h Olks`cl Wîoknol Y`knt`konjrnl g`h @stjah`onmn`ktl
Y`knt`konjrnl Jkoÿk NN, qu` ej sngl `xp`gngl `k ajs` j hls nkdlrm`s Ysnolhÿbnol y
_lonjh, qu` ejk sngl jkjhnzjgls pr`o`g`kt`m`kt` y ouyjs olkohusnlk`s kl s`rêk
tlmjgls `k ou`ktj plr `st` Cuzbjgl plr hjs rjzlk`s jkt`s `salzjgjs , hl qu` kl
lastj pjrj qu` `st` cuzbjgl j hj huz g` uk jkêhnsns nkt`brjh g`h a`k`dnonl
p`knt`konjrnl slhnontjgl, hj gloum`ktjonÿk jpjr`cjgj j hj mnsmj y j hl jotujgl `k
jugn`konj y olksng`rjkgl `h `xjm`k r`j r`jhnzjgl
hnzjgl jh nkt`rkl, qun`
qun`kk s` g`sorna` oolml
lml
ukj p`rslkj g` `xtrjoonÿk slonjh eumnhg`, jguhtl mjylr, qun`k s` mjkndn`stj
jrr`p`ktngl g` hls e`oels qu` hl ejk hh`vjgl j p`rg`r su hna`rtjg, jsn olml `h
`xjm`k jqun`k
Jhaucjr, hj p`rslkj s`újhjgj olmls`duturj
pr`vnj ng`ktndnojonÿk,
pr`vnj `mph`j
`mph`jglrj
rjtndnoj glrj Mjríj
g`h olktrjtl Bjarn`hj
g` trjajcl M`k
M`kglzj
g` dlhnlsglzj
::,
o`h`arjgl olk `h nkt`rkl, s`újhj qu` su `mpr`sj `stj dlrmjhnzjgj `k olkgnonÿk g`
p`rslkj kjturjh, qu` olk `h prlo`sjg
prlo`sjgll s`rnjk tr`s pp`rslkjs
`rslkjs olksng`rj
olksng`rjgjs
gjs `k phjknhhjs,
s`újhj qu` `h ruarl g` sus jotnvngjg`s `s r`onohjc`, qu` `stê uanojgj `k hj Mz G Hlt`
:2, Ollp`rjtnvj Djmnhnjs Pkngjs g` _jk Cujk g` Mnrjdhlr`s, Yrlvnkonj y
G`pjrtjm`ktl g` Hnmj
Hnmj , r`dn`r` olklo
olklo`r
`r olk jkt`rnlrngjg jjhh nkt`rkl y olkojt`kjk
olkojt`kjkgl
gl
dnkjhm`kt` olk hj nkdlrmjonÿk olkt`kngj `k hjs pn`zjs prlo`gnm`ktjh`s ouyj h`oturj
s` ej gjgl `k hj jugn`konj, s` tn`k` hl snbun`kt` 3
J.  _lar` hj r`pjrjonÿk g`h gjúl ojusjgl plr g`h g`hntl .- _lar` `st` jsp`otl y
J. 
olml yj du` s`újhjgl jkt`rnlrm`kt` `h nkt`rkl ej oumphngl olk `h pjbl g` hj
r`pjrjonÿk onvnh s`újhjgj `k s`kt`konj (_/ ?99.ll) , `hhl s` g`spr`kg` g` hj
olkstjkonj g` g`pÿsntl g` dlhnls 1:. Hl qu` ejo` `vng`konjr qu` ej trjtjgl g`
r`pjrjr `h gjúl ojusjgl j hj víotnmj.
A.  @k r`hjonÿk j hls jkt`o`g`kt`s p`kjh`s 3   @k `stj jugn`konj s` ej gjgl ou`ktj
A.  ou`ktj
qu` `h nkt`rkl kl ou`ktj olk jkt`o`g`kt`s p`kjh`s jgnonlkjh`s jh nmpu`stl
plr hj s`kt`konj mjt`rnj g` a`k`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl, `s g`onr qu` `s uk jb`kt`
prnmjrnl `k hj olmnsnÿk
olmnsnÿk g` g`hntls,
g`hntls, olkdlrm` jh gloum`ktl g` dlhnls 17,
`sp`oídnojm`kt` `h o`rtndnojgl g` jkt`o`g`kt`s p`kjh`s j knv`h kjonlkjh, `k
ouyj pjrt` nk dnk` s` pr`onsj qu` ‘`h nkt`rkl kl r`bnstrj prlo`sl p`kgn`kt` olk
mjkgjtl g` g`t`konÿk l prnsnÿk pr`v`ktnvj j knv`h kjonlkjh, nksorntj `k `h
r`bnstrl p`knt`konjrnl. 
O.  @k r`hjonÿk j hjs m`gngjs gnsonphnkjrnjs nmpu`stjs jh nkt`rkl 3 gurjkt` su
O. 
p`rmjk`konj `k `h `stjah`onmn`ktl p`knt`konjrnl, s` ej v`rndnojgl `k `stj

