GOGIVCK NG W@ OWHDHK GOGDW^HUK NG MDDHK@ DMILHM\HM, G@ CM UHM

NH\GD^M
 
OWHDHK GOGDW^HUK, G@ GOG\DHDHK NG CM MDDHK@ DMILHM\HM G@ CM UHM
NH
NH\G
\GD^
D^M,
M, TG
TGÝK
ÝK\
\ OW
OWG_
G_ NG V\
V\HI
HIG\
G\M
M H@
H@T^
T^M@
M@DH
DHM
M NG
NGC
C \MIK
\MIK DHU
DHUHC
HC NGC
NGC
IW@HDHVHK X NGVM\^MIG@^K NG JWM^GIMCM.

GUGC
GUGCX@
X@ OK
OKBM
BM@M
@M JM
JM\D
\DÉM
ÉM VG
VG\N
\NKI
KI,, ng vg
vgh`
h`th
thdh
dh`d
`dkk mý
mýks
ks ng gn
gnmn
mn,, sk
skct
ctgr
grm,
m,
jumtgimctgdm, Mlkjmnm y @ktmrhm, dk` nkihdhchk g` gc ngpmrtmig`tk ng jumtgimctgdm,
rgspgtuksmig`tg dkipmrgzdk y1

GRVK@JK

- m-
Ng cm dmchnmn dk` qug mdtÿk
G` gc prgsg`tg prkdgsk dkipmrgzdk g` ih dmchnmn ng IM@NM^M\HM OWNHDHMC DK@
EMDWC^
EMDWC^MNG
MNGT
T GTV
GTVGDHM
GDHMCGT
CGT X \GV
\GV\GT
\GTG@^
G@^MDH
MDHK@
K@ ng cm g`thnm
g`thnmnn LM@DK
LM@DK NGC
MBK\\K, TKDHGNMN M@K@HIM1 dmchnmn qug mdrgnhtk dk` gc Tgju`nk ^gsthik`hk ng cm
Gsdrhturm Vulchdm `uigrk trgsdhg`tks dumrg`tm y trgs ( 4>4 ), emddhk`mnm g` cm dhunmn ng
Jumtgimcm, gc ném trgdg ng mjkstk ngc mýk nks ihc u`k, pkr gc @ktmrhk Gstumrnk Oksg
Juthèrrgz Dkrmnk1 gc dumc sg g`dug`trm nglhnmig`tg h`sdrhtk g` gc \gjhstrk Gcgdtrô`hdk ng
Vkngrgs ngc Mrdbhvk Jg`grmc ng Vrktkdkcks, lmok cm h`sdrhpdhô` `uigrk nks ( < ), ngc pkngr 
h`sdrhtk dk` gc `uigrk sghsdhg`tks sgsg`tm y u` ihc dumtrkdhg`tks `kvg`tm y dh`dk juhô` G
(55=>87-G), dk` egdbm kdbk ng kdtulrg ngc mýk nks ihc nhgz1 y g` gc \gjhstrk Igrdm`thc
Jg`grmc ng cm \gpÿlchdm ng Jumtgimcm, lmok gc sgju`nk rmzk`mihg`tk ng im`nmtk, h`sdrhtk
 lmok gc rgjhstrk trgh`tm y nks ihc sgtgdhg`tks trgh`tm (4<:46), ekchk quh`hg`tks dumrg`tm
(7>6), ngc chlrk
chlrk vgh`th
vgh`thdumtrk
dumtrk (<>) ng im`n
im`nmtks,
mtks, dk` egdbm
egdbm nhgz ng g`grk ngc mýk nks ihc
ihc
k`dg, gc dumc mdkipmýk g` ektkdkphm cgjmchzmnm mc prgsg`tg gsdrhtk.

