G@F@I@B

B@FKF@X G@O\]K@ H@O ^TADILG@XKF@O[@

^TADILG@XKF@O[@

GLO\T\X @I-P\T‛@O

G`f`i`b Kok Hkdu`t \otuf Glgloubk Xue`s Fliagpaf

G`t` Fuik`b Dkgdkoe`o Faoslikoe Ksi`g

Haslo ^loe`gpub : Hr. Lro` ]urk`ok G.^h.K

Hksusuo ailb:
Fliagpaf S

FB@KT\OOK]@ I\DK] ( >=>3024>53)

TK]@
TK]@ @CTK@O
@CTK@OKK Z\TKO
Z\TKO ^@]@TK
^@]@TKD\
D\ ( >=>302
>=>3024>2
4>25)
5)
XK@ T@G@HB@OK ( >=>3020>3<)

C@F\IX@] KIG\ X@TDK[@B H@O FLE\T\@O

^LOHKHKF@O E\T\ G@HT@]@B KDXKH@K[@B

\OKSLT]KX@]
\OKSLT]KX@] K]I@G OLELTK ]\G@XLT@ \X@T@

GLH@O

X.^ 4>40
 F@X@ ^LOE@OX@T

@ib`ghuikii
@ib`ghuikii`bkr`d
`bkr`ddki‛`i`
dki‛`i`gko
gko sle`i` pujk d`ek @ii`b ]UX y`oe
y`oe tli`b glgdlrkf`o
glgdlrkf`o
flslb`t`o slrt` flguh`b`o d`ek f`gk h`i`g gloylils`kf`o tue`s g`f`i`b ’B`fkf`t G`ousk`
h`
h`o
o ^rad
^radil
ilg`
g`tk
tkf`
f`oy
oy`` h`
h`i`
i`g
g ^lrsp
^lrsplf
lftk
tkcc @i
@i-P
-Pur
ur‛`
‛`o‗
o‗ ko
kok,
k, sbai
sbai`w
`w`t
`t h`
h`o
o s`i`g
s`i`g sl
slga
gae`
e`

slo`otk`s` tlrmur`b flp`h` O`dkyuii`b Gub`gg`h ]@U, fliu`re`, s`b`d`t, slrt` ar`oe-
ar`oe y`oe slo`otk`s` kstkqag`b h`i`g gloekfutk suoo`b dlik`u.
H`i`g
H`i`g g`f`i`
g`f`i`b
b kok f`gk
f`gk `f`o
`f`o gloeur
gloeur`kf
`kf`o
`o d`e`kg
d`e`kg`o`
`o` pradil
pradilg
g g`ousk
g`ousk`` h`i`g
h`i`g
plrsplftkc @i-Pur‛`o, h`o d`e`kg`o`f`b pradilg g`ousk` h`rk suhut p`oh`oe huok`
faoslikoe, `p`f`b slsu`k hloe`o tlark-tlark d`r`t jkf` hke`duoef`o. \m`p`o tlrkg`fskb t`f
iup` f`gk b`turf`o flp`h` haslo g`t` fuik`b ’Dkgdkoe`o Faoslikoe Ksi`g‗ y`fok Kduoh`
Hr. Lro` ]urk`ok G.^h.K `t`s dkgdkoe`o y`oe tli`b hkdlrkf`o slbkoee` h`p`t tlrm`p`koy`
g`f`i`b kok. \m`p`o tlrkg`fskb jue` t`f iup` f`gk b`turf`o flp`h` slgu` pkb`f y`oe tli`b
glgd`otu h`i`g prasls tlrm`p`koy` g`f`i`b f`gk.

F`gk gloy`h`rk d`bw` g`f`i`b kok g`skb d`oy`f flfur`oe`o h`o j`ub h`rk f`t`
slgpuro`, uotuf ktu f`gk gloeb`r`p frktkf h`o s`r`o h`rk plgd`m` euo` plrd`kf`o g`f`i`b
f`gk glrup`f`o su`tu b`r`p`o pui` hloe`o tlrmkpt`oy` g`f`i`b kok f`gk h`pt glglobk
tue`s
tue`s g`t`
g`t` fuik`b
fuik`b Dkgdko
Dkgdkoe`o
e`o Faosli
Faoslikoe
koe Ksi`g
Ksi`g kok h`o f`gk
f`gk jue`
jue` dlrb`r
dlrb`r`p
`p g`f`i`
g`f`i`b
b kok
gloj`h
gloj`hkk gatkv
gatkv`sk
`sk d`ek
d`ek f`gk
f`gk fbususo
fbususoy`
y` h`o plgd`m
plgd`m`` ugugoy
ugugoy`` uotuf
uotuf glgpli`
glgpli`j`rk
j`rk h`o
gloyusuo g`f`i`b y`oe glgd`b`s tlot`oe t`cskr tlg`tkf faoslikoe y`oe ildkb d`kf h`o
dlrg`oc``t. @`gkko....

Glh`o, 02 Aftadlr 4>40

Fliagpaf S

kk
 H@CX@T K]K

F@X@ ^LOE@OX@T.............................
^LOE@OX@T...................................................
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H@CX@T K]K..................................
K]K........................................................
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kkk

D@D K ^LOH@B\I\@O.....
^LOH@B\I\@O...........................
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`. I`t`r Dli`f`oe...........................
Dli`f`oe.................................................
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d. Tugus`o G`s`i`b............................
G`s`i`b..................................................
............................................
..........................................
.......................4
...4
m. Xuju`o ^louiks`o...............................
^louiks`o.....................................................
............................................
............................................4
......................4

D@D KK ^LGD@B@]@O...........................................
^LGD@B@]@O.................................................................
.......................................
...............................
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`. B`fkf`t G`ousk`.............................
G`ousk`...................................................
...................................................................
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d. ^loelrtk`o ^radilg G`ousk`..............................
G`ousk`....................................................
..............................................
........................ 2
m. ^radilg`tkf` G`ousk` Glourut @i-Pur‛`o h`o Faoslikoe.......................... ;

D@D KKK ^LO\X\^..............................

^LO\X\^....................................................
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`. Flskgpui`o..............................
Flskgpui`o....................................................
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d. ]`r`o.................................
]`r`o.......................................................
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kkk
 D@D K

^LOH@B\I\@O

@. I`t`r Dli`f`oe G`s`i`b

G`ousk
G`ousk`` glrup`
glrup`f`o
f`o s`tu
s`tu d`ek`o
d`ek`o h`rk
h`rk `i`g slglst`
slglst` y`oe
y`oe dlrs`g`
dlrs`g`-s`g
-s`g`` hloe`o
hloe`o
g`fbiuf bkhup i`kooy` gloeksk flbkhup`o hk `i`g slglst` kok. Hkd`ohkoef`o hloe`o
dko`t`oe, g`ousk` glgkikfk cuoesk tudub h`o ckskaiaeks y`oe tkh`f dlrdlh`. O`guo, h`i`g
b`i y`oe i`ko g`ousk` tkh`f h`p`t hks`g`f`o hloe`o dko`t`oe, tlrut`g` hloe`o flildkb`o
y`oe hkgkikfkoy`, y`fok `f`i, y`oe tkh`f hkgkikfk ailb dko`t`oe. ^`r` ckiasac glgdlrkf`o
j`w`d`o y`oe dlr`e`g fltkf` hkt`oy` tlot`oe plrdlh``o y`oe fb`s `ot`r` g`ousk` hloe`o
dko`t`oe. Hk `ot`r` j`w`d`o-j`w`d`o ktu `h`i`b f`rlo` r`ska, d`f`t uotuf gloeeuo`f`o
d`b`s` `t`u skgdui-skgdui d`b`s`, fls`oeeup`o uotuf tlrt`w`, flg`gpu`o uotuf
glgdu`t `i`t-`i`t, h`o sld`e`koy`. Mkrk-mkrk y`oe glgdlh`f`o g`ousk` hloe`o dko`t`oe
tlrsldut glg`oe fb`s h`o hktlrkg` sld`e`k skc`t-skc`t fb`s g`ousk`. Ildkb h`rk ktu, `h`
mkrk fb`s y`oe ildkb gloaojai sld`e`k plrdlh``o `ot`r` g`ousk` hloe`o
hloe`o dko`t`oe,
dko`t`oe, y`fok
gar`ikt`s `t`u y`oe slf`r`oe ildkb hkflo`i hloe`o f`r`ftlr (Dlrtlos, 4>>4: 0=).
^`r` `bik kigu ploelt`bu`o tkh`f glgkikfk fls`g``o ploh`p`t gloelo`k g`ousk`.
^lrdlh``o
^lrdlh``o ploh`p`t
ploh`p`t kok hksld`df`o
hksld`df`o ailb `h`oy`
`h`oy` flfu`t`o
flfu`t`o h`o plr`o guitkhkglo
guitkhkgloskao`i
skao`i
y`oe
y`oe hkplr`o
hkplr`of`o
f`o ailb
ailb g`ousk
g`ousk`.
`. Glrlf`
Glrlf` glikb`
glikb`tt g`ousk
g`ousk`` b`oy`
b`oy` h`rk
h`rk s`tu `splf s`j`,
s`j`,
p`h`b`i `splf y`oe `h` mufup d`oy`f. F`rlo` ktui`b b`ski ploe`g`t`o glrlf` tlot`oe
g`ou
g`ousk
sk`` dl
dlrd
rdlh
lh`-d
`-dlh
lh`` `o
`ot`r
t`r s`
s`tu
tu hl
hloe
oe`o
`o i`ko
i`kooy
oy`.
`. ^l
^lrd
rdlh
lh``
``o
o `s
`spl
plf
f ko
kokk pu
pui`
i` y`
y`oe
oe
flguhk
flguhk`o
`o gli`bk
gli`bkrf`o
rf`o dlrd`e
dlrd`e`k
`k hkskpi
hkskpiko
ko kigu
kigu y`oe
y`oe tlrf`kt
tlrf`kt hloe`o
hloe`o g`ousk
g`ousk`,
`, slplrt
slplrtkk
`o
`otr
trap
apai
aiae
aek,
k, sa
saska
skaia
iaek
ek,, ps
pskf
kfai
aiae
aek,
k, pl
plh`
h`ea
eaek
ek,, dk
dkai
aiae
aek,
k, h`
h`o
o ckska
ckskaia
iaek
ek.. ^`
^`r`
r` `b
`bik
ik ju
jue`
e`
glgdlrkf`o sldut`o y`oe dlrdlh`-dlh` uotuf g`ousk`. @h` y`oe gloyldut g`ousk`
sld`e`k baga s`pklos (dko
(dko`t
`t`o
`oe
e y`o
`oe
e dlr
lrpk
pkf
fkr),
kr), baga vailos (dko`t
(dko`t`oe
`oe y`oe
y`oe
dlrflkoeko`o), baga
baga glmb`o
glmb`okmu
kmuss (dk
(dko`t
o`t`oe
`oe y`oe
y`oe glf`ok
glf`oks),
s), h`o ba
baga
ga iuhlos
iuhlos (dko`t`oe
y`oe dlrg`ko). ]ldut`o-sldut`o slplrtk kok h`p`t hkpli`j`rk h`i`g kigu pskfaiaek h`i`g
dlrd`e`k `ikr`o y`oe `h`. Xlotu s`j` h`i`g hkskpiko kigu y`oe i`ko, slplrtk saskaiaek,
`otrapaiae
`otrapaiaek,
k, h`o dkaiaek, sldut`o `t`u ploskc`t`o
ploskc`t`o y`oe hkdlrkf`oflp`h
hkdlrkf`oflp`h`` g`ousk`
g`ousk` jue`
dlrdlh`-dlh`.
Xuiks`o skoef`t kok `f`o glomad` gloeur`k plrsa`i`o g`ousk` tlrut`g` hktkoj`u h`rk
slek b`fkf`t h`o patloskoy`. [`oe jue` plotkoe uotuf hkur`k hk skok `h`i`b d`e`kg`o`
g`ousk`
g`ousk` y`oe hkdlrkf`o
hkdlrkf`o flkstkglw``o
flkstkglw``o ailb @ii`b sld`e`k sld`kf-d`kf
sld`kf-d`kf mkpt``o-Oy`
mkpt``o-Oy` ktu

