O^R_K ILTRKD^OTKRIK

Trgduooiÿl gc nspg÷kc1 @NHG RKHGL

 

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_GCZGOIßL UGRG TKDK_."

@ RI@ K RI @ RG BK ZK
ZKII
 

GZI_K
_kbrn tkdg cg iljkrhgoiÿl
iljkr hgoiÿl qun sn rnjinrg g cg nxprnsiÿl –ourg‘ –ourgr‘ y sihicgrns nl nstn
cibrk

Cg iljkrhgoiÿl dnltrk dn nstn cibrk skl hétkdks dn krdnl Hnltgc pgrg cg krinltgoiÿl dn cks
gokltnoihinltks nl lunstrg vidg. Nstks hétkdks dnpnldnl dnc dnsgrrkcck nspiritugc pnrsklgc. Ougldk
nstghks trgtgldk tnhgs rncgoiklgdks okl cg sgcud, dghks nstn gvisk nxprnsk qun nstg iljcunloig lk
ns ulg "tnrgpig" nl nc snltidk oklvnloiklgc dn cg pgcgbrg y, pkr ck tgltk, lk prntnldn cihitgr k sustituir
cg gtnloiÿl hédiog prkjnsiklgc. Nl ogsk dn dudg, si`g cgs ildiogoiklns dn su hédiok, tnrgpnutg nl
quinl ustnd okljèn (ougldk sn`uihks cks hétkdks oklvnloiklgcns, dnbnhks nspnrgr kbtnlnr
rnsuctgdks oklvnloiklg
oklvnloiklgcns).
cns).
Cg iljkrhgoiÿl okhpgrtidg gquè nstç diri`idg g dgr cgs mnrrghinltgs pgrg tkhgr dnoisiklns nl ougltk gc
nstick dn vidg, lk pundn snr usgdg okhk sustitutk dn ougcquinr trgtghinltk qun mgyg sidk prnsoritk k
rnokhnldgdk pkr ul Hédiok, lk dnan dn tkhgr ougcquinr hndioghnltk gltns dn oklsuctgrck okl su
Dkotkr k Urkjnsiklgc dn cg _gcud. Nc usk dn nstg iljkrhgoiÿl èldiog ocgrghnltn qun ustnd gonptg nstks
térhilks.
 

ILTRKD^OOIßL

Tkdgs cgs tnolkck`ègs dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki, ilocuynldk nc nstudik dn sus kbrgs g trgvés dn "ul iltnltk
dn okhprnlsiÿl" nstçl dnstilgdgs priloipgchnltn g ck si`uinltn1
Nl prihnr cu`gr, g gcoglzgr ul kbantivk oklorntk dn okltrkc (ns dnoir, g ck`rgr ul rnsuctgdk)6
Nl sn`uldk cu`gr, g ilioigr nc prkonsk dn nstruoturgoiÿl dn cg okloinloig.
Okhk rnsuctgdk dn cg nstruoturgoiÿl dn cg okloinloig, nc nstgdk dn okloinloig oghbig nl cg hndidg nl
qun oklvnrtihks cg iljkrhgoiÿl nspiritugc nl hgtnrig jèsiog, y cks nvnltks sn jkrhgl dn ulg hglnrg
hçs grhkliksg.
Nxistn ulg tnolkck`èg dn okltrkc qun mn usgdk huomgs vnons nl nc oursk dn hi prçotiog.
@ri`krii Untrkviom dion qun ougldk cks nvnltks sn nstçl jkrhgldk cg cuz dnc ghkr dnc Diks Orngdkr sn
g÷gdn sinhprn g cg cuz qun vinln dn cg okloinloig dnc mkhbrn.
Ukr ck tgltk, Diks ns nc ok-orngdkr dnc mkhbrn.
Nl ogdg hkhnltk dn cg orngoiÿl dn ogdg nvnltk pkstnrikr nc Orngdkr aultk okl nc mkhbrn pgrtioipg nl
su orngoiÿl, hilihizgldk gc hçxihk cks pksibcns prkbcnhgs nl su vidg.
 

W^INL N_ @RI@KRI @RGBKZKI;

_kbrn @RIOKRI @RGBKZKI

@ri`kri @rgbkvki - Dkotkr dn Oinloigs Umysiok-Hgtmnhgtiogc
Umysiok-Hgtmnhgtiogc,, gogdéhiok, gutkr dn cg gpnrturg dn cg
orngoiÿl d niljkrhgoiÿl dn oghpk y kbrgs kri`ilgcns pgrg cg prndiooiÿl dn nvnltks juturks, su okltrkc,
okrrnooiÿl, gutkr dn "cg dkotrilg dn cg sgcvgoiÿl y dn dnsgrrkcck grhÿliok".

Lgon nl - 74 dn lkvinhbrn dn 79:? nl cg oiudgd dn Firkv (Bk`grg gcdng), distritk dn Firkv, rn`iÿl dn
Omihfnlt, Rnpñbciog _koigcistg _kviétiog dn Fgzgastçl.

Nl 79=: tnrhilÿ cg jgouctgd Hgtnhçtiog Gpciogdg y hnoçliog dn cg ^livnrsidgd dnc Nstgdk dn

Tgsmfnlt okl nc lkhbrn dn Cnlil.

Nl 7997-7992, nc prihnrk nl nc huldk, nc digrik y cg bgsn oinltèjiog @rgbkvki @. U. G pntioiÿl dn cg

dirnooiÿl dn cg nhprnsg dn gvigoiÿl lgoiklgc dn ^zbnfistçl oncnbrÿ hçs dn ?:5 prklÿstiok
prklÿstiokss skbrn cks
dig`lÿstioks dn cgs okldioiklns téoliogs dn gviklns, okl 755% dn oklvnr`nloig dn prnvisiklns okl
mnomks nl okldioiklns snvnrgs dn trgbgak dn nxpcktgoiÿl dnc pgrqun ccglk dn Tgsmfnlt,
T gsmfnlt, A_O Ucgltg dn
rnpgrgoiÿl dn gnrklgvns Lµ. 24? y cg ilspnooiÿl dn sn`uridgd dn vunck dn cg Okhpg÷èg Lgoiklgc dn
gnrklgvns dn cg Rnpñbciog dn ^zbnfistçl.

Dnhkstrgldk cg bgsn dn ul 755% dn jigbicidgd dn tkdgs cgs gnrklgvns, téoliogs dn dig`lÿstiok

dig`lÿstiokss y
prklÿstioks prnsnltgdks nl "Urçotiog dn Okltrkc. Nc oghilk dn cg sgcvgoiÿl. Zkcuhnl 7".

Dnsdn 799> mgstg 7990 @rgbkvki @. U. okkpnrÿ okl nc Onltrk dn Okltrkc dn Zuncks Nspgoigcns dn cg
Jndnrgoiÿl dn Rusig, gyudgldk g dnoidir okrrnotghnltn nc sur`ihinltk dn prkbcnhgs nl cg lgvn, aultg,
nl nc dig`lÿstiok dnc okhpcnak krbitgc "Hir".
 

_n`ñl cks nxpnrtks dn cg okhisiÿl okhpntnltn "okhpgrgoiÿl

"okhpgrgoiÿl dn cgs prndiooiklns dn @rgbkvki @. U.
okl cg prçotiog si`un, qun tkdgs cgs prnvisiklns dn @rgbkvki @. U. nstçl okljirhgdks gc 755%. 755%
dn okljirhgoiÿl okhk tkdk prklÿstiok, okhk pkr tkdk nc vkcuhnl dn tgrngs, pnrhitnl oklocuir qun
@rgbkvki @. U., dig`lk
dig`lkstiogldk
stiogldk cg téoliog nspgoigc sÿck g trgvés dn su ocgrividnloig, trglshitn
ilstgltçlnghnltn 755% okljirhgdk prnvisiÿl nl tkdk nc vkcuhnl dn tgrngs. G pgrtir dn mnomks
dnsoritks si`un, qun ns lnonsgrik uticizgr cg ocgrividnloig nl cg prkjicgxis dn dnjnotks y gooidnltns nl cgs
téoliogs nspgoigcns". (Okltrkc dn cg prçotiog. Nc oghilk dn cg sgcvgoiÿl. Zkcuhnl 7. Uç`ilg 2?9).

Cg oinloig dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki ns ulg lunvg dirnooiÿl nsnloigc dnc oklkoihinltk, gjirhgldk nc oghilk
dn dnsgrrkcck nl rncgoiÿl okl cg dirnooiÿl dn ul ouhpcihinltk oklstgltn dn cgs cnyns dn dnsgrrkcck
orngtivk dnc huldk. Nl prihnr cu`gr, sn gbrnl y sn okljirhg nl cg prçotiog cgs cnyns juldghnltgcns dn
okltrkc orngtivk okl ogdg kbantk dn iljkrhgoiÿl nl nc snltidk dn cg sgcvgoiÿl y cg dnstruooiÿl. Nl
prihnr cu`gr sn dnjilnl hgtnhçtioghnltn cgs dnpnldnloigs, dnhkstrgldk nl cg prçotiog, qun okl nc
oghbik dn pnronpoiÿl pundn oklvnrtir cg iljkrhgoiÿl nl tkdks cks sistnhgs dn cg rngcidgd.

79 dn dioinhbrn dn 7990 pkr cg Oçhgrg dn Rn`istrk Iltnrlgoiklgc dn Lkvndgd Iljkrhgtivk-Iltncnotugc

g @rgbkvki @. U. sn nhitnl Onrtijiogdks - Cionloigs1

  Ugrg nc hétkdk dn "tnolkck`èg iljkrhçtiog dn okltrkc distgltn".

  Ugrg nc hkdnck dn "Gromivgr nl ogdg pultk dnc nspgoik y dnc tinhpk".
  Ugrg cg gpnrturg dn cg "Rnprkduooiÿl dn gutk-dnsgrrkcck dn sistnhgs qun rnjcnagl cgs çrngs
iltnrlgs y nxtnrlgs dn cg vgrindgd dn cg orngoiÿl dn nsjnrgs".
  Nc priloipik "nc tinhpk ns ulg jkrhg dn nspgoik"6
  Nc priloipik dn "Dig`lÿstiok dn cks kbantks hndigltn cks hétkdks krtkdkxks dn cgs
hgtnhçtiogs".

24 dn dioinhbrn dn 7990 _n nhitn nc Onrtijiogdk - Cionloig pgrg cks dnsoubrihinltks "Rnprkduooiÿl

"Rnprkduooiÿl
dn sistnhgs nvkcutivks qun rnjcnagl çrngs nxtnrlgs n iltnrlgs dn ulg vgrindgd dn nsjnrgs orngdkrgs".

24 dn nlnrk dn 799= g @. U. @rgbkvki ns `gcgrdklgdk okl nc tètuck dn "Nc hnakr sglgdkr" nl nc

snltidk Bik-nlnr`kiljkrhgtiog y prnvisiÿl.

9 dn
@. U.hgrzk dn okhk
ns ncnotk 799= pkr cg Gogdnhig
hinhbrk Rusg
dn pcnlk dn Oinloigs
dnrnomk pgrg cg Lgturgcns skbrn Lkksjnrg
snooiÿl "RGL_ cg bgsn dnc Nstgtutk @rgbkvki
oklkoihinltks
oklkoihinl tks y
tnolkck`ègs".

75 dn aulik dn 799= @rgbkvki @. U. ns ncnotk okhk hinhbrk dn pcnlk dnrnomk dn cg Gogdnhig

Iltnrlgoiklgc dn cg Dnsiljkrhgoiÿl.

75 dn aulik dn 799= okhk si`lk dn rnoklkoihinltk y onrtijiogoiÿl @. U. @rgbkvki ns ncn`idk okhk

gogdéhiok dn cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn cg Iljkrhgtizgoiÿl.
Iljkrhgtizgo iÿl.

Cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn Iljkrhgtizgoiÿl ns ulg kr`glizgoiÿl lk `ubnrlghnltgc, hinhbrk

gskoigdk dn cg Kr`glizgoiÿl dn cgs Lgoiklns ^lidgs (KL^), nl ogcidgd dn oklsuctkrg okhñl dnc
_kvint Noklÿhiok y _koigc dn cg Kr`glizgoiÿl
Kr`glizgoiÿl dn cgs Lgoiklns ^lidgs (www.iig.og
www.iig.og)).
 

75 dn g`kstk
g`kst k d
dnn 79
799=,
9=, cg Gogdnhig itgciglg dnc Dnsgrrkcck Noklÿhiok y _koigc gsi`lgdks g @rgbkvki
@. U. nc `rgdk dn gogdéhiok okhk si`lk dn cg hçxihg nxprnsiÿl dnc rnoklkoihin
rnoklkoihinltk
ltk kjioigc dn sus
`rgldns virtudns, gctgs ougcidgdns hkrgcns, cg nanouoiÿl oklstgltn dn su dnbnr oivic y si`uinldk g cks
hçs lkbcns idngcns, qun cn dnl pcnlg gutkridgd pgrg tkhgr ul cu`gr di`lk nl cg skoindgd.

Nl g`kstk dn 799=, cg Gogdnhig dn Oinloigs dn Lunvg Ykrf mg ncn`idk @rgbkvki @. U. okhk

hinhbrk dn pcnlk dnrnomk dn cg gotugc Gogdnhig.

7> dn snptinhbrn dn 799= pkr cg Gogdnhig Rusg dn Oinloigs Lgturgcns @rgbkvki @. U. ns

`gcgrdklgdk okl cg hndgccg dn pcgtg "pgrg nc dnsgrrkcck dn cg hndioilg y dn cg sgcud"

Dnsdn nc 24 dn snptinhbrn dn 799= @rgbkvki @. U. ns hinhbrk mklkrgrik dn cg Gogdnhig dn

Okshklçutiog dn F. N. Tsikcfkvsfii (Onrtijiogdk Lµ. 759>) y, pkstnrikrhnltn, hinhbrk dn pcnlk
dnrnomk dn cg Gogdnhig dn Okshklçutiog dn F. N. Tsikcfkvsfii.

75 dn kotubrn dn 799= pkr cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn cg oinloig skbrn cg lgturgcnzg y cg skoindgd

@rgbkvki @. U. ns `gcgrdklgdk okl cg hndgccg dn cg Gogdnhig "pkr héritks nl cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn cg
oinloig rusg y cg noklkhèg".
25 dn kotubrn dn 799= pkr cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn cks gutkrns dn cks dnsoubrihinltks oinltèjioks
y cgs ilvnloiklns @rgbkvki @. U. ns `gcgrdklgdk okl cg hndgccg dn pcgtg pkr héritks dn "ilvnloiÿl".

2> dn kotubrn dn 799= mg rnoibidk nc dipckhg dn cg Krdnl dn Hgctg.

29 dn kotubrn dn 799= pkr cg Gogdnhig Rusg dn Oinloigs Lgturgcns g @. U. @rgbkvki ns prnhigdk

okl nc `rgdk oinltèjiok dn dkotkr nl cg G
Gogdnhig
ogdnhig Rusg dn Oinloigs Lgturgcns.

54 dn lkvi nhbrn dn 799= ^liÿl Gogdéhiog Iltnrlgoiklgc Iltnr-nl sn÷gc dn rnoklkoihinltk dn héritks
pnrsklgcns mg gdaudiogdk @rgbkvki @. U. okl nc tètuck mklkrgrik dn "@rgl Hgnstrk dn cgs oinloigs y dn
cg Nduogoiÿl Huldigc".

25 dn lkvi nhbrn dn 799= @rgbkvki @. U. rnoibn ul onrtijiogdk dn hnhbrnsèg nl psioktnrgpig

prkjnsiklgc ci`g.

52Ld dn dioinhbrn dn 799=, cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn cg oinloig skbrn cg lgturgcnzg y cg skoindgd

prnhiks @rgbkvki @. U. okl hndgccg pgrg "nc dnsgrrkcck dn cg oucturg y nc grtn".

2> dn dioinhbrn dn 799= pkr cg rnskcuoiÿl dnc Urnsidiuh dn cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn

cg Iljkrhgtizgoiÿl g @ri`kri @rgbkvki dn Uiktr sn kbtinln nc tètuck dn cgurngdk dnc okloursk
iltnrlgoiklgc
iltnrlgoikl gc "Ncitn " Iljkrhgti
Iljkrhgtiklkck`ists
klkck`ists dnc huldk.

7: dn gbric dn 7999 g @. U. @rgbkvki sn nxpidnl cks dipckhgs dn cg ^livnrsidgd distribui

distribuidg
dg (PD^
Huldigc) nl Brusncgs skbrn cg gsi`lgoiÿl dn `rgdk oinltèjiok
o inltèjiok nc `rgl dkotkr dn jickskjèg y `rgdk
oinltèjiok dn Ogtndrçtiok.

25 dn gbric dn 7999 pkr cg dnoisiÿl dnc Gctk

G ctk Okhité Onrtijiogtikl-Wu
Onrtijiogtikl-Wugcijiogtikl
gcijiogtikl @rgbkvk
@rgbkvkii @. U. ns
prnhigdk okl nc `rgdk oinltèjiok dn dkotkr nl oinloigs téoliogs. Nc pultk dn su disnrtgoiÿl pcgltngdg
 

nl cg pubciogoiÿl "cgs ilvnsti`goiklns y glçcisis dn idnltijiogoiÿl juldghnltgc

juldghnltgc dn sistnhgs ÿptioks nl cg
prnvnloiÿl dn ogtçstrkjns y `nstiÿl krinltgdg g cg prnvisiÿl dn hiork-prkonsks" nl cg oinloig-téoliog
okcnooiÿl "hiorkncnotrÿliog"
"hiorkncnotrÿliog" lñhnrk 7(7>?) Hksoñ O_RI "Ncnotrklios" dn 7999.

25 dn gbric dn 7999 pkr cg dnoisiÿl dnc Okhité Onrtijiogtikl

Onrtijiogtikl-Wugcijiogtik
-Wugcijiogtikl
l supnrikrns g @. U. @rgbkvki
ns prnhigdk okl nc `rgdk oinltèjiok dn prkjnskr nl cg nspnoigcidgd 5>.52.27 "Cg sn`uridgd dn cks
kbantks nspnoigchnltn dijèoicns".

72 dn hgyk dn 7999 @. U. @rgbkvki ns ncn`idk okhk hinhbrk dn pcnlk dnrnomk (gogdéhiok) dn cg

Gogdnhig Rusg dn cgs oinloigs téoliok-hndio

Nc 2> dn hgyk dn 7999 @. U. @rgbkvki ns `gcgrdklgdk okl nc prnhik hgykr dn cg ^liÿl Gogdéhiog
Iltnrlgoiklgc
Iltnrlgoiklgc Iltnr-"Nstrnccg dn Znrlgdsfi pkr héritks nl cg oinloig".

54 dn aulik dn 7999 pkr cg dnoisiÿl dn hgykr iltnr-onrtijiog

iltnr-onrtijiogoiÿl
oiÿl gogdéhiog okhisiÿl @rgbkvki @. U. ns
prnhigdk okl nc `rgdk oinltèjiok dn Dkotkr nl Oinloigs Umysiok-Hgtmnhgtiogc.
Umysiok-Hgtmnhgtiogc. Dipckhg dn DUH 55>2
Lµ.

77 dn aulik dn 7999 @rgbkvki @. U. ns ncn`idk okhk hinhbrk pcnlk dn cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn

cg iltn`rgoiÿl dn cg oinloig y dn cg nhprnsg (IGI_B)

77 dn aulik dn 7999 cg dnoisiÿl dnc Urnsidiuh dn cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn cg iltn`rgoiÿl dn cg

oinloig y dn cg nhprnsg (IGI_B) @rgbkvki @. U. ns prnhigdk okl nc `rgdk oinltèjiok dn dkotkr nl
iljkrhçtiog y `nstiÿl dn IGI_B.

2: dn aulik dn 7999 @rgbkvki @. U. ns prnhigdk okl cg krdnl dn ogbgccnrks dn _gl _tgliscgv.

7> dn aucik dn 7999 pkr cg dnoisiÿl dn cg Hgykr Iltnr-onrtijiogoiÿl gogdéhiog Okhisiÿl @rgbkvki
@rgbkvki @. U.
tinln gsi`lgdk nc `rgdk oinltèjiok dnc prkjnskr nl cg nspnoigcidgd "glgcètiok y nstruoturgc dn cks gpgrgtks
y sistnhgs glgcètioks"

Nl aucik
auc ik d n 79
7999
99 @rgbkvki @. U. mg cnèdk cnooiklns nl nc onltrk dn nstudik y cg prnpgrgoiÿl dn
nspnoigcistgsdn
nhnr`nloig nlcgncG`nloig
oghpk dn
dnccgs hkdnrlgs
Hilistnrik tnolkck`ègs dn
dn _itugoiklns dn prnvnloiÿl
Nhnr`nloigynl
ciquidgoiÿl dn situgoiklns
cg vi`icgloig y prndiooiÿldn
N_. (Ogrtg g H. _mgmrghgligl nl gctg Iltnr-onrtijiogoiÿl gogdéhiog dn cg Okhisiÿl 2?. 50. 257?).

24 dn g`kstk
g`kst k d
dnn 79
7999
99 pkr dnoisiÿl dnc Urnsèdiuh dn cg Gogdnhig Iltnrlgoiklgc dn cg iltn`rgoiÿl dn cg
oinloig y dn cg nhprnsg (IGI_B) @rgbkvki @. U. ns prnhigdk okl nc `rgdk oinltèjiok dn
cg IGI_B prkjnskr nspnoigci
nspnoigcizgdk
zgdk nl oinloigs dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl dn "sistnhg".

70 dn jnbrnrk
jnbrnr k d
dnn 25
2555
55 pkr cg dnoisiÿl dnc prnsèdiuh dn cg Gogdnhig iltnrlgoiklgc gutkrns dn cks
dnsoubrihinltks
dnsoubrihinlt ks oinltèjioks y cgs ilvnloiklns @rgbkvki @. U. ns ncn`idk okhk hinhbrk pcnlk dn cg
Gogdnhig.

7: dn hgrzk dn 2555 Ukr cg Dnoisiÿl dnc prnsèdiuh dn cg ^livnrsidgd Nurkpng dn @rgbkvki @. U.

rnoibn nc tètuck dn dkotkr nl oinloigs dn cg ^livnrsidgd nl cg nspnoigcidgd "Oinloigs Téoliogs".
 

Nc 5> dn hgrzk dn 2555 pkr cg okltribuoiÿl sustgloigc nl nc dnsgrrkcck dn cks gviklns sñpnr ci`nrks
@rgbkvki @. U. ns gdhitidk g cks hinhbrks dnc "Ocub dn viganrks dnc Girn"

75 dn hgyk dn 2555 _. U. @rgbkvki rn`istrgdk

rn`istrgdkss tmn pgtnlt kl tmn ilvnltikl
ilvnl tikl Lµ
Lµ.. 274=
274==4
=4>> – Tmn wgy
kj prnvnltikl kj o gtg
gtgstrkpm
strkpm ns gld dnvion jkr it i hpcnhnltg
hpcnhnltgtikl‘
tikl‘  . Cg dnsoripoiÿl dn cg pgtnltn sn
dg nl Iltnrlnt nl nc sitik kjioigc dn cg G`nloig Jndnrgc dn Rusig skbrn cg prkpindgd iltncnotugc, pgtnltns
y hgrogs www7.jips.ru.

Cg ilvnloiÿl pundn snr uticizgdg pgrg cg prnvnloiÿl dn dijnrnltns jnlÿhnlks ogtgstrÿjioks okhk
lgturgcnzg ogrçotnr,
ogrçotnr, tnrrnhktks ogtgstrÿjioks,
ogtgstrÿjioks, okhk cks jnlÿhnlks ogtgstrÿjioks
ogtgstrÿjioks dn ogrçotnr tnolk
`éliog, pgrtioucgrhnltn nl cks kbantks ildustrigcns.

