NXG

NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 7

SJGL D@CJ6 NLD 1:

AJB@QJ SMJ M@N‘AIJ

BGLHIX D@ZQS @B A@LAGX

Ggr`mh………………………………………………………………………………Ujthth`njr

Rs

Glht Oulgr………………………………………………………………………. Qjsp`ncjnt

AJB@QJ TZALHTTH@N S@ SMJ M@N‘AIJ FZTSHDJ

@B SMJ

M@N‘AIJ BGLHIX D@ZQS @B A@LAGX

LJL@QGNCZL @N AJMGIB @B SMJ QJTU@NCJNST

 NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 1

SGAIJ @B D@NSJNST

◀ Ihst `b Gaarjvhgth`ns

◀ Hncjx `b Gutm`rhthjs

◀ Ttgtjljnt `b Furhschdth`n

◀ Ttgtjljnt `b Bgdts

◀ Ttgtjljnt `b Hssujs

◀ Tullgry `b Grkuljnts

◀ Grkuljnts Gcvgndjc

◀ Urgyjr
NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 4

IHTS @B GAAQJRHGSH@NT
GAAQJRHGSH@NT

Gaarjvhgth`ns Ojyw`rcs

M`n'aij M`n`rgaij

T. Tjdth`n
 NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 3

HNCJ] @B GZSM@QHSHJT

Ijkgi Cgtgagsjs6

7. Lgnupgtrg

1. TDD @nihnj

4. [jstigw

Dgsjs

7. Qussjii v. Qussjii - =2: T.[.1c

T.[.1c 818 (S
(Sjx.
jx. 7884)

1. Tuaagrglg Qjcchgr vs Tgrgswgtmh Gllgi 72 Lgrdm, 7822/ 1 LIF 124

4. Cgstgnj vs Tudmjtg Ngrgygn Cgstgnj 78;: GHQ 7:43, 78;: TDQ (4) 82;

Ttgtutjs gnc Gdts

7. Hnchgn Ujngi D`cj, 7=25

1. Smj D`cj `b Dhvhi Ur`djcurj, 785=

4. Smj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt, 78::

3.
 NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 :

TSGSJLJNS @B FZQHTCHDSH@N

Smj pjthth`njr (Ggr`mh) gnc tmj rjsp`ncjnt (Glht Oulgr) mgvj gkrjjc t` sualht tmj
Dgsj D`ndjrnhnk Chss`iuth`n `b lgrrhgkj hn tmj Bglhiy d`urt `b A`lagy pursugnt
t` Tjdth`n 74 `b tmj Bglhiy D`urts Gdt, 78=3. Smj furhschdth`n `b tmj D`urt mgs n`t
d`ntjstjc. Smjrj hs n` chsputj gs t` tmj furhschdth`n `b tmj D`urt.
 NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 2

TSGSJLJNS @B BGDST

7.Smj prjsjnt gppjgi rjigtjs t` g Ujthth`n bhijc uncjr Tjdth`n 74 `b Smj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt, 788: ay Ggr`mh, tmj
Ujthth`njr whbj, prgyhnk tmgt tmj lgrrhgkj ajtwjjn tmj pgrthjs aj chss`ivjc ay g cjdrjj
cjd rjj `b tmj d`urt.
1. Smj pgrthjs t` tmj chsputj jntjrjc hnt` g lgrhtgi gkrjjljnt `n 57.53.1557. Gs pjr tmj d`ntjnth`ns ighc c`wn ay tmj
Ujthth`njr whbj, tmj Ujthth`njr whbj rjshcjc hn mjr lgtrhl`nhgi m`lj b`r : cgys p`st tmj s`ijlnhzgth`n `b lgrrhgkj,
aut lgrrhgkj ajtwjjn tmj pgrthjs wgs n`t d`nsullgtjc.
4. Smj musagnc lhstrjgtjc mjr, gnc tmjy njvjr
njv jr smgrjc tmj ajc t`kjtmjr. Tmj rjturnjc t` mjr pgrjnts‘ m`lj gbtjr :
cgys. B`ii`whnk tmj duiturgi prgdthdj hn tmj Hnchgn s`dhjty, mjr pgrjnts sjnt mjr agdo t` mjr lgtrhl`nhgi pigdj
jxpighnhnk tmgt whtm thlj pgss ay, shtugth`ns whii kjt ajttjr gnc tmj musagnc‘s gppr`gdm t`wgrcs tmj thj w`uic
hlpr`vj.
3. Hn sphtj `b spjnchnk bhvj yjgrs whtm tmj Qjsp`ncjnt musagnc, shtugth`ns rjlghnjc tmj sglj whtm n` shkn `b