0
h`
h`p`
p`tt glr`k
glr`kb
b fl
flhu
huhu
huf`
f`o
o y`
y`oe
oe tlrt
tlrtko
koee
eekk hk b`
b`h`
h`p`
p`o
o g`fb
g`fbiu
iuf
f i`ko,
i`ko, `t
`t`u
`u hk b`
b`h`
h`p`
p`o
o
sls`g`oy`. @t`u jkf` b`i kok tkh`f h`p`t tlrwujuh, `p`f`b g`ousk` `f`o gloy`h`rk d`bw`
lfskstloskoy` hk huok` kok tkh`f ildkb d`kf h`rk dko`t`oe.
D. Tugus`o G`s`i`b
0. D`e`kg`o`f`
D`e`kg`o`f`b
b b`fkf`
b`fkf`tt g`ousk`
g`ousk` glourut
glourut @i-Pur‛
@i-Pur‛`o
`o 1

4. @p`f
@p`f`b
`b plo
ploel
elrt
rtk`
k`o
o pradilg ktu 1
=. D`e`kg`o`
D`e`kg`o` pradil
pradilgg g`ousk`
g`ousk` h`i`g
h`i`g plrsplf
plrsplftkc
tkc @i-Pur`
@i-Pur`o
o1
M. Xuju`o ^louiks`o
\otuf glojli`sf`o :
0. B`fkf`
B`fkf`tt g`ous
g`ousk`
k` glou
glourut
rut @i-P
@i-Pur‛
ur‛`o.
`o.
4. ^lo
loe
elrtk`o pradilg g`ousk`.
=. ^radilg-pradilg g`ousk` h`i`g plrsplftkc @i-Pur`o h`o Faoslikoe.

4
 D@D KK

^LGD@B@]@O

@. B@FKF@X G@O\]K@

@h` dlrd`e
dlrd`e`k
`k m`r`
m`r` uotuf
uotuf glg`b`g
glg`b`gkk b`fkf`
b`fkf`tt g`ousk
g`ousk`.
`. H`i`g
H`i`g p`oh`o
p`oh`oe`o
e`o Gus`
Gus`
@sy‛`rk, `h` tke` m`r` `t`u plohlf`t`o y`oe h`p`t hktlgpub uotuf glg`b`gk b`fkf`t
g`ou
g`ousk
sk`,
`, y`
y`kt
ktu
u gli`
gli`iu
iukk pl
ploh
ohlf
lf`t
`t`o
`o d`
d`b`
b`s`,
s`, gli`
gli`iu
iukk m`
m`r`
r` g`ou
g`ousk`
sk` glou
glouoj
ojuf
uff`
f`o
o
lfskstloskoy` hk b`h`p`o g`fbiuf i`ko, h`o gli`iuk b`ski f`ry`oy`. 0
^lrt`g` h`i`g tkoj`u`o d`b`s`, g`ousk` h`p`t hkp`b`gk hloe`o glikb`t g`fo`-
g`fo` h`rk kstki`b-kstki`b y`oe hkeuo`f`o uotuf gloyldut g`ousk` h`i`g su`s`o` fuitur
`s`ioy`. H`i`g @iqur`o (d`b`s` @r`d) f`t` y`oe hkeuo`f`o uotuf gloyldut g`ousk` `h`
dldlr`p` f`t`, y`ktu kos`o, kos, uo`s, o`s, d`sy`r, d`ok @h`g, h`o hzurrkyy`tk @h`g.
F`t` kos`o, kos, uo`s, h`o o`s glgkikfk `f`r f`t` y`oe s`g` y`fok b`gz`b/`ikc, ouo,
h`o sko (`-o`-s`/ ‫) ح‬. F`t`-f`t` kok glgkikfk `rtk jko`f, b`rgaoks, h`o t`gp`f. Glourut
Pur`ksb ]bkb`d ploh`p`t i`ko, jkf` hktkoj`u h`rk suhut p`oh`oe @i-qur`o, ildkb tlp`t h`rk
y`oe dlrploh`p`t d`bw` f`t` kos`o tlr`gdki h`o f`t` o`sky` y`oe dlr`rtk iup`, `t`u o`s`-
y`ousu y`oe dlr`rtk dlreuom`oe4. F`t` kos h`o kos`o glsfkpuo dlr`s`i h`rk `f`r f`t` y`oe
s`g` tlt`pk h`i`g ploeeuo``ooy` glgkikfk g`fo` y`oe dlrdlh`. H`i`g @iqur`o f`t` kos
hkju
hkjugp
gp`k
`k sld`o
sld`oy`
y`f
f 02 f`
f`ik
ik h`
h`i`
i`g
g ; su
sur`t
r`t.. F`t` kos hkeu
hkeuo`f`o
o`f`o uotuf
uotuf hkb`h`pf`o
hkb`h`pf`o
(dlri`w
(dlri`w`o`
`o`o)
o) hloe`o
hloe`o f`t` jkoo y`o
y`oe
e dlr`rt
dlr`rtkk jko `t`u g`fbiuf b`ius, `t`u hkb`h`pf`o
hkb`h`pf`o
hloe`o f`t` j``o y`oe jue` dlrg`fo` jko. ^loyldut`o f`t` kos y`oe dlri`w`o`o hloe`o
jkoo `t`u
`t`u j``o kok glgdlrkf`o faoat`sk d`bw` flhu` g`fbiuf @ii`b kok glgkikfk hu`
uosur y`oe dlrdlh`,
dlrdlh`, y`fok
y`fok g`ousk`
g`ousk` h`p`t hkkohlr` h`o jko tkh`f h`p`t hkkohlr`, g`ousk`
tkh`f ik`r slh`oe jko ik`r.=
F`t` kos`
kos`o
o hkj
hkjugp
ugp`k
`k h`i`g
h`i`g @i-qur
@i-qur`o
`o sld`oy
sld`oy`f
`f 3< f`ik.
f`ik. ^lolf`
^lolf`o`o
o`o f`t`
f`t` ko
kos`
s`o
o kok
`h`i`b
`h`i`b ildkb
ildkb gloe`m
gloe`mu
u p`h`
p`h` plokoe
plokoef`t
f`t`o
`o g`ousk
g`ousk`` fl hlr`j`t
hlr`j`t y`oe
y`oe h`p`t
h`p`t glgdlr
glgdlrkoy
koy``
patlosk h`o flg`gpu`o uotuf glg`oefu j`d`t`o fb`ikc`b h`o glgkfui t`oeeuoe j`w`d
h`o `g`o`t g`ousk` hk guf` dugk, f`rlo` sld`e`k fb`ikc`b g`ousk` hkdlf`ik hloe`o