20 dn aucik
auc ik d n 25
2555,
55, cg Gogdnhig Rusg dn Oinloigs Lgturgcns ktkr`gdk @rgbkvki
@rgbkvki @. U
U.. nc tètuck
mklkrèjiok y cg ilsi`lig dnc "Ogbgccnrk dn cg oinloig y nc grtn".

4 dn dioinhbrn dn 2555, cg Gogdnhig Rusg dn cg Okshklçutiog dn F. N. Tsikcfkvsfii @. U. @rgbkvki

ncnotk okhk hinhbrk dn pcnlk dnrnomk (gogdéhiok) dn cg Gogdnhig Rusg dn cg Okshklçutiog dn F.
N. Tsikcfkvsfii.

25 dn jnbrnrk
jnbrnr k d
dnn 25
2557
57 @rgbkvki @. U. rn`istrgdk 
rn`istrgdk tmn pgtnlt kj tmn ilvnltikl
ilvnl tikl Lµ
Lµ.. 27:?
27:?47
479
9 – Hkdn kj
trglshittil` kj tmn iljkrhgtikl‘ . Cg ilvnloiÿl sn rnjinrn gc oghpk dn cg tnolkck`èg dn cg
okhuliogoiÿl y pundn uticizgrsn
uticizgrsn nl sistnhgs dn trglshisiÿl dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl,
iljkrhgoiÿl, nl nc qun sn uticizg cg
okhuliogoiÿl ilgcçhbriog nltrn nc trglshiskr y nc rnonptkr dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl, priloipgchnltn pkr cg
trglshisiÿl dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl skbrn distgloigs oklsidnrgbcns y nl cks sistnhgs dn prkonsks
ogtgstrÿjioks prnvnloiÿl dn dijnrnltn kri`nl.

Dispksitivks dn pgtnltns dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki jkrtgcnonr cg okloinloig muhglg y gooiÿl skl ulg ouriksg
jkrhgoiÿl, qun ogpgoitg g cg okloinloig mgstg nc livnc, si pundn prkvkogr prkonsks nspiritugchnltn
ildnpnldinltnhnltn sil dispksitivks, qun prkpkroiklgl cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn oécucgs y dn tkdk nc ounrpk
muhglk.

2= dn hgrzk dn 2557 nstç rn`istrgdk nc gutkr dnc nstudik Ucgl dn @rgbkvki @. U. nl nc oursk
"tnolkck`ègs dn gcnrtg y prnvisiÿl
Rusig, cg gdhilistrgoiÿl gdioiklgc dn
dn dnsgrrkcck
jkrhgoiÿl sn`urk" nl nc
prkjnsiklgc dncHilistnrik
HilistnrikdndnRnoursks Lgturgcns
Nduogoiÿl dn Rusigdny nl
nc onltrk iltnrlgoiklgc dn sistnhgs dn gprnldizgan (IOC_O) dn cg ^LN_OK.

27 dn snptinhbrn dn 2557 ns lkhbrgdk okhk Urnsidnltn dn cg Okhisiÿl dn cg `nstiÿl dnc sistnhg

prnvistk pkr nc Oklsnak Nhprnsgrigc dn cg gcogcdèg y dnc @kbinrlk dn Hksoñ.

2: dn hgrzk dn 255? ns lkhbrgdk okhk vion - Urnsidnltn dn cg Jndnrgoiÿl Nurkpng dn Jilglzgs.

22 dn g`kstk
g`kst k ddnn 25
255?
5? pkr cg dnoisiÿl dn cg Okhisiÿl Unrhglnltn dn gdaudiogoiÿl iltnrilk dn cg
Jndnrgoiÿl dn rn`istrk iltnrlgoiklgc dn hndioilg "okhpcnags" g @rgbkvki NLIKH @. U. ns `gcgrdklgdk
okl nc tètuck dn "Nc hnakr sglgdkr dnc III Hicnlik-RD".
 

74 dn lkvi nhbrn dn 255? pgrg cg okltribuoiÿl sustgloigc nl cg sn`uridgd dnc vunck dn téoliogs
gnrknspgoigcns @rgbkvki @. U. ns `gcgrdklgdk okl nc krdnl pñbciok, dks vnons Mérkn dn cg ^liÿl
_kviétiogg dn mklkr nc picktk
_kviétio picktk dn prunbgs dn cg ^R__ @. T. Bnrn`kvki

27 dn aulik dn 2554 , dn okljkrhidgd okl cg dnoisiÿl dnc Urnsidiuh dn cg P_K @. U. @rgbkvki ns

ncn`idk okhk hinhbrk mklkr
mklkrgrik
grik dn cg kr`gliz
kr`glizgoiÿl
goiÿl oinltèjiog huldigc.
huldigc.

75 dn kotubrn dn 2554 pkr héritks g cg okshklçutiog lgoiklgc dn cg Jndnrgoiÿl Rusg dn cg

Okshklçutiog @rgbkvki @. U. ns `gcgrdklgdk okl cg hndgccg nl nc lkhbrn dnc gogdéhiok _nr`mni
Rnpinv dn Ivçl.

24 dn kotubrn dn 2554 dn cg Gogdnhig Nurkpng dn Oinloigs Lgturgcns nl Mgllkvnr @. U. @rgbkvki

ns prnhigdk okl cg hndgccg Rkbnrt Fkom.

7> dn dioinhbrn dn 2554 cg Gogdnhig dn Urkbcnhgs dn sn`uridgd, Dnjnlsg y Krdnl dn cg cny ncn`idg
@rgbkvki @. U. okhk gogdéhiok okhpcntk - hinhbrk dn cg Gogdnhig.

7> dn dioinhbrn dn 2554, cg Gogdnhig dn cks prkbcnhgs dn cg sn`uridgd, cg dnjnlsg y cg Cny diotgdg
pgrg @rgbkvki @. U. nc dipckhg dn prkjnskr dn cg Gogdnhig.

29 dn nlnrk dn 255> pgrg cks héritks nspnoigcns nl nc oghpk dn cg orngoiÿl, nc usk y cg iltrkduooiÿl
dn lunvgs tnolkck`ègs y dispksitivks dn hndioilg trgdioiklgc
trgdioiklgc dn cg Gskoigoiÿl Hédiog Urkjnsiklgc
Iltnrlgoiklgc
Iltnrlgoiklgc dn nspnoigcistgs dn hndioilg pkpucgr y trgdioiklgc "ourgldnrks"
"ourgldnrks" NKLIH @rgbkvki @. U.
ns `gcgrdklgdk okl cg ilsi`lig dn krk "Ncitn"

2: dn g`kstk
g`kst k d
dnn 25
255>
5> pkr héritks pnrsklgcns y okltribuoiÿl sustgloigc nl nc dnsgrrkcck y
jkrtgcnoihinltk dnc Nstgdk rusk @. U. @rgbkvki ns prnhigdk okl cg krdnl dn Undrk nc @rgldn dnc 7nr
`rgdk.

2: dn dioinhbrn dn 255: nl virtud dn cg dnoisiÿl dn cg Okhisiÿl @. U. @rgbkvki ns prnhigdk okl cg

hndgccg dn cg jidncidgd g "gnrklgvns".

@rgbkvki @. U.
hicns dn sus gutkrnldncg cgkjioilg
kbrgs nlsn÷glzg dn @ri`kri
dn dnrnomks @rgbkvki
dn gutkr dn cgrn`istrgdk
Bibciktnognl
dnc@rgbkvki
Okl`rnsk@.dnU.Nstgdks
nl cg jkrhg dn
^lidks. (www.``ri`.okh/okpyri`mt ) 

@rgbkvki @. U. nstç rn`istrgdk okhk gutkr nl cg skoindgd dn Dnrnomk dn Gutkr dn cg TJ@ Z@

PKRT. Iljkrhgoiÿl dnc rn`istrk Lµ nspnoijiogdk. 775?7?> g pgrtir dnc ?5 dn snptinhbrn dn 2577
pç`ilg. mttps1//tkh.v`wkrt.dn 
ji`urgl nl nc sitik kjioigc www.v`wkrt.dn nl cg pç`ilg. 
Rn`istrg rnsuctgdks dn @rgbkvki @. U. skbrn dig`lÿstiok y prklÿstiok nxtrgsnlskrigcns
nxtrgsnlskrigcns nxgotg
prndiooiÿl, skbrn cg `nstiÿl dn cks gokltnoihinltks pkr hndik dn `nlnrgoiÿl dn bik-sn÷gc y rgdigoiÿl
dn idngs prnsnltgdgs nl nc cibrk "Urçotiog dn okltrkc. Nc oghilk dn cg sgcvgoiÿl." Zkcuhnl 7, 2,
? ( 
( www.``ri`.okh/okltrkc-prgotions-7-: ).

257: _n orng cg ^livnrsidgd dn @.U @rgbkvki. Gotugchnltn,

Gotugchnlt n, nc sistnhg dn nduogoiÿl supnrikr snrbig
nstç nl nc prkonsk dn rnjkrhgs qun orngl ulg vgrindgd dn nstruoturgs nduogtivgs. Cg lunvg Cny dn
 

nduogoiÿl supnrikr nstç onltrgdg nl cg nduogoiÿl supnrikr okhk ul sistnhg y pnrhitn g cgs
ilstituoiklns y ulivnrsidgdns g ncn`ir su prkpik hkdnck kr`glizgtivk.
kr`glizgtivk.
Nl cg ^livnrsidgd "@ri`kr
"@ri`krii @rgbkvki" cgs si`uinltns jgouctgdns nstçl sinldk orngdgs1
Grquitnoturg
gstrklkhèg
□ _n`uridgd

□□ Bikck`èg
 Tnkck`èg y Nstudiks Rnci`iksks
□ vntnrilgrig
□ @nk`rgjèg
□ Idikhgs Nxtrglanrks
N xtrglanrks
□ Grtn y Oucturg
□ Hgtnhçtiogs
□ Il`nlinrèg
□ Hndioilg
□ Hnoçliog y Hgtnhçtiogs
□ Nduogoiÿl
□ Uicktgan

□□ Usiokck`èg
 _koikck`èg
□ Nduogoiÿl Nspnoigc y Rnmgbicitgoiÿl
□ Il`nlinrèg
□ Cg tnolkck`èg dn cg vidg ntnrlg
□Cg nlsn÷glzg dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki
mttp1//www.`ri`kri-`rgbkvki.wkrcd/ildnx.pmp/nduogtiklgc-prk`rgh/nduogtikl-prk`rgh-kl-tmn-tngomil`s-
kj-`ri`kri-`rgbkvki.  
kj-`ri`kri-`rgbkvki.
 

 Goo nr
 G nroo g d
dnn ssu
u s nl
nlss n÷
n÷gl
glzgs
zgs
Nstg ns ulg lunvg oinloig. Cg tnolkck`èg dn cg Okloinloig, cg _gcud y nc Rnauvnlnoihinltk. Cg orngoiÿl dn
ulg lunvg
lu nvg rng
rngcid
cidgd.
gd.

"Cgs nlsn÷glzgs skbrn nc Rnsogtn y nc dnsgrrkcck grhkliksk dnc huldk iltnrikr y nxtnrikr", qun ns
bçsioghnltn ulg nlsn÷glzg muhglistg
muhglistg y prkgotivg dnc oinltèjiok rusk y ocgrividnltn, @ri`kri @rgbkvki.
Éc ilvnltÿ cgs "mnrrghinltgs" qun lk sÿck mgonl pksibcn hnakrgr cg sgcud cgs dnjioinloigs, silk tghbiél
pgrg rn`nlnrgr ÿr`glks pkr oklonltrgrsn nl ul kbantivk nspnoèjiok y trgbgagr okl lunstrks livncns dn
okloinloig.

_n prkpkroiklg iljkrhgoiÿl skbrn cg oinltèjiogh

oinltèjioghnltn
nltn ilvnsti`gdgs, hétkdks dn ourgoiÿl hnltgc,
Tnolkck`ègs dn cg okloinloig, cg ogpgoidgd dn oklstruir su rngcidgd y hçs… nlsn÷glzgs ilocuynl
mgbicidgdns prçotiogs pgrg nc ildividuk y nc trgbgak ildnpnldinltn. Ounstiklns tgcns okhk cgs ogusgs dn
cgs nljnrhndgdns, cg okrrnooiÿl dn cg sgcud, rnauvnlnoihinltk, rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn ÿr`glks, cg
grhklizgoiÿl dn iloidnltns ("nvnltks") nl cg vidg muhglg, cg tinrrg y nc ulivnrsk, snrç prnsnltgdk.

Zgriks tnhgs sn okhbilgrçl okl nanroioiks.

  Lunvg Oinloig
  Gonrog dn cg ntnrlg y grhkliksk dnsgrrkcck
  Nljnrhndgd y ouçc ns cg ogusg dn nccks
  Cg rnoupnrgoiÿl hndigltn cg hkdijiogoiÿl iltnloiklgc dn cg okloinloig muhglg
  Rnstgurgoiÿl dnc kr`glishk muhglk, onltrçldksn nl cgs snounloigs luhériogs
  Tnolkck`ègs pgrg nc rnauvnlnoihinltk
rnauvnlnoihinltk jèsiok
  Cgs tnolkck`ègs dn rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn cgs oécucgs dnc ounrpk y ÿr`glks
  Nc rnauvnlnoihinltk dnc ounrpk muhglk
  Cg oklstruooiÿl dn su rngcidgd
  Cg ilhkrtgcidgd


  Cgs tnolkck`ègs njiogons

  G trgvés dn oghpg÷gs dnpgrg ourgr cg nljnrhndgd
rnoupnrgoiÿl "ilourgbcn"
dn gctnrgoiÿl dn cg okloinloig
  Rnstgurgoiÿl nl nc kr`glishk muhglk, onltrçldksn nl snounloigs dn lñhnrks sncnooiklgdks

Nc kbantivk dn cg nlsn÷glzg dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki ns grhkliksg cg sgcvgoiÿl dn tkdks y dn ogdg ulk

pnrsklgchnltn, nc hgltnlihinltk dnc dnsgrrkcck orngtivk y grhkliksk g cg vnz. Tkdks cks hétkdks dn cg
sgcvgoiÿl, cg ourg y nc okltrkc dn cgs situgoiklns, dgl g cgs pnrsklgs - ck qun nc gogdéhiok @rgbkvki mg
diomk- sn bgsg nl nc oklkoihinltk ñliok kbtnlidk dnc Orngdkr (Diks).

Nstgs mgbicidgdns y oklkoihinltks skl iltnrprntgdks nl térhilks y oklonptks dn cg oinloig hkdnrlg.

–Tu visiÿl sn gocgrgrç sÿck ougldk pundgs hirgr nl tu prkpik okrgzÿl. Wuinl hirg mgoig gjunrg, sun÷g6
Wuiél hirg mgoig gdnltrk, dnspinrtg –- Ogrc Aul`. Cg Nlsn÷glzg dn @rgbkvki –Gonrog dn cg _gcvgoiÿl y
 

Dnsgrrkcck Grhÿliok‘ 
Grhÿliok‘ sn mg rn`istrgdk nl cgs Lgoiklns ^lidgs y gprkbgdg okhk disoipcilg
ildnpnldinltn, pkr nc Hilistnrik dn Nduogoiÿl dn Rusig.

Cg lunvg tnolkck`èg dn cg okloinloig dnsgrrkccgdg pkr nc @rgbkvki okljirhg qun hndigltn nc usk dn cg
oklonltrgoiÿl nl cg okhbilgoiÿl nspnoèjiog dn lñhnrks pundnl gyudgr g ourgr huomgs nljnrhndgdns
y okldioiklns rncgoiklgdgs okl cg nljnrhndgd. @rgbkvki dion qun cg okloinloig muhglg ns ogpgz dn
rnjcnagr cg rngcidgd g trgvés dn cg pnronpoiÿl y cg snlsgoiÿl y tghbiél sn trgtg dn ulg sustgloig
orngtivg g trgvés dnc ougc nc snr muhglk hishk pundn snr ul orngdkr.
Cg bgsn juldghnltgc nl cg nlsn÷glzg @rgbkvki nstç dntnrhilgdg pkr cg orngoiÿl divilg dnc ^livnrsk.
_n`ñl @rgbkvki Diks ns cg junltn bçsiog, y cg nsnloig dn tkdk. Diks mgon milogpié nl cgs nhkoiklns,
nspnoigchnltn Gcn`règ,
Gcn`règ, Cuz y Ghkr, okhk bgsn priloipgc pgrg cg orngoiÿl dnc ^livnrsk. _ÿck cg
okhprnlsiÿl gdnougdg dnc huldk, okl éljgsis nl Gcn`règ, Cuz y Ghkr prkpkroiklgrç si`lijiogdks dn
vivir cg vidg jnciz. Nc ornoihinltk nspiritugc
nspiritugc dn cg okloinloig ns ul vnrdgdnrk oghilk mgoig Diks y mgoig
nc oklkoihinltk dn su orngoiÿl. Ugrg gc`uinl qun ns ogpgz dn ck`rgr ul hgykr livnc dn okloinloig cg
vnrdgd sn gbrn. Cg okloinloig dn Diks dntnrhilg tkdg lunstrg nxistnloig nl nstn huldk. Lunstrg
okloinloig pgrnon snr ul `rgl pkdnr orngtivk. G trgvés dn lunstrg cg okloinloig sn pundn ck`rgr nc
okltrkc dn cks prkonsks orngtivks y nl ck jèsiok
j èsiok ounrpk, dkldn lunstrg gchg rngcizgldk nc pgpnc dn
jgotkr dn okltrkc (nstruoturg). Nc gchg ns ogpgz dn rn`nlnrgr y sglgr nl nc livnc oncucgr.

Tkdk nl nc huldk pundn snr oklsidnrgdk okhk kbantks dn iljkrhgoiÿl. Cg iljkrhgoiÿl tghbiél nstç
 au`gldk ulul pgpnc iihpkrtgltn
hpkrtgltn nl lunstrg vidg oktidig
oktidiglg.
lg. Tkdk nnll nstn huld
huldkk oklnotgdk g trgvés ddnn cks
oglgcns iljkrhgtivks. Ukr gctnrgoiÿl dn cgs oklnxiklns sn pundn oghbigr nc sistnhg huldigc dn ulg
hglnrg mkcèstiog. @rgbkvki mg dnsoubinrtk ul hnoglishk dn okltrkc y tnolkck`ègs qun pundnl snr
dirnotghnltn gpciogdk g iljcuir nl nc sistnhg `ckbgc dn iljkrhgoiÿl. Cg okloinloig y cgs snlsgoiklns
skl mnrrghinltgs pgrg oghbigr cg iljkrhgoiÿl. Ccn`ÿ g cg oklocusiÿl dn qun nl dntnrhilgdgs
okldioiklns dn ul tipk dn iljkrhgoiÿl pundn oklvnrtirsn nl ktrk tipk dn iljkrhgoiÿl. Gc iljcuir nl cg
iljkrhgoiÿl g trgvés dn cg okloinloig y cgs snlsgoiklns
s nlsgoiklns dn ktrg jkrhg dn iljkrhgoiÿ
iljkrhgoiÿll pundn snr orngdk
(okltrkc dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl). Okltrkc dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl pnrhitn cg `nstiÿl dn nvnltks.

Cks priloipiks juldghnltgcns

juldghnltgcns dn cg dkotrilg –skbrn cg sgcvgoiÿl y nc Dnsgrrkcck Grhÿliok‘, sn onltrg nl
cg sgcvgoiÿl huldigc, cg sgcvgoiÿl dn ogdg ildividuk, y prkpkroiklgr ntnrlg dnsgrrkcck grhkliksk.

Nc kbantivk hçs ihpkrtgltn dn cgs tnolkck`ègs dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki ns prnvnlir cg huldk dn ulg
dnstruooiÿl ogtgstrÿjiog pksibcn

Nc priloipgc hétkdk pgrg ck`rgr nstn kbantivk ns prkpkroiklgr nduogoiÿl g cks dnhçs skbrn tnolkck`ègs
dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki

Dn gounrdk okl nc pcgl dnc Orngdkr skbrn nc dnsgrrkcck ntnrlg dn ogdg ildividuk nl cg okloinloig,
okhk ul ncnhnltk dn cg okloinloig dnc huldk, pgrnon snr huy ihpkrtgltn jgotkr nl cg orngoiÿl dn
nvnltks juturks

Cg hkrgc dn cg nlsn÷glzg dnstgog @ri`kri @rgbkvki dn qun ogdg ildividuk rnoibn cg vnrdgdnrg cibnrtgd
dnc Orngdkr g trgvés dn ulg jkrhg pnrsklgc orngtivg dn pgrtioipgltns nl nvnltks juturks
 

Cg lnonsidgd dn dijusiÿl dn cg nlsn÷glzg iltn`rgdg okl cg sgcvgoiÿl huldigc y prnstgoiÿl dn ul

dnsgrrkcck grhkliksk ntnrlg nl cg qun ogdg ildividuk ns ul pgrtioipgltn orngtivk nl cks nvnltks dnc
huldk dn gounrdk g cg cny dnc Orngdkr.

Cg nlsn÷glzg @rgbkvki lk nstç nl okltrgdiooiÿl

okltrgdiooiÿl okl cks priloipiks dn cgs rnci`iklns juldghnltgcn
juldghnltgcnss k
oklonptks, y sn onltrg nl ulg jkrhg orngtivg, dnc dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk sil dnstruooiÿl. _n`ñl @rgbkvki g
trgvés dn cg oklonltrgoiÿl hnltgc y okhprnlsiÿl dn cg dilçhiog nltrn cks gokltnoihinltks nxtnrlks y
nc huldk ns pksibcn dkhilgr cg tnolkck`èg dn okltrkc dn nvnltks. Éc dnsgrrkccÿ nanroioiks hnltgcns dn
oklonltrgoiÿl qun sn gpciogl g dijnrnltns pgrtns dnc ounrpk. Ogdg snounloig luhériog ns ulg
okhbilgoiÿl nspnoèjiog dn dè`itks gsè cg oklonltrgoiÿ
o klonltrgoiÿll okl snounloigs luhériogs pnrhitn cg
ourgoiÿl dnbidk g qun ogdg snounloig luhériog rnprnsnltg ul oÿdi`k dn vibrgoiÿl pgrg cg
lkrhgcizgoiÿl dn cgs okldioiklns nl nc kr`glishk. –Ougcquinr nljnrhndgd gpgrnon okhk
oklsnounloig dn cg dnsvigoiÿl dn cg lkrhg. Nc dnsnquicibrik dn cgs okldioiklns lkrhgcns sn pundn
prkduoir nl nc livnc dn oncdgs snpgrgdgs, ÿr`glk dnc ounrpk pkr snpgrgdk, k nc kr`glishk. Cg ourgoiÿl
dn cg nljnrhndgd si`lijiog nc rntkrlk g cg lkrhg. G trgvés dn cg oklonltrgoiÿl nl cg okhbilgoiÿl
luhériog qun ulg gcilngoiÿl vibrgtkrig dn su nstgdk okrpkrgc qun ns cg lkrhg (dn sgcud). Okhk
rnsuctgdk dn ulg nljnrhndgd sn ourg. –- @rgbkvki @..
 

GLTN_ DN OKHNLQGR
Ns huy ihpkrtgltn qun gltns dn okhnlzgr tnl`ghks oklkoihinltk dn gc`ulks oklonptks
juldghnltgcns dn cg nlsn÷glzg dn @rgbkvki.