jugn`konj olk `h O`rtndnojgl g` Olkguotj

Olkguotj K¹ :970-19:> `mntngl plr `h
 

@stjah`onmn`ktl Y`knt`konjrnl Mlg`hl Jkolk NN (dlcjs ?0), qu` `h nkt`rkl kl

r`bnstrj sjkonÿk gnsonphnkjrnj jhbukj.
G.   Jotnvngjg`s r`jhnzjgjs gurjkt` su r`ohusnÿk gnstnktjs j hjs r`bnstrjgjs plr hj
G.
jgmnknstrjonÿk p`knt`konjrnj  3 kl s` jgvn`rt` qu` `h nkt`rkl ejyj r`jhnzjgl
jotnvngjg`s gnd`r`kt`s j hjs qu` s` olksnbkj `k `h O`rtndnojgl g` Oÿmputl
@guojtnvl g` dlhnls 10 6 g`spr`kgnîkgls` `k jugn`konj jsí olml `k hj
gloum`ktjonÿk jpjr`cjgj,
jpjr`cjgj, qu` `h nkt`rkl
nkt`rkl ej g`mlstrjgl m`gnjkt` `h `stugnl
jor`gntjr ojpjongjg`s hlbrjgjs.
@.  @k r`hjonÿk jh `h`m`ktl
duturl jrrjnbl pjrj olko`snÿk g` a`k`dnonl 3 s` ej jotujgl `k jugn`konj `h
O`rtndnojgl Glmnonhnjrnl (dlcjs :9) s`bók `h oujh hj onugjgjkj Hnz`te Tjsqu`z
Qlmjk g`ohjrj ajcl curjm`ktl qu` su
su glmnonhnl `s `h uanojgl `k hj M
Mzz W Hlt`
:> Yu`ahl Clv`k _jk Enhjrnlk Jhtl, gnstrntl g` _jk Cujk g` Hurnbjkoel, glkg` s`
nkgnoj qu` `h o`rtndnojgl `xp`gngl `s pjrj hls dnk`s j hls qu` s` olktrj` `h
pr`s`kt` trjmnt` jsí hjs olsjs `h cuzbjgl jgvn`rt` qu` s` `kou`ktrj jor`gntjgl
`h duturl jrrjnbl. 

D.- _lar` hj kjturjh`zj g`h g`hntl. @h g`hntl g` Lmnsnÿk j hj Jsnst`konj Djmnhnjr `s

ukl g` kjturjh`zj sun b`k`rns, pjrj ouyj `c`ouonÿk kl s` r`qun`r` g` hj p`hnbrlsngjg
g`h jb`kt`.

Lotjvl.- Ylr óhtnml, oja` pr`onsjr qu` sn`kgl `h g`hntl g` Lmnsnÿk j hj Jsnst`konj