0
Gus`` @sy‛`r
Gus @sy‛`rk,
k, Ckis`c`t Ksi`g: ]uoo`b O`dk h`i`g Dlrpkfkr Mlt. KKK , ([aey`f`rt`:
^lolrdkt IL]C, 4>>4). B`i. 408-403
4
G. Pur`ksb ]bkb`d. U`w`s`o @iqur`o Mlt. KKK , (D`ohuoe: Gkz`o, 0;;3). B`i.42>
=

@ci`tuo Gufbt`r, Xuohuf flp`h` @ii`b: Cuoesk h`o ^lr`o @e`g` h`i`g
Flbkhup`o G`ousk`, Mlt. K, (J`f`rt`: ^`r`g`hko`, 4>>0). B`i.0>3-0>5

=
dlrd`e`k patlosk slplrtk kigu, plrslpsk, `f`i, h`o our`ok. Hloe`o patlosk-patlosk kok
g`ousk` sk`p h`o g`gpu gloeb`h`pk sle`i` plrg`s`i`b`o slf`ikeus gloe`otkskp`skoy`.
Hk s`gpkoe ktu, g`ousk` jue` h`p`t gloe`ftu`iks`skf`o hkrkoy` sld`e`k g`fbiuf y`oe
guik`
guik` h`o glgkik
glgkikfk
fk flhuhu
flhuhuf`o
f`o y`oe
y`oe ildkb
ildkb tkoeek
tkoeek h`rk
h`rk g`fbiu
g`fbiuf
f i`k
i`ko
o hloe`o
hloe`o dlrdlf
dlrdlf`i
`i
patlosk-patlosk t`hk.8

Hloe`o hlgkfk`
hlgkfk`o,
o, f`t` ko
kos`
s`o
o hkeuo`f`o @iqur`o uotuf gloyldut g`ousk` hloe`o
sle`i`
sle`i` tat`ik
tat`ikt`so
t`soy`,
y`, jkw`
jkw` h`o r`e`oy
r`e`oy`.
`. G`ousk
G`ousk`` h`p`t
h`p`t hkkhlo
hkkhlotkck
tkckf`s
f`skk plrdlh
plrdlh``o
``ooy`
oy`,,
slslar`oe hloe`o i`kooy`, `fkd`t plrdlh``o ckskf, glot`i, flmlrh`s`o, h`o skc`t-skc`t y`oe
hkgkikfoy`
hkgkikfoy`.. F`t` o`s glrup`f`o dlotuf j`g`f h`rk f`t` kos`o y`oe tlot`u s`j` glgkikfk
g`fo` y`oe s`g`. @iqur`o gloyldutf`o f`t` o`s sld`oy`f 48> f`ik. ^loyldut`o g`ousk`
hl
hloe
oe`o
`o o`s ildkb gloaojaif`o d`bw` g`ousk` glrup`f`o g`fbiuf sask`i y`oe tkh`f
h`p`t bkhup t`op` d`otu`o h`o dlrs`
s`g
g`-s`g
-s`g`` g`ousk`
sk` i`k
`ko
ooy`. @iqur`o
gloe
gloeko
koca
carg
rg`sk
`skf`
f`o
o d`
d`bw
bw`` pl
plom
omkp
kpt`
t``o
`o g`ou
g`ousk`
sk` gloj
gloj`h
`hkk dl
dlrd
rd`e
`e`k
`k sufu
sufu h`
h`o
o d`
d`oe
oes`
s`
dlrtuju`o uotuf dlre`ui h`o dlrbuduoe`o `ot`rsls`g`oy` ( t`‛`ruc) (P.]. `i-Bujur`t V8;W:

0=), s`ikoe
0=), s`ikoe glgd`o
glgd`otu tu h`i`g
h`i`g gli`fs
gli`fs`o`
`o`f`o
f`o fld`jk
fld`jkf`o
f`o (P.].
(P.]. `i-G
`i-G`kh
`kh`b
`b V<W:
V<W: 4), s`ikoe
s`ikoe
glo`skb
glo `skb`tk
`tk `e`r
`e`r sli`iu
sli`iu h`i`g
h`i`g fldlo`
fldlo`r`o
r`o h`o fls`d`
fls`d`r`o
r`o (P.].
(P.]. `i-‒@sb
`i-‒@sbrr V0>=W:
V0>=W: =), h`o
glo`o`
glo`o`gf`
gf`o
o fls`h`r
fls`h`r`o
`o d`bw`
d`bw` fld`b`
fld`b`ek`
ek``o
`o g`ousk
g`ousk`` b`oy`
b`oy` guoef
guoefko
ko tlrwuju
tlrwujuh
h dki`
dki`
glrlf` g`gpu glgdko` buduoe`o `ot`rsls`g`oy` (P.]. @ik Kgr`o V=W: 004).
]lh`oef`o f`t` d`sy`r y`oe slm`r` ltkgaiaeks dlr`s`i h`rk f`t` d`‛, syko, h`o r`‛
((d`
d`-s
-sy`
y`-r`/ ‫ ) آظذ‬dlr`
-r`/ dlr`rt
rtkk sl
slsu
su`t
`tu
u y`oe
y`oe t`
t`gp
gp`f
`f d`
d`kf
kf h`
h`o
o ko
koh`
h`b,
b, dl
dlre
relg
lgdk
dkr`
r`,,
gloeelgdkr`f`o, gloeuiktk/goeup`s (du`b), `t`u glgplrb`tkf`o h`o gloeurus su`tu.
Glourutt `i-T`ebkd
Glouru `i-T`ebkd `i-@sbc`b`ok
`i-@sbc`b`ok,, g`ousk`
g`ousk` hksldut
hksldut d`sy`r f`rlo` g`ousk` glgkikfk fuikt
y`oe plrguf``ooy` hktugdubk r`gdut h`o dlrdlh` hloe`o fuikt blw`o y`oe hktugdubk

duiu. F`t` kok h`i`g @iqur`o hkeuo`f`o h`i`g g`fo` y`oe

y`oe fbusus uotuf gloee`gd`rf`o
gloee`gd`rf`o
<
sasaf tudub i`bkrk`b g`ousk`. @iqur`o
@iqur`o gloeeuo`f
gloeeuo`f`o
`o f`t` kok sld`oy`f
sld`oy`f =3 f`ik h`i`g
h`i`g
dlotuf tuoee`i h`o slf`ik h`i`g dlotuf guts`
guts`oo`
oo` (hu`i) uotuf glouojuf g`ousk` h`rk
suhut i`bkrk`boy` slrt` plrs`g``ooy` hloe`o g`ousk` sliuruboy`. F`rlo` ktui`b, O`dk
Gub`gg`h s`w. hkplrkot`bf`o uotuf gloe`t`f`o: ‗ @fu `h`i`b d`sy`r (g`ousk`) slplrtk
f`gu y`oe hkdlrk w`byu (P.]. @i-F`bck V02W: 00>) (]bkb`d, 0;;3: 45;).
@h`p
@h`puo
uo f`t` d`
d`ok
ok @h`g
@h`g `t`u
`t`u hzu
hzurrk
rrky`t
y`tkk @h`g
@h`g g`fsuhoy` `h`i`b `o`f mumu `t`u
flturuo`o @h`g. Flhu` kstki`b ktu hkeuo`f`o uotuf gloyldut g`ousk` f`rlo` hkf`ktf`o
hloe`o f`t` @h`g, y`fok sld`e`k d`p`f g`ousk` `t`u g`ousk` plrt`g` y`oe hkmkpt`f`o
8

Kdkh. b`i.0>5
<
Kdkh. b`i.0><

8
@ii`b h`o gloh`p`tf`o ploebarg`t`o h`rk g`fbiuf i`kooy` sli`ko kdiks (P.]. `i-D`q`r`b
V4W: =8). ]lm`r` ugug flhu` kstki`b kok glouojuff`o `rtk flturuo`o y`oe dlr`s`i h`rk
@h`g, `t`u hloe`o f`t` i`ko d`bw` slm`r` bkstarks `s`i usui g`ousk` `h`i`b s`tu, y`fok
h`rk O`dk @h`g.3
Hloe`o hlgkfk`o, f`t` d`ok @h`g h`o hzurrky`tk @h`g hkeuo`f`o uotuf gloyldut

g`ousk` h`i`g faotlfs bkstarks. ]lm`r` bkstarks slgu` g`ousk` hk huok` kok s`g`, y`fok
flturuo`o @h`g y`oe i`bkr gli`iuk prasls slm`r` dkaiaeks (P.]. `i-]`jh`b V=4W: 2). F`t`
d`ok @h`g hksldutf`o @iqur`o sld`oy`f 5 f`ik, hk `ot`r`oy` h`i`g sur`t `i-@‛r`c (5): 43,
45, =0, h`o =<. H`i
H`i`g
`g P]. `i-@‛r`
`i-@‛r`cc (5):
(5): =0 @ii`b ]wt. dlrckrg
dlrckrg`o:
`o: ’B`k `o`f @h`g,
p`f`ki`b p`f`k`ogu y`oe koh`b hk sltk`p (glg`sufk) glsjkh, g`f`o h`o gkougi`b, h`o
j`oe`oi`b dlrildkb-ildkb`o. ]lsu
]lsuoee
oeeubo
uboy`
y` @ii`b
@ii`b tkh`f
tkh`f gloyuf
gloyuf`k
`k ar`oe-
ar`oe-ar`
ar`oe
oe y`oe
y`oe
dlrildkb-ild
dlrildkb-ildkb`o.
kb`o.‗
‗ (P.
(P.].
]. `i-@‛r`c
`i-@‛r`c V5W:
V5W: =0).
=0). ]lh`oe
]lh`oe f`t` hzu
hzurrk
rrky`t
y`tkk @h`g
@h`g b`oy` hksldut
slf`ik, y`fok h`i`g P.].G`ry`g (0;): <2.
Ktui`b dldlr`p` b`fkf`t g`ousk` hktkoj`u h`rk slek d`b`s` y`oe glgdlrkf`o e`gd`r`o