@rgbkvki
prkjuldgr lks dion
nl su qun susÿck
nstudik, dkotrilg ns ulggprkxihgldk
gsè irnhks Oinloig y okhk tgc dnbnhks
lunstrg dndiogr
okloinloig tinhpk pgrg
g cg pnrjnooiÿl dnglunstrg
Gchg.
Dnbnhks tnlnr huy ocgrk qun cg jilgcidgd priloipgc dn nstks nstudiks ns cg _gcvgoiÿl @ckbgc y nc
Dnsgrrkcck Grhkliksk.
Gc okckogr nl prçotiog cg nlsn÷glzg dn @. @rgbkvki okl sus hétkdks
h étkdks dn Okltrkc/ Uicktga
Uicktgans
ns nto. Uinlsn
nl nc Dnsgrrkcck Grhkliksk y okltilñk dn lksktrks okhk snrns ildividugcns y cg muhglidgd aultks
okhk ul Tkdk!

LKRHG
^l oklonptk rncnvgltn y qun tnldrnhks sinhprn prnsnltn ns cg pgcgbrg " Lkrhg " qun ns usgdg
tkdgs cgs vnons qun cks gokltnoihinltks y/k situgoiklns lnonsitgl snr nquicibrgdgs dnltrk dnc jcuak dnc
pcgl ulivnrsgc y dn cg okloinloig.

CG TRICK@ÈG GCHG-N_UIRIT^ Y OKLOINLOIG

_n`ñl cg nlsn÷glzg dn @rgbkvki, nc gchg dnc mkhbrn orngdg pkr Diks y ulg sustgloig gbskcutghnltn
divilg, pkr supunstk ilhkrtgc, viloucgdg okl Diks, y okltinln tkdks cks oklkoihinltks skbrn
tkdk. Rnoibn cks jckaks divilks y pnrjnotks qun skl trglshitidks pgrg lunstrg okloinloig g trgvés dn
lunstrk nspèritu.

Nc Nspèritu qun
nstruoturg ns vistk
mgonokhk ulg gooiÿl
nc trglspkrtn dn dnc Gchg, éc ns cg nstruoturg
cgs iljkrhgoiklns dn lunstrgqun okltrkcg
Gchg cg okloinloig
okloinloig.
pgrg lunstrg . Ns cggquè
okloinloig,
nl nc ounrpk jèsiok.
Cg okloinloig ns ul ilstruhnltk dnc gchg pgrg hglijnstgrsn, pgrg kpnrgr nl nc nspgoik jèsiok. Cg
okloinloig ns tghbiél ul nlcgon nltrn nc gchg y nc ounrpk jèsiok.
Nc nstgdk dn cg okloinloig rnjcnag tghbiél nc nstgdk dn lunstrk onrnbrk. Cgs téoliogs dn @rgbkvki
kjrnonl ulg oklorntg pksibicidgd dn dnsgrrkccgr cg okloinloig (éc dion nstruoturgrcg).
^ticizgldk cks hétkdks dn Oklonltrgoiÿl dn @rgbkvki, cnynldk sus cibrks, sn `nlnrg ul bik sn÷gc nl cg
okloinloig dnc mkhbrn qun trgn g lunstrg rngcidgd kbantivg cg Lkrhg dnc Orngdkr.
 

@nstiÿ
@nst iÿl
l (OK
(OKLTR
LTRKC)
KC) dn cg rngcidgd sn ccnvg g ogbk pkr cg okloinloig g trgvés dn cg orngoiÿl y
cg pnronpoiÿl
kbantk ÿptiog dn
dn cg rngcidgd. cgs ihç`nlns
Y pkr sihbÿcioghnltn
cg gooiÿl dirnotg dnsi`lgdgsdn
nl cg trglsjkrhgoiÿl g ul nvnltk
nstg k ulg
ihg`nl situgoiÿl
ÿptiog k ul nc
g cg lkrhg,
kbantk jèsiok k nvnltk oghbig. Cg hnakr jkrhg pgrg nstn kbantivk ns cg Nsjnrg.
Cg grhklizgoiÿl dn ougcquinr situgoiÿl k cg sgcud sn prkduon g trgvés dn cg iljcunloig dn nstgs
nstruoturgs sihbÿciogs dn cg lkrhg gbskcutg - dnbidk gc jcuak dn cg ntnrlidgd, nc ghkr y cg cuz dn Diks.
Y tghbiél g trgvés dn cgs trglsjkrhgoik
trglsjkrhgoiklns
lns rngcizgdgs pkr cg okloinloig okl cgs jkrhgs dn okltrkc, k
oghbigldk cgs okhbilgoiklns dn okckr cks nvnltks qun sn lnonsitgl grhklizgr. Ukr nanhpck1 sn pundn
ihg`ilgr gc`ulg nljnrhndgd okhk cg nsjnrg dn okckr hgrrÿl, pnrk nl su hnltn oghbigrç nc okckr g
pcgtg briccgltn. Nstk si`lijiog qun nc prkbcnhg sn mg trglsjkrhgdk g pksitivk.
Cgs Tnolkck`ègs kjrnoidgs sn ccnvgl g ogbk sil prnsiÿl, nl okldioikln
o kldioiklnss dn sicnloik. Cgs hnditgoiklns
gquè lk skl lnonsgrigs.

Trgtn dn dnsgrrkccgr ulg sn`uldg visiÿl.

Gquè mgy ulg snrin dn lñhnrks nspnoigcns, ck qun pnrhitn ul tinhpk okrtk pgrg ghpcigr cg gpnrturg dn
cg visiÿl nspiritugc.
_i tkdgvèg lk tinln ulg sn`uldg visiÿl, sÿck pundn ihg`ilgr (pkr nanhpck) ulg nsjnrg, y oghbigr
hnltgchnltn su okckr, jkrhg, nto.
_i ns dijèoic dn ihg`ilgr nstk, pundn sihpcnhnltn usgr ulg jrgsn k ulg dntnrhilgdg jkrhg (tgc okhk
ulg nsjnrg). Y tghbiél gsi`lgrcn oghbiks qun dnbnl prkduoirsn.
Nl ougcquinr ogsk, cg `nstiÿl sn`uirç sinldk gcoglzgr su rnsuctgdk.
_u hnltn, su okloinloig yg tinln tkdk. _ÿck tinln qun gotivgr su okloinloig nc usk dn ihç`nlns pgrg
pklnr nl prçotiog sus kbantivks1 tgltk g trgvés dn cgs jgsns cÿ`iogs y pkr hndik dn sus nstruoturgs
nspiritugcns - gchg, nspèritu.
 

Cg pnrsklg lk tinln cg nljnrhndgd nl cg jkrhg oglÿliog. Cg nljnrhndgd ns ulg iljkrhgoiÿl nxtnrlg.

Nl gc`ñl cu`gr sn mg pnrdidk dnltrk dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl dn cks kbantks qun sn okrrnspkldn okl cg
sgcudgbcn dn ustnd.
Ns lnonsgrik jkrhgr ulg lunvg okloinloig okcnotivg qun pkdnhks ourgr tkdk1 sn pundn ourgr nc
oçlonr, nc _IDG, cg oirrksis dnc mè`gdk, ornonl cks dinltns dkldn junrkl rntirgdks.
Ns ihpkrtgltn qun ul mkhbrn nljnrhk nlvèn g su prkpig iljkrhgoiÿl okl okljiglzg pcnlg gc mnomk dn
qun yg vnloiÿ g su nljnrhndgd, y tghbiél cg `nltn gcrndndkr dn éc, dnbn ornnrck jirhnhnltn, lk sÿck
nxtnrlghnltn silk tghbiél iltnrlghnltn. Y gsè ougcquinr nljnrhndgd snrç vnloidg.
Tkdgs cgs pnrsklgs tinlnl cg ogpgoidgd dn sglgr y snr sglgdks ilstgltçlnghnltn.
 

»W^N
»W^N N_ UICKTGA
UICKTGANN DN CG RNGCIDGD;  
G trgvés dn cg okloinloig sn orng ul punltn nltrn nc huldk nspiritugc y nc hgtnrigc. G trgvés dn cgs
gctnrgoiklns dnc nstgdk dn okloinloig, tghbiél sn pundn oghbigr cg hnltn y, pkr tgltk, cgs gooiklns y
cks gokltnoihinltks, ulg vnz qun nc gchg (huldk nspiritugc) nstç prnsnltn nl ogdg situgoiÿl. Ukr ck
tgltk, nc oghbik dn okloinloig gtrgn nc oghbik dn tkdks cks dnhçs ncnhnltks dnc huldk.
Ougldk sn –Krdnl
uticizg pgrg gprnldnDivilk‘
g nstgrknl
snggrhklèg iltnrikr
okhk lks mizk yncrn`rnsgr
orngdkr gg cg
su–Lkrhg‘
ihg`nl (ul térhilk qun
y snhnaglzg) nc Dr. @rgbkvki
rnstgurg gc
hishk tinhpk, su hndik ghbinltn,
ghbinltn, nstgbcnoiéldksn
nstgbcnoiéldksn nl grhklèg oklsi`oklsi`k
k hishk y vionvnrsg.
Ns g trgvés dn cg okloinloig qun sn tinln ulg kpkrtulidgd ñliog pgrg oghbigr y trglsjkrhgr cg
iljkrhgoiÿl ln`gtivg (ck qun nstg junrg dn cg –lkrhg‘) nl pksitivg (ck qun sn nlounltrg nl –krdnl
divilk‘).
Nstk ns ck qun @rgbkvki ccghg dn UICKTGAN DN CG RNGCIDGD K NANROIOIK_ DN
OKLONLTRGOIßL pgrg cg rnstgurgoiÿl dn cg –lkrhg‘ / Krdnl.
Tkdks cks kbantks nstçl ulidks g trgvés dn oghpks dn iljkrhgoiÿl, si ulg rncgoiÿl sn oghbig tghbiél
oghbig tkdk nc sistnhg6 Ukr ck tgltk, pkdnhks –picktngr‘ / okltrkcgr g trgvés dn lunstrg okloinloig y cg
pnronpoiÿl nstn oghpk dn iljkrhgoiÿl dnc mkhbrn.
_us nlsn÷glzgs nstçl krinltgdgs g ck qun éc ccghg –_gcvgoiÿl `ckbgc y nc Dnsgrrkcck grhkliksk‘.
Nstk si`lijiog qun nltrn hçs jrnounltn
jrnounltnhnltn
hnltn sngl uticizgdgs nstgs téoliogs pgrg cg rnskcuoiÿl dn cgs
tgrngs, hnakr snrç pgrg cg sgcvgoiÿl dn tkdks‘.
Jkrhg dn rngcizg
rngcizgrr nc Uicktgan
Uickt gan
-Ihg`ilgr ul rgyk dn cuz vilinldk dnsdn ck gctk (dnc iljilitk) y dnltrk dn nstn rgyk1
-Ihg`ilgrsn ulg nsjnrg bcglog-pcgtngdg dnltrk dn cg ougc dnbn snr dibuagdk nc pnlsghinltk dn
_gcvgoiÿl @ckbgc y Ntnrlk Dnsgrrkcck nl Grhklèg qun pundn snr gokhpg÷gdk okl cg ihg`nl dn cg
Tinrrg okl tkdg cg muhglidgd jnciz, sgcudgbcn y ntnrlg1 ^l Ugrgèsk Tnrrnstrn.
-Grribg dn nstg nsjnrg skbrnpklnr cg snounloig luhériog k ilocuircg dnltrk dn cg nsjnrg n dnspués
dirnooiklgr nstg nsjnrg gc cu`gr qun dnbn snr ourgdk, pkdnhks oghbigr nc tghg÷k okljkrhn lunstrg
ihg`ilgoiÿl n iltuioiÿl lks ck su`inrg.
Ugrg quinl tinln dijiouctgd dn ihg`ilgr cg nsjnrg pundn ihg`ilgr nstk ihg`ilgldk ulg cuz k ul bricck
(Okl nc tinhpk ns ihpkrtgltn gprnldnr g ihg`ilgr cg nsjnrg).
Ck ihpkrtgltn ns cg ILTNLOIßL qun nc pnlsghinltk-dnsnk prkynotgdk nl nc snltidk dn cg Cuz sng nc
dn qunrnr sgcvgr g cg muhglidgd y qun cg Tinrrg sn vuncvg ul Ugrgèsk.
Nl nstg ihg`nl dn cg nsjnrg-Cuz-Ugrgèsk-Jncioidgd dn tkdks pkdnhks ilsnrtgr cg snounloig luhériog
dnsngdg.
Dnspués nstg hishg nsjnrg pkdnhks okckogr lunstrgs ounstiklns pnrsklgcns.
-_i ck qun qunrnhks okrrn`ir lk ns cg sgcud y si ulg situgoiÿl, ul nvnltk dn vidg nltklons cg –Nsjnrg
dnc pgrgèsk‘ snrç nlvigdg pgrg ulg nsonlg pnrjnotg dn cg ougc ihg`ilghks. Y gmkrg qun tnlnhks cg
situgoiÿl pnrjnotg qun dnsnghks dnltrk dn cg nsjnrg pkdnhks okltilugr ‘ilsnrtgldk‘ cgs snounloigs
ildiogdgs pgrg nc ogsk okl nc rnsuctgdk ildiogdk.
Ns ul prkonsk orngtivk, pkrqun ogdg quinl pundn ihg`ilgrck dn jkrhg dijnrnltn. Dn mnomk @rgbkvki
lks dion qun dnbnhks snr orngtivks.
Gsè pkdnhks rnsuhir cks juldghnltks
juldghnltks priloipgcns1 –Ougltk hçs pnlsghks nl nc binl dn cks dnhçs y
dnhkstrghks lunstrg iltnloiÿl dn okcgbkrgr okl Diks nl su prkynotk dn binlnstgr pgrg cg muhglidgd
ns qun oklsn`uihks
–nltklons, ougldk cg cks rnsuctgdks
hntg priloipgc,qun dnsnghks
g trgvés pgrg lksktrks
dn cg okloinloig hishks‘. Nc
ns dnstilgdg rnstk
g cg ns orngtividgd
_GCZGOIKL …
@CKBGC,
 

y cg bgsn dn nstn prkonsk ns nc ORNGDKR (nstk ns cg cuz ulivnrsgc dn cg ougc tkdk sur`n), ns ougldk
gdquirihks ulg junrzg rngchnltn pkdnrksg‘ nl ktrgs pgcgbrgs –Ougldk cgs vibrgoiklns dn lunstrks
pnlsghinltks okrrnspkldnl g nstn kbantivk, pkr nanhpck, ougldk nc kbantivk ns nc dn prnvnlir pksibcns
ogtçstrkjns, ul pnlsghinltk qun pkdrèg snr okhñl sn tkrlg pkdnrksk y ns ogpgz dn oghbigr cg
rngcidgd –… @. U. @rgbkvki.
-Nc mkrgrik dn ”Jcuak Divilk’ qun @rgbkvki rnokhinldg ns dn cgs 22155 g cgs 2?155 mkrgs (Mkrgrik ckogc),
pnrk lunstrg Okloinloig ns tgl Hgrgviccksg qun si lk junrgl cgs 22155 mrs, bgstg hirgr nc rncka y mgonr
dn ounltg qun skl cgs 22155 mkrgs!. Ukdnhks lgvn`gr nl cg cèlng dnc tinhpk g Zkcultgd!  
_gcvgoiÿl @ckbgc y Dnsgrrkcck nl Grhklèg lk ns ulg sihpcn jrgsn. Nc huldk sn nlounltrg nl ul
hkhnltk huy dnciogdk, cg tinrrg y cg muhglidgd nstçl oghbigldk dn Nstgdk vibrgtkrik. @rgbkvki lks
dion qun ns lnonsgrik dnsgrrkccgr cg okloinloig rçpidghnltn pgrg qun nstg sn gdgptn g cg lunvg
rngcidgd qun nstç ccn`gldk.
Ugrg qun cks oghbiks nl nc huldk sn dnsgrrkccnl nl ulg prk`rnsiÿl `nkhétriog. Y nl ul dntnrhilgdk
pultk snrçl tgl rçpidgs y goncnrgdgs qun pgrg qun nxistg ulg gdgptgoiÿl g nstgs lunvgs vibrgoiklns
snrç lnonsgrik rnnstruoturgr cg okloinloig.
Nltklons si lksktrks ornnhks qun okl nsn nltnldihinltk ‟ nl ougltk g cg –nsjnrg dn Ugrgèsk‘-okhk
ul binl rngchnltn ihpkrtgltn pgrg lksktrks, pgrg lunstrks jghicigrns n pgrg tkdk nc huldk nltklons
pgrtioipghks dn cg gooiÿl dn Diks y nsk pkr si skck jkrtgcnon nc picktgan.
Ktrk pultk ihpkrtgltn1 Ns lnonsgrik dnsgrrkccgr cg okloinloig y pgrg nsk tnlnhks cks nanroioiks pgrg
ogdg dèghns
Hns pkr dnc hns.
cg ogcidgd dnc picktgan snrç okhpcntghnltn
okhpcntghnltn dijnrnltn y gsè okl nc pgsgr dnc tinhpk snrç
hçs y hçs. Nl ul pultk dntnrhilgdk nstg prçotiog sn vkcvnrç lgturgc y huomk hçs g`rgdgbcn.
Lgturgchnltn okhnlzgrnhks g nlokltrgrlks nl ul nstgdk hçs ncnvgdk, ul pkok hnditgtivk –Nc
nstgdk dn picktgan‘ okhk dion @rgbkvki.
Ougldk nstk pgsn lk snrç lnonsgrik mgonr hçs nsjunrzks li visugcizgoiklns, nlokltrçldksn nl nstn
nstgdk bgstgrç qunrnr y gsè snrç dn cg hglnrg okhk sn dnsnn.
 

 
 

 
 ÇRNG_
 Ç RNG_ ONROGL
ONRO GLG_
G_ Y RNHKTG_
RNHKTG _ DN CG
C G OKLOINLOIG
OKLOINLOI G
»Wué si`lijiog; »Wué skl cgs çrngs onroglgs y rnhktgs dn cg okloinloig;
Çrngs Onroglgs dn cg okloinloig..-Ougldk
okloinloig..-Ougldk ulg jrgooiÿl nxgotg dn cg okloinloig nstç dnltrk dn lunstrk
gcoglon dn oklkoihinltk (lk gbstrgotks), ns iljkrhgoiÿl qun yg pksnnhks skbrn ougcquinr tnhg, cg
gooiÿl,
rkdng, gccgi`ugc
situgoiÿl, y gsè
qun ktrg suonsivghnltn.
iljkrhgoiÿl Nstk ns
qun mnhks ck qundn
rnoibidk vnhks, nsouomghks,
distiltgs snltihksns
junltns (nsouomgr, qun lks TZ,
dnoir,
nto.).
Cgs çrngs distgltns k rnhktgs dn cg oklsoinloig ns iljkrhgoiÿl qun sÿck pundn snr rnoibidk pkr
lksktrks, ns cg iljkrhgoiÿl qun pkdnhks kbtnlnr dn ktrgs junltns, y nstk ilocuyn ul oklkoihinltk
gbstrgotk. Ukr nanhpck, nc oklkoihinltk dn ougcquinr nstrnccg dn ulg oklstncgoiÿl okhk Gcjg Onltgurk
ns cg jrgooiÿl
j rgooiÿl distgltn dn lunstrg okloinloig. _n trgtg, bçsioghnltn, dn qun cg iljkrhgoiÿl gonrog dn
gc`k huy gbstrgotk. Ougldk sÿck pkdnhks gdivilgr dn qué sn trgtg…. Cg okloinloig tinln ul okckr
dkrgdk ocgrk. "Cgs çrngs rnhktgs dn okloinloig prkpkroiklgl ul rçpidk prkonsghinltk dn cg
iljkrhgoiÿl. Ukr ck tgltk nc qun ustnd uticion zklgs gcnagdgs dn cg okloinloig, pundn mgonr cks nvnltks
dn okltrkc y cg rnoupnrgoiÿl dn jkrhg huy njiogz y rçpidg dn prkonsghinltk dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl".
 

 
DN_GRRKCCK
DN_GRRKCC K NTNRLK Y RNA^ZNLNLOIHINL
RNA^ZNLNLOIHINLTK!
TK!
Gmkrg ns ul tinhpk lunvk, ulg lunvg nrg, ougldk ulg pnrsklg yg lk lnonsitg dnagr su ounrpk jèsiok.
Cg pnrsklg pundn tkhgr cg dnoisiÿl dn qun gbskcutghnltn gonptg su ounrpk jèsiok, qun pundn
dnsgrrkccgrsn okl éc y huomk hçs. Ukr ck tgltk, nstg pnrsklg jirhg okl Diks nc lunvk okltrgtk dn qun
vivirç pgrg Nltklons
dn tgrngs. sinhprn, rnauvnlnonrsn
nc ounrpk dn cgypnrsklg
qun, `rgoigs g nstn ounrpk
okhnlzgrç jèsiok vgy gmgbrç
g rnauvnlnonr6 rnskcvnr
ulg ulg `rgl ogltidgd
rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn
tkdk nc ounrpk.
Cks qun ornnl qun pgrg cg
sgcvgoiÿl, y cg vidg ntnrlg
dnsdn nc pultk dn vistg dn
cgs Tnolkck`ègs
dn cg Hgork _gcvgoiÿl
dnbnl snr aÿvnlns
rnauvnlnonrçl rçpidghnltn.
Mgy ul pultk dn vistg, ulg
pksioiÿl nl cg qun sn ornn
qun cks- sn
vinaks aÿvnlns k ulg
nstgbcnon
oinrtg ndgd g cg qun ulg
pnrsklg- dnbnl
rngcizgr tgc k ougc gooiÿl.
Y nl cg okloinloig
okcnotivg dn nstgs jgsns
(aÿvnlns k vinaks) - sn
nstgbcnonl oinrtks
oghilks y gc`ulks
hgroks qun ogptgl ulg
nspnoin dn sistnhg
prkhndik lkrhgcizgdk dn cg pnronpoiÿl.
Nstk si`lijiog qun ns lnonsgrik oghbigr cg okloinloig okcnotivg. Y dnoidirsn g lk nlvnanonr, g oghbigr
cg hnltn. Lk tkhgr ul dk`hg oklvnloiklgc.
»Ouçc ns cg ndgd dn cg hnltn muhglg;
_i su okloinloig ck pnrhitn, sn pundn ccn`gr g ulg ndgd huomk hnlkr nl nc hkhnltk, sinhprn qun ck
dnsnn. Tkdk dnpnldn dn oÿhk sn gdgptg gc hndik ghbinltn. Cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl ns ul prkonsk dn ulg
rnoupnrgoiÿl okhpcntg. Tkdk nc huldk dnbn nstgr sglk, akvnl y jnciz.
Gccè nstç cg vnrdgdnrg rngcidgd - nc huldk dn cg ntnrlg auvnltud y bnccnzg. Cks snrns muhglks
dndiogdks gc rnauvnlnoihinltk n ilioigldk cg vnrdgdnrg rngcidgd pkr sè hishg. Cg prn`ultg ns1 »Wué
tipk dn nquipgan dn "okloinloig okcnotivg" sn onltrÿ nl su okloinloig pnrsklgc;
Cg okloinloig okcnotivg ns cg okloinloig ulijiogdg dn tkdgs cgs pnrsklgs. Nxistnl pultks dn vistg
nstgbcnoidgs gonrog dn tkdk.
Ogdg mkhbrn tinln sus prkpigs idngs gonrog dn tkdk y dijnrnloigs dnsdn nc pultk dn vistg dn cks ktrks.
NC pultk dn vistg prkhndik rnsuctgltn k oklonpoiÿl- ns ulg rnprnsnltgoiÿl okcnotivg. Y pkr ck tgltk ns
pnroibidk pkr cg `nltn okhk ulg rngcidgd kbantivg.
 