=
 

- l-
Ngc muxhchk prkegshk`mc y ngc cujmr pmrm rgdhlhr `kthehdmdhk`gs
G` gc prgsg`tg msu`tk, mdtÿk lmok ih prkphm msgskrém, muxhchk, nhrgddhô` y prkdurmdhô`, y
sgýmck dkik cujmr pmrm rgdhlhr `kthehdmdhk`gs ih kehdh`m prkegshk`mc, cm dumc sg g`dug`trm
ulhdmnm g`? Mvg`hnm \gekrim, dumtrk juhk` dmtkrdg (6> -=>), zk`m nhgz (=6), ng cm
ulhdmnm
dhunmn ng Jumtgimcm. Gnhehdhk \gekrim Ik`tuemr, ^krrg M, kehdh`m nkdg dgrk kdbk
(=<62) nkdgmvk (=<) `hvgc.
-d-
\mzô` ng ih jgsthô`
G` cm dm
dmch
chnm
nmnn dk
dk`` qu
qugg md
mdtÿ
tÿkk dk
dkip
ipmr
mrgz
gzdk
dk m pr
prki
kikv
kvgr
gr OW
OWHD
HDHK
HK GO
GOGD
GDW^
W^HU
HUK,
K, G@
GOG\
GOG\DH
DHDH
DHK
K NG CM MDDH
MDDHÔ@
Ô@ DMIL
DMILHM
HM\H
\HM
M G@ CMUH
CMUHM
M NH\GD
NH\GD^M
^M g` dk
dk`t
`trm
rm ng
ng??
E\M@DHTDK OMUHG\ CG^K@M NK@HT1 ng quhg` hj`krk su rgshng`dhm, pgrk pugng sgr 
`kthehdmnk pkr gstm ÿ`hdm vgz y lmok gc mpgrdhlhihg`tk qug nglgrí sgýmcmr cujmr pmrm rgdhlhr 

`kthehdmdhk`gs ng`trk ngc pgréigtrk cgjmc, dmsk dk`trmrhk cms shjuhg`tgs, qug cm cgy msé ck
 pgrihtm, sg cm bmrí` pkr cks gstrmnks ngc ouzjmnk, gstk ck dk`sthtuyg cm nhrgddhô`
gxprg
gxprgsm
smig
ig`t
`tgg sgý
sgýmc
mcmnm
mnm pm
pmrm
rm gc ge
gegd
gdtk
tk sh
shg`n
g`nkk sh
shjuh
juhg`tg?? Lku
g`tg Lkucgv
cgvmrn
mrn Uhs
Uhstm
tm Bgr
Bgriksm
iksm
vgh`thtrès juhk` dumrg`tm (<4->6). _k`m quh`dg (=7) ngc Iu`hdhphk ng Jumtgimcm,
ngpmrtmig`tk ng Jumtgimcm.

BGDBKT?
- H-
Ngc tétuck ng drènhtk g` gc dumc dk`stm gc smcnk ngunkr
Dk` egdbm shgtg ng g`grk ngc mýk nks ihc nkdg, gc sgýkr E\M@DHTDK OMUHG\ CG^K@M
NK@HT, susdrhlhô gc pmjmrg chlrg ng prktgstk, ignhm`tg gc dumc sg rgdk`kdg ngunkr ng cm
g`thnmn ng`kih`mnm LM@DK NGC MBK\\K, TKDHGNMN M@K@HIM, pkr cm dm`thnmn ng
TG^G@^M X DH@DK IHC ]WG^_MCGT GRMD^KT (]. :7, 666.66)

<
 

HH
Ng cms gsthpucmdhk`gs ngc pmjmrg chlrg ng prktgstk
Gc gogdutmnk sg klchjô m pmjmr m emvkr ng ié rgprgsg`tmnm, cm dm`thnmn m`tgrhkrig`tg
rgcmdhk`mnm, lmok cks tèrih`ks y gsthpucmdhk`gs shjuhg`tgs?

H. IK@^K ? dkik im`hegstè m`tgrhkrig`tg, cm dm`thnmn m qug sg klchjô pmjmr gc

gogdutmnk m ih im`nm`tg gs ng TG^G@^M X DH@DK IHC ]WG^_MCGT
GRMD^KT (] .:7, 666 .66).

HH.   H@^G\
H@ ^G\GTGT
GTGT?? Gc dmphtmc
dmphtmc g`trgjm
g`trgjmnk
nk ngvg`jm
ngvg`jmrém
rém u`m tms
tmsmm ng h`tgrè
h`tgrèss m`umc
m`umc
vmrh
vmrhml
mlcg
cg,, cm qu
qugg h`
h`hd
hdhm
hmci
cig`
g`tg
tg sg eh
ehoô
oô g` ]WH@
]WH@DG
DG VK
VK\
\ DHG@
DHG@^K
^K (=
(=77 %)
 pmjmngrks ig`sumcig`tg sklrg smcnks ngunkrgs.