Djmnhnjr uk g`hntl sun b`k`rns, `h qu` `h s`kt`konjgl p`rmjk`zoj mês tn`mpl pu`g`
r`suhtjr olktrjprlguo`kt` olk hj sntujonÿk djmnhnjr g` hj jhnm`ktnstj pu`s `s `h
s`kt`konjgl qun`k g`a` js`burjr `h oumphnmn`ktl g` su lahnbjonÿk jhnm`ktjrnj y
`stjkgl `k prnsnÿk kl plgrê ejo`rhl g` mjk`rj jg`oujgj6 `k `stj gnr`oonÿk g` ng`js
jh r`jhnzjr ukj jotnvngjg `olkÿmnoj ukj v`z qu` r`oup`r` su hna`rtjg plgrê jplrtjr
olk `h dnk jkt`s s`újhjgl.
Klv`kl.- Zu`, olkdlrm`
olkdlrm` j hl jkt`s `xpu`stl, plkg`rjkgl hls or ornt`rnls
nt`rnls `xnbngls plr
hj klrmj
klrmj prlo
prlo`gnm`ktjh,
`gnm`ktjh, jsjsíí olml hls qu` ej olksng`rjgl `stj cugnoj cugnojturj,
turj,
`kdjtnzjkgl plr
plr `hhl `h cuzbjglr qu` t`kn`kgl `k ou`ktj hj nkdl
nkdlrmjonÿk
rmjonÿk gloum`ktj
gloum`ktjhh
,j nkolrplrjgj
nkolrplrjgj y jotuj
jotujgj
gj `k jugjugn`konj,
n`konj, pu`g` oolkohunr
lkohunr l prlklstnojr olk uk jhtl
brjgl g` prlajanhngjg g` qu` `h nkt`rkl `stjkgl `k hna`rtjg kl vlhv`ríj j olm`t`r
ku`vl g`hntl y m`r`o`r s`r g`stnkjtjrnl g` hj olkdnjkzj g` `st` ÿrbjkl curnsgnoonlkjh
pjrj joo`g`r jh a`k`dnonl slhnontjgl y olk `hhl hj plsnanhngjg g` r`nks`rtjrs` j hj
slon`gjg r`oup`rjkgl su hna`rtjg jmauhjtlrnj ajcl r`bhjs g` olkguotj .  
G@ON_NßK 3
Olks`ou`kt`m`kt`, olkdlrm` j hls dukgjm`ktls jkt`s `xpu`stls, `h _`bukgl
Cuzbjgl Pknp`rslkjh
Pknp`rslkjh g` Hnmj Klrt`,
Yrnm`rl .- G`ohjrj 3 YQLO@G@KW@ `h a`k`dnonl p`knt`konjrnl g` _`mnhna`rtjg
slhnontjgl plr `h s`kt`konjgl RJHW@Q JBP_WNK TJ_ZP@S JAJKWL, g`rnvjgl
g`h prlo`sl p`kjh qu` s` h` ej s`bungl plr `h g`hntl Olktrj hj Djmnhnj3 Lmnsnÿk j hj
Jsnst`konj Djmnhnjr, `k hj mlgjhngjg g` Nkoumphnmn`ktl g` Lahnbjonÿk Jhnm`ktjrnj6 `k
jbrjvnl g` Tjk`ssj Cjzmík Têsqu`z _nhvj, `xp`gn`kt` kóm`rl ?775-19:4-??-9>
?775-19:4-??-9>9:-CQ-
9:-CQ-
YY@-916 `k olks`ou`konj, s` LQG@KJ _P HNA@QWJG NKM@GNJWJ sn`mpr` qu`
kl t`kbj ltrl prlo`sl p`kgn`kt` olk mjkgjtl g` g`t`konÿk `k su olktrj.
 

_`bukgl.- _@ DNCJ olml Q@BHJ_ G@ OLKGPOWJ, qu` g`a`rê oumphnr `h

s`kt`konjgl, hjs snbun`kt`s3 j)  Oumphnr, `k dlrmj puktujh y m`ksujhm`kt`, olk su
lahnbjonÿk jhnm`ktjrnj dncjgj j djvlr g`h jhnm`ktnstj, `k `h prlo`sl s`bungl `k su olktrj6
a) Kl jus`ktjrs` g`h hubjr g` su A) a) Olmpjr`o`r m`ksujhm`kt` jkt` hj Ldnonkj g`
Q`bnstrl g` Olkg`kjs g` Hj Olrt` _up`rnlr g` Custnonj g` Hnmj Klrt`, j dnk g` `d`otujr
su olktrlh r`sp`otnvl `k `h Q`bnstrl Anlmîtrnol g` Yrlo`sjgls y _`kt`konjgls Hnar`s6 o) 
Yrlenanonÿk g` jus`ktjrs` g`h hubjr glkg` ej dncjgl olml glmnonhnl `k `st` cunonl snk
pr`vnj jutlrnzjonÿk g`h Cu`z g` Nkv`stnbjonÿk Yr`pjrjtlrnj
Yr`pjrjtlrnj olmp`t`kt` pjrj `c`outjr `stj
s`kt`konj6 g)  Kl olm`t`r ku`vl g`hntl glhlsl g` oujhqun`r kjturjh`zj. Wlgl ajcl
`xpr`sl jp`ronanmn`ktl, `k ojsl g` nkoumphnmn`ktl g` oujhqun`rj g` `stjs r`bhjs g`
olkguotj, g` Q@TLOJQ_@ `h a`k`dnonl g` s`mnhna`rtjg y lrg`kjrs` su nkt`rkjmn`ktl
`k `h mnsml o`ktrl p`knt`konjrnl pjrj qu` oumphj olk `h tn`mpl g` p`kj prnvjtnvj g` hj
hna`rtjg qu` s` h` ej nmpu`stl olk g`sou`ktl g`h yj `c`outjgl. KLWNDNZP@_@  plr
_`or`tjríj y OPQ_@_@ `h ldnonl olrr`splkgn`kt` jh NKY@ pjrj su oumphnmn`ktl.
Kltndíqu`s`.-