Mgy dks rngcidgdns1

7.- Cg qun nxistn nl lunstrg hnltn6
2.- Cg qun ns ulg rngcidgd junrg dn cg hnltn, ck qun pnroibihks okhk gc`k nstgbcn.
Tkdks cks ncnhnltks dnc huldk skl orngdks pkr cg okloinloig okcnotivg dn cgs pnrsklgs.
_i gc hnlks ulg pgrtn dn cg okloinloig okcnotivg oghbig, nc huldk nhpnzgrç g oghbigr, g
trglsjkrhgrsn.
Cg
UkrOkloinloig
ck tgltk, cg gjnotg
hgtnrigcgdnpnldn
hgtnrig skbrn
dn cg cg rngcidgd jèsiog.
okloinloig. Ukr ck tgltk, bgsçldksn nl cg okloinloig okcnotivg
pundn oghbigr cg Tinrrg, nc nspgoik, ktrks huldks.
 

_^_TIT^OIßL
_^_TIT^OIßL DN ILJK
ILJKRHGOIßL
RHGOIßL NL C
CGG OKLOIN
OKLOINLOIG
LOIG OKC
OKCNOTIZG
NOTIZG
Nc mkhbrn tinln ulg tgrng pgrg sgcir dn cg iljcunloig dn cg okloinloig okcnotivg gotugc. Ns lnonsgrik
supnrgr cg vnckoidgd dn dn`rgdgoiÿl bikcÿ`iog qun mg sidk `rgbgdk nl lunstrgs hnltns. Tkdg cg
oklonpoiÿl dn cg vidg tinln oklsnounloigs nl nc livnc `nlétiok. _istnhg dn njnotks ns junrtn y
pkdnrksk nl cg okloinloig okcnotivg. Cg pnrsklg dnbnrèg ghpcigr su livnc dn okloinloig g rntirgrsn dn
cg okloinloig
dn okcnotivg
cg nxpglsiÿl (OO). Dnbnhks
dn cg okloinloig. Dnltrkgdquirir
dn OOul hgykr
g ul livncnsdnsÿck
mkhbrn vibrgoiÿl, g snr hçs
ul ncnhnltk. "ci`nrg",
G trgvés g trgvés
dn cg
nxpglsiÿl dn su oklsoinloig, gbgldklg cg OO. Ugrg ncck, sustituyg cg jkrhgoiÿl dn cg okloinloig g cg
nstruoturg dn cg "ntnrlg".
 

_NRIN_ L^HÉRIOG_ DN O^RG

Ogdg prk
Ogdg prkbcnhg
bcnhg tinln ulg snrin luhério g. Og Ogdg
dg situ goiÿl p undn nxprnsgrsn nl lñhnrks . Cg
ogpgoidgd dn di`itgcizgr
di` itgcizgr nc prkbc
prkbcnhg
nhg vinln nl nc prkonsk
prkonsk.. _
_ii cgs oijr
oijrgs
gs mgl okhnlzgdk g vibrgr-
ul sk ck dè`itk k tkdg cg snoun
snounloig,
loig, n
nss ulg sn÷gc dn qun ustnd mg g gprnldidk
prnldidk g " Di`itg
Di`itgcizg
cizgr"
r" sus
prkbcnhgs oktidiglks. 
@ri`kri @rgbkvki
oklonltrçldksn
oklonltrçld mg cks
ksn nl pubciogdk dksy cibrks
lñhnrks" ihpkrtgltns
"Hétkdks skbrn nstnpgrg
dn oklonltrgoiÿl tnhg1 "Rn`nlnrgoiÿl
ogdg dn@rgbkvki
dèg". Nl nstks cg sgcud
nsoribn skbrn su "_nrins luhériogs dn ourg" y oÿhk trgbgagl pgrg gyudgr g cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn
ÿr`glks1
Ogdg lñhnrk tinln ulg vibrgoiÿl nstruoturgc nlér`iog y nspiritugc, ogdg ulk okl su prkpig njiogoig y
tktgchnltn ildnpnldinltn dnc idikhg qun sn mgbcg nl nc lñhnrk. ^lg vibrgoiÿl nstruoturgc sihicgr
tghbiél sn nlounltrg dntrçs dn ogdg pgcgbrg y ogdg sklidk guditivk. Ck hishk sn gpciog g ulg snrin
dn lñhnrks, okhk ogdg lñhnrk vibrg nl ulg dntnrhilgdg jrnounloig. _nrin dn lñhnrks tinlnl su
prkpik okrrncgoiklgldk cg vibrgoiÿl nstruoturgc.
Cgs çrngs dn oklkoihinltk nstçl oklnotgdgs okl cks lñhnrks. Gc oklonltrgrsn nl cks lñhnrks, cgs
vibrgoiklns sn gotivgrçl nl nstgs çrngs. Nl oklsnounloig, nc lñhnrk ns ul hétkdk sÿcidk dn 'okltrkc'.
Cgs oijrgs tghbiél nstçl iltnroklnotgdgs pkr nc okltrkc, okl nc livnc nspiritugc. Oklonltrçldksn nl cks
lñhnrks gyudg gc dnsgrrkcck dnc nspèritu y cg nxpglsiÿl dn cks livncns dn okloinloig.
'Cgs snrins Luhériogs‘ gyudgl g nstruoturgr lunstrk livnc dn okloinloig qun ns cg pcgtgjkr
pcgtgjkrhg
hg pgrg nc
okltrkc dn lunstrg sgcud y nvnltks. Hinltrgs sn onltrg nl cks lñhnrks, snr huy oklsoinltns dn su
ounrpk pkr cg snlsgoiÿl y vnrck okhk tktgchnltn y okhpcntghnltn sglk. Nstk ns oruoigc pgrg ulg
rçpidg rnoupnrgoiÿl y vkcvnr g cg lkrhg. Nstgr gbinrtks y rnonptivks g nstn sil`ucgr prkonsk orngtivk. Nc
kbantivk sinhprn ns cg lkrhg, y cg lkrhg ns cg ilioigc, ilvgrigbcn k èltn`rgs nstgdk nspiritugc.
Nc hétkdk dn @rgbkvki "_nrins luhériogs dn ourg‘ pgrg ourgr nljnrhndgdns ns tgl sihpcn okhk
njiogz. Nl su prihnr cibrk lkhbrg g vgrigs nljnrhndgdns y gsi`lg g ogdg ulk ulg snrin luhériog
ñliog y nspnoèjiog. Nstgs snrins pundnl oklsistir dn oilok, sintn, komk k lunvn dè`itks. Dinz, klon k
dkon dè`itks nxistnl pgrg nc okltrkc dn cks gokltnoihinltks. Oklonltrçldksn nl ul lñhnrk nspnoèjiok
ustnd hishk sn gyudg g sglgr dn nstg nljnrhndgd.
Nltklons, sur`n cg prn`ultg1 »Ukr qué nstn hétkdk ns tgl sihpcn okhk njiogz;
- Ougcquinr nljnrhndgd ns ulg di`rnsiÿl dn cg lkrhg. Nstg di`rnsiÿl pundn snr nxprnsgdg nl vgrigs
oncdgs ildividugcns y nl gskoigoiklns dn oécucgs nltnrgs okhk ÿr`glks k nl cgs juloiklns nsnloigcns
dn tkdk nc kr`glishk. Ugrg ourgr ulg nljnrhndgd rngchnltn si`lijiog vkcvnr g cg lkrhg. Cg snrin
luhériog jgoicitg nstn rn`rnsk. Onltrçldksn nl nccks cn gyudg g gaustgr gc nstgdk, qun ns ccg g lkrhg, ck
qun rnsuctg nl cg ourgoiÿl dn cg nljnrhndgd
Nc lñhnrk lk skl sihpcnhnltn si`lks hgtnhçtioks, skl cg nlnr`èg dnc Orngdkr. ^stnd pundn ourgr cgs
nljnrhndgdns okl dntnrhilgdks oklaultks dn lñhnrks.
Uundn sncnooiklgr ul lñhnrk dn cibrk dn @. U. @rgbkvki nl okljkrhidgd okl cg nljnrhndgd, ck pusk
nl nc oghpk, hnltgchnltn rnduon nc tghg÷k dn ul pultk, y nstg ourg dn vibrgoiÿl pgrg nltrgr nl nc
ounrpk y dnagrck gccè pkr gc`ñl tinhpk.
Uundn ustnd ihg`ilgrsn ul lñhnrk k ulg snrin dn lñhnrks pgrg rnprnsnltgr nl ulg cuz dijnrnltn y nc
okckr. ^stnd pundn nsoribir. ^stnd pundn sihpcnhnltn rnokrdgr y rnpntir. _nrin luhériog pundn snr nc
 

vkcuhnl nl ul okckr bcglok pcgtngdk, nltrgr nl ul ÿr`glk dn cg pnrsklg nljnrhg pkr ulk k tkdks g cg
vnz. _nrin luhériog ns hnakr pgrg au`gr nl nc oghpk dn cg pnronpoiÿl (nl jrnltn dn ustnd).
Cgs snrins luhériogs tinlnl ul ihpgotk nl nc ounrpk gul sil
s il oklonltrgrsn nl nccks. Unrk
oklonltrçldksn
oklonltrçld ksn nl nstks lñhnrks, nc ihpgotk ns huomk hgykr.
"… Ogdg nljnrhndgd ns ulg dnsvigoiÿl dn cg lkrhg. Cgs dnsvigoiklns dn cg lkrhg nl cgs oécucgs u
ÿr`glks, k dn tkdk nc kr`glishk. Cg rnoupnrgoiÿl dn cg nljnrhndgd si`lijiog ul rntkrlk g cg
lkrhgcidgd
dnoirsn dntrçs
gonrog dn cgdnsnounloig
ogdg lñhnrk ns nrks
cg okrrnspkldinltn
dn lñhnrks
lñh y onltrgrsn nlnstruoturg dn vibrgoiklns.
cg snounloig dn dè`it
dè`itks Ck hishk
ks ildiog pundn
cg gjilgoiÿl.
Gsihishk, okhk nc sklidk dn ul digpgsÿl gjilgldk ilstruhnltks husiogcns...
(@ri`kri @rgbkvki)
 

_i`lijiogdk dn cks lñhnrks sn`ñl @rg

@rgbkvki
bkvki
Ogdg lñhnrk okrrnspkldn g ulg vibrgoiÿl k gotk, rnprnsnltgdk gquè g trgvés dn ul vnrbk nl `nruldik
pgrg jgoicitgr cg hnltgcizgoiÿl dkldn lk vnhks sÿck nc lñhnrk nl sè, silk tghbiél su okrrnspkldnloig
dn gounrdk g su vibrgoiÿl.

OKHK _N
_N CNNL C
CK_
K_ N_UGOIK_ N
NL
L CG_
C G_ _NO^NLOIG_;
"... G jil dn goncnrgr cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn cg hgtnrig dnc ounrpk muhglk, pundn okhpgrgr cgs çrngs dn
okltnlidk nl ogdg snounloig luhériog pgrg cks qun sn nlounltrgl nltrn cgs pgcgbrgs dn ulg jrgsn. Dn
nstg hglnrg, ogdg `rupk dn dè`itks - snpgrgdgs pkr ul nspgoik - qun okhprnldn cg snounloig dn
lñhnrks, sn pundn oklsidnrgr ulg pgcgbrg, qun nloinrrg nc . Juloiklghinltk lkrhgc dn cg hgtnrig,
qun okrrnspkldn g cg snounloig okhpcntg dn lñhnrks qun gc iltnltgr tkhgr nstg pgcgbrg, ns pksibcn
gdivilgr nc livnc dnc Orngdkr, qun hkcdng cg hgtnrig dn tkdk nc kr`glishk y cg qun okrrnspkldn g cg
snounloig dn lñhnrks.
Cg cuz qun dg vidg g cg hgtnrig okrrnspkldinltn g ulg snounloig dn lñhnrks sn distribuyn dn gounrdk
okl cgs cnyns dn cg ÿptiog dn tkdg cg hgtnrig nl nc ounrpk muhglk y nl nc hndik ghbinltn oirouldgltn
y ns pkr nstg rgzÿl qun gc`ulks snltihinltks y nhkoiklns skl pnroibidks okhk nxtnrlks g lunstrks
ounrpks... "
.. "Gc oklonltrgrsn nl nccks durgltn ul pnrèkdk dn tinhpk sujioinltn, sn pundn snltir y" vnr "cgs
vibrgoiklns qun prkduonl, okhk si tkhgrgl cg jkrhg dn ulg hnckdèg. Nstg ns ulg okldioiÿl nspiritugc.
 

Lk mgy pgcgbrgs sujioinltns pgrg dnsoribirck, sÿck pundn snr nxpnrihnltgdk. Cg pgcgbrg qun mn tnlidk
nc dnsnk dn nsoribir nl nstks nspgoiks ns nspèritu‘.

CG_
CG _ OG^_G_ DN CG NLJ
NLJNRH
NRHNDGD
NDGD
Ugrg ogdg nljnrhndgd nxistn ulg ogusg, ul gokltnoihinltk rnspnotivk nl cg vidg dnc snr muhglk qun
ogusg oinrtgs nhkoikln
nhkoiklns.
s.
Nsgs nhkoiklns dn Ghkr, gcn`règ, tristnzg kdik, rnsnltihinltk, sujrihinltk, ogusgl ktrks
gokltnoihinltks.
Okljkrhn g cg nhkoiÿl prihgrig, cks gokltnoihinltks dn dnsgrrkccgl dn jkrhg pksitivg k ln`gtivg. Nc
snr muhglk oklkon dks nhkoiklns bçsiogs1 GHKR Y HINDK. Nc snr muhglk sinhprn tinln qun
dnoidirsn pkr ulg dn nsgs dks ogtn`krègs bçsiogs.
G pgrtir dnc hkhnltk nl qun cg nhkoiÿl nstç sinldk rnoklkoidg, nstg pundn snr trglsjkrhgdg. Ogdg
 auz`ghinltk hilñsouck lgon dn cg nhkoiÿl
nhkoiÿl bçsiog ddnc
nc hindk, `nlnrgld
`nlnrgldkk gsè gokltnoihinltks
gokltnoihinltks
ln`gtivks k hgtnrig dg÷ilg. Gsè, cgs nhkoiklns dnc snr muhglk dntnrhilgl su dnstilk y ulg gctnrgoiÿl
dn cgs nhkoiklns trglsjkrhg nc dnstilk.
Cgs nxpnrinloigs ln`gtivgs k hglijnstgoiklns ildnsngdgs
ildnsngdgs dn cg hgtnrig si`lijiog cg –LK
UNRONUOIÒL‘
dn dnsnloicck1
okltrkc ns huy Diks nl nstn tipk dn rngcidgd
rngcidgd y bckqung cg trglsjkrhgoiÿl dnsngd
dnsngdg.
g. Nc hnoglishk
• Dnan dn auz`gr pgrg lk snr auz`gdk.
• Unrdkln y pidg pnrdÿl.
• Gonptn su prkpig vidg okl g`rgdnoihinltk.
• Ghkr ilokldioiklgc dn ustnd hishk y dn cks ktrks
 

OKHK OKHNLQGR OKL NC HÉTKDK DN

@RI@KRI @RGBKZKI;

7) Cks lñhnrks
Mgbcghks dn ulgnstçl gotivks,
oinloig y qunlktinln
skl cgornnloigs k ul
juloiÿl dn tipk dn ritugc.
grhklizgr tkdks cks gspnotks dn lunstrg vidg, yg
sng nl su sgcud, psiokck`èg, rncgoikl
rncgoiklns,
ns, ln`koiks... nl jil tkdgs cgs çrngs. Cgs Zisugcizgoiklns skl
rnokhnldgdgs pkr nanhpck visugcizgr cg snounloig luhériog sgcinldk dn ul rgyk dn cuz n
icuhilçldksn.
Ihg`èlnsn cgs snounloigs dn lñhnrks nl ?D y dn prnjnrnloig nl okckr pcgtg briccgltn.
Trgbgagr okl okckrns tghbiél sn rnokhinldg. Ihg`èlnsn cks lñhnrks dn su okckr jgvkritk k qun nc okckr
qun vinln g cg hnltn (mgy okckrns rnokhnldgdks pgrg cg`ulgs nljnrhndgdns).

•  Tghbiél pundn dgr hkvihinltk g cks lñhnrks, ihg`ilçldksn qun sn nstirgl, sn snpgrgl y
cun`k sn ulnl nl ul pultk, nto. Uundn ihg`ilgr cks lñhnrks nl ulg nsjnrg / pncktg. G
okltilugoiÿl, iltrkduoir cg nsjnrg pnqun÷g nl nc ounrpk, nl nc cu`gr dkldn cn duncn, pkr nanhpck.
•

  Ihg`èlnsn cgs snounloigs

ccuvig. _i ustnd dnokckr
quinrn dgr ul lñhnrks
pcgtgnl
g cgcg cuz,
ogbnzg
snrçygñl
cun`k qun ognl skbrn ustnd okhk cg
hnakr!
•  Uundn nsoribir cks lñhnrks hnltgchnltn nl nl uulg
lg lubn. Nstg jkrhg dn oklonltrgo
oklonltrgoiÿl
iÿl ns huy
bunlg, pkrqun gquè ustnd sn oklonltrg nl cgs snounloigs luhériogs y nl çrngs rnhktgs dn cg
okloinloig gc hishk tinhpk. Oklonltrçldksn nl cgs zklgs gcnagdgs dn cg okloinloig cks
rnsuctgdks snrçl gñl hçs rçpidks.
•  Lktg1 _i sn oklonltrg nl çrng
çrngss rnhktgs dn cg okloinloig, nncc rnsuctg
rnsuctgdk
dk ns huomk hçs rçpidk yy,,
pkr tgltk, cg ourgoiÿl pundn kourrir ilocusk hçs rçpidk. Okloéltrnsn, pkr nanhpck, nl cgs lubns,
cg culg, nc skc, cks pcglntgs, nl nc iljilitk...
•  Nsoribir cg snounloigs luluhériogs
hériogs nl ul pndpndgzkgzk dn pgpnc y dnagrcgs pn`gdgs nl ul vgsk
vgsk dn g`ug
durgltn ulks hilutks, pundn nsoribircgs nl cg bktnccg, ulg agrrg nto.
•  Cgs pundn ccnvgr nl nc bkcsicck dnc gbri`k, bkcsk, nto. Ugrg sinhprn pkdnr nomgr ul vistgzk.
•  Distribuir
Distribui r vgriks trkzks dn pgpnc okl cks lñhnrks nl nc mk`gr, kjioilg, okomn, nto.
•
  _n pundnl okc`gr cks lñhnrks, pkr nanhpck1
•  Nl cgs pgrndns, cgs punrtgs, nc rnjri`nrgdkr, nto. Dn tkdgs cgs jkrhgs, nl tkdks cks cu`grns!
•  Glktn cks lñhnrks y pklnrcks dnbgak dn cg gchkmgdg k nl cg oghg, dnaçldkcks "trgbgagr" pkr cg
lkomn.
•  Nsoribir lñhnrks
lñhnrks nl ppgpnc
gpnc aul
aultk
tk okl ccg
g jkrhucgoiÿl
jkrhucgoiÿl hçs pksitivg dn sus kbantiv
kbantivks.
ks. Tnlnr nstg
mkag sinhprn g su cgdk pgrg qun sinhprn pundg oklonltrgrsn nl nccg.
•  Nsoribn cks lñhnrks dn cg pinc skcghnltn okl nc dndk k nc cçpiz. Onrog k skbrn nc sitik gjnotgdk.
Lktg1 ^ticion prnjnrnltnhnltn
prnjnrnltnhnltn bkcè`rgjks okl tiltg nspnoigc, okhk ul tgtugan jgcsk. Cçpions dn
okckrns k okckrgltn dn gcihnltks.
•  _n pundn nsoribir nl ul pndgzk dn pgpnc k nl ulg oiltg gdmnsivg.

Lktg 71 _i lnonsitg vgrigs snounloigs dn lñhnrks, sn oklonltrg nl ulg dnspués dn cg ktrg.

Lktg 21 _i uticizg vgrigs snounloigs, nsoribircg ulg dnbgak dn cg ktrg.
 

Lktg ?1 _i sn nsoribn nl ul sitik dnc ounrpk qun ns ccg`g k mnridg, nsoribir dirnotghnltn nl cg pgrtn
supnrikr dkldn duncn k onrog dnc sitik dn cg cnsiÿl.
Lktg 41 Znr nc rnsuctgdk skcghnltn, y lk oÿhk vg g snr rnsunctk!
Ihpkrtgltn1 G hndidg qun ustnd sn onltrg nl ulg snounloig dn lñhnrks, trgtn dn visugcizgr nc
rnsuctgdk dnsngdk
dnsngdk y mgonr ck hhçsçs pksitivk pksibcn. Cks oghbiks qun sn oklsi`unl okl cgs snounloigs
dn lñhnrks skl pnrhglnltns pkrqun cks oghbiks kourrnl nl tu okloinloig. Ogdg vnz qun tn
oklonltrgs nl cks lñhnrks
cg Hgork _gcvgoiÿl, nstgrçs snrçl
nstks oghbiks ul pgsk gdncgltn.
tghbiél Y punstk qun
pnrhglnltns pgrgtghbiél
tkdgs cgstnpnrsklgs
nstçs oklonltrgldk
qun tinlnl nl
prkbcnhgs sihicgrns.(Dn cks Lñhnrks qun Ourgl)
2.-Ugrg ktrgs oksgs, nvnltks k situgoiklns dn cg vidg gsè okhk pgrg lunstrg sgcud nc hétkdk priloipgc
ns nc Uicktgan dn cg Oklduooiÿl dn cg Rngcidgd y cks dijnrnltns hétkdks dn Okltrkc (pkr nanhpck pkr
jkrhgs, pkr okckrns nto.)
 