hlpr`vjljnt. Gs pjr mjr sualhssh`ns, tmj Qjsp`ncjnt musagnc w`uic rjturn m`lj igtj gt nhkmts hn g crunojn stgtj
gnc w`uic pmyshdgiiy, ljntgiiy gnc jl`th`ngiiy gausj mjr. Mj w`uic ajgt mjr hn tmj stgtj `b
` b crunojnnjss. Tmj
jxtjncjc jbb`rts t` pjrsugcj gnc d`nvhndj mhl
:. M`wjvjr, gii mjr gttjlpts t` ljnc wgys wjrj pr`vjc t` aj hn vghn. Tmj gis` chsd`vjrjc tmgt tmj Qjsp`ncjnt
musagnc wgs g lgn `b wjgo dmgrgdtjr. Mj wgs hnv`ivjc hn jxtrglgrhtgi rjigth`nsmhps whtm luithpij w`ljn, wgs gn
gid`m`ihd gnc usjc t` d`nsulj hnt`xhdgnts. Tmj l`vjc `ut `b mjr lgtrhl`nhgi rjshcjndj hn Lgy 1552 gnc shndj tmjn
mgs ajjn stgyhnk whtm mjr pgrjnts gt mjr pgrjnts‘ pigdj.
2. Smj Qjsp`ncjnt musagnc rjpihjc t` tmj d`ntjnth`ns hn g d`ntrgchdt`ry lgnnjr gnc stgtjc tmgt tmj Ujthth`njr whbj
wgs khvjn g a`ng bhcj trjgtljnt curhnk tmjhr stgy t`kjtmjr. Mj burtmjr stgtjc tmgt tmj Ujthth`njr whbj wgs n`t hntjrjstjc
hn rjshchnk hn tmj vhiigkj gnc ojpt
o jpt d`nvhndhnk mhl t` l`vj t` tmj dhty. Ujrmgps, mj wgs gn unjlpi`yjc lgn gnc d`uic
n`t gbb`rc tmj dhty ihbj, gnc s` tmj cjlgnc wgs t`tgiiy gasurc gnc ungddjptgaij t` mhl.
;. Smjrjgbtjr, tmj Ujthth`njr whbj l`vjc `ut `b tmj lgtrhl`nhgi m`lj whtm`ut dhthnk
d hthnk gny rjgs`ngaij gnc vgihc
fusthbhdgth`n gi`nk whtm mjr pjrs`ngi aji`nkhnks, hndiuchnk strhcmgn. Mj d`nshstjntiy lgcj jbb`rts
jbb`rts t` kjt mjr agdo t`
tmjhr lgtrhl`nhgi m`lj, aut smj rjbusjc t` rjturn.
=. Smjrjgbtjr, mj bhijc g pjthth`n uncjr Tjdth`n 8 `b Smj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt, 78:: prgyhnk b`r rjsthtuth`n `b d`nfukgi
rhkmts. Smj d`urt wgs pijgsjc t` krgnt mhs
m hs prgyjr. Smj sghc pjthth`n wgs njhtmjr d`ntjstjc ay tmj whbj n`r chc smj
rjturn t` mjr lgtrhl`nhgi m`lj. Gii `tmjr lgtjrhgi gvjrljnts `b tmj pjthth`n wjrj cjnhjc, gnc ht wgs prgyjc tmgt tmj

pjthth`n aj chslhssjc whtm d`sts.

 NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 ;

TSGSJLJNS @B HTTZJT

7. [mjtmjr tmj kr`uncs stgtjc hn tmj pjthth`n ay tmj Ujthth`njr grj subbhdhjnt jn`ukm t` jnthtij mjr t` `atghn g
cjdrjj `b chv`rdj ay tmj d`urt0

1. [mjtmjr tmj pjthth`n hs lghntghngaij0

4. [mjtmjr tmj Ujthth`njr mgs gny dgusj `b gdth`n gnc i`dus stgnch t` bhij gnc lghntghn tmj prjsjnt pjthth`n0
 NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 =

TZLLGQX @B GQKZLJNST

7. [mjtmjr tmj
tmj kr`uncs
kr`uncs stgtjc hn tmj pjthth`n
pjthth`n ay tmj Ujthth`njr
Ujthth`njr grj subbhdhjnt
subbhdhjnt jn`ukm
jn`ukm t` jnthtij
jnthtij mjr t`
`atghn g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj ay tmj d`urt0

Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmj M`n‐aij D`urt tmgt tmj kr`uncs stgtjc ay tmj pjthth`njr grj n`t subbhdhjnt
jn`ukm t` jnthtij mjr t` `atghn g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj ay tmj d`urt.

1. [mjtmjr
[mjtmjr tmj pjthth`n
pjthth`n hs lghnt
lghntghng
ghngaij0
aij0

Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmj M`n‐aij D`urt tmgt tmj pjthth`n rghsjc ay tmj pj
pjthth`njr
thth`njr hs n`t lghntghngaij
cuj t` hnsubbhdhjnt kr`uncs.

4. [mjtmjr tmj
tmj Ujthth`njr
Ujthth`njr mgs gny dgusj `b gdth`n
gdth`n gnc i`dus
i`dus stgnch
stgnch t` bhij gnc lghntghn tmj prjsjnt
prjsjnt
pjthth`n0

Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmj M`n‐aij D`urt tmgt tmj pjthth`njr c`js n`t mgvj gny dgusj `b gdth`n gnc
i`dus stgnch t` bhij gnc lghntghn tmj prjsjnt pjthth`n
 NXG
NXGXTMGTS
XTMGTSQGL
QGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 1517
1517 8

GQKZLJNST GCRGNDJC

7. [mjtmjr tmj
tmj kr`uncs
kr`uncs stgtjc hn tmj pjthth`n
pjthth`n ay tmj Ujthth`njr
Ujthth`njr grj subbhdhjnt
subbhdhjnt jn`ukm
jn`ukm t` jnthtij
jnthtij mjr t`
`atghn g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj ay tmj d`urt0

Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmj M`n‐aij D`urt tmgt tmj kr`uncs stgtjc ay tmj pjthth`njr grj n`t subbhdhjnt
jn`ukm t` jnthtij mjr t` `atghn g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj ay tmj d`urt.

7.7 Smj mhncu lgrrhgkj gdt ,78::

Smj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt 78:: hs gn gdt t` gljnc gnc d`chby tmj igw rjigthnk t` lgrrhgkj gl`nk Mhncus.
Smj pr`vhsh`n b`r chv`rdj wgs hntr`cudjc hn tmj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt, 78::. Smj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt cj﬇njs
chv`rdj gs g chss`iuth`n `b tmj lgrrhgkj. B`r tmj hntjrjst `b s`dhjty, Chv`rdj hs pjrlhttjc `niy b`r g krgvj
rjgs`n `tmjrwhsj khvjn `tmjr gitjrngthvjs

7.1 Tjdth`n 74 `b tmj mhncu lgrrhgkj gdt, 78::

Smhs sjdth`n cjgis whtm tmj d`ndjpt `b chv`rdj ajtwjjn tw` pgrthjs hn g igwbui lgrrhgkj.
Tjdth`n 74(7) `b Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt, 78:: stgtjs tmgt?
(7) Gny lgrrhgkj s`ijlnhzjc, wmjtmjr ajb`rj `r gbtjr tmj d`lljndjljnt `b tmhs Gdt, lgy, `n g pjthth`n
prjsjntjc ay jhtmjr tmj musagnc `r tmj whbj, aj chss`ivjc ay g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj `n tmj kr`unc tmgt tmj `tmjr
pgrty--
(h) mgs, gbtjr tmj s`ijlnhzgth`n `b tmj lgrrhgkj, mgc v`iuntgry sjxugi hntjrd`ursj whtm gny pjrs`n `tmjr tmgn
mhs `r mjr sp`usj? `r
(hg) mgs, gbtjr tmj s`ijlnhzgth`n `b tmj lgrrhgkj, trjgtjc tmj pjthth`njr whtm drujity? `r
(ha) mgs cjsjrtjc tmj pjthth`njr b`r g d`nthnu`us pjrh`c `b n`t ijss tmgn tw` yjgrs hlljchgtjiy prjdjchnk tmj
prjsjntgth`n `b tmj pjthth`n? `r
(hh) mgs djgsjc t` aj g Mhncu ay d`nvjrsh`n t` gn`tmjr rjihkh`n? `r
(hhh) mgs ajjn hndurgaiy `b uns`unc lhnc, `r mgs ajjn suſtjrhnk d`nthnu`usiy `r hntjrlhttjntiy br`l ljntgi
chs`rcjr `b sudm g ohnc gnc t` sudm gn jxtjnt tmgt tmj pjthth`njr dgnn`t rjgs`ngaiy aj jxpjdtjc t` ihvj whtm
tmj rjsp`ncjnt.
 NXG
NXGXTMGTSQGL
XTMGTSQGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 151
1517
7 75