y`oe dlr`e`
y`oe dlr`e`gg tlot`o
tlot`oe
e g`ousk
g`ousk`` y`oe
y`oe tlrf`kt
tlrf`kt hloe`o
hloe`o `splf-`
`splf-`splf
splf tlrtlo
tlrtlotu
tu y`oe
y`oe ilf`t
ilf`t
hloe`o lfskstlosk g`ousk` y`oe sldlo`roy`. @sy‛`rk glo`gd`bf`o d`bw` plohlf`t`o
d`b`s` jue` gloe`gdki g`fo` tlrb`h`p plg`f`k`o f`t` g`ousk` h`i`g dlrd`e`k prasls
buduoe`o h`o flek`t`o faguokf`sk `ot`r g`ousk`, d`e`kg`o` f`t` ktu hkp`f`k h`i`g
faotlfs duh`y` y`oe `h`, slrt` h`i`g faotlfs `p` h`o sktu`sk y`oe d`e`kg`o` f`t` ktu
dk`s` hkeuo`f`o y`oe glgdlh`f`ooy` hloe`o f`t` y`oe i`ko, slplrtk dko`t`oe, g`i`kf`t,
`t`u y`oe i`kooy` (@sy‛`rk, 4>>4: 408-40<).
^loh
^lohlf
lf`t
`t`o
`o flhu` `h
`h`i
`i`b
`b gli`
gli`iu
iukk m`
m`r`
r` fl
fldl
dlr`h
r`h``
``o
o g`ou
g`ousk`
sk` y`
y`oe
oe sl
slf`
f`ik
ikeu
euss
glgdlh
glgdlh`f`
`f`ooy
ooy`` slm`r`
slm`r` oy`t`
oy`t` hloe`o
hloe`o g`fbiu
g`fbiuf
f i`k
i`kooy
ooy`,
`, slplrtk
slplrtk floy`t
floy`t``o
``o sld`e`
sld`e`kk

g`fbiuf y`oe dlrj`i`o hk `t`s hu` f`fk h`o jue` flg`gpu`ooy` dlrpkfkr y`oe b`oy`
hkgkikfk g`ousk` slbkoee` hloe`o dlrpkfkr kok b`fkf`t g`ousk` hktlotuf`o. Dlrpkfkr koki`b
y`oe gloj`hkf`o g`ousk` dlrdlh` hloe`o g`fbiuf i`ko slplrtk y`oe hkf`jk ailb d`oy`f
`bik, tlrut`g` ckiasac.5
@h`puo
@h`puo plohlf`t`o
plohlf`t`o flt
fltke`
ke` `h`i`b gli`iuk f`ry` y`oe hkb`skif`o g`ousk`. G`ousk`
gloy`t`f`o fu`ikt`s hkrkoy` gli`iuk f`ry` y`oe hkb`skif`ooy`. ]lg`fko dlrfu`ikt`s hkrk
g`ousk` kok, g`f` `f`o slg`fko dlrfu`ikt`s pui` f`ry` y`oe hkb`skif`ooy`. ^lohlf`t`o
kok glgd`w` p`h` plg`b`g`o
plg`b`g`o tlrb`h`p slttkoe flbkh
flbkhup`o
up`o g`ousk` y`oe fagpilfs
fagpilfs h`o
tlrg
tlrg`su
`suf
f hk h`
h`i`g
i`goy
oy`` `o
`ot`
t`r`
r` i`ko
i`ko gli`
gli`iu
iukk slttkoe slj
slj`r
`r`b
`b,, y`
y`kt
ktu
u f`
f`p`
p`o
o h`
h`o
o hk g`o`
g`o`
3

Kdkh. b`i.0>;
5
Kdkh.b`i.40<
Kdkh.b`i.40<

<
slslar`oe
slslar`oe ktu gli`bkrf`o
gli`bkrf`o f`ry`oy`
f`ry`oy` slrt` slttkoe pskfaiaeks y`oe glole`sf`o d`e`kg`o`
sktu`sk
sktu`sk lgaska
lgaskao`i
o`i h`o kotlil
kotlilftu
ftu`i
`i y`oe
y`oe gli`t`r
gli`t`rdli
dli`f`
`f`oek
oek b`ski
b`ski f`ry`o
f`ry`oy`
y` ktu.
ktu. Hloe`o
Hloe`o
hlgkfk`o, b`fkf`t g`ousk` h`p`t hktlotuf`o hloe`o sljugi`b f`ry` y`oe hkb`skif`ooy`. 2
Hk s`gpkoe tke` plohlf`t`o y`oe hkflguf`f`o ailb Gus` @sy‛`rk hk `t`s tlotu g`skb
d`oy`f hkjugp`k plojli`s`o tlot`oe b`fkf`t g`ousk` ailb p`r` `bik y`oe i`ko. H`i`g

plrsplftkc @iqur`o h`p`t hktlguf`o dlrd`e`k plojli`s`o tlot`oe b`fkf`t g`ousk` h`i`g
dlrd`e`k `splf h`o faotlfs y`oe glikoefupkoy`. ]lm`r` ugug h`p`t hkp`b`gk d`bw`
g`ousk` glrup`f`o plrp`hu`o h`rk hu` uosur y`oe s`oe`t dlrdlh` skc`t h`o dlotufoy`,
y`fok uosur j`sg`ok (r`e`) h`o uosur rab`ok (jkw`). \osur j`sg`ok glrup`f`o dlotuf ckskf
g`ousk` y`oe f`s`h g`t`, slh`oef`o uosur rab`ok glrup`f`o dlotuf oaockskf g`ousk`
y`oe tkh`f h`p`t hkt`oef`p ailb g`t` (tkh`f f`s`h g`t`). B`i kok jue` hkoy`t`f`o ailb `i-
T`ebkd
T`ebkd `i-@sbc`
`i-@sbc`b`o
b`ok,
k, s`i`b
s`i`b slar`o
slar`oe
e plgkfk
plgkfkrr gar`i
gar`i Ksi`g
Ksi`g y`oe
y`oe mufup
mufup hkflo`
hkflo`i,
i, d`bw`
d`bw`
g`ousk` tlrhkrk h`rk hu` uosur, y`ktu tudub h`o jkw` (`i-@sbc`b`ok, 4>>5: 54). Xudub
g`ousk`
g`ousk` `h`i`b duftk fldlr`h``o
fldlr`h``o g`ousk`
g`ousk` slm`r` ckskf y`oe h`p`t hkt`oef`p
hkt`oef`p ailb g`t`

slm`r` i`oesu
slm`r` i`oesuoe,
oe, slh`oe
slh`oe jkw`
jkw` g`ousk
g`ousk`` tkh`f
tkh`f h`p`t
h`p`t i`oesu
i`oesuoe
oe hkikb`
hkikb`tt ailb
ailb g`t`,
g`t`, tlt`pk
tlt`pk
gli`iu
gli`iukk dlrd`e
dlrd`e`k
`k elj`i`
elj`i` tudub
tudub g`ousk
g`ousk`` y`oe
y`oe gloeko
gloekohkf
hkf`skf
`skf`o
`o `h`oy`
`h`oy` jkw`,
jkw`, gks`io
gks`ioy`
y`
`h`oy` flbkhup`o, elr`f, plr`s``o, kigu, ploh`p`t, h`o sld`e`koy`. X`op` lfskstlosk jkw`,
slgu` b`i y`oe `h` p`h` g`ousk` `f`o bki`oe flmu`ik j`s`h `t`u ckskfoy` s`j`.
@i-@sbc`b`ok flguhk`o glole`sf`o flildkb`o g`ousk` `t`s g`fbiuf i`ko, tlrut`g`
dko`t`oe. K` glildkbf`o g`ousk` `t`s y`oe i`ko f`rlo` h`y` o`i`roy` y`oe hloe`ooy`
g`ousk` glgkikfk `f`i, kigu, bkfg`b, glgkikfk h`y` uotuf glgdlh`f`o, h`o g`gpu
glr`g`i. @h`puo dko`t`oe glsfkpuo sld`ek`ooy` h`p`t glr`s` h`o sld`ek`o y`oe i`ko
h`p`t dlrb`y`i, o`guo dko`t`oe tkh`f g`gpu dlrpkfkr h`o glr`g`i slrt` gloekstkod`tf`o