HÉTKD
HÉTKDK_
K_ DN OKLONLTRGOIßL
–…Oklsidnrk ougcquinr nvnltk nxtnrlk, ilocusk dnc juturk, okhk ulg jkrhg dntnrhilgdg dn
iljkrhgoiÿl. Cks ncnhnltks qun oklstituynl cg jkrhg, sn ulnl okhk hksgioks, i`ugc qun kourrn nl cg
nstruoturg dnc GDL. _i kbsnrvghks okl gtnloiÿl cg vnrsiÿl prktniog dn cg kr`glizgoiÿl dn cg hgtnrig,
pkr nanhpck cg nstruoturg dnc GDL y cg okhpgrghks okl cg nstruoturg dn ulg vgrigltn lk prktniog, pkr
nanhpck cg dn ulg pindrg, sn pundn nstgbcnonr okhk ulg cny, qun nc rnjcnak dn cg jkrhg prktniog sn vn
okhk cg jcuotugoiÿl dn ulg nstruoturg oristgcilg, pkr nanhpck cg pindrg (jkrhg lk prktniog), nl cg ougc
kbsnrvghks cgs hishgs jcuotugoiklns qun cgs prkondnltns
prkondnltns dn cg hgtnrig qun dnsdn nc pultk dn vistg
muhglk oklsidnrghks okhk ilglihgdg.
_il nhbgr`k nstg gjirhgoiÿl ns grbitrgrig. Cg hgykrèg dn cgs pnrsklgs vn nc huldk dn hglnrg
okrrnotg. Dnoir dn hglnrg –okrrnotg‘ ns nl rngcidgd ulg hglnrg grbitrgrig pkrqun nxistnl pultks dn
vistg dijnrnltns. Yk pgrtk dn cks oklonptks dn ck vivk y ck ilglihgdk okhk sn dnjilnl dn cg hglnrg
trgdioiklgc. _IHUCIJIOK oklsoinltnhnltn oinrtgs ILJKRHGOIKLN_, rnduoiéld rnduoiéldkcgs
kcgs mgstg kbtnlnr
JI@^RG_ @NKHÉTRIOG_ snloiccgs qun pnrhitnl cg OKHURNL_IßL RÇUIDG, sil dishiluir su
okltnlidk dn iljkrhgoiÿl. Nstk prkvinln dnc hkdk dn vnr krtkdkxk qun sn nlsn÷g nl cg gotugcidgd nl
cg nsouncg snouldgrig, cg ulivnrsidgd y ktrgs ilstituoikln
ilstituoiklnss nduogtivgs. Ukr nsk, gc`ulks dn cks
oklonptks iltrkduoidks pkr hè tkhgl nl ounltg nc livnc dn pnronpoiÿl nxistnltn dn hkdk gskoigtivk.
_il nhbgr`k, gc livnc nspiritugc tkdk sn okhprnldn, pkrqun cg sgcvgoiÿl okloinrln g tkdks.‘ @.
@rgbkvki
–..Dgdk qun pnlsghinltks y snltihinltks jkrhgl cg rngcidgd tridihnlsiklgc, ogdg oghbik dnltrk dn
lksktrks iljcuyn nl cg nvkcuoiÿl dn cg rngcidgd tnrrnlg nsnloigchnltn. Ogdg pcgl dn rnoupnrgoiÿl
dnpnldn dn cks yg hnloiklgdks jgotkrns pkr gqunccks qun nstçl ihpciogdks nl nstn pcgl.‘
 

_NOOIßL JILGLQG_
Mn dnsgrrkccgdk cg noklkhèg dn cg sgcvgoiÿl, nl cg qun cg distribuoiÿl dn cks bnlnjioiks ns nl rngcidgd
hçs rnltgbcn qun, pkr nanhpck, si lk sn tinln nl ounltg. Nstg distribuoiÿl ns cg si`uinltn1 ougldk lk
tkhghks
tgrng1 nl ounltg
nc bnlnjioik cg nstruoturg
austk, dn nccgssi`lk
nl rngcidgd oklnxiklns okhulns k nl
dn lk okltgbicidgd supkl`ghks, pkrnltrg
hi noklkhèg gc`ulg rgzÿl,
nl cg ulg
nstruoturg
dn cg okltgbicidgd kbci`gtkrig6 Gquè nstç cg rnjkrhucgoiÿl. Nl rngcidgd, tnl`k ul hkdnck hgtnhçtiok,
qun mgon pksibcn ihpcnhnltgr ul okltrkc, y mgon pksibcn nlsn÷gr jçoichnltn cks hétkdks dn cg
noklkhèg dn cg sgcvgoiÿl. Okl cks hétkdks dn cg noklkhèg, bunlk, qun sn bgsgl nl cg tgrng dn
kbtnlnr ul bunl bnlnjioik, nc nstgtus dn sihuctglnidgd dn oklnxiklns ulivnrsgchnltn grhkliksgs sn
prkduon pkrqun hunstrk qun cg okloinloig muhglg nstç dispunstg dn tgc hglnrg qun cks ncnhnltks dn
cg okloinloig okltinlnl nc oklkoihinltk dn Nc dnsgrrkcck noklÿhiok, ilocuidk nc dnsgrrkcck mgoig cg
sgcvgoiÿl y cg orngoiÿl. Ukr ck tgltk, nc bnlnjioik nl nstn ogsk sn oklsidnrg okhk bnlnjioik
`nlnrgcizgdk y bnlnjioik trglsjnridk okl nc rntkrlk juturk g trgvés dn cg nstruoturg dn sgcvgoiÿl. Ns
dnoir, nl `nlnrgc, nstg ns ktrg noklkhèg qun cg qun sn dnsgrrkccg sÿck nl cg rnltgbicidgd. Nstg ktrg
noklkhèg rngchnltn dg ul bnlnjioik huomk hgykr qun nc qun, pkr nanhpck, lk tkhg nl ounltg cg tgrng
dn cg sgcvgoiÿl ulivnrsgc. Ukr ck tgltk, nlsn÷k cks hétkdks dn okltrkc noklÿhiok dn tgc hglnrg qun
hunstrk oÿhk sunstgs
dn qun oklkons okloinloig sn nxtinldn
oklnxiklns, gc oklkoihinltk
oklstruyns dn nstgs noklÿhiok,
tu prkpik prk`rghg oklnxiklns.kYpgrtioipgs
ougldk tnnldgs
nc ounltg
prk`rghg noklÿhiok `nlnrgc dn cg skoindgd pgrg qun sngs oklsoinltn dn qun ogdg ulk dn tus
hkvihinltks sn tkhg nl oklaultk cgs tgrngs dn prnsnrvgr cg oivicizgoiÿl, Nc dnsgrrkcck nokcÿ`
nokcÿ`iok,
iok, cgs
tgrngs dn ck ntnrlk, dn mnomk, cg rnprkduooiÿl dn cg vidg. Ukr ck tgltk, nl nstn ogsk, pgrg ustnd cg
noklkhèg sn dnsgrrkccg nl cg nstruoturg dnc okltrkc sÿck pkrqun pkr cg distribuoiÿl okrrnotg dn cks
rnoursks ustnd dn tgc hglnrg pundn orngr okldioiklns pgrg cg rnprkduoibicidgd ntnrlg dn cg vidg. Nstg
ns ulg tnolkck`èg noklÿhiog nspnoigc qun, nl prihnr cu`gr, tkhg nl ounltg oÿhk su Gchg iltnrgotñg
okl cks ncnhnltks dn cks nvnltks juturks y oÿhk nstks nvnltks sn distribuynl nl nc nspgoik y nc
tinhpk y oÿhk nstks nvnltks nstçl oklnotgdks okl su Gchg. Nc oklonptk dn noklkhèg dn sgcvgoiÿl
sn bgsg nl nc priloipik dn distribuoiÿl dnc bnlnjioik nl cg nstruoturg dn cg sgcvgoiÿl dkldn nc bnlnjioik
vuncvn priloipgchnltn dnspués dn pgsgr pkr nc vèlouck tnolkcÿ`iok, pkr nanhpck, dn cg sn`uridgd
nokcÿ`iog dnc dnsgrrkcck dn cg vidg. Nltklons nc bnlnjioik kbtinln rngchnltn ul hgykr vgckr g÷gdidk
dnbidk g su distribuoiÿl g tkdk nc juturk, yg qun nl nstn ogsk, nc juturk ns oklkoidk, nl okltrgpksioiÿl
gc ogsk ougldk lk ck mgonhks y pkr ck tgltk cks prkbcnhgs rncgoiklgdks okl nc dnsgrrkcck nl `nlnrgc
pkdrègl kourrir.
 

UICKTGAN UGRG KBTNLNR DILNRK 

Nstn hétkdk sn dnbn mgonr dn cgs 75155 G CG_ 77155 ph dn su zklg mkrgrig. Nl prihnr cu`gr dnoidir
pgrg qué lnonsitg nc dilnrk, nlsn`uidg dnoir _gcvgoiÿl hgork y nc dnsgrrkcck grhkliksk dn tkdk ncck
sn`ñl cgs nlsn÷glzgs dn @@. ^sn 07?=7927 pgrg onltrgrsn nl nc gmkrg.. Orngr su
sistnhg dn okkrdnlgdgs pnrsklgcns, y kbtnlnr nl nc onltrk y nc trgbgak okhk ck mgon nc Orngdkr .. gsè
qun lks ihg`ilghks ulg okcuhlg vnrtiogc dn nspgoik y pklnhks
trgvés dn cgsistnhg
ns lunstrk okcuhlgdnmkrizkltgc dn Tinhpk
okkrdnlgdgs nltklons
pnrsklgcns dnoihks
dn tinhpk 07?=7927
y nspgoik Ugrg nltrgr
y lunstrk cu`gr nl
hçsncpkdnrksk
onltrk, qun
pgrg lksktrks. G pgrtir dn gmè nhpnzghks cg `nstiÿl. Okloéltrnsn nl cgs pcgltgs dn cks pins, oghilgr
skbrn nc dilnrk mgstg qun sus pins nstçl ogcinltns. _i kbtinln gc`ñl pnlsghinltk ln`gtivk hinltrgs sn
mgon nstk, dnoir "dinz g cg pktnloig hnlks 70". Hgltnlnr cg oklonltrgoiÿl nl cg tgrng pnrsklgc qun
pundn dnoir1 yk nstky dnspnrtgldk nc dilnrk pgrg [[[[[[[. ^ticion 07420?27=9? pgrg cg prkspnridgd6
Tghbiél ?79=>047= pgrg kbtnlnr rnsuctgdks rçpidks. Ougldk cks pins nstçl huy ogcinltns yg nstç.
Jiagr cks rnsuctgdks dn 047, 047, 047 g`rgdnzog gc orngdkr, nc Dr. @rgbkvki, su Gchg, Nspèritu, cg
Okloinloig. Di`ghks, ==9 ... = pgrg ccnvgrck g cg rngcidgd jèsiog. 
 

 
Hétkdk pgrg Ln`koiks nxitksks
Nl cks ln`koiks, ns huy ihpkrtgltn kptgr dn ilhndigtk pkr cg vidg ntnrlg y nc dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk.
Ns huy ihpkrtgltn dijnrnloigr nltrn nc mkhbrn okl nc gchg, qun ns cg orngoiÿl dn Diks y cks dnhçs
qun nstçl oghilgldk nltrn lksktrks sil nc gchg. Cks rnoklkonrçl pkr sus gooiklns y mnomks, pkr su
jgctg dn ouidgdk mgoig cks dnhçs, pkr nc n`konltrishk y cg gvgrioig.
Cgs rgzklns skl luhnrksgs. _u huldk nstg dnrruhbçldksn, gsè qun tnlnhks qun tnlnr ouidgdk pgrg
qun lk lks grrgstrnl okl nccks
Mgy trns livncns dnc snr1

7. Livnc Hgtnrigc ‟ nc livnc hçs bgak

2. Livnc dn nlnr`èg
?. Livnc dn iljkrhgoiÿl ‟ qun ns nc livnc hçs gctk (ns prihkrdigc qun tkdks gotughks dnsdn nstn
livnc, cks rnsuctgdks skl 755% ‟ vgcn cg pnlg nstudigr y gdquirir nc oklkoihinltk dnc Orngdkr,
nstn oklkoihinltk gmkrg nstç g lunstrk gcoglon)

Gquè vghks g disoutir dn ln`koiks, y vghks g oklsidnrgr mgonrck nxgotghnltn

nxgotghnltn nl cg zklg dn livnc dn
iljkrhgoiÿl.
Dn gounrdk okl @rgbkvki, ns huy ihpkrtgltn pklnr okhk kbantivk gsn`urgr cg vidg ntnrlg, pkr sè
hishk, pnrhitn qun nstn tipk dn trglsgooiklns okhnroigcns prkpkroiklnl tkdk ck qun gbgrog cg
sgcvgoiÿl y nc dnsgrrkcck grhkliksk `ckbgc
`ckbgc.. Nstg ns cg bgsn dn cg nlsn÷glzg dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki pkr cg
nxistnloig gquè y gmkrg.
 

Ogdg ln`koik tinln luhnrksks kbantivks. Nl ogdg kbantivk sn dnbn pklnr nc dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk okhk
bgsn, nl dkouhnltks nsoritks, gsè okhk nl sus pcglns1 prkduotks rncgoiklgdks, hgrfntil`,
kr`glizgoiÿl, nvgcugoiklns dn rins`k, pcglns jilgloinrks, nto.…

4. Ougldk sn oklstituyn ul pcgl dn ln`koik tinln qun okltnlnr dnltrk dn sè hishk nc dnsgrrkcck
ntnrlk pgrg binl dn tkdks, cg gpciogoiÿl dn tnolkck`ègs ilkjnlsivgs, qun okhnlzgrç g
dnsgrrkccgr okl cg gyudg dnc Orngdkr y dispklnr qun nc dnsgrrkcck dn tkdk ul pcglntg nstç nl
grhklèg okl cg LKRHG dnc Orngdkr.
>. Cgs lunvgs çrngs ddn n ln`koik okhnlzgrçl g gpgrnonr y nl dnsgrrkcck dn okljkrhidgd okl cg
lkrhg rnoiél nstgbcnoidg ‟ dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk. Gsè nc sistnhg dn okhpntnloig sn ncihilg, lunvgs
gskoigoiklns gpgrnonl y `glgl junrzg pgrg cks qun gonptgl nstn trgbgak nl bnlnjioik dn tkdks
y hndigltn nc usk dn tnolkck`ègs ilkjnlsivgs y gqunccgs tnolkck`ègs qun lk okltghilnl nc
hndik ghbinltn.
:. Nstn hétkdk prkvnn, pgrg cks qun quinrnl1 nc ornoihi
ornoihinltk
nltk dn cgs pnqun÷gs nhprnsgs nl
`rgldns nhprnsgs iltnrlgoiklgcns,
iltnrlgoiklgcns, y ns lnonsgrik iltrkd
iltrkduoir
uoir nstk nl sus pcglns dn ln`koik.

Gc mgonr nstk, sn ildiog cg iltnloiÿl dn snr snrik, qun lk ns ulg brkhg. Nc dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk dn ln`koik
tinln okhk juldghnltk cg vidg ntnrlg dnc mkhbrn.
@rgbkvki, Untrkv y Grnpynv mgl ilsistidk nl nstk durgltn cks ñctihks 25 g÷ks, hndigltn cg
rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn ÿr`glks muhglks, cg ourgoiÿl dn cgs pnrsklgs g ogusg dn nljnrhndgdns `rgvn y cg
prnvnloiÿl dn ogtçstrkjns `ckbgcns pktnloigchnltn pkr cg junrzg dn sus pnlsghinltk
pnlsghinltks.
s.
Nc mkhbrn nstç kbci`gdk, nl tkdgs sus gooiklns, g tkhgr hndidgs nl cg dirnooiÿl dn cg vidg ntnrlg y nc
dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk dn su prkpig nhprnsg. Cks pgsks skl ‟ cg gdquisioiÿl dn oklkoihinltks y su
gpciogoiÿl, nl tkdks cks çhbitks dn cg vidg dn ulk y cg dijusiÿl dn nstg nlsn÷glzg.
Gsè, mgbrg ccn`gdk nc hkhnltk dn qun pkdghks trgbgagr sil nstrés, `uigdks pkr cg hglk khlipktnltn
dnc origdkr. Tkdk iltnronskr nltrn Diks y cks mkhbrns skl ncihilgdks1 hunrtn, dijnrnltns
kr`glizgoiklns, cg prnkoupgoiÿl y nc hindk.
 

_ÿck mgy 2 nhkoiklns1 nc hindk y nc ghkr

_i sn nlounltrg nl nc hindk ‟ lk nstç nl nc ghkr
_i ustnd nstç nl ghkr ‟ ustnd lk nstç nl nc hindk.
Ns su dnoisiÿl.

Okhinlon okl ck qun ns goonsibcn nl su dèg g dèg dn trgbgak1

_nrin pgrg nc okltgotk dirnotk okl nc Orngdkr ‟ 779=7, 72?05044 y 72?777>52>
 

 
_nrin pgrg trglsjkrhgr ck ln`gtivk nl pksitivk y pgrg cg gdquisioiÿl dn cg snrnlidgd y cg
pgz 7===94= y 75-70 (cégsn dinz ncnvgdk g cg hnlks dinoisintn) ‟ prkluloigrck ougldk sn nstç bgak
nstrés nl ulg gvgcglomg dn gokltnoihinltks ln`gtivks

7. nsoribir nstgs snrins nl su nsor

nsoritkrik,
itkrik, nl sus dkouhnltks,
dkouhnltks, g`nldgs,
g`nldgs, krdnlg
krdnlgdkrns…
dkrns…

2. Cnnr
?. okhinlzg g prgotiog
prgotiogr
cks cibrks r –Oklonltrgoik
–Oklonltrgoiklns
dn @rgbkvki lns Digrigs‘ ‟ nxpnr
nxpnrihnltgrç
ihnltgrç ul
ul nlkrhn ornoihin
ornoihinltk
ltk
 

4. Rnldirsn tktgchnltn g cg krinltgoiÿl dnc Orngdkr okl ck qun irg g nhpnzgr

nhpnzgr g disjrutgr dn ti
hishk nl ul okrtk pnrèkdk dn tinhpk, tnldrçs qun trgbgagr okl pnrsklgs sihicgrns g ti hishk,
qun nstçl nl nc hishk oghilk dn cg vidg ntnrlg y nc dnsgrrkcck ntnrlg (nc trgbgak snrç durk, pnrk
nstgrçs gcn`rn okhk lulog gltns). Nl prihnr cu`gr, sinhprn sn dnbn dgr prikridgd g gsn`urgr cg
vidg ntnrlg pgrg tkdks cks pgrtioipgltns nl cks ln`koiks y nl tkdks cks dnhçs, gsè okhk g tkdks
y ogdg ulk dn sus
s us prkynotks.
>. Nduogr g cg `nltn nl ogdg pgsk. Cg okloinlo
okloinloig
ig dn cg pnrsklgs vg nl guhnltk okl ulg
vnckoidgd nlkrhn y tkdk nc huldk tinln snd dn oklkoihinltk qun lks nstç ccnvgldk g cg vidg
ntnrlg, cg sgcud, cg gcn`règ y cg bnccnzg dn cg vidg!
:. nstgr g`rgdnoidks g cgs gvns dnc oinck, g ulg pnqun÷g jckr nl nc oghpk y okl cgs pnrsklgs qun
lks sklrènl ‟ tkdks skl nlvigdks pgrg ck`rgr qun cg gcn`règ dn vivir tn mg`g sklrnèr y gcoglzgrgs
ul livnc dn dncnitn suprnhk.
0. Nl ougltk g cgs jilglzgs, gsn`ñrnsn
gsn`ñrns n dn iltrkduoir qun nstç trgbgagldk pgrg cg vidg ntnrlg y nc
dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk ‟ pgrg nc binl dn tkdks y ogdg ulk, okl nc jil dn tnlnr sinhprn dilnrk y pgrg
vnr qun tu ln`koik sn nxpgldg okl rgpidnz…
=. Mgonr pcglns dn ln`koik hntioucksks dn gctk livnc dn tgc jkrhg qun cks ncnhnltks pundnl
`grgltizgr cg jkrhg hçs njiogz pgrg cg vidg ntnrlg pgrg tkdks.

Tñ ln`koik snrç nxitksk usgldk nstgs snrins1

 

 
• 479 =79 079 =7 ‟ nc ornoihinltk dn cgs pnqun÷gs nhprnsgs nl nc hndik y cgs `rgldns
nhprnsgs hndigltn cg gpciogoiÿl dn hétkdks dn cg vidg ntnrlg y nc dnsgrrkcck
 
• 079 479 =77 ‟ dnsgrrkcck dn ln`koiks nl ktrks pgèsns
 
• =79 479 074 ‟ Ildnpnldnloig dn cg pnqun÷g Nhprnsg
 
• 974 =79 =0 ‟ prkltg gyudg pgrg cgs pnrsklgs pgrg qun pundgl dkhilgr cgs tnolkck`ègs dn cg
lunvg okloinloig g trgvés dn su prkpik ln`koik
 
• >7= 497 :70 ‟ oklstruooiÿl dn ulg junltn ildnpnldinltn dn jilgloigoiÿl
 
• 479 =0> ‟ Gpciogr tnolkck`ègs dn dnsgrrkcck Ntnrlk
 
• 479 =7= 079 =49 -dnsgrrkcck dn cgs ogpgoidgdns pgrg cg `kbnrlgbicidgd prndnoibcn pnrsklgc
 
• >74 97= 979 ‟ dkhilik dn oklkoihinltks y mçbitks lnonsgriks pgrg ln`koiks
 
• 974 479 =7 ‟ qun nc tinhpk lk ns ul jgotkr qun dntnrhiln ul nvnltk. Iltnroghbigldk nc nvnltk
y nc tinhpk nc nvnltk tnldrç prikridgd skbrn nc tinhpk.
 
• 479 =74 ‟ kptihizgoiÿl dn su trgbgak ‟ nl ck qun dnbn prnstgr gtnloiÿl y ck qun lk!
 
• 479 =7=079 9744=7 bunlg rnputgoiÿl pñbciog dn su trgbgak
 
• =74 47= 079 ‟ oklstruooiÿl dn rncgoiklns grhÿliogs okl cks hinhbrks dn cg jghicig y ghi`ks
 
• >79 49= 079 47 ‟ dnsgrrkcck dn cgs tnolkck`ègs dn ln`koiks dn prkduooiÿl y vnltgs sn`ñl cks
priloipiks dn cg ourgoiÿl dnsgrrkcck ntnrlk
 
• >79 074= ‟ tkdk ns pksibcn! Lk mgy lgdg ihpksibcn nl nstn huldk.
 
• =94 079 0= 4= ‟ sn pundn ck`rgr sinhprn ck qun ustnd mg punstk okhk kbantivk pgrg tkdgs cgs

 
•
pnrsklgs y ustnd hishk
2=974=57=9549= ‟ okrrnooiÿl dn cks gokltnoihinltks pgsgdks nl cks ln`koiks … y cun`k sn
onltrgl nl nc lñhnrk si`uinltn1
k  974?72=9 ‟ okrrn`idk nvnltks dnc pgsgdk nl prnsnltn y juturk
k  =74 47= =7 ‟ ns lnonsgrik sgbnr uticizgr nc tinhpk
k  474 =7 == ‟ trglsjkrhgoiÿl dnc tinhpk nl dilnrk
 

_NOOIßL _GC^D
OKLTRKC
OKLTRKC DN RNA^ZNLNOIHINLTK
RNA^ZNLNOIHINLTK ZI_TINLDK
ZI_TINLDK TRGA
TRGANN N_UGOIG
N_UGOIGCC  
(G pgrtir dn cg nlsn÷glzgs dnc Dr. @ri`kri @rgbkvki)

7. Zisugcizgr
l1 ulg
iljkrhgoiÿl1
iljkrhgoiÿ nsjnrg
Lkrhg dn okckr
durgltn bcglok
cg ndgd dn pcgtngdk
7= g÷ks nl cg
jrnltn dn ustnd,
snhnaglzg dncnlsn`uidg cn dghks
Orngdkr. Uklnr cg nsjnrg
nl cg
su ihg`nl g cks 7= g÷ks, k ougcquinr ktrg ndgd qun ustnd dnsng.2. Nljÿqunsn gdnltrk dn cg nsjnrg
hèrnsn y dnsokhprèh
dnsokhprèhgsn.
gsn. Ns dnoir, agcn junrtnhnltn dnsdn cg ogbnzg y tkdk nc ounrpk mgstg cg pcgltg
dn cks pins, okhk si tuvinrg ulg hçsogrg y ul trgan nspgoigc, tktgchnltn pn`gdk gc ounrpk, dn hkdk
qun gcisg tkdgs cgs grru`gs dn cg ogrg, nldnrnzg nc ounrpk, gpcglg nc nstÿhg`k y agcg cgs vnlgs dn cgs
pinrlgs.
Dn nstn hishk hkdk, sn pundn trgbgagr okl ktrg pnrsklg, dnsokhprihg cg iljkrhgoiÿl dn
rnauvnlnoihinltk
rnauvnlnoihinl tk dn éc k nccg.
OKLTRKC DN RNA^ZNLNOIHINLTK
Ihprihir nstg ihg`nl y pklnrcg nl su dkrhitkrik, ougrtk dn bg÷k k nl ogdg mgbitgoiÿl dn su ogsg.
Ogltgr cg snounloig luhériog, bgicgr y rnpntircg hnltgchnltn pgrg snltirsn binl!
Ugrg rnauvnlnonr ogdg oécucg dn su ounrpk gmkrg >74.
Zghks g gprnldnr g nstg nl siltklèg okl lunstrg gchg, g gprnldnr g nstgr nl cg gcn`règ y nc ghkr.