7.1.7 Kr`uncs stgtjc hn tmj pjthth`n ay tmj pjthth`njr t` `atghn g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj ay d`urt

7.1.7(g) Drujity

Smj pjthth`njr mgc ljnth`njc tmgt ’tmj Qjsp`ncjnt musagnc w`uic rjturn m`lj igtj gt nhkmts hn g crunojn
stgtj gnc w`uic pmyshdgiiy, ljntgiiy gnc jl`th`ngiiy gausj mjr“. Smjsj wjrj giijkgth`ns tmgt wjrj tmr`wn

gt tmj rjsp`ncjnt whtm n` pr``b gnc tmhs dgusjc burtmjr ljntgi strjss t` tmj rjsp`ncjnt.

7.1.7(a) Gcuitjry
Gcuitjry ljgns tmj d`nsjnsugi gnc v`iuntgry hntjrd`ursj ajtwjjn g lgrrhjc pjrs`n whtm gn`tmjr
g n`tmjr pjrs`n,
lgrrhjc `r unlgrrhjc, `b tmj `pp`shtj sjx.
Smj b`ii`whnk grj jssjnthgis `b gcuitjry?

7. @nj `b tmj sp`usjs

sp`usjs hnv`ivjc
hnv`ivjc hn tmj hntjrd`ursj
hntjrd`ursj whtm
whtm gn`tmjr
gn`tmjr pjrs`n, lgrrhjc
lgrrhjc `r unlgrrh
unlgrrhjc,
jc, `b tmj `pp`shtj
`pp`shtj sjx.
1. Hntjrd
Hntjrd`ur
`ursj
sj sm`uic
sm`uic aj v`iuntgr
v`iuntgry
y gnc d`nsjnsu
d`nsjnsugi.
gi.

4. Gt tmj
tmj thlj
thlj `b tmj gdt,
gdt, tmj
tmj lgrrhgk
lgrrhgkjj wgs suashsthnk
suashsthnk..
3. Smjrj lust
lust aj subbhdhjnt
subbhdhjnt dhrduls
dhrdulstgnthg
tgnthgii jvhcjndj t`
t` pr`vj tmj ihgahiht
ihgahihty
y `b gn`tmjr sp`usj.
sp`usj.

Hn tmhs dgsj, tmj pjthth`njr

pjthth`njr mgs n` jvhcjndj t` pr`vj tmgt tmj
tmj rjsp`ncjnt mgc v`iuntgry gnc d`nsjnsugi
hntjrd`ursj whtm gn`tmjr pjrs`n, lgrrhjc `r unlgrrhjc, `b tmj `pp`shtj sjx curhnk tmj pjrh`c `b tmjhr lgrrhgkj.
 NXG
NXGXTMGTSQGL
XTMGTSQGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 151
1517
7 77

1. [mjtmjr tmj pjthth`n hs lghntghngaij0

1.7 Furhschdth`n `b Bglhiy d`urt uncjr Bglhiy D`urts Gdt, 78=3

Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmhs M`n‘aij d`urt tmgt wmjnjvjr