(gloykgpuif`o)
(gloykgpu if`o) bufug, jue` tkh`f h`p`t glolguf`o
glolguf`o ‒kii`b (`i`s`o) slsu`tu h`o sld`d-
sld`doy`.
sld`doy`. Flildkb`o g`ousk` `t`s dko`t`oe
dko`t`oe h`rk slek ckskfoy`, glourut `i-@sbc`b`ok,
`i-@sbc`b`ok,
tlrikb`t
tlrikb`t gks`ioy`
gks`ioy` h`rk flg`gpu`o
flg`gpu`o t`oe`ooy` y`oe h`p`t hkg`oc``tf`o
hkg`oc``tf`o uotuf
uotuf dlflrj`,
dlflrj`,
ikh`boy` h`p`t dlrdkm`r` h`o glole`ff`o h`iki-h`iki dlrh`s`rf`o `i`s`o-`i`s`o tlrb`h`p
sle`i` slsu`tu y`oe `h` hk `i`g kok.
@iqur`o
@iqur`o glole`sf`o b`i kok h`i`g dldlr`p`
dldlr`p` `y`t, y`ktu P.]. `i-Xko (;<): 8, P.]. `i-
Gu‛gko (8>): 38, h`o P.]. `i-Ksr`‛ (05): 5>. G`ousk` hloe`o flildkb`ooy` ktu h`p`t
glokoef`tf`o hkrkoy` bkoee` glom`p`k flguik``ooy`. O`guo sld`ikfoy`, g`ousk` `f`o
gloj`hk bko` jkf` tkh`f h`p`t glg`oc``tf`o flildkb`ooy` sudst`oskoy` ktu glourut y`oe

hkkoekof`o. Glourut `i- @sbc`b`ok

@sbc`b`ok g`ousk` h`p`t glr`kb flguik``o jkf` k` h`p`t gloj`e`
2
Kdkh. b`i.403

3
oki`k-oki`k flg`ousk`ooy`, slplrtk glgkikfk kigu y`oe dlo`r, gloelrj`f`o sle`i` slsu`tu
y`oe tli`b hktlt`pf`o, `t`u glgpli`j`rk kigu flguhk`o hkkfutk hloe`o dlr`g`i y`oe d`kf.
H`i`g faohksk kok g`ousk` `f`o h`p`t glom`p`k hkglosk g`i`fky`o r`dd`okyy`o (hkglosk
g`i`kf`t h`o Xub`o) y`oe glrup`f`o hkglosk tlrtkoeek h`i`g flbkhup`o g`ousk`. Hk sksk
i`ko
i`ko g`ousk
g`ousk`` `f`o
`f`o hk`oee
hk`oee`p
`p slplrt
slplrtkk tugdub
tugdub-tug
-tugdub
dub`o
`o jkf`
jkf` k` b`oy`
b`oy` gloe`o
gloe`oh`i
h`if`o
f`o

fl
flg`
g`gp
gpu`
u`o
o g`f`
g`f`oo
ooy`
y`,, `t`u
`t`u hk`o
hk`oee
ee`p
`p slplrt
slplrtkk bl
blw`
w`o
o jkf`
jkf` k` b`
b`oy
oy`` gloe
gloe`o
`oh`
h`if
if`o
`o
flg`gp
flg`gpu`o
u`o glr`s`
glr`s` h`o dlrelr
dlrelr`f,
`f, `t`u b`oy`
b`oy` gloe`o
gloe`oh`i
h`if`o
f`o flg`gp
flg`gpu`o
u`o g`f`o
g`f`o h`o
f`wkooy`, d`bf`o g`ousk` b`oy` hk`oee`p slplrtk e`gd`r h`i`g hkohkoe jkf` k` b`oy`
gloe`oh`if`o dlotuf tuduboy` s`j`.
G`ousk` y`oe b`oy` gloe`oh`if`o p`h` h`y` sy`bw`toy` s`j` glourut `i-@sbc`b`ok
`f`o gloj`hkf`o hkrkoy` slplrtk dko`t`oe, d`bf`o slplrtk sylt`o. @y`t-`y`t @iqur`o y`oe
glole`sf`o b`i ktu gks`ioy` P.]. `i-Curq`o (4<): 88, P.]. `i-@oc`i (2): 44 h`o <<, P.].
`i-D`q`r`b (4): 050, h`o P.]. `i-G`kh`b (<): 3>.;
H`i`g
H`i`g p`oh`o
p`oh`oe`o
e`o Dlrtlo
Dlrtloss (4>>4:
(4>>4: 00-0=)
00-0=) gar`ik
gar`ikt`s
t`s gloj`h
gloj`hkk mkrk d`ek
d`ek g`ousk
g`ousk`.
`. K`

glole`sf`
glole`sf`oo d`bw`
d`bw` gar`ikt
gar`ikt`s
`s b`oy`
b`oy` tlrh`p`
tlrh`p`tt p`h`
p`h` g`ousk
g`ousk`` h`o tkh`f
tkh`f tlrh`p
tlrh`p`t
`t p`h`
p`h`
g`fbiuf i`ko, fbususoy` dko`t`oe. G`ousk` glgkikfk fls`h`r`o tlot`oe d`kf h`o duruf,
tlot`oe y`oe dailb h`o y`oe hki`r`oe, slrt` tlot`oe y`oe b`rus hki`fuf`o h`o y`oe tkh`f
p`ot`s hki`fuf`o, slglot`r` dko`t`oe s`g` slf`ik tkh`f glgkikfk fls`h`r`o tlot`oe b`i
tlrsldu
tlrsldut.
t. Dlrtlo
Dlrtloss glo`gd
glo`gd`bf
`bf`o,
`o, g`fo`
g`fo` f`t`
f`t` ’b`rus
’b`rus‗‗ dks`
dks` gloj`h
gloj`hkk plgdlh
plgdlh`` `ot`r`
`ot`r`
g`ou
g`ousk
sk`` hloe
hloe`o
`o dko`
dko`t`
t`oe
oe fltk
fltkf`
f` hke`
hke`oh
ohlo
loef
ef`o
`o hl
hloe
oe`o
`o f`
f`t`
t` ’gli
’gli`f
`fuf
uf`o
`o‗‗ `t
`t`u
`u
’hki`f
’hki`fuf
uf`o‗
`o‗.. Fltkf`
Fltkf` dko`t`o
dko`t`oe
e ’b`rus
’b`rus‗‗ gli`fu
gli`fuf`o
f`o slsu`t
slsu`tu,
u, g`f`
g`f` b`i kok slg`t`-
slg`t`-g`t
g`t``
glrup`f`o flb`rus`o `i`gk`b `t`u slm`r` iaekf` glgkikfk buduoe`o sld`d `fkd`t y`oe
p`stk. Gks`ioy`, dko`t`oe ’b`rus‗ g`f`o g`f`o`o f`rlo` k` glr`s` i`p`r, h`o k` `f`o

dlrblotk g`f`o fltkf` suh`b glr`s` floy`oe. Dko`t`oe b`rus gli`fuf`o plrdu`t`o
g`f`
g` f`o
o slg`t`
slg`t`-g
-g`t`
`t` f`
f`rl
rlo`
o` tuot
tuotut
ut`o
`o `i`g
`i`gk`b
k`boy
oy`,
`, h`
h`o
o s`
s`g`
g` slf`i
slf`ikk tkh`
tkh`f
f hk
hkh`
h`s`
s`rk
rk
plrtkgd`oe`o gar`i.
F`rlo` ktu, hk skok tkh`f dks` hkf`jk gloelo`k `p`f`b g`f`o`o y`oe hkg`f`o dko`t`oe
ktu b`i`i `t`u b`r`g, `t`u g`f`o`o ktu glg`oe b`foy` `t`u tkh`f. ]ld`ikfoy`, fltkf`
g`ousk` ’b`rus‗ gli`fuf`o slsu`tu, g`f` plrtkgd`oe`o gar`i sli`iu gloj`hk `mu`ooy`
hk s`gpko
s`gpkoe
e jue`
jue` plrtkg
plrtkgd`o
d`oe`o
e`o y`oe
y`oe i`k
i`ko,
o, tlrg`s
tlrg`suf
uf plrtkg
plrtkgd`o
d`oe`o
e`o `i`gk`b
`i`gk`b.. Gks`io
Gks`ioy`,
y`,
slslar`oe ’b`rus‗ g`f`o, tkh`f mufup b`oy` glgplrtkgd`oef`o f`rlo` k` tli`b i`p`r,
tlt`
tlt`p
pk `h`
`h` flb`
flb`ru
rus`
s`o
o y`oe
`oe jue`
jue` b`ru
b`russ hkp
kplo
loub
ubkk sl
slm`
m`r`
r` gar`
gar`i,
i, y`f
`fo
ok k` b`r
`ru
us

glgplrtkgd`oef`o `p`f`b g`f`o`o y`oe hkg`f`o b`i`i `t`u tkh`f, gloylb`tf`o `t`u
;
Kdkh. b`i.52-2>