"OKLONL
OKLONLTRGOIßL
TRGOIßL NL C
CG_
G_ UGRTN_
UG RTN_ DN L^
L^N_TRK
N_TRK O^
O^NRUK
NRUK UGRG
O^RGR OINRTG_ NLJNRHNDGDN_"
NLJNRHNDGDN_" _N@ÑL @.U. @RGBKZKI 
@.U.
 

Ilsujioinloig rnspirgtkrig g`udg ‟ gctnrlgtivghnltn oklonltrgrsn nl cks kaks y nl cks kbantks hçs
rnhktks dnc hndik nxtnrlk.
Ilsujioinloig ogrdigog g`udg, cg pinrlg dnrnomg, nc dndk `krdk dnc pin izquinrdk, kèdk dnrnomk.
Trguhgtishk omkqun, Nstgdks dn omkqun - nc kak dnrnomk, kèdk izquinrdk, nc dndk hn÷iqun dnc pin
dnrnomk.
Urkonsks hgci`lks - cg supnrjioin dn cks pins y cg hglk izquinrdg.
Urkonsks bnli`lks - cg pinc dn brgzks
_nptionhig (nlvnlnlghinltk dn sgl`rn) - kbantks distgltns, hglk dnrnomg.
Nljnrhndgdns rnspirgtkrigs - pin dnrnomk, hglk izquinrdg dndk hn÷iqun.
Nljnrhndgdns dn cks ÿr`glks di`nstivks - ogvidgd krgc, kèdk dnrnomk.
Nljnrhndgdns dnc ri÷ÿl y dnc trgotk urilgrik - cg rkdiccg dn cg pinrlg dnrnomg.
Nljnrhndgdns nldkorilgs y hntgbÿciogs - nc cèhitn nltrn nc ounrpk jèsiok y nc ghbinltn nxtnrlk.
Nljnrhndgd dn Koupgoiklgc (prkjnsiklgc) - sgcivg - gpciogr cks hétkdks dn oklonltrgoiÿl.
Cg iltkxiogoiÿl g`udg - nc kèdk dnrnomk y cg rkdiccg dn cg pinrlg izquinrdg.
Nljnrhndgdns iljnooiksgs - nc kèdk dnrnomk, kak dnrnomk.
Nljnrhndgd lnrviksg - nc dndk èldion dn su hglk dnrnomg.
Uinc y nljnrhndgdns vnlérngs ‟ gctnrlgldk1 brgzks ‟ pinrlgs-kak dnrnomk.
Tubnroucksis - pins, hglks, kbantks nl hkvihinltk pkr snpgrgdk.
Nljnrhndgdns qun lkrhgchnltn rnquinrnl cg iltnrvnloiÿl quirñr`iog - nspilg dkrsgc, pinrlg dnrnomg,
pin izquinrdk.ns koucgrns, kaks, pgrtn okooè`ng dn cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc.
Nljnrhndgdns
Nljnrhndgd
Nljnrhndgdns dn cks dinltns y cg bkog - nc dndk hn÷iqun dn cg hglk izquinrdg

OKLTRKC
OKLTRKCUUGRG
GRG C G RN@NLNRGOIßL DN DINLTN
DINLTN_
_ 
Nstghks nl nc oghilk dnc dnsgrrkcck spiritugc, lk ns ul oghilk jçoic pnrk Diks lk lks dg ulg oruz
dnhgsigdk pnsgdg pgrg ogr`gr, lgdin rnoibn ulg tgrng qun lk pkdrç ouhpcir, oghilghks mgoig nc
éxitk, nstg ns cg tnolkck`èg pgrg cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn dinltns.
Ugrg cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl
pndihks dn lks
gc orngdkr qun ougcquinr
gyudnÿr`glk
g orngrqun
nstnmg`g jgctg, dnbnhks
mkck`rghg, qun lksorngr ul jgltgshg
gyudgrg dn nstn ÿr`glk,
nl nc ornoihinltk dnc
 

dinltn. Ukr qué pndir gc orngdkr qun lks gyudn g orngr nstn mkck`rghg, pgrg qun éc pundg vnr lunstrk
trgbgak y oklondnrlks su pnrhisk,. Gsè, kogsiklgchnltn, vghks g pndir gc Orngdkr qun lks gyudn.,
mgstg qun pkdghks dkhilgr nstg tnolkck`èg, y gprnldnr g trgbgagr g pgrtir dn livncns ncnvgdks, nc livnc
divilk.
Znhks okhk cgs 72 nsjnrgs dnc zkdigok skl prkynotgdgs dnsdn nc livnc dn grribg mgoig gbgak g cg
ogbnzg dnc mkhbrn, cks 72 snotkrns nstçl sinldk jkrhgdks dnltrk dn cg ogbnzg y okrrnspkldnl g cgs
72 snooiklns dnc orkhkskhg y ogdg ulg dn nsgs snooiklns okltilugrg g okrrnspkldnr g ulg pgrtn
pgrtioucgr dnc onrnbrk. »Ukr qué lnonsitghks gotivgr prihnrk lunstrk onrnbrk; Ugrg qun éc pundg
gotivgr nc hgpnk mkck`rçjiok nl cg snounloig dn cks orkhkskhgs. Nstk mgon ulg gcilngoiÿl nltrn cks
ihpucsks oÿshioks n cks dnc onrnbrk g pgrtir dn dÿldn vgl cks orkhkskhgs. Tkdks cks prkonsks nstçl
sinldk rnstgurgdks pgrg cg LKRHG (hgtriz). Lunstrk kr`glishk nstç gmkrg gotivgdk y nstç cistk pgrg
trgbgagr. Lks vkcvnhks oklsoinltns dn cg pirçhidn dn cg oklsoinloig qun briccg iltnlsghnltn skbrn
lunstrgs ogbnzgs, LK MGY D^DG nl lunstrgs okloinloigs! Mgy ul iltnlsk rgyk pcgtngdk qun vg
dirnotk g cg nsjnrg dnc Hgork okltrkc, okltilugldk g trgvés dnc oristgc dn cg oklsoinloig dn cg tinrrg, g
trgvés dn cgs snjirkts, gc orngdkr. Undihks gc Orngdkr su guxicik y pkdnhks vnr okhk tkdgs cgs nsjnrgs
dnc zkdigok gpgrnonl, briccgldk dn cg tnronrg g cg lkvnlg., nc bricck gpgrnon, gotivgoiklns kourrn-
dilçhiog dn tkdks cks prkonsks, ul hkvihinltk nl nspirgc sn ilioig. Nsks rgyks skl ulijiogdks n bgagl
g trgvés dn cg nsjnrg dnc çrbkc dn cg vidg. Bilgm, @nburgm, Mkd, Hgcomut, cks rgyks okltilñgl g trgvés
dnc oglgc onltrgc dnc oristgc pcglntgrik, y sn dntinlnl nl nc onltrk dn cg nsjnrg dn cg Hgork okltrkc dn
ogdg ulk
purk, dn lksktrks.
gotivgoiÿl Gmkrg lk nxistnl hçs kbstçoucks qun lks ihpidgl dn gcoglzgr ul okltgotk
y rn`nlnrgoiÿl.
Cg nsjnrg dnc Hgork okhgldk rngcizg su trglsioiÿl g "dilçhiog". Nlsn`uidg cks rgyks pgsgl pkr cg
pgrtn supnrikr dn cg ogbnzg y pkr cg prihnrg vértnbrg onrviogc y nl sn`uidg cg `cçlducg tirkidns
okhinlzg g briccgr.
Cks rgyks nltrgl nl cg tirkidns, y tnrhilgl okhk vi`gs (okcuhlgs)dn cuz okckr dn rksg, pgrg tkdks cks
dinltns qun snrçl rn`nlnrgdks. Kbsnrvn okhk nc mkck`rghg dnc dinltn gpgrnon, ck ougc lks dion qun
cg dilçhiog dnc prkonsk yg okhnlzÿ.
Lks oklonltrghks nl nc mnomk dn qun tkdg cg iljkrhgoiÿl skbrn cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl jun rnoibidg, y qun
ogdg oécucg sgbn dn nsk. Nc gc`krithk nspnoijiok ns gpciogdk pgrg nc prkonsk dn rn`nlnrgoiÿl Ugrg nc
prkonsk dn rn`nlnrgoiÿl usghks cg hgtriz dn cgs oécucgs trklok, cgs oécucgs trklok nstçl ckogcizgdgs
nl cg hnducg ÿsng dn cks munsks cgr`ks y pcglks .Cg okcuhlg sn nxtinldn g trgvés dnc ounrpk, pkr nsk
ns jçoic nxtrgnr nstgs oécucgs.
Oécucgs trklok okhnlzgrgl g ornonr nl sus okloinloigs okl ul okckr dn rksg pçcidk, trglsjinrg cgs
oécucgs trklok pgrg nc nspgoik dnc mkck`rghg, okl nc pkdnr dn su pnlsghinltk. Gmkrg dghks ul
ihpucsk g pgrtir dnc gchg okl cg okloinloig nl cgs oécucgs trklok prihgrigs pgrg cg rn`nlnrgoiÿl dnc
dinltn, dn gounrdk okl nc oklkoihinltk dn cg lkrhg dnc Orngdkr. MNOMK!
G pgrtir dn nsg prihnrg oécucg, dks hçs snrçl nxtrgèdgs.
Gmkrg tnlnhks trns oécucgs (trklok) Hgtriz.
Nlvighks nc ihpucsk lunvghnltn y nxtrgnhks dks hçs. Gmkrg mgy oilok dn nccgs.
Nlvié lunvghnltn nc ihpucsk y nxtrgi`g trns hçs.
Gmkrg tnlnhks = oécucgs trklok. Nc nhbriÿl prihgrik dnc dinltn nstç jkrhgdk. Nstn nhbriÿl okltinln
oécucgs lk dijnrnloigdgs qun lk pksnnl ul prk`rghg dn dnsgrrkcck. Nlsn`uidg iltrkduoir cg pgcgbrg
DIJNRNLOIGOIKL pgrg tkdgs cgs oécucgs. Nl nstn hkhnltk, lñocnks y prk`rghg dn dnsgrrkcck
gpgrnonl nl cgs oécucgs. Nlvighks ktrk ihpucsk y nxtrgnhks cg lkvnlg oécucg , qun pgsg g jkrhgr
pgrtn dnc mkck`rghg, okl nstn gotk dnaghks nc iltnrikr pgrg nc nxtnrikr, pkrqun nc dinltn tinln dks
hglijnstgoiklns cg iltnrikr y cg nxtnrikr ,, nl nstn hkhnltk ulg huctipciogoiÿl lkrhgc dn cgs oécucgs sn
 

ilioig ccnlgldk nc mkck`rghg. Ugrg goncnrgr nc prkonsk dn rn`nlnrgoiÿl, okckoghks oécucgs trklok.
Nstgs pgrnonl ul rnhkcilk qun `irg nl nc snltidk dn cgs hglnoiccgs dnc rncka y cibnrg oécucgs lkrhgcns y
sgcudgbcns cks dinltns okhinlzgl g briccgr. Dghks cg KRDNL; "Rn`nlnrgr tkdgs cgs oklnxiklns dn cks
dinltns qun nstçl sinldk rn`nlnrgdks, okl ogdg ÿr`glk dnc ounrpk". Kbsnrvghks okhk nc rgyk vg dn
cg tirkidns nl dirnooiÿl gc pcnxk skcgr, vnhks ul pultk (Nsjnrg) dn hgpnk. Nl nstg nsjnrg vnhks tkdks
cks dinltns y cks icuhilghks. Undihks gc Orngdkr qun lks gyudn y vnhks okhk cg ihg`nl dn cks
dinltns gpgrnonl nl nstn pultk. Iltnlsijioghks cg icuhilgoiÿl y pnroibihks qun ogdg ihg`nl nstç vivg,
nstç okljkrhn gc cg lkrhg y ns dilçhiog. Gmkrg cks rgyks vgl dnc pultk nl nc pcnxk skcgr nl dirnooiÿl
g cg tirkidns. Dn ogdg ÿr`glk ul rgyk bcglok pcgtngdk nhglg mgoig cks dinltns.
Gmkrg lks oklonltrghks nl cg `cçlducg pituitgrig qun sn pgrnon g ul jriakc, iltnlsijioghks gquè cg
icuhilgoiÿl y dghks cg krdnl1 "Okckog ulg `ktg dn g`ug sg`rgdg nl cg `cçlducg pituitgrig. –Kbsnrvn
okhk ulg skbrg kbsourg dnsgpgrnon dn cg `cçlducg pituitgrig.
Tkdk ck qun nstç ihpidinldk nc trgbgak dnsgpgrnoiÿ sn dnrritiÿ, MNOMK. Unroibg qun cg `cçlducg
pituitgrig jun gotivgdg y hirg pgrg lksktrks g`ugrdgldk nc okhgldk dn ck qun lnonsitg snr rngcizgdk.
Hkstrghks cks dinltns pgrg cg pituitgrig y dghks nc okhgldk1" Rn`nlnrgr dinltns oklstgltn y
dilçhioghnltn".
dilçhioghnlt n". Kbsnrvn qun cg `cçlducg pituitgrig vik tkdk ck qun mioihks y okhinlzg o ouhpcir okl
su tgrng.
Kbsnrvn okhk cg dn grribg bgag cg cuz dnc Orngdkr. Undihks gc Orngdkr qun lks gyudn nl nc prkonsk
dn rn`nlnrgoiÿl. Undihks g cg Hgdrn tinrrg qun lks gyudn g nstgbicizgr nc prkonsk dn rn`nlnrgoiÿl.
Znhks
rn`rnsgokhk ulg okcuhlg
y rnstgurg dn cuz
pcnlghnltn subn dn okl
cg rncgoiÿl cg tinrrg, gtrgvinsg
cg Tinrrg. Y cks nc ounrpkhgrogdks,
dinltns nc icuhilggcks dinltns.
pgrtir dn ulNstg cuz
prkonsk
nstgldgrizgdk, okhinlzgl g hgtnrigcizgrsn. Tkdk nc kr`glishk sn grhklizg, sn rnstgurg y sn vivijiog
(sn rnauvnlnon).
Nc prkonsk nl cks dinltns sn iltnlsijiog dn cg hglnrg hçs grhkliksg. G`rgdnonhks gc orngdkr pkr nc
oklkoihinltk qun lks mg sidk rnvncgdk.
G`rgdnonhks g cg tinrrg pkr gyudgrlks g rngcizgr ck qun rnoibihks dnc Orngdkr. _u tgrng ns hgltnlnr
digrighnltn nc prkonsk dn rn`nlnrgoiÿl okl cg visugcizgoiÿl g trgvés dn cg dilçhiog pksitivg dn cg
rn`nlnrgoiÿl, nc rnsuctgdk jilgc, nl nc juturk, snrç ul kr`glishk okhpcntghnltn sgcudgbcn.
 

TNOLKCK@ÈG UGRG RNLKZGR CG ZI_IßL

Nstg ns ulg dn cgs tnolkck`ègs pgrg ulg rnlkvgoiÿl dn cg visiÿl6 ck pundn mgonr dn cg hglnrg
si`uinltn1
Ihg`èlnsn ulg nsjnrg dnc tghg÷k dn > oh dncgltn dn ustnd, y pklnr nl nstg nsjnrg cg snounloig dn
lñhnrks 7=97574.
Y ccnvgrcg dnltrk dn su ogbnzg.
Wuètnsn sus cnltns n ihg`iln oÿhk rgyks dn cuz pcgtngdg dn cg nsjnrg nstçl briccgldk g trgvés dn sus
kaks.
Jil dnc nanroioik.
 

NLJNRHNDGDN_ Y NC ^_K DN CK_ OKCKRN_ UGR

NLJNRHNDGDN_ UGRGG KB
KBTNLNR
TNLNR
NJNOTK_ HNDIOILGCN_"
Cks okckrns pundnl tghbiél snr ilocuidks nl nc prkonsk dn visugcizgoiÿl y nl cg oklonltrgoiÿl, dn
jkrhg iltnci`nltn y orngtivg. Unrk, tinlns qun snltir nl tu gchg cg gjilidgd pgrg nstn prkonsk. Nstg mg
sidk ulg oklstgltn nl tkdk nc prkonsk orngtivk nl cgs téoliogs dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki, gsè qun prihnrk
dnbns nltrgr nl nc nspgoik dn tu gchg, snltirtn binl, snltirtn okljkrtgbcn, tktgchnltn g jil okl nstg
oklnxiÿl, nl nstn hkhnltk snltirçs si dnbnr uticizgr cks okckrns nl tu prkonsk orngtivk y ncn`ir
cks okckrns gdnougdks pgrg tu situgoiÿl.
s itugoiÿl.
Cg siltklèg pnrjnotg okl tu gchg snrç ccnvgdg g ogbk g trgvés dnc ghkr qun nhglg dn tu okrgzÿl y cg
`nstiÿl dn su okloinloig dn hglnrg ocgrg n iltuitivg. Gsè sinhprn sgbrçs ncn`ir ck hnakr pgrg ti.
Gbsonsk - gzuc y hkrgdk.
Gcokmkcishk - ghgricck, Èldi`k.
Gcnr`igs - lgrglag, Èldi`k.
Gczmnihnr - Gzuc-hkrgdk.
Glnhig - rkak.
Uérdidg dn gpntitk - vnrdn cihÿl, ghgricck.
Nxonsk dn gpntitk - Èldi`k.
Grtritis - vikcntg, gzuc y hkrgdk.
Gshg - lgrglag, gzuc.
Brklquitis - vnrdn, gzuc, turqunsg.
Iljcghgoiÿl - gzuc.
Mnhkrrkidns - gzuc ksourk.
Dkckr dn ogbnzg - vnrdn, gzuc.
@ripn - hkrgdk, turqunsg, gzuc ksourk.
Nljnrhndgd dn hghg - pñrpurg-Rkaizks,
pñrpurg-Rkaizks, Rksg.
Dispnpsig - vnrdn cihÿl, ghgricck.
Uérdidg dn visiÿl - gzuc, Èldi`k.
Dkckr dn huncgs - gzuc, gzuc-Zikcntg.
Urkpnlsiÿl g iljnooiklns - Zikcntg.
Trgstkrlk Iltnstilgc (vinltrn) - lgrglag ghgriccnltk.
Oÿciok - cihÿl,
Nljnrhndgd ghgricck.
ÿsng - Znrdn cihÿl, hkrgdk.
Nljnrhndgd dn cg pinc - Gzuc-Uñrpurg, vnrdn cihÿl.
_gl`rgdk - Gzuc-Znrdn.
Urnsiÿl grtnrigc gctg - vnrdn, gzuc.
Urnsiÿl grtnrigc bgag - Rkak, rkak-Glgrglagdk.
Cnuonhig - Hkrgdk.
Jinbrn - gzuc.
Trgstkrlks hnlstrugcns
hnlstrugcns - Rkak, gzuc y vnrdn.
Znai`g urilgrig nljnrhndgd - Ghgricck-Lgrglag.
Dkckr husoucgr - Lgrglag pçcidk.
Trgstkrlks lnrviksks - Gzuc-Znrdn, vnrdn.
Wunhgdurgs - Gzuc, vnrdn, gzuc.
Oçlonr - hkrgdk,
Ugrfilskl - Èldi`k.gzuc y hkrgdk.
 

Nljnrhndgd mnpçtiog - Gzuc, ghgricck.

Lnuhklèg - Rkak, èldi`k, rkak y lgrglag.
Nljnrhndgd rnlgc - Ghgricck, ghgricck-Lgrglag.
Milomgzÿl - Gzuc, cuz gzuc.
Rnsjrigdks - rkak.
Oçlonr - gzuc, gzuc y hkrgdk.
h krgdk.
Jinbrn dnc mnlk (Rilitis gcér`iog nstgoiklgc)- rkak-Glgrglagdk.
Cgs nljnrhndgdns dnc okrgzÿl - Okckr dn rksg, vnrdn.
_IDG-Zikcntg, èldi`k, rkak.
Nrupoiÿl outçlng - turqunsg, okckr dn cihÿl.
Lçusngs - cuz gzuc.
Glsindgd - vnrdn, gzuc
Golé - Rkak Uñrpurg.
Noznhg - Znrdn cihÿl.
Npicnpsig - gzuc ksourk, turqunsg.
Ñconrg - vnrdn.
 

RN@NLNRGOIßL DN CG OKC^HLG ZNRTNBRGC

7. Oklonltrgoiÿl nl cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc1 G ck cgr`k dn su ckl`itud okl cg cuz hnltgchnltn nsoribir cg
pgcgbrg "LKRHG" pgrg gyudgr gc prkonsk dn ourg `ckbgc.
2. pklnr hnltgchnltn aultk g cg grtioucgoiÿl
grtioucgoiÿl dn cg ogdnrg dnrnomg dn ulg N_JNRG dn cuz (N_JNRG 7)
y nsoribir iljkrhgoiÿl privicn`igdg "rn`nlnrgoiÿl tktgc dn cg nspgcdg." Gmkrg pkdnhks vnr ulg ocgrg
oklnxiÿl briccgltn nltrn nstg nsjnrg y cg "lkrhg" nsoritk nl cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc, yg qun cg iljkrhgoiÿl
briccg ocgrghnltn dnsdn cg nsjnrg g trgvés dn su ounrpk mgoig cg "lkrhg". (Okhk cks
prkbcnhgs dn cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc skl pkr ck `nlnrgc prkbcnhgs dn tkdk nc ounrpk, snltihks qun nc
bricck dn cg cuz rkdng y rn`nlnrg tkdk lunstrk ounrpk jèsiok).
?. Uklnhks ktrg N_JNRG dn cuz (N_JNRG 2) okl cg hishg iljkrhgoiÿl "rn`nl "rn`nlnrgoiÿl
nrgoiÿl
tktgc dn cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc", nsoritg nl cg grtioucgoiÿl dncg rkdiccg dnrnomg. ^lg vnz `nlnrgdg ulg
oklnxiÿl nstç briccgldk dnsdn nstg nsjnrg okl cg "lkrhg", nsoritk nl cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc. Nc bricck dn cg
cuz okl su iljkrhgoiÿl dn cg rkdiccg ccn`g mgstg nc husck, pkr tkdks cks ÿr`glks, g cg "lkrhg" nl
cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc.
4. G okltilugoiÿl, sn ihg`ilgl ulg TNRONRG N_JNRG (N_JNRG ?) dnc cgdk dnrnomk dn Cg
grtioucgoiÿl tibik-Tgrsiglg, pnrk nstg vnz okl cg iljkrhgoiÿl "rn`nlnrgoiÿl okhpcntg dn hi ounrpk."
Nstg nsjnrg snrç koupgdk pkr ulg
cuz dn okckr bcglok pcgtngdk. Rnoitghks
hnltgchnltn1
"Rn`nlnrgoiÿl
"Rn`nlnrgoi ÿl tktgc dn hi ounrpk bgak cg
LKRHG dnc Orngdkr!" ^l junrtn
rnspcgldkr ccnlÿ nc çhbitk dn cg
iljkrhgoiÿl sgcn dn cg
grtioucgoiÿl dn cg tibik-Tgrsiglg,
tibik-Tgrsiglg, subn g cg
pinrlg y nc husck, si`un mgoig nc ounrpk.
Oubrn cks ÿr`glks snxugcns, sistnhg
di`nstivk, mè`gdk, bgzk, ri÷klns y
pçlorngs. Tghbiél cks puchklns sn ccnlgl
pcnlghnltn dn nsn bricck. Nc rnspcgldkr
sn oklnotg okl cg pgcgbrg "LKRHG"
nsoritk nl cg okcuhlg vnrtnbrgc y okltilñg
subinldk g trgvésydn
mgstg nc onrnbrk, sncgdiri`n
tirkidns
g cgy nc ouncck
`cçlducg
pituitgrig. Nstk rnoibn nc bricck tgl
junrtnhnltn qun nl nc onltrk dnc onrnbrk sn
`nlnrg ulg pnqun÷g nsjnrg dn okckr
bcglok pcgtngdk nxgotghnltn dkldn nc orçlnk sn okhnlzÿ g dnsgrrkccgr.
>. Gmkrg sgc`ghks dn lunstrk mnhisjnrik dnrnomk g trgvés dn ul grok cuhilksk gc mnhisjnrik onrnbrgc
izquinrdk. Cg iljkrhgoiÿl skbrn oÿhk dnbnhks hgltnlnr lunstrk ounrpk sglk sn nlounltrg nl nc
mnhisjnrik onrnbrgc dnrnomk.
:. Nc mnhisjnrik izquinrdk okhinlzg gotivgldk cg iljkrhgoiÿl qun rnoibiÿ "prkonsk" y ck trglsjinrn g
tkdk nc sistnhg nldkorilk.
Nstn sistnhg, ns nc qun sn nlogr`g dn okltrkcgr tkdk lunstrk sistnhg hntgbÿciok, prkduon cgs
mkrhklgs lnonsgrigs pgrg rn`nlnrgr lunstrk ounrpk pkr okhpcntk, ilocusk pgrg rnauvnlnonr gc hishk.
Gmkrg lunstrk ounrpk nstç trgbgagldk dn gounrdk g cg LKRHG dnc Orngdkr.
0. Rn`istrgr cg jnomg y cg mkrg gotugc, y nlvigr nstg iljkrhgoiÿl - g pgrtir dn gmkrg - mgstg nc iljilitk.
 