wmjn jvjr g suht `r pr`djjchnk ajtwjjn tmj pgrthjs t` g
lgrrhgkj b`r g cjdrjj `b nuiihty `b lgrrhgkj (cjdigrhnk tmj lgrrhgkj t` aj nuii gn
gncc v`hc `r, gs tmj dgsj lgy
chss`iuth`n `b lgrrhgkj7
aj, gnnuiihnk tmj lgrrhgkj) `r rjsthtuth`n `b d`nfukgi rhkmts `r fuchdhgi sjpgrgth`n `r chss`iuth`n
grhsjs,, tmj furhschdth`n d`nbjrrjc uncjr Tjdth`n ; `b tmj bglhiy d`urts Gdt,78=3 dgn aj hnv`ojc.
grhsjs
Tjdth`n ; `b tmj Bglhiy D`urts Gdt, 78=3 hs gs b`ii`ws?
(7) Tuafjdt t` tmj `tmjr pr`vhsh`ns `b tmhs Gdt, g Bglhiy D`urt smgii–
(g) mgvj gnc jxjrdhsj gii
g ii tmj furhschdth`n jxjrdhsgaij ay gny chstrhdt d`urt `r gny sua`rchngtj dhvhi d`urt
uncjr gny igw b`r tmj thlj ajhnk hn b`rdj hn rjspjdt `b suhts gnc pr`djjchnks `b tmj ngturj rjbjrrjc t` hn tmj
Jxpigngth`n?? gnc
Jxpigngth`n
(a) aj cjjljc, b`r tmj purp`sjs `b jxjrdhshnk sudm furhschdth`n uncjr sudm igw, t` aj g chstrhdt d`urt `r, gs
tmj dgsj lgy aj, sudm sua`rchngtj dhvhi d`urt b`r tmj grjg t` wmhdm tmj furhschdth`n `b tmj Bglhiy D`urt
jxtjncs.

1.1 Ujthth`njr mgs n` dgusj `b gdth`n gnc i`dus stgnch t` lghntghn tmj prjsjnt pjthth`n

Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmj M`n‐aij D`urt tmgt tmj kr`uncs stgtjc ay tmj pjthth`njr grj dijgriy n`t

subbhdhjnt jn`ukm t` jnthtij mjr t` `atghn g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj ay tmj d`urt.

Smj pjthth`njr rghsjc bgisj giijkgth`ns `b drujity gnc gcuitjry.
gcuitjry. Smj pjthth`njr (Ggr`mh) mgc `vjr jxgkkjrgtjc
jx gkkjrgtjc
tmj bgdts `b tmj dgsj gnc wgs ljntgiiy druji t` tmj rjsp`ncjnt.

7
Tjdth`n ;, (7) jxpigngth`n (g) `b tmj Bglhiy D`urts Gdt, 78=3
 NXG
NXGXTMGTSQGL
XTMGTSQGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 151
1517
7 71

4. [mjtmjr tmj Ujthth`njr mgs gny dgusj `b gdth`n gnc i`dus stgnch t` bhij gnc lghntghn tmj prjsjnt pjthth`n0

Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmj M`n‐aij D`urt tmgt tmj pjthth`njr c`js n`t mgvj gny dgusj `b gdth`n gnc i`dus
stgnch t` bhij gnc lghntghn tmj prjsjnt pjthth`n

4.7 I`dus stgnch t` bhij gnc lghntghn prjsjnt pjthth`n ay pjthth`njr (Ggr`mh)
Zncjr tmj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt 78::, sjdth`n 74(7), igys c`wn nhnj bguit kr`uncs `b chv`rdj.
T`lj `b wmhdm hndiucj Gcuitjry,
Gcuitjry, Cjsjrth`n, Drujity, Hnsgnhty, Ijpr`sy,
Ijpr`sy, Rjnjrjgi
Rjnjrjgi Chsjgsj, gn
gncc `tmjrs sudm gs
D`nvjrsh`n, @r Qjnundhgth`n `b tmj w`ric.
Tjdth`n 74(7) `b Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt, 78::
7 8:: stgtjs tmgt?
(7) Gny lgrrhgkj s`ijlnhzjc, wmjtmjr ajb`rj `r gbtjr tmj d`lljndjljnt `b tmhs Gdt, lgy, `n g pjthth`n
prjsjntjc ay jhtmjr tmj musagnc `r tmj whbj, aj chss`ivjc ay g cjdrjj `b chv`rdj `n tmj kr`unc tmgt tmj `tmjr
pgrty--
(h) mgs, gbtjr tmj s`ijlnhzgth`n `b tmj lgrrhgkj, mgc v`iuntgry sjxugi hntjrd`ursj whtm gny pjrs`n `tmjr tmgn
mhs `r mjr sp`usj? `r
(hg) mgs, gbtjr tmj s`ijlnhzgth`n `b tmj lgrrhgkj, trjgtjc tmj pjthth`njr whtm drujity? `r
(ha) mgs cjsjrtjc tmj pjthth`njr b`r g d`nthnu`us pjrh`c `b n`t ijss tmgn tw` yjgrs hlljchgtjiy p
prjdjchnk
rjdjchnk tmj
prjsjntgth`n `b tmj pjthth`n.
4.7.7 Drujity