5
 tkh`f, glgd`w` g`oc``t `t`u tkh`f, h`o sltlrusoy`. J`hk, gar`ikt`s gloj`hk mkrk fb`s
g`ou
g`ousk
sk`` h`
h`o
o f`
f`rlo
rlo`o
`oy`
y` g`ou
g`ousk`
sk` b`
b`ru
russ gloj
glojuo
uoju
juoe
oe tkoe
tkoeek
ek ok
oki`
i`k-o
k-oki
ki`k
`k gar`
gar`ii h`
h`i`
i`g
g
glolotuf`o skf`p h`o plrki`fuoy` slb`rk-b`rk.0>
D. ^LOELTXK@O ^TADILG G@O\]K@
^radilg g`ousk` h`i`g faoslikoe hktujuf`o hloe`o dlrd`e`k elj`i` ploykgp`oe`o

y`oe glrlot`oe h`rk f`tleark rkoe`o s`gp`k dlr`t. H`i`g b`i kok ]acy`o ]. Ukiiks (4>>8)
gloelguf`f`o tlot`oe tkoef`t`o g`s`i`b sld`e`k dlrkfut :
0) G`s`i`b
G`s`i`b rkoe`o
rkoe`o slplrtk
slplrtk g`i`s
g`i`s h`i`g
h`i`g dlrkd`h`b
dlrkd`h`b,, g`i`s
g`i`s h`i`g
h`i`g dlflrj`,
dlflrj`, glgdaias
glgdaias
slfai`b, flsuikt`o dli`j`r h`o i`ko sld`e`koy`.
4) G`s`i`b
G`s`i`b slh`oe
slh`oe slplrtk
slplrtk e`oeeu`
e`oeeu`o
o lgaska
lgaskao`i
o`i slplrtk
slplrtk dlrfli
dlrfli`bk
`bk `ot`r
`ot`r tlt`oee
tlt`oee`,
`,
dlrfli`bk `ot`r slfai`b, flsuikt`o dli`j`r f`rlo` `h` e`oeeu`o hk fliu`re` i`ko
h`o sld`e`koy`.
=) G`s`i
G`s`i`b
`b dl
dlr`
r`tt sl
slpl
plrt
rtkk e`
e`oe
oeeu
eu`o
`o lgas
lgaska
kao`
o`ii dl
dlr`t
r`t,, slplr
slplrtk
tk fl
flm`
m`oh
ohu`
u`o
o `i
`ifa
faba
bai,
i,
tkoh`f`o frkgko`ikt`s, plrmad``o duoub hkrk h`o i`ko sld`e`koy`.

Hk h`i`g `i-Pur`o, d`oy`f `y`t y`oe glomli` g`ousk`. h`i`g b`i kok dlr`rtk g`ousk`
dlo`r-dlo`r dlr`h` h`i`g pradilg`tkf` `t`u dlrg`s`i`b. @y`t-`y`t tlrsldut hk`ot`r`oy`
`h`i`b :
’...slsuoeeuboy` g`ousk` ktu s`oe`ti`b hz`ikg h`o `g`t dahab‗ (P]. @i-@bz`d (==) 54).
’g`ousk` dlo`r-dlo`r s`oe`t gloekoef`rk okfg`t‗ (P]. @i-B`jj (44) 33).
’flt`buki`b, slsuoeeuboy` g`ousk` dlo`r-dlo`r gli`gp`uk d`t`s, f`rlo` glikb`t hkrkoy`
slrd` mufup‗ (P]. @i-‒`i`q (;3) 3-5)
’....`h`i`b g`ousk` dlrskc`t tlrels`-els`‗ (P]. @i-Ksr`‛ (05) 00)
’`p`dki`
’`p`dki` g`ouk`
g`ouk` hktkgp`
hktkgp` d`b`y`,
d`b`y`, hk` dlrha`
dlrha` flp`h`
flp`h` f`gk
f`gk h`i`g
h`i`g fl`h``o
fl`h``o dlrd`rkoe
dlrd`rkoe `t`u
`t`u

dlrhkrk, tlt`pk sltli`b f`gk bki`oef`o d`b`y`oy`, hk` (flgd`ik) gli`iuk (j`i`o y`oe sls`t),
slai`b-ai`b hk` tkh`f plro`b dlrha` flp`h` f`gk uotuf (gloebki`oef`o) d`b`y` y`oe
tli`b glokgp`oy`‗ (qs. [uous (0>) 04)
’....`h`i`b g`ousk` ktu s`oe`t fkfkr‗ (P]. @i-Ksr`‛ (05) 0>>).
’...g`ousk` `h`i`b g`fbiuf y`oe p`ikoe p`oh
p`oh`k
`k glgd`ot`b‗ (P]. @i-F`bck (02) <8).
’slsuoe
’slsuoeeub
euboy`
oy` g`ousk`
g`ousk` hkmkpt`f
hkmkpt`f`o
`o dlrskc`
dlrskc`tt fliub
fliub fls`b i`ek fkfkr,
fkfkr, `p`dki
`p`dki`` hktkgp
hktkgp``
flsus`b`o k` dlrfliub fls`b, h`o `p`dki` gloh`p`t fld`b`ek``o k` `g`t fkfkr‗ (P]. @i-
G`‛rkj (5>) 0;-40).00

0>
F Dlrtlos,. Ltkf`. (J`f`rt`: Er`glhk`. Mlt. SKK. 4>>4). B`i.00-0=
00
@i-Pur‛`o `i-F`rkg.
`i-F`rkg.

2
 H`rk `y`t-`y`t hk`t`s o`gp`f jli`s, d`bw` plr`oe`k g`ousk` hke`gd`rf`o ailb `i-
Pur`o
Pur`o `h`f`i
`h`f`i`oy
`oy`` d`kf
d`kf h`o `h`f`i
`h`f`i`oy
`oy`` tkh`f
tkh`f d`kf,
d`kf, f`h`oe
f`h`oe hkpujk
hkpujk h`o f`h`oe
f`h`oe hkm`mk
hkm`mk..
G`ousk
G`ousk`` glgkik
glgkikfk
fk flslgp
flslgpuro
uro``o
``o y`oe
y`oe patlos
patlosk`i
k`i h`o glrlf`
glrlf` b`rus
b`rus gloe`r
gloe`r`bf
`bf`o
`o hkrk
hkrk
glrlf` flp`h` ’flslgpuro``o pasktkc‗ h`o sld`ikfoy`. Gah`i uotuf gli`fs`o`f`ooy`
tli`b hkdlrkf`o ailb Hz`t y`oe glomkpt`f`ooy`, y`ktu cktr`b, o`csu, b`tk/qai
b`tk/ qaid,
d, rub, `f`i.

Ktui`b slhkfkt e`gd`r`o d`bw` g`ousk` ktu dlo`r-dlo`r h`i`g fl`h``o dlrg`s`i`b.
M. ^radilg`tkf` G`ousk`
G`ousk` Glourut
Glourut @i-Pur`o h`o Faoslikoe
Dlrh`s`rf`o faoslp faoslikoe, prkd`hk tkh`f slb`t `h`i`b prkd`hk y`oe tkh`f g`gpu
gloe`tur hkrk h`i`g buduoe`ooy` hloe`o hkrk slohkrk, ar`oe i`ko g`upuo ikoefuoe`ooy`.
@y`t-`y`t `i-Pur`o hk s`gpkoe glolr`oef`o tlot`oe prd`hk y`oe tkh`f g`gpu gloe`tur
hkrk h`i`g buduoe`ooy` hloe`o @ii`b ]UX.
0. Xkh`f G`gpu Gloe`tur
Gloe`tur Hkrk
Hkrk H`i`g Buduoe`oo
Buduoe`ooy`
y` Hloe`o
Hloe`o Hkrk
Hkrk ]lohkrk
]lohkrk
Glou
Glouru
rutt fa
faos
oslp
lp fa
faos
osli
liko
koe
e slplrt
slplrtkk y`
y`oe
oe hk
hkfl
flgu
guf`
f`f`
f`o
o h`
h`i`g
i`g pl
ploh
ohlf
lf`t
`t`o
`o
^skfa`o`iks
^skfa`o`iksks,
ks, Lfskstlosk`i
Lfskstlosk`i,, Xlr`pk
Xlr`pk Xlrpus`t
Xlrpus`t p`h` prkd`hk h`o T`skao`i
T`skao`i Lgatkc
Lgatkc

Xlr`pk,, d`bw`
Xlr`pk d`bw` prkd`h
prkd`hkk y`oe
y`oe tkh`f
tkh`f g`gu
g`gu gloe`t
gloe`turur hkrk
hkrk h`i`g
h`i`g buduoe
buduoe`oo
`ooy`
y`
hloe`o hkrk slohkrk glgkikfk mkrk flprkd`hk`o pafaf :
`) Lea
Lea tkh`
tkh`f
f dl
dlrc
rcuo
uoes
eskk pl
plou
oub
b slrt`
slrt` tkh`f
tkh`f slr`sk
slr`skoy
oy`` `o
`o`t
`t`r`
`r` khl, lea,
lea, h`
h`o
o
suplrlea
d) Hkfu`s`k flmlg`s`o
m) Xlrtut
Xlrtutup
up (tk
(tkh`f
h`f tlrd
tlrduf`
uf` p`h`
p`h` ploe
ploe`i`
`i`g`o
g`o))
h) Tloh
Tloh`b
`b hkr
hkrkk h`o
h`o putu
putuss `s`
l) ]ugd
]ugdlr
lr lv`i
lv`iu`
u`sk
sk lfstl
lfstlro
ro`i
`i
c) Kofaoerulo

e) Xkh`f
Xkh`f gloe`fuk
gloe`fuk ploe`i
ploe`i`g`o
`g`o hloe`o
hloe`o tkh`f
tkh`f dlrt`oe
dlrt`oeeuoe
euoe j`w`d
b) Fur`
Fur`oe
oeoy
oy`` fls`h
fls`h`r
`r`o
`o hkrk
hkrk
k) Xlrd
Xlrdli
lilo
loee
eeu
u khl
khl tkh`
tkh`f
f r`ska
r`skao`
o`ii
j) Gloai`f hkrk slohkrk
@i-Pur`o
@i-Pur`o glolr`oef`
glolr`oef`o
o prkd`hk
prkd`hk y`oe tkh`f g`gpu
g`gpu gloe`tur
gloe`tur hkrk h`i`g buduoe`ooy`
buduoe`ooy`
hloe`o hkrk slohkrk `h`i`b prkd`hk y`oe `f`i h`o q`iduoy` tkh`f dlrcuoesk hloe`o d`kf h`i`g
gloeloh`ikf`o o`csu, slbkoee` o`csu dlrdu`t slflbloh`foy`, ploub lgask, tkh`f tlrfloh`ik
h`o tkh`f dlrgar`i P]. [usuc : <= y`oe `rtkoy` : ’h`o `fu tkh`f glgdld`sf`o hkrkfu (h`rk
fls`i`b`o) f`rlo` slsuoeeuboy` o`csu ktu sli`iu gloyurub p`h` flj`b`t`o, flmu`ik o`csu