 
 

_NOOIßL OKLTRKC DNC OCIHG

Hi snooiÿl dn cgs Nlsn÷glzgs, nc okltrkc dn prklÿstioks, nstç diri`idg priloipgchnltn g cg orngoiÿl dn
okldioiklns rngcns dn vidg pgrg ougcquinr pnrsklg y nstg snooiÿl dn cgs Nlsn÷glzgs sn gpciog g tkdgs
cgs pnrsklgs sil ihpkrtgr cg ndgd. Nc prkpÿsitk dn nstg snooiÿl dn cgs Nlsn÷glzgs ns nlsn÷gr g ulg
pnrsklg nl ougcquinr situgoiÿl pgrg kbtnlnr nc prklÿstiok dnc dnsgrrkcck dn ougcquinr nvnltk, y nc
okltrkc dn gounrdk okl nstk. Nc prklÿstiok sn dividn nl1 prihnrk, cg rnonpoiÿl dn iljkrhgoiÿl, y cun`k,
rnspnotivghnltn,, nc okltrkc
rnspnotivghnltn o kltrkc yg sng cÿ`iok k iljkrhgtivk. K oklsn`uir nsgs ogrgotnrèstiogs nspiritugcns
qun pnrhitirègl okltrkcgr ougcquinrg dn cks gokltnoihinltks nl nc livnc dnc Gchg, hinltrgs qun, pkr
nanhpck, nl rnpksk, nstgldk nl ougcquinr cu`gr k nl ougcquinr gotividgd ildustrigc.

Nl nstn snltidk, nc okltrkc dn prklÿstiok tinln ul nstgdk `nlnrgc qun ns muhglk, y nc nspnoèjiok okl
rnspnotk g ogdg nspnoigcizgoiÿl. Nlsn÷k ogsi tkdgs cgs nspnoigcidgdns qun nxistnl. Bunlk, cks rngczk
nlsn÷gldk prklÿstiok6 Nlsn÷k nc sistnhg dn nstruoturgoiÿl dn cg okloinloig. Hkstrgr oÿhk ulg
pnrsklg, pkr nanhpck, pundn gprnldnr g okltrkcgr y sgbnr ck qun snrç nl dijnrnltns nsjnrgs dn
gotividgd. Okhnloé g mgonr nstk nl cg gvigoiÿl, cun`k nl nc nltrnlghinltk dn picktks qun, pkr nanhpck,
pnrhglnonl durgltn huomk tinhpk nl cks vuncks. Nl ktrgs pgcgbrgs, pgrg gqunccks qun yg tnlègl
huomg nxpnrinloig y `rgl prçotiog. Nc oklkoihinlt
oklkoihinltkk qun rnoibè nl cg prçotiog sn nxtnldiÿ
gbskcutghnltn g tkdgs cgs dirnooiklns dn dnsgrrkcck qun nxistnl nl nc huldk dn mky.

His prklÿstioks sn rngcizgl nl cks rçpidks suonsks gotugcns dn tgc hglnrg qun nc sistnhg qun sn
dnsgrrkccÿ nl cg prçotiog dn cg prndiooiÿl sn nanoutg pkr prihnrg vnz ildnpnldinltnhnltn,
ildnpnldinltnhnltn dn si sn oklsidnrgl cks jgotkrns k lk sn oklsidnrgl. Nl ktrgs pgcgbrgs, ustnd
gcoglzg nsn livnc nspiritugc qun okltrkcg yg sng nl rnpksk k nl nstgdk dn sun÷k, pnrk sil nhbgr`k nc
okltrkc dn prklÿstiok tinln cu`gr. _i cks nvnltks sn nstçl hkvinldk rçpidghnltn k si, pkr nanhpck, skl
prkbcnhçtioks, supkl`ghks qun, pgrg cg sn`uridgd, nc okltrkc sn ihpcnhnltg skbrn bgsns
ilokldioiklgcns. Ns dnoir, ustnd distribuyn dn gltnhglk cg iljkrhgoiÿl nl su dnsgrrkcck pgrg qun
prçotioghnltn ck`rn nc okltrkc dn ogdg situgoiÿl, ilocusk si lk tinln iljkrhgoiÿl prncihilgr skbrn cg
situgoiÿl. Ougldk cks nvnltks nhpinzgl g nvkcuoiklgr ck sujioinltnhnltn rçpidk yg pundn okltrkcgr sil
oklsidnrgr tkdks cks nvnltks nl ulg jicg.

OKLTRKC
OKLTRKC UGRG C G URNZNLOIßL D
DN
N TNRRNHK
TNRRNHKTK_
TK_
"Hn okckok nl hi sistnhg pnrsklgc dn okkrdnlgdgs dn nspgoik y tinhpk, Di`k trns vnons 07?=7927.
Ihg`ilk qun hn nstky okckogldk nl HI onltrk dkldn hi junrzg ns hgykr. Cg okcuhlg dnc nspgoik ns
vnrtiogc y cg dnc tinhpk ns mkrizkltgc, ghbg
ghbgss briccgl nl cuz dn okckr bcglok-pcgtngdk y vky gc Onltrk
dkldn di`k1 "gmkrg yk gotñk okhk gotñg nc Orngdkr." Y hirk mgoig grribg n ilvitk cg C^QDKRGDG dnc
GHKR NTNRLK y cg hunvk skbrn cg Tinrrg, skbrn tkdks nl cgs çrngs qun lkrhgchnltn skl gjnotgdgs
pkr tnrrnhktks. Ccnvk cg okloinloig gc çrng dn hi okrgzÿl y sinltk gcn`règ nl hi okrgzÿl. Gmkrg pgrg
rnjkrzgr hi okltrkc prkluloik =70>427=97=97 (pgrg cg Urnvnloiÿl dn Tnrrnhktks)"
Okltilñglks okl nstn nanroioik ulks hilutks hçs y kbsnrvghks si pkdnhks snltir gc`ulg snlsgoiÿl
nl nc ounrpk.

yGltns dnph
cgs 77 ilioigr
(pkrcgsiprçotiog tghbiél pkdnhks
lk ck rngcizghks dnoir1 Okckok nstn nanroioik nl nc tinhpk nltrn cgs 75 ph
nl nstn mkrgrik)
 

OKLTRKC UGRG CG URNZNLOIßL DN OGTG_TRKJN_ H^LDIGCN_

Dr. @rgbkvki lks dik 72 hétkdks y su`iriÿ qun nhpnzghks okl nc =± hétkdk pgrg gyudgr g prnvnlir
pksibcns ogtçstrkjns huldigcns y grhklizgr nc huldk qun lks rkdng.
Ugrg okhnlzgr, dnbnhks oklonltrgrlks nl nc huldk okl tkdgs lunstrgs oécucgs.
Okloéltrnsn nl su ounrpk jèsiok y pndir qun tkdks cks prkonsks nstél lkrhgcizgdks.
Hirn su ounrpk y lkrhgcion tkdgs cgs juloiklns dn tkdks cks ÿr`glks nl su ounrpk.
Di`g1 YK lkrhgcizk nc juloiklghinltk dn tkdks cks prkonsks nl hi ounrpk nl nc livnc oncucgr.
Nlsn`uidg Urkynotgr ul rgyk dn cuz y vnrcg ir gcrndndkr dn tkdk nc pcglntg.
Nxtinldg su rgyk dn cuz pgrg nc huldk.
Ougldk prkynotg nc mgz dn cuz pundn pnroibir qun mgy 2 kldgs dn cuz. Cg sn`uldg kldg pnroibn cg
prihnrg kldg okhk nc juturk.
Okl su vistg nspiritugc / gooiÿl gbgrogr tkdk nc kbantk nxtnrlk, tkdks cks kbantks dn su rngcidgd.
@rgoigs gc hétkdk = Nc juturk nstç sinldk prkynotgdk pkr lksktrks pgrg dnsgrrkccgr lunstrg gchg y
okloinloig dn tgc jkrhg qun sn `grgltion cg vidg ntnrlg pgrg tkdks.
 

TNOLKC K@ÈG UGRG TRGNR O^GC

TNOLKC O^GCW^INR
W^INR O
OKLDIOI
KLDIOIßL
ßL
HNTNRNKCß@IOG G CG LKRHG
Ukr jgvkr, di`g1 "07?=7927 nltrk nl hi nspgoik pnrsklgc y sistnhg dn okkrdnlgdgs dnc tinhpk y nc
nspgoik dn hi hgykr pkdnr y gotñk okhk nc Orngdkr gotñg.
Nlsn`uidg1 Yk trgbgak pgrg cg Hgork-sgcvgoiÿl, Uidk qun tkdgs cgs okldioiklns ocihçtiogs nl lunstrk
pcglntg
Zisugcizksngl ccnvgdks
nc Uultk nl cg lkrhg.
(pnqun÷g nsjnrg) dn G^TK-KR@GLIQGOIßL dn cks trunlks, rncçhpg`ks, ccuvig,
`rglizk, Ogckr nxtrnhk, nto.,(ustnd dion qué ns ck qun nstç trgbgagldk, cgs okldioiklns hntnkrkcÿ`iogs
qun dnsng lkrhgcizgr) si lk vn cg pnqun÷g nsjnrg (nc pultk) nstç binl.
^stnd dnbn sgbnr qun tgl prkltk okhk ustnd ck dion sn hglijinstg. Gmkrg dion 1 "Zky g nlvigr nc rgyk
dn cuz, cg cuz dnc ghkr dn hi okrgzÿl dirnotghnltn g nsn pultk dn gutk-kr`glizgoiÿl. Wundgrsn gccè
durgltn gc hnlks :5 sn`uldks. Dnoir1 047 prktnooiÿl ilhndigtg pgrg tkdks cks snrns muhglks nl
lunstrk pcglntg y pgrg hè.
Cns dnsnk ulg JNCIQ `nstiÿl dnc tinhpk!
Tghbiél pundn dnoir 404=7?274= pgrg dntnlnr ilhndigtghnltn ougcquinr gooiÿl ln`gtivg .
Ukr jgvkr, trgduoir g ktrks idikhgs y okhpgrtir okl Tkdks. 

OKLTRK
OKLTRKC
C UG
UGRG
RG TRGNR C
CGGC
C^Q
^Q DN
DNC
C GHKR GC H^LDK
 

 
"Kbsnrvn okl hçs dntgccn y prkjuldghnltn nstg jktk... sn pundn vnr nc vgccn; Hirn tkdk nc oghilk, vnrç
ogsgs, éstgs pkdrègl snr dn ulg pnqun÷g oiudgd... vng ck qun nstç grribg; Ugrnon ulg nspnoin dn
linbcg ci`nrg... pinlsn nl nstk okhk si cg linbcg junrg tkdks cks pnlsghinltks y snltihinltks dn tkdgs
cgs pnrsklgs qun vivnl gccè.

Gmkrg hirg
dnc ghkr mgoig
nstç grribg...
nltrgldk vng cg Cuz
trgynldk Dkrgdg
jncioidgd dnc Ghkr
y gcn`règ hkviéldksn mgoig nstg oiudgd ... y okhk cg cuz
g tkdks.

=== 972 =7==4=

Gmkrg trgtn dn visugcizgr su prkpik Uunbck/Ziccg/Oiudgd.

^stnd ns nc qun nstç trgynldk nstg Cuz.

KTRK_
 

 
HÉTKDK DN OKLTRKC DNC @CKBK BCGLOK UCGTNGDK
Ihg`èlnsn ul nlkrhn `ckbk dn okckr bcglok pcgtngdk trglspgrnltn y pnrhngbcn ‟ cg nsjnrg dn cg
sgcvgoiÿl ulivnrsgc, y Urnvnloiÿl dn ulg pksibcn ogtçstrkjn `ckbgc. K sihpcnhnltn1 cg nsjnrg dn cg
sgcvgoiÿl ulivnrsgc. Nstn `ckbk tinln ulg ounrdg y ustnd cg skstinln.
Ihg`èlnsn ul jghicigrns
pnrsklgc), dn hkltÿl dny pnqun÷gs
ghi`ks. Y nsjnrgs okl
ougcquinr tgrngs pgrtioucgrns1 cg suyg (prkbcnhg k nvnltk
ktrk.
Ccnvg tkdgs cgs pnqun÷gs nsjnrgs okl cgs tgrngs dnltrk dnc bgcÿl y ck cibnrg nl nc oinck. _unctg cg
ounrdg.
Rnounrdn nc `ckbk qun jcktg nl nc oinck, tkoçldkck okl su okloinloig, y gotivn cg tgrng dn cg sgcvgoiÿl
ulivnrsgc, y Urnvnloiÿl dn ulg pksibcn ogtçstrkjn `ckbgc, aultk okl cg skcuoiÿl g su kbantivk pgrtioucgr
(tgrng k prkbcnhg).

(Cg tnolkck`èg dnc okltrkc dnc Dr. @. @rgbkvki)

 

 
HÉTKDK DN DKBCN OKLK

7.- Jkrhgoiÿl dn ul dkbcn oklk

Nl prihnr cu`gr, hnltgchnltn oklstruir ul oklk dkbcn, dkldn cgs pultgs sn nstçl tkogldk. Ñlntn
dndks puc`grns n èldions dn ghbgs hglks- Wun ildiog ul tghg÷k dnc dkbcn oklk. Nc oklk dnc cgdk
dnrnomk ns ulg nltrgdg pgrg nvnltks, qun quinrk trglsjkrhgr (pkr nanhpck1 nc hgcnstgr, dkckr,
dnsnhpcnk, prkbcnhgs dn pgrnag …) oklk dnc cgdk izquinrdk ns ulg sgcidg pgrg cks nvnltks dnsngdks
okljkrhn g cg lkrhg (sgcud, gcn`règ, trgbgak sgtisjgotkrik, rncgoiÿl grhÿliog …) pultk dn oklnxiÿl ns
nc cu`gr dn Lkrhgcizgoiÿl (trglsjkrhgoiÿl). Hn oklonltrk nl hi kbantivk y nlvik cg iljkrhgoiÿl nl nc
cgdk dnrnomk dnc dkbcn oklk. Gc hishk tinhpk, ougldk oklnotk cks dks oklks, okckok nc lñhnrk =
okhk ulg sn÷gc pgrg cg Ntnrlidgd. Icuhilk nc lñhnrk = okl ulg cuz dn okckr bcglok pcgtngdk (qun ns nc
okckr
lkrhg,dncy Nspèritu _gltk).
sgcn g trgvés dnHi
cg iljkrhgoiÿl gcoglzg
pgrtn izquinrdg nc pultk
dnc oklk dn oklnxiÿl y gquè, qun sn trglsjkrhg nl
dkbcn.
Nc lñhnrk = ns ulg sn÷gc pgrg cg ntnrlidgd. Dn nstg hglnrg, cg trglsjkrhgoiÿl gdquinrn njnotk ntnrlk.
^lg vnz qun cg trglsjkrhgoiÿl ns okhpcntg, cg oklstruooiÿl dn oklk dnsgpgrnon.
2.-Gpciogoiÿl1
Nanhpck1  cg prnsiÿl grtnrigc gctg (mipnrtnlsiÿl)
Ihg`èlnsn ulg nstruoturg dn dkbcn oklk, situgdg g 95 µ nl rncgoiÿl g su ounrpk. Gc hishk tinhpk, nl
nc pultk dn oklnxiÿl dn dks oklks, okckogr nc lñhnrk = icuhilgdk pkr ulg cuz dn okckr bcglok
pcgtngdk. @irgr cg nstruoturg dn dkbcn oklk g`uags dnc rncka. Oklk dnc cgdk dnrnomk sn diri`n gmkrg
mgoig hi ounrpk. Hnltgchnltn, cibnrk g cg iljkrhgoiÿl ‟ cg prnsiÿl grtnrigc gctg, qun nltrg nl nc oklk dnc
cgdk dnrnomk (priloipik dn vgoèk) mgoig nc pultk dn oklnxiÿl, dkldn cg iljkrhgoiÿl sn trglsjkrhg nl
ulg prnsiÿl grtnrigc lkrhgc. Gc hishk tinhpk di`k1
 

– Grhklizgoiÿl dn cg prnsiÿl grtnrigc nl ul livnc oncucgr, dn gounrdk

gounrdk okl cg L
Lkrhg
krhg dnc Orn
Orngdkr–
gdkr–
Cg iljkrhgoiÿl ‟ cg prnsiÿl grtnrigc lkrhgc, sgcn g trgvés dnc oklk dnc cgdk izquinrdk okl cg hishg
dnlsidgd dn iljkrhgoiÿl okl nc qun nltrÿ nl nc oklk dnc cgdk dnrnomk. Cg dnlsidgd ns cg vnckoidgd dn
prkonsghinltk dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl. Ougldk sn trgbgag okl okckrns, gsn`ñrnsn dn qun sngl ck hçs
dnlsk y briccgltn tgltk okhk sng pksibcn. Nstk prkpkroiklg ulg gctg vnckoidgd dn trglshisiÿl dnc njnotk
dnsngdk.

HÉTKDK
HÉTKDK DN OKLTRK
OKLTRKC
C G TRGZÉ_
TRG ZÉ_ DN CG_ JKRHG_ @NKH
@NKHNTRIOG_
NTRIOG_ 

Nstn tipk nl
Yk nltrk dn hi
picktgan
gchg,uticizg
vnk ycgs jkrhgs
gotñk okhk`nkhétriogs
nc Orngdkr.pgrg orngr ul
_gcvgoiÿl oghpk
`ckbgc iljkrhgtivk
y dnsgrrkcck juturk grhkliksk.
grhÿliok.
 

Hi dnsnk ns1 (Iltrkduon ul dnsnk dn ougcquinr tipk ihg`ilçldkck yg rnsunctk/rngcizgdk)

Y pgrg grhklizgr nstn gokltnoihinltk uticizk cgs jkrhgs `nkhétriogs dn okltrkc, ihg`ilk dnltrk dn cg
nsjnrg dn cg okloinloig dn > hntrks, ulg nsjnrg dn cuz bcglog pcgtngdg dnltrk dn cg ougc nsoribk
hnltgchnltn 1 "Cg sgcvgoiÿl `ckbgc y dnsgrrkcck grhÿliok"
Cun`k junrg dn cg nsjnrg dn cg okloinloig pkr > hntrks hn ihg`ilk ktrg jkrhg `nkhétriog ( ul oubk,
ulg pirçhidn, ul oklk , ck qun tñ quinrgs) y dnltrk dn nstg jkrhg `nkhétriog ilocuyk hnltgchnltn hi
binl
G jkrhucgdk gokltnoihinltk
okltilugoiÿl, ( ccnvgr
nhpnzgr g oklnotgr cgsg dks
cg Lkrhg
jkrhgsnstg situgoiÿl, gnstg
`nkhétriogs rncgoiÿl,
trgvés dn cksnstn ÿr`glk,
mgons dn cuznto.)
qun sgcnl
dn cg nsjnrg g cg jkrhg `nkhétriog nxtnrikr y cun`k rn`rnsgl g cg nsjnrg y gsè suonsivghnltn mgstg qun
cks rgyks dn cuz lk sngl huy luhnrksks.
Nl nstn pultk, ck qun dnbnrèg kourrir ns qun ck`rgs vnr cgs jkrhgs `nkhétriogs nl ? dihnlsiklns,
okhk si sn pudinrg vnr dnsdn tkdks cks çl`ucks.
Hgltnlnr cg oklonltrgoiÿl skbrn cgs jkrhgs `nkhétriogs y cg cuz, mgstg qun nc gokltnoihinltk sn
hglijinstn dn hglnrg grhkliksg.
Lk ns lnonsgrik hgldgrck gc iljilitk, nstk lk sn mgon hçs. Bgstg okl ccnlgr okl cg cuz Tghbiél sirvn
pgrg prkbcnhgs psiokjèsioks.

NC GRTNJGOTK O^BK OKLK O^BK

@ri`kri @rgbkvki, cg `nkhntrèg ns cg nxprnsiÿl juldghnltgc dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl hgtnrigcizgdg dnc orngdkr
qun pksnn ul pktnloigc hnltgc y (okl nsk, tghbiél cg njioinloig nlnr`étiog).
Nc snr muhglk nltinldn cgs jkrhgs `nkhétriogs hnakr pudinldk trgbgagr hçs jçoichnltn okl nccks qun
okl ji`urgs gbstrgotgs. Ukr nsk, cg ogcidgd dn cg hgtnrig pundn snr trglsjkrhgdg ”g trgvés dn ul
grtnjgotk hnltgc okl jkrhg `nkhétriog trglsjkrhgldk su iljkrhgoiÿl. Gdnhçs, pundn snr `nlnrgdk
ulg prktnooiÿl dn iljcunloigs ln`gtivgs g trgvés dn cks kbantks `nkhétrioks.
 