Smj pjthth`njr c`js n`t pr`vhcj g buii phdturj gs t` wmgt gdtugiiy k`js hn tmjhr lgtrhl`nhgi m`usj.
Ht hs hn bgdt tmj pjthth`njr wm` l`dos tmj rjsp`ncjnt agsjc `n mhs hnd`lj gnc hngahihty t` gbb`rc t` l`vj t` tmj
ahk dhty.
dhty.
4.7.7(g) jntjrjc hnt` g lgrhtgi gkrjjljnt gs pjr tmj d`ntjnth`ns ighc c`wn ay tmj pjthth`njr
Smj pjthth`njr mgc jntjrjc hnt` g lgrhtgi gkrjjljnt `n 57.53.1557 gs pjr tmj d`ntjnth`ns ighc c`wn ay mjrsjib
(Ggr`mh), smj wgs wjii gwgrj `b tmj rjsp`ncjnts bhngndhgi stgtus gnc w`uic sthii pjstjr mhl hnt` wgnthnk t` l`vj
`ut `b tmj sua uragn lulagh t` ihvj hn tmj uragn dhty.
4.7.7(a) Bgisj giijkgth`n `b drujity gnc gcuitjry
Smj pjthth`njr mgc ljnth`njc tmgt ’tmj Qjsp`ncjnt musagnc w`uic rjturn m`lj igtj gt nhkmts hn g crunojn stgtj
gnc w`uic pmyshdgiiy, ljntgiiy gnc jl`th`ngiiy gausj mjr“. Smjsj wjrj giijkgth`ns
g iijkgth`ns tmgt wjrj tmr`wn gt tmj
rjsp`ncjnt whtm n` pr``b gnc tmhs dgusjc
dgu sjc burtmjr ljntgi strjss t` tmj rjsp`ncjnt. Smjsj giijkgth`ns wjrj bgisj
gnc tmj d`urt wgs pijgsjc t` krgnt mhs prgyjr b`r rjsthtuth`n `b d`nfukgi rhkmts. Ht hs t` aj n`tjc tmgt sghc pjthth`n
 NXG
NXGXTMGTSQGL
XTMGTSQGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 151
1517
7 74

wgs njhtmjr d`ntjstjc ay tmj whbj n`r chc smj rjturn t` mjr lgtrhl`nhgi m`lj.
Hn tmj dgsj `b Tlt. Nhrlgig Lgn`mgr Fgkjsmg vs Lgn`mgr Tmhvrgl Fgkjsmg 1 D`urt mjic tmgt ’dgsj b`r chv`rdj,
bgisj, agsjijss, sdgncgi`us, lgihdh`us gnc unpr`vjn giijkgth`ns lgcj hn tmj wrhttjn stgtjljnt lgy gl`unt t`
drujity t` tmj `tmjr pgrty
4.7.7(d) Smj Ujthth`njrs giijkgth`ns wjrj jxdjsshvj gnc dgusjc ljntgi strghn b`r tmj rjsp`ncjnt.
4