HHH. EK\IM NG VMJK ? Cm suim m`tgrhkrig`tg rgcmdhk`mnm sg pmjmrém ignhm`tg

mikrthzmdhk
mikrthzmdhk`gs
`gs ig`sumc
ig`sumcgs
gs y dk`sgdu
dk`sgduthvms
thvms m dmphtmc
dmphtmc ng W@ IHC NKTDHG
NKTDHG@^KT
@^KT
DH@DWG
DH@DWG@^M
@^M ]WG
]WG^_M
^_MCGT
CGT GRM
GRMD^K
D^KT
T (].=,<7
(].=,<76.66
6.66)) dmnm
dmnm u`m,
u`m, nglhg`
nglhg`nk
nk
gegdtumr cms ihsims gc ÿcthik ném bílhc ng dmnm igs h`hdhm`nk gc prôxhik igs ng
eglrgrk ngc mýk nks ihc nkdg y smcnk mc vg`dhihg`tk ngc pcmzk.

HU. IK\M? Gc gogdutmnk pmjmrém u`m tmsm vmrhmlcg ng h`tgrès ikrmtkrhm, gc dumc sg
eh
ehoô
oô h`
h`hd
hdhm
hmci
cig`
g`tg
tg g` gc gq
gquh
uhvm
vmcg
cg`t
`tgg m u`
u`mm tm
tmsm
sm ng h`
h`tg
tgrè
rèss kr
krnh
nh`m
`mrh
rhmm iís
iís
vgh`thdumtrk (<>) pu`tks pkrdg`tumcgs.

- HHH-
Ngc h`duipchihg`tk ngc pmjmrg
Gs gc dmsk Tgýkr Ougz, qug cm pmrtg gogdutmnm bm h`duipchnk g` bmdgr cks pmjks m cks qug sg
klchjô g` cm ekrim, cujmr, iknk y thgipk dk`vg`hnk pkr ck qug gs prkdgng`tg rgdcmimr cm
dm`thnmn ng nh`grk chquhnm, gxhjhlcg y ng pcmzk vg`dhnk ng TG^G@^M X DH@DK IHC

4
 

]WG^_MCGT (] .:7, 666.66), iís h`tgrgsgs, rgdmrjk pkr ikrm y dkstms bmstm gc gegdthvk
 pmjk ng ck mngunmnk, g` vhrtun qug `k rgmchzô
r gmchzô `h`jÿ` mlk`k ng cks dk`vg`hnks.

IGNHKT NG V\WGLM?

G` gc prgsg`t
prgsg`tgg msu`tk, dk`shngrk H@@GDGTM
H@@GDGTM\HK\HK gc kergdhi
kergdhihg`tk
hg`tk ng pruglm pkr sgr 
u`m imtgrhm ng prkdgsk ng gogdudhô`, sh` gilmrjk, ih rgprgsg`tmnm kergdg cks shjuhg`tgs?

H.  NKDWIG@
NKD WIG@^KT
^KT?? dk`shstg`tgs g`?
 Krhjh`mc" ngc pmjmrg chlrg ng prktgstk, jhrmnk dk` egdbm shgtg ng g`grk ngc mýk nks
ihc nkdg, gc dumc mnou`tk mc prgsg`tg gsdrhtk y qug shrvg ng tétuck gogduthvk.
 Gstmnk ng Dug`tm? Ng E\M@DHTDK OMUHG\ CG^K@M NK@HT, ng egdbm trgh`tm ng
mlrhc ngc mýk nks ihc dmtkrdg, gxtg`nhnm pkr gc sgýkr
 Dmrcks Builgrtk Mjuhcmr ng LM@DK NGC MBK\\K, TKDHGNMN M@K@HIM, cm
dumc mnou`tk mc prgsg`tg gsdrhtk g` "krhjh`mc".

HH.  V\GTW@DH
V\GTW @DHK@GT
K@GT?? Cg
Cgjm
jmcg
cgss y bu
buim
im`m
`mss qu
qugg ng cm
cmss pr
prug
uglm
lmss ke
kerg
rgdh
dhnm
nms,
s,
 prkpugstms y nhchjg`dhmnms ng ngrhvg`.

EW@NMIG@@^K G@ NG\GDBK?

Gc mrtéduck 5=7 ngc Dônhjk ng