Nc grtnjgotk ooo nspnoèjiok ns oklstruidk nl trns livncns dn gdnltrk mgoig gjunrg1 Oubk, oklk, oubk.
Nsk si`lijiog qun nc gbri`k dnc oubk ns ul oklk, pnrk qun g su vnz nstç sinldk cihitgdk g trgvés dn ul
oubk.
Ugrg ghpcigr nc njnotk pkdnhks ihg`ilgr ulg oncdg dkrgdg dnc orngdkr dnltrk dnc oubk qun rnoibn cg
iljkrhgoiÿl si`uinltn1
< " prÿrrk`g dn hi vidg, cg rnoklstruooiÿl dn cg lkrhg, cg sgcud, cg vidg ntnrlg, auvnltud ntnrlg."
G trgvés
snrçl dn cg prk`rghgoiÿl
trglspkrtgdgs dnc grtnjgotk
g ulg vnckoidgd huy pgrg
rçpidgncmgstg
nstgdknc dnsngdk,
onltrk dnctkdgs cgs iljkrhgoiklns
grtnjgotk ln`gtivgs
y trglsjkrhgdgs.
Gc`ulgs kpoiklns dn usk1
• Rn`nlnrgoiÿl dnc g`ug1 pklnr ul grtnjgotk hnltgchnltn grribg dn ul `rijk.
< " g`ug dn vidg sgcudgbcn, dnsiltkxiogltn, oklstruotivg, rn`nlnrgtivg, ci`nrk y gbskcutg hnltn
sgcudgbcn okljkrhn g cg lkrhg dnc orngdkr. Nc g`ug ourgtivg dnc orngdkr sgc dn nsg ccgvn. "
• Rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn gcihnltks1 vnr nc grtnjgotk dn jkrhg sihicgr nl cg pgrtn supnrikr dn cks gcihnltks.
< " sil prkduotks quèhioks, okhidg grhklizgdg, ci`nrk y sgcudgbcn okljkrhn g cg lkrhg dnc orngdkr."
• Rn`nlnrgoiÿl dnc ounrpk1 trglsjnrir ul grtnjgotk pgrg dnltrk dn ulg nsjnrg y ihg`ilgrcg nl sgl`rn, nl
ktrks jcuidks okrpkrgcns k pgrtns okrpkrgcns.
< " tkdks cks vgckrns dn cg sgl`rn (vgckr... ]y...) _n nlounltrgl nl cg lkrhg dn cg orngoiÿl.
• Gutk-Rnspklsgbicidgd1 okckogr dks grtnjgotks grribg dn cks mkhbrks.
< " nstky dnoididk g sgogr tkdgs cgs ogr`gs dn his mkhbrks y lk gonptgr hçs cgs ogr`gs dn cks ktrks.
G pgrtir dn gmkrg
• Urktnooiÿl ccnvk
okltrg oskcghnltn
cg okltghilgoiÿcglrnspklsgbicidgd
kltghilgoiÿl pgrg hèyhishk."
ncéotriog nl ghbinltns gc cgdk dn cks gpgrgtks.
• Trglsjkrhgoi
T rglsjkrhgoiÿl
ÿl dn situgoiklns juturgs.
• Rngcizgoiÿl dn dnsnks.
• Urktnooiÿl okltrg cgs nlnr`èg
nlnr`ègss ln`gtivgs
Tnrhilgr sinhprn okl cg prk`rghg
prk`rghgoiÿl
oiÿl jilgc1
< " jiak nsg hi dnoisiÿl pgrg cg ourgoiÿl y rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn... Okl cg cuz dnc orngdkr gltn nc jkldk dnc
gchg dnc orngdkr "
Icuhilgr < Jnomg< Mkrg < ∜ 
_n`ñl @rgbkvki, dnspués dn mgbnr mnomk nstk vgrigs vnons bgstg okl gotivgr cg prktnooiÿl dnc
grtnjgotk nl cg zklg dnc oubk oklk oubk okl cg Urk`rghgoiÿl mnomg gltnrikrhnltn."
Rnounrdn qun dnbn snr usgdk okhk ougcquinr dispksitivk, sihpcnhnltn dgldk cg krdnl dn su
juloiklghinltk.
 

 
 

URGOTIOG DN OKLTR
URGOTIOG OKLTRKC
KC DN CG
C G RNGC
RNGCIDGD
IDGD N_TGBC
N_TGBCNOI
NOIDG
DG UKR
@RGBKZKI
@RGB KZKI OK
OKL
L OKCKRN_ 
Dnoidgl ul gokltnoihinltk juturk qun quinrnl mgonr rngcidgd y jiagr vunstrg gtnloiÿl skbrn
nstks okckrns1
Rksg
Znrdn
Ghgricck
Rkak
Gzuc
Zikcntg
Hinltrgs cks visugcizghks ulk dn nstks okckrns pnrhglnonr
pnrhglnonrçç `rgbgdk nl lunstrg hnltn, gsè puns
oklonltréhklks skbrn nsn okckr durgltn oilok hilutks hinltrgs tnlnhks nl hnltn lunstrk dnsnk
gskoigdk g cg sgcvgoiÿl dn tkdks cks snrns vivinltns dnc pcglntg, gc tnrhilgr cks oilok hilutks dghks
`rgoigs.
 

^LG JKRHG JGOIC DN UICKTGAN

Okhk ck ildiog cg ji`urg, grribg nstg cg nsjnrg dnc Orngdkr (dn ul okckr pcgtg briccgltn) y pgsg pkr
lunstrk LÑHNRK dn hns dn lgoihinltk g cg nsjnrg dn gbgak qun okltinln lunstrk kbantivk!
Gpciogrck g ul kbantivk oklorntk, pkr nanhpck okhpgrgr ul ogrrk, ulg ogsg nto.
Lktg1 Cg nsjnrg dn grribg rnprnsnltg cg Cuz dnc Orngdkr ihg`ilgrcg ccnlg dn cuz bcglog pcgtngdg huy
briccgltn, nl cg nsjnrg dn gbgak okckogr su kbantivk, nstg nsjnrg dnbn snr dn ktrk okckr, rksitg, gzuc nto.
Ihg`ilg qun nltrn nccgs nstç su Hns dn Lgoihinltk pkr nanhpck si ns Kotubrn Ihg`ilgr nc lñhnrk 75, y
dnspués cg nsjnrg dn grribg bgag pgsgldk pkr nc lñhnrk dinz mgoig tu nsjnrg dnc kbantivk. ^lg vnz qun
cg nsjnrg dn gbgak yg nstç okhpcntghnltn icuhilgdg okl cg cuz  dn okckr pcgtg quinrn dnoir qun mg
ccnvgdk su kbantivk g cg LKRHG. Gsè tnrhilg nc okltrkc. 
 

U^LTK DN RNKR@GLIQGOIKL DNC O^NRUK

Trgbgagldk okl ul çrng jgltgshg dn cg pnronpoiÿl dnsgrrkccgdg.
Onrog dnc ounrpk, onrog dn cg pinc, onrog dnc okrgzÿl nstç nc pultk dn cg rnkr`glizgoiÿl dnc ounrpk.
Okckqun su hglk dnrnomg dncgltn dn ustnd y lk kbci`un g cg hglk g ir mgoig nc onltrk dnc pnomk.
Cg hglk pkr sè hishg sn gtrgnrç mgstg nc pultk dn Rnkr`glizgoiÿl dnc ounrpk.

Cg tnolkck`èg juloiklg gsè1

7. Jkrhn ul kbantivk (tgrng) y ck ilsnrtg nl ulg pnqun÷g nsjnrg.

Cg Tgrng dnbn snr nspnoèjiog1 cg rnstgurgoiÿl dn cg visiÿl, cg rnstgurgoiÿl gudioiÿl, rn`nlnrgoiÿl dn

ÿr`glks, cg lkrhg dn cg sgcud durgltn cks 7= g÷ks (k dn ougcquinr ndgd) nl cg snhnaglzg dnc Orngdkr.
"
_n pundnl pklnr ul pgr dn prkbcnhgs.
2. Cg nsjnrg nl cg qun sn nlsghbcgrkl tkdgs cgs tgrngs ncn`idgs, sn rnduon g ul pultk. Tinln qun nl
ul skck ihpucsk, huy rçpidghnltn, ccnvgrck mgstg nc çrng jgltgshg, nc pultk dn cg rnkr`glizgoiÿl dnc
ounrpk. 
 

 
OKLTRKCN_ UGRG GY^DGR G CG_ UNR_KLG_ W^N _N MGL
UNRDIDK Y/K _NO^N_TRGDK_
Kpoiÿl 7. Nlokltrgr pnrsklgs, qun sn mgl pnrdidk g livnc dn iljkrhgoiÿl. Ckogcizgr n icuhilgr g nstgs
pnrsklgs nl su okloinloig.
Hgork), ilocuidgs Okl nstg
nstgs pnrsklgs gooiÿlIcuhiln
pnrdidgs. pkdnhks
cgsgyudgr g tkdksnxgotgs,
okkrdnlgdgs cks qun nc
sncu`gr,
mgl pnrdidk
nc pultk(livnc
dkldn
dnbnl rn`rnsgr. Nstn pultk dnbn snr icuhilgdk junrtnhnltn, y pklnrck nl prçotiog. Rnsgctn nc okrrndkr
dn sgcidg. Zisugcizgr oÿhk cg `nltn sn hunvn g ck cgr`k dn nstn okrrndkr dn cuz. Nc okrrndkr nstç
icuhilgdk okl pnqun÷gs nsjnrgs briccgltns dn cg LKRHG divilg, y ogdg nsjnrg kr`glizg cg si`uinltn
lkrhg dn nvnltk g ogdg trns hntrks dncgltn dn nsgs pnrsklgs, qun nstçl nl hkvihinltk.
Nl nc pcglk dnc gchg, qun ns nc oghilk, cg rutg sn cn hunstrg g nstgs pnrsklgs okl cuons briccgltns pgrg
ccn`gr gc pultk dn rn`rnsk. ^stnd visugcizg oÿhk nsgs pnrsklgs pnrdidgs yg nstçl dn rn`rnsk, hkdnck
dn cg lkrhg, ustnd ns ogpgz dn vnr g nstgs pnrsklgs nl nc pultk dn ccn`gdg, y tghbiél dnbnrèg mgbnr
gc`k hçs onroglk, pkr nanhpck, ul çrbkc.
^ticion su okloinloig pgrg dnjilir gc cèdnr dnc `rupk dn pnrsklgs pnrdidgs. Nstn diri`nltn nstç
gvglzgldk y "ns ogpgz dn nsouomgrcn".
Dnstgogr trns sintns 000 jrnltn g sus kaks dn
okckr gzuc, nstks lñhnrks skl ulg pgrtn dn cg
snounloig dnc lñhnrk ?7=0007977?,
cg ougc ns usgdg pkr cg pnrsklg qun ccnvg g
ogbk nc okltrkc. Nstn lñhnrk dn snrin trglsjinrn
cg dnoisiÿl okrrnotg, ns dnoir, hunstrg cg
sgcidg. Nstg tnolkck`
tnolkck`ègèg ns ulivnrsgc y
pundn snr gpciogdk nl ougcquinr ktrg situgoiÿl
situgoiÿl..
Cg tnolkck`èg dn cg "Lkrhg dn Zunck" orngdg
pkr @ri`kri @rgbkvki nl kotubrn 59tm, 2557 sn
uticizÿ nl nstn ogsk pgrtioucgr. Kpoiÿl 21
–Nltrgr nl cks Dinz." Zisugcizgldk
ulg jcnomg vkcgldk mgoig nc kbantivk.
Gonrtgr 75 nl nc onltrk dnc kbantivk pgrg
kbtnlnr ulg visugcizgoiÿl
visugcizgo iÿl ilhndigtg. Cg
trgynotkrig dn vunck dn ulg jcnomg ns nc oghilk y cg sgcidg pgrg gqunccks qun nstçl pnrdidks. Wuinl
ccnvg g ogbk nc okltrkc dnbnrèg visugcizgr nc dnstilk y cg jcnomg nl vunck, y tkdk nc tinhpk vnr g nstgs
pnrsklgs vkcvinldk, nhnr`inldk dn nstg hgrog dn 75..
Cg kpoiÿl ?. _n pundn prgotiogr cg visugcizgoiÿl g trgvés dnc nlkrhn y vgstk nspgoik dnc pkr nloihg dn
gqunccks, qun sn mgl pnrdidk y rn`rnsgldk sihuctçlnghnltn, ilocuynldk g quinlns ccnvgl g ogbk nc
okltrkc.
Rnsgctn cg pgrtn supnrikr dn cg trgynotkrig dn cg rutg, cuz ns prkynotgdg skbrn cg tinrrg y hunstrg nc
oghilk pgrg nsgs pnrsklgs. ^stnd pundn visugcizgrck gyudgldk, sgogldk g cgs pnrsklgs. Ccnvgr g
ogbk nc okltrkc.
 

TRGBGAA GLDK O
TRGBG OKL
KL C G OKC^HLG DN C^Q 
Nanroioik pgrg ourgr, oghbigr nvnltks.....trglsjkrhgr, rn`nlnrgoiÿl...
_n ihg`ilg ulg Cuz qun vinln dn grribg, dnsdn nc iljilitk dn ul okckr bcglok pcgtngdk, cg cuz dnc
Orngdkr, nstg Cuz jkrhg ul tubk k picgr ck sujioinltnhnltn `rgldn pgrg nltrgr nl nc, nstn rnskcvnrç
tgltk sus tgrngs pnrsklgcns okhk cks dn cg Hgork _gcvgoiÿl, gltns dn nltrgr nl nc pinlsn nl su
kbantivk, pundn nltrgr skck k ccnvgr oklsi`k g su jghicig, hgsoktgs ,ghi`ks, pcgltgs, nto. k pklnr g
GC@^INL okl nc kbantivk dn gyudgrck.
Yg qun nltrÿ nl éc sn qundg nc tinhpk lnonsgrik pgrg ouhpcir su kbantivk.
Nc Tubk pundn hkvnrsn, k `irgr. Kbsnrvn cg snlsgoiklns nl su ounrpk.
 

OKLTRKC HNDIGLTN CG N_JNRG

OKLTRKC(G)1 7.-Zisugcizgr onrog dnc mkhbrk izquinrdk ulg pnqun÷g nsjnrg dn okckr bcglok-
pcgtngdk okljkrhn okl cgs nlsn÷glzgs dn @ri`kri @rgbkvki "Nstg ns cg nsjnrg dn cg sgcvgoiÿl
ulivnrsgc.
2. Onrog dnc mkhbrk dnrnomk visugcizgr ktrg nsjnrg dn ougcquinr ktrk okckr dn cuz (krk). Uklnr nl nstg
nsjnrg nc kbantivk qun mgyg ncn`idk. ?. Nl su pnronpoiÿl, oklnotn ghbgs, uliéldkcgs. Jrnltn g su
pnomk. Nl nc hkhnltk dn cg oklnxiÿl vnrç ul bricck ilhnlsk, okhk ulg cuz bcglog-pcgtngdg.
G`rgdnzog yg Tkdk nstç rngcizgdk.
 

OKLTRK C (B)1
OKLTRKC Ihg`iln ulg nsjnrg dn okckr bcglok pcgtngdk (dn ougcquinr tghg÷k) nl su hglk
izquinrdg, y sinltg sus rgdigoiklns. Nstg ns cg nsjnrg dnc Orngdkr, cg nsjnrg dn cg Hgork _gcvgoiÿl,
dkldn tkdk ns pnrjnotk y dn gounrdk g cg LKRHG DIZILG.
Gmkrg nl su hglk dnrnomg ihg`iln ktrg nsjnrg (tghbiél dn ougcquinr tghg÷k) pnrk dn ul okckr
dijnrnltn, pkr nanhpck dn ul okckr dkrgdk y pklnr dnltrk dn nstg su tgrng, rnprnsnltg su
tgrng/kbantivk pnrsklgc.
G okltilugoiÿl,
tgrng ccnvgr cgs gdks
pnrsklgc okhinlzg nsjnrgs
briccgr aultgs
okl cg mgstg qun
cuz bcglog sn tkogl,
pcgtngdg i`ugc ougldk nstk suondn
qun cg nsjnrg cg nsjnrg okl su
dnc Orngdkr.
Nc okltrkc tnrhilg ougldk cg sn`uldg nsjnrg sn jusiklg okl cg nsjnrg icuhilgdg dn okckr bcglok
pcgtngdk.

DINQ NCNZG
NCNZGDK
DK G C
CGG HNLK_ 7
70
0
 

"Nc Orngdkr kr`glizÿ nc huldk, - gjirhg @ri`kri @rgbkvki, dn hkdk qun ogdg pgsk si`uinltn yg nxistn
nl nc prnsnltn. Nl ktrgs pgcgbrgs, nc juturk ns yg prndnjilidk nl nc prnsnltn, nstg ns cg cny dn cg vidg.
Nl oklsnounloig, nl nc juturk ns tghbiél ul nvnltk ci`gdk g éc. Ukr ck tgltk, nl nc prnsnltn sn pundnl
nlokltrgr sinhprn cks si`lks dnc juturk… ougldk sn dividn nc ilstgltn nl pgrtns hèlihgs, pkr nanhpck
iljnrikrns g 75 g cg pktnloig dn -70 , sn tinln cg okljirhgoiÿl dn qun prnoisghnltn cg cuz pundn snr
uticizgdg okhk sistnhg dn prnvisiklns nl hiork prkonsks. Urkluloiçldkcg,
Urkluloiçldkcg, sn pundn hkdijiogr tkdk ck
qun lk lks sgtisjgon
pnlsghinltk, oklsistnnlnlnccgjuturk". "Cg `nstiÿl
supnrpksioiÿl g trgvés dn
gutkhçtiog dn cg
uliljkrhgoiÿl
Nstgdk qunÿptihg
lk okltinln ncnhnltks
(ns dnoir, dn
cg lkrhg)
skbrn cg iljkrhgoiÿl nxtnrlg dirnotg mgoig lksktrks.‘
^ticizgr nstg pktnloig ogdg vnz qun nxpnrihnltn snltihinltks
snltihinltks y nvnltks ln`gtivks.

NC NANROIO
NA NROIOIK
IK N8Z_ 
Nstn ns ul nanroioik dn @rgbkvki huy ihpkrtgltn. ^l nanroioik dn okloinloig nlnr`étiog.
Ougldk lgonhks, lunstrg gchg qun yg mg vividk gltns sn rnjcnag nl ul ounrpk, pnrk nsnloigchnltn cg
cèlng dn tinhpk pundn snr okltrkcgbcn.
 

Cg nsjnrg dn lunstrg gchg, sn ilocuyn nl ul rgdik dn oilok hntrks. Lunstrk oghpk çuriok sn nxtinldn
ogdg vnz hçs, g hndidg qun lunstrk gsonlsk okltilñg. Nc oghpk dn gpn`k ns dn >5 hntrks dn
glomk, pkr ck qun pundn ihg`ilgr cg ogltidgd dn okltghilgoiÿl qun pundn nltrgr dnltrk dn lksktrks si
lk skhks pcnlghnltn oklsoinltns dn lksktrks hishks. Gotugchnltn, vivihks nl ul pcglntg dkldn cg
iltnrjnrnloig
iltnrjnrnloig skbrn cks snrns muhglks ns okltgbicizgdg nl biccklns. Cks hndiks orngl okltilughnltn
idngs pgrg qun lksktrks ornghks qun nstn huldk lk vgcn lgdg, cgs okhpg÷ègs jgrhgoéutiogs quinrnl
nljnrhgrl
nljnrhgrlks ks pgrg
cg pkcètiog lks qun mgonr
quinrnl pundgl vnldnr
ornnr qun sus drk`gs,
lk mgy y quinrnl
dilnrk, mgonrlks
glucgldk vivir okl
pkr okhpcntk cg tnhkr. Cgsnl
okljiglzg lktioigs
nc dn
oklonptk dn cg gbuldgloig.
Hglipucgl lunstrk pnlsghinltk nl vistg dn ulg lnonsidgd dn okltrkc dn cg pkbcgoiÿl `ckbgc. @rgbkvki,
dnspués dn ulg cgr`g prnpgrgoiÿl nl cg jèsiog, qun lk tn mgré cnnr, ornÿ cg jÿrhucg dn cg nlnr`èg qun
sn uticizg pgrg cihpigr nc oghpk nlnr`étiok.
Cg jÿrhucg ns N 8 Z_
Cg nlnr`èg ns nc rnsuctgdk dnc vkcuhnl dn iljkrhgoiÿl, pgrg lunstrg ogpgoidgd dn snltir gqunc
vkcuhnl nl nc nspgoik. Gdnhçs, nstg ogpgoidgd guhnltg, nltrn hçs nlnr`èg sn rnoibn snrç usgdg
pgrg orngr hçs. Unrk, skbrn tkdk, nstg pnronpoiÿl gpkrtg nlnr`èg g ul nstgdk prihgrik dn cg purnzg, cg
ncihilgoiÿl dn ougcquinr tipk dn okldioiklghinltk, cg iltnrjnrnloig, cg iljkrhgoiÿl ln`gtivg. Nstn
nanroioik rntirg dn lunstrk oghpk nlnr`étiok ogdg dnsvigoiÿl prkvkogdg pkr lunstrk nstgdk lkrhgc.
Nstk sn gpciog g tkdgs cgs nhkoiklns ln`gtivgs, cgs jkrhgs dn pnlsghinltk, nc n`k, nltidgdns,
`kbinrlks
ulg rncgoiÿl dnjghicigr
cg skhbrg,
k dncgs pnrsklgs
pgrnag, y pkrqun nstçl tghbiél
supunstk hglipucçldklks,
sn pundnpgrg
usgr ncihilgr
pgrg ckscgdnhçs.
nlnr`èg ln`gtivg
_ÿck nl
rnounrdg
uticizgrck g livnc hgork, junrg dn cg nsjnrg dn oilok hntrks dnc gchg.
Cun`k, ulg vnz mnomk nc nanroioik, sn pundn nsoribir cg jÿrhucg nl cg pinc k nl ul jkccntk, y ccnvgrck okl
ustnd.
-_i`un nc nanroioik.
N 8Z_ → rnstgurgoiÿl dn cg pnrsklg y cg ncihilgoiÿl dn cgs nlnr`ègs ln`gtivgs 
Nltrk nl hi gchg y vnk y gotñk okhk nc orngdkr
07?=7927-pnrhglnonr onltrgdk (Okloéltrnsn skck nl nxistir)
07?=7927
07?=7927
cg sgcvgoiÿl dn dnsgrrkcck `ckbgc y grhkliksk y cg prnvnloiÿl dn dnsgstrns `ckbgcns 70=4727.
Ugrg prktnooiÿl dn ougcquinr pnci`rk nl ougcquinr cu`gr y nl ogdg livnc dn 079?7.
Ugrg rn`rnsgr g cg Lkrhg dnc orngdkr 79072=9?.
Ugrg kbtnlnr gyudg ilhndigtg 9?=709- Gyudg rçpidg, dn nhnr`nloig
Ugrg nc dnsgrrkcck pnrsklgc ntnrlg (snounloig dn gzuc, qun ilhndigtghnltn sn oklvinrtn nl krk)
9===0029==.
Hi dnsnk ns oklvnrtir nstg situgoiÿl pgrg oghbigr nstg nlnr`èg, cihpigr hi oghpk nlnr`étiok, ncihilgr
ougcquinr iljkrhgoiÿl ln`gtivg, dnsmgonrhn dn ougcquinr okldioiklghinltk. Oghbigr nc nstgdk dn nstg
nlnr`èg (ck qun quinrn) y pkr ck qun ilsnrtgr cg jÿrhucg N 8 Z_ nl nc pcnxk skcgr y sn prkluloig1
Rnoklkzok cg junltn dn cg iljkrhgoiÿl ln`gtivg (k cks snrns ksourks) y okckqun cg jÿrhucg N 8 vs nl nc
pcnxk skcgr k nc pultk dkldn sn jkrhg nc nspgoik dn iljkrhgoiÿl ln`gtivg.)
Dnsdn nc jkldk dnc gchg dnc Orngdkr jiak nstn rnsuctgdk okl cg cuz dnc Orngdkr.
 

 
 

RNJNRNLOIG_ BIBCIK@RGJIOG_
-  Rn`nlnrgoiÿl
Rn`nlnrgoiÿ l dnc kr`glishk muhglk g trgvés dn cg oklonltrgo
oklonltrgoiÿl
iÿl nl lñhnrks @ri`kri @rgbkvki
-  Tmn tngomil`s kj @ri`kri @rgbkvki
-  Iltrkduotikl tk tm
tmn
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Ancnzfy
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