;
y`oe hkdlrk r`bg`t ailb Xub`ofu. ]lsuoeeuboy` Xub`ofu G`b` ^loe`gpuo h`o G`b`
^loy`y`oe.‗04
4. Xkh`f G`gpu
G`gpu Gloe`t
Gloe`tur
ur Hkrk ]lohkrk
]lohkrk H`i`g
H`i`g Buduoe
Buduoe`ooy`
`ooy` Hloe`o
Hloe`o Ar`oe I`ko
I`ko
Glourut faoslp faoslikoe slplrtk y`oe hkflguf`f`o h`i`g tlr`pk @hilr, tlr`pk
Dlb`vkar`i,
Dlb`vkar`i, Xr`os`fska`o`i
Xr`os`fska`o`i h`o tlr`pk Tl`ikt`, d`bw` prkd`hk
prkd`hk y`oe tkh`f g`gpu
g`gpu

gloe`t
gloe `tur
ur hkrk
hkrk h`i`
h`i`g
g budu
buduoe
oe`o
`ooy
oy`` hloe
hloe`o
`o ar
ar`o
`oe
e i`
i`ko
ko glgk
glgkik
ikfk
fk mk
mkrk
rk-m
-mkr
krkk
flprkd`hk`o pafaf :
`) Leaks
Leaks h`o tkh`f g`u gloyug
gloyugd`oe
d`oe h`o
h`o ildkb
ildkb suf`
suf` glolrkg
glolrkg``
d) Glg`oh`oe hkrk slohkrk dlo`r h`o ar`oe i`ko tkh`f
tkh`f
m) Xkh`
Xkh`f
f faos
faostr
truf
uftk
tkc,
c, h`o
h`o
h) Glglou
Glgloubk
bk fldutub`
fldutub`o
o slohkr
slohkrkk hloe`o
hloe`o tkh`f
tkh`f plhuik
plhuik (glr`gp`
(glr`gp`s)
s) b`f ar`oe
ar`oe
i`ko
@i-Pur`o glolr`oef`o prkd`hk y`oe tkh`f g`gpu gloe`tur hkrk h`i`g buduoe`ooy`
hloe
hloe`o
`o ar`o
ar`oe
e i`ko
i`ko `h`i
`h`i`b
`b pr
prkd
kd`h
`hkk y`oe
y`oe d`fb
d`fbki
ki h`
h`o
o tkh`
tkh`f
f g`u
g`u gloy
gloyug
ugd`
d`oe
oe `t
`t`u
`u

glgdli
glgdli`o
`oj`
j`f`
f`o
o b`rt
b`rt`o
`oy`
y` hk j`i`
j`i`o
o fld`
fld`jk
jkf`
f`o,
o, sl
slpl
plrt
rtkk y`
y`oe
oe hk
hktl
tlr`
r`oe
oef`
f`o
o h`h`i`
i`g
g P].
P].
Gub`gg`h : =2. Flguhk`o tkh`f g`u s`ikoe taiaoe gloaiaoe ( t`‛`wuo
t`‛`wuo)) `t`u ildkb suf`
glolrkg` h`rkp`h` glgdlrk hkjli`sf`o h`i`g P]. @i-G`‛`rkj: 0;-40), glgkikfk skc`t g`rbuo
h`o t`ff`dur y`ktu skc`t sagdaoe h`o glr`s` hkrk slohkrk ildkb dls`r h`o dlrb`re` h`rkp`h`
ar`o
ar`oe
e i`ko
i`ko y`
y`oe
oe hkjl
hkjli`s
i`sf`
f`o
o p`
p`h`
h` P].
P]. @i
@i-Ks
-Ksr`‛
r`‛ : =5
=5.. Flgu
Flguhk
hk`o
`o suf`
suf` gloe
gloe-- ebkd`b `t`u
gloeeuojkoe ar`oe i`o h`o sld`e`koy` tli`b hkp`p`rf`o p`h` P]. @i-Bujur`t : 04.
Hks`gpkoe ktu, jue` prkd`hk y`oe slo`oe glikb`t ar`oe i`ko sus`b, loee`o gli`fuf`o
`g`r g`‛ruc o`bk guof`r y`ktu gloyurub dlrdu`t d`kf h`o glomle`b flj`b`t`o hloe`o f`t`
i`ko `h`i`b prkd`hk y`oe tkh`f faostruftkc tli`b hkp`p`rf`o p`h` P]. @o-Our : 0;. Flguhk`o

prkd`hk y`oe glgloubk fldutub`ooy` slohkrk

s lohkrk hloe`o tkh`f gloeb`re`k `t`u gloeard`of`o
b`f ar`oe i`ko slplrtk dlrdksoks hloe`o rkd`, glgplrailb b`rt` hloe`o j`i`o y`oe d`tbki y`ktu
mur`oe,
mur`oe, glokpu,
glokpu, gloeur`oe
gloeur`oekk t`f`r`o
t`f`r`o h`o tkgd`oe`o h`i`g dlrju`i
dlrju`i dlik, glouoh`-ouoh`
glouoh`-ouoh`
plgd`y`r`o ugp`b durub h`o sld`e`koy` jue` tli`b hkjli`sf`o p`h` P]. @ik-Kgr`o 0=>, P].
@i-D`q`r`b : 022 h`o 452, P]. @o-Oks` : 4; h`o 030.
=. Xkh`f G`gpu
G`gpu Gloe`t
Gloe`tur
ur Hkrk H`i`g
H`i`g Buduoe`
Buduoe`ooy`
ooy` hloe`o
hloe`o Ikoef
Ikoefuoe`
uoe`o
o
Faoslp faoslikoe slplrtk y`oe tli`b hkflguf`f`o h`i`g tlr`pk @hlilr h`o tlr`pk
Dlb`
Dlb`vk
vkar
ar`i,
`i, d`
d`bw
bw`` pr
prkd
kd`h
`hkk y`
y`oe
oe tkh`
tkh`f
f g`gp
g`gpu
u gloe
gloe`t
`tur
ur hk
hkrk
rk sl
sloh
ohkrk
krk h`
h`i`g
i`g
buduoe`ooy` hloe`o ikoefuoe`o `h`i`b prkd`hk y`oe tkh`f g`gpu dlrkotlr`fsk
04

D`b`ruhhko, ^`r`hkeg` ^skfaiaek Ksi`gk, ]tuhk tlot`oe Lilglo ^skfaiaek h`rk @i-
Pur`o, ([aey`f`rt`: ^ust`f` Dli`j`r, 4>>5), b`i.83

0>
 h`o gloeliai` ikoefuoe`ooy` slm`r` d`kf, slbkoee` dks` gli`fuf`o b`i-b`i y`oe
glgdu`t ikoefuoe`o gloj`hk rus`f.
]lo`h` hloe`o faoslp faoslikoe hk `t`s, @-Pur`o glolr`oef`o d`bw` prkd`hk y`oe
tkh`f g`gpu gloe`tur hkrk h`i`g buduoe`ooy` hloe`o ikoefuoe`o `h`i`b prkd`hk y`oe tkh`f
g`gpu
g`gpu dlrkotlr`fsk
dlrkotlr`fsk hloe`o ikoefuoe`ooy`
ikoefuoe`ooy` slm`r` d`kf, slbkoee`
slbkoee` k` tkh`f plhuik hloe`o

flrus`f`o ikoefuoe`o `t`u kfut dlrdu`t slsu`tu y`oe dks` glrus`f ikoefuoe`ooy`, slf`ikeus
tk
tkh`
h`f
f g`gp
g`gpu u glgd
glgdu`u`tt ikoe
ikoefu
fuoe
oe`o
`ooy
oy`` gloj
gloj`h
`hkk fa
faoh
ohus
uskc
kc d`
d`ek
ek fl
flbk
bkhu
hup`
p`o
o @i
@i-P
-Pur
ur`o
`o
gloeuoef
gloeuoef`pf`o
`pf`o d`bw` tlrj`hkoy`
tlrj`hkoy` flrus`f`o hk dugk kok `h`i`b f`rlo` plrdu`t`o
plrdu`t`o g`ousk`.
slplrtk y`oe tli`e hkjli`sf`o hk h`i`g @i-Pur`o y`ktu P]. @r-Tuug: 8>-84. Flhu` `y`t hk
guf` glrup`f`o s`u p`flt `j`r`o s`g`wk uotuf glougdubf`o fls`h`r`o d`bw` flrus`f`o
t`t`o`o `i`g h`o ikoefuoe`o hk guf` dugk kok p`h` b`flf`toy` dlrsugdlr h`rk flrus`f`o
y`oe tlrj`hk p`h` hkrk g`ousk` slplrtk :
`) Flru
Flrus`f
s`f`o
`o kg`o
kg`o : ssyk
ykrk
rkf
f
d) Flrus`f`o cktr`b : gloe`d`kf`o bufug-bufug @ii`b ]UX