Hn Kuraux Thnkm vs Mgrlhncjr Ogur Smj d`urt mjic tmgt Thlpij lhn`r gkkrgvgth`ns, squgaaijs, n`rlgi wjgr,
gnc tjgr `b lgrrhjc ihbj wmhdm `ddurs hn jvjrycgy ihbj hn gii bglhihjs w`uic n`t aj sgthsbgdt`ry b`r gn gwgrc `b
sjpgrgth`n `n tmj kr`unc `b drujity.
Agirgl Urgfgpgth vs Tusmjjig Agh 3, Hn tmhs dgsj, Agirgl pr`vjc tmgt mhs whbj's ajmgvh`ur whtm mhl gnc mhs
pgrjnts wgs Gkkrjsshvj gnc und`ntr`iigaij gnc tmgt smj bhijc tmj bgisj d`lpighnt gkghnst mjr musagnc nuljr`us
thljs. Smj d`urt mjic tmj whbj kuhity `b mjr gdth`ns gnc krgntjc chv`rdj t` Agirgl.
Ht hs mulaiy sualhttjc ajb`rj tmj m`n'aij d`urt
d`u rt tmgt tmj pjthth`njr mgc `vjr jxgk
jxgkkjrgtjc
kjrgtjc tmj bgdts `b tmj dgsj ggnc
nc
wgs ljntgiiy druji t` tmj rjsp`ncjnt.
4.7.1 Gcuitjry
Gcuitjry ljgns tmj d`nsjnsugi gnc v`iuntgry hntjrd`ursj ajtwjjn g lgrrhjc pjrs`n whtm gn`tmjr pjrs`n,
lgrrhjc `r unlgrrhjc, `b tmj `pp`shtj sjx.
Smj d`ndjpt `b Gcuitjry wgs gccjc hnt` tmj Mhncu Lgrrhgkj Gdt ay tmj Lgrrhgkj Igws Gljncljnt Gdt, 78;2.
Smjrj grj djrtghn jssjnthgis rjquhrjc `b gn gdt t` aj tmj d`nshcjrjc gs ggn
n gdt `b gcuitjry, Smjy grj gs b`ii`ws?

:. @nj `b tmj sp`usjs

sp`usjs hnv`ivjc
hnv`ivjc hn tmj hntjrd`ursj
hntjrd`ursj whtm
whtm gn`tmjr
gn`tmjr pjrs`n, lgrrhjc
lgrrhjc `r unlgrrh
unlgrrhjc,
jc, `b tmj `pp`shtj
`pp`shtj sjx.
2. Hntjrd
Hntjrd`ur
`ursj
sj sm`uic
sm`uic aj v`iuntgr
v`iuntgry
y gnc d`nsjnsu
d`nsjnsugi.
gi.
;. Gt tmj
tmj thlj
thlj `b tmj gdt,
gdt, tmj
tmj lgrrhgk
lgrrhgkjj wgs suashsthnk
suashsthnk..
=. Smjrj lust
lust aj subbhdhjnt
subbhdhjnt dhrduls
dhrdulstgnthg
tgnthgii jvhcjndj t`
t` pr`vj tmj ihgahiht
ihgahihty
y `b gn`tmjr sp`usj.
sp`usj.

Hn tmhs dgsj, tmj pjthth`njr

pjthth`njr mgs n` jvhcjndj t` pr`vj tmgt tmj
tmj rjsp`ncjnt mgc v`iuntgry gnc d`nsjnsugi
hntjrd`ursj whtm gn`tmjr pjrs`n, lgrrhjc `r unlgrrhjc, `b tmj `pp`shtj sjx curhnk tmj pjrh`c `b tmjhr lgrrhgkj.

1
Tlt. Nhrlgig Lgn`mgr Fgkjsmg vs Lgn`mgr Tmhvrgl Fgkjsmg GHQ 7887 A`l 1:8
4
Kuraux Thnkm vs Mgrlhncjr Ogur(
Ogur (1575) 73 TDD 457
3
Agirgl Urgfgpgth vs Tusmjjig Agh 11 Gprhi HH (1554) CLD ;5=
 NXG
NXGXTMGTSQGL
XTMGTSQGL - UQGSGU & D@. NGSH@NGI
NGSH@NGI LGSQHL@NHG
LGSQHL@NHGI
I L@@S D@ZQ
D@ZQS
S D@LUJSHSH@N,
D@LUJSHSH@N, 151
1517
7 73

UQGXJQ

[mjrjb`rj hn tmj ihkmt `b tmj hssujs rghsjc, grkuljnts gcvgndjc gnc gutm`rhthjs dhtjc, lgy tmhs
M`n‐aij D`urt aj pijgsjc t`6

◀ Chslhss tmj pjthth`n bhijc ay tmj pjthth`njr gt gii d`sts shndj tmjrj jxhsts n` i`dus stgnch t` bhij
gnc lghntghn tmj pjthth`n.

GNC/@Q Ugss gny `tmjr `rcjr tmgt ht cjjls

cj jls bht hn tmj hntjrjst `b Fusthdj, Jquhty gnc K``c
D`nsdhjndj. Gnc b`r tmhs, tmj Ujthth`njr gs hn cuty a`unc, smgii mulaiy prgy.

D@ZNTJIT B@Q SMJ QJTU@NCJNS