m) Flrus`f
Flrus`f`o
`o `f`i
`f`i ckfkr`o
ckfkr`o : gloeb`
gloeb`i`if
i`if`o
`o sle`i`
sle`i` m`r`
m`r`
h) Flrus`f`o
Flrus`f`o gar`i
gar`i : gli`oee`
gli`oee`rr `suski`,
`suski`, duh`y`
duh`y` h`o plr`h`d`o
plr`h`d`o
8. Xkh`f G`gpu Gloe`tur
Gloe`tur Hkrk
Hkrk h`i`g Buduoe`oo
Buduoe`ooy`
y` hloe`o
hloe`o @ii`b
@ii`b ]UX
]UX
Faoslp faoslikoe tkh`f `h` glolr`oef`o b`i kok. Glourut @i-Pur`o, prkd`hk y`oe
tkh`f h`p`t gloe`tur hkrk h`i`g buduoe`ooy` hloe`o @ii`b `ot`r` i`ko `h`i`b :
^rkd`hk
^rkd`hk y`oe fucur h
h``o sykrkf. ^rkd`h
^rkd`hkk y`oe
y`oe fucur
fucur `h`i`b
`h`i`b prkd`h
prkd`hkk y`oe
y`oe tkh`f
tkh`f
dlrkg`o h`o loee`o gloj`i`of`o sy`rk‛`t @ii`b
@ii`b tlrg`suf
tlrg`suf jue`
jue` sld`e`
sld`e`kk fucur
ar`oe y`oe sloe`j` tkh`f g`u gloj`i`of`o kd`h`b flp`h` @ii`b ]UX, h`o tkh`f
glolrkg` hloe`o syufur `t`s sle`i` okfg`t y`oe tli`b hkdlrkf`o @ii`b (fucur
( fucur

okfg`t). H`i`g gli`fuf`o gu`g`i`b ar`oe y`oe glgkikfk flprkd`hk`o fucur

mlohlruoe
mlohlruoe dlri`fu
dlri`fu zb`ikg, glglotkoef`o hkrk slohkrk t`op` glgplrb`tkf`o b`f
ar`oe i`ko, slplrtk y`oe tli`b hkjli`sf`o h`i`g P]. @i-D`q`r`b : 3. 0=

0=
B.D @h-Hz`fy
@h-Hz`fy,, Faoslikoe h`o ^skfatlr`pkp Ksi`g, ( J`f`rt`: Mkput`t ^rlss,4>04),
b`i.=4

00
 D@D KKK
^LO\X\^

@. Flskgpui`
Flskgpui`o
o
Hk `fbkr tuiks`o kok plriu hktle`sf`o flgd`ik d`bw` hloe`o dlrd`e`k fluokf`ooy`
dlrpatlosk uotuf gloj`hk g`fbiuf y`oe tlrd`kf hk `ot`r` g`fbiuf-g`fbiuf mkpt``o
@ii`b ]wt. hk guf` dugk kok, o`guo sld`ikfoy` jue` dks` gloj`hk g`fbiuf bko` y`oe
ildkb rloh`b h`rk dko`t`oe slf`ikpuo. Hk skoki`b g`ousk` b`rus dlrus`b` h`o dlrprasls
uotuf glgd`oeuo lfskstloskoy` `e`r gloj`hk g`ousk` slgpuro` (kos`o
( kos`o f`gki) y`oe

glojuojuoe tkoeek oki`k-oki`k flg`ousk``ooy` hk b`h`p`o @ii`b ]wt. h`o hk b`h`p`o

g`fbiu
g`fbiuf
f i`k
i`ko.
o. G`ousk
G`ousk`` b`rus
b`rus ildkb
ildkb cafus
cafus p`h`
p`h` plgd`o
plgd`oeuo
euo`o
`o jkw`oy
jkw`oy`` fltkgd
fltkgd`oe
`oe

04
plgd`oeuo`o ckskfoy`. Hloe`o jkw` y`oe sumk g`f` g`ousk` `f`o h`p`t glom`p`k
flslgpuro``o bkhupoy`.
G`ousk` slgpuro` (kos`o
(kos`o f`gki) sldlo`roy` tkh`f `f`o plro`b glojlig` sld`e`k
floy`t``o
floy`t``o c`ftu`i h`i`g flbkhup`o
flbkhup`o hkrk g`ousk`.
g`ousk`. [`oe `h` h`o tlrj`hk
tlrj`hk b`oy`i`b
b`oy`i`b prasls
ploylgpuro``o hkrk, tlgp`t g`ousk` glomad` h`o dlrus`b` glgdu`t hkrkoy` g`fko

slgpuro`. Kok dlr`rtk d`bw` faoslp kos

slgpuro`. kos`o
`o f`gki duf`oi`b wujuh faofrlt h`i`g huok`
oy`t`, gli`kof`o su`tu khl `dstr`f h`i`g huok` mkt`. O`guo hlgkfk`o, duf`o dlr`rtk
d`bw` prasls plrflgd`oe`o jkw` g`ousk` hkdk`rf`o dlri`oesuoe t`op` `r`b. Dlotuf
ploe`r`b`ooy` `h`i`b tlrilt`f p`h` khl-khl gar`i `t`u f`r`ftlr y`oe glgdlrkf`o
kospkr
kospkr`sk
`sk h`o glgdlr
glgdlrkk o`c`s
o`c`s tlrb`h
tlrb`h`p
`p prasls
prasls plrflg
plrflgd`o
d`oe`o
e`o h`o plgd`o
plgd`oeuo
euo`o
`o jkw`
jkw`
tlrsldut.
G`ousk` y`oe slgpuro` (kos`o
(kos`o f`gki) `h`i`b g`ousk` y`oe h`p`t glo`gpkif`o skc`t-
skc`t Xub`o (`i-@sg`‛
(`i-@sg`‛ `i-Buso`)
`i-Buso`) h`i`g huok` oy`t`. Fltkf` g`ousk` h`p`t dlrplrki`fu
(dlrf`r`ftlr
(dlrf`r`ftlr)) slplrtk skc`t-skc`t
skc`t-skc`t Xub`o g`f` k` `f`o sli`iu dlr`h` h`i`g floh`ik
floh`ik Xub`o,
Xub`o,

f`rlo` k` tli`b gloelo`i hkrkoy` y`oe slf`ikeus jue` gloelo`i Xub`ooy`. O`guo, y`oe
plriu hkkoe`t g`ousk` slf`ik-f`ik tkh`f `f`o h`p`t gloy`g`k h`o gloylrup`k skc`t-skc`t
Xub`o. Hloe`o fls`h`r`o `f`o b`i kok h`o hloe`o glilt`ff`o skc`t-skc`t Xub`o sld`e`k
e`
e`e`
e`s`o
s`o h`
h`o
o pa
pai`
i` fl
flbk
bkhu
hup`
p`o
o gar`i
gar`ioy
oy`,
`, g`ou
g`ousk
sk`` h`
h`p`
p`tt dl
dlru
rus`b
s`b`` h`
h`o
o glom
glomad
ad``
gloe`r`bf`o prasls plgdlotuf`o f`r`ftlroy`.
D. ]`r`o
]`r`o
]ld`e`k
]ld`e`k g`fbiuf
g`fbiuf mkpt``o
mkpt``o @ii`b y`oe hkmkpt`f`o
hkmkpt`f`o b`oy` uotuf
uotuf dlrkd`h`b
dlrkd`h`b flp`h`-Oy`
g`f`` suh`b
g`f suh`b sld`kfo
sld`kfoy`
y` fkt`
fkt` gloelr
gloelrf`j
f`j`o
`o `p` y`oe
y`oe @ii`b
@ii`b @UX plrkot`bf
plrkot`bf`o
`o h`o
glojubf`o sle`i` i`r`oe`o-Oy` `e`r tlrdlotuf kos`o y`oe dlr`fbi`fui f`rkg`b.

H@CX@T ^\]X@F@

@h-Hz`fy, B.D. 4>04. Faoslikoe h`o ^skfatlr`pkp Ksi`g. J`f`rt` : Mkput`t ^rlss.
^rlss.

@i-Pur‛`o `i-F`rkg.
`i-F`rkg.

@sy‛`rk, Gus`. 4>>4. Ckis`c`t Ksi`g: ]uoo`b O`dk h`i`g

h`i`g Dlrpkfkr Mlt. KKK. [aey`f`rt`:
^lolrdkt IL]C.
D`b`ruhhko. 4>>5. ^`r`hkeg` ^skfaiaek Ksi`gk, ]tuhk
]tuhk tlot`oe Lilglo ^skfaiaek h`rk
@i-Pur`o. [aey`f`rt`: ^ust`f` Dli`j`r.

Dlrtlos,F. 4>>4. Ltkf`. J`f`rt`: Er`glhk`. Mlt. SKK.

Gufbt`r, @ci`tuo. 4>>0. Xuohuf flp`h` @ii`b: Cuoesk h`o ^lr`o @e`g` h`i`g

0=
 Flbkhup`o G`ousk`, Mlt. K. J`f`rt`: ^`r`g`hko`.

Pur`ksb, G.]bkb`d. 0;;3. U`w`s`o @iqur`o Mlt. KKK. D`ohuoe: Gkz`o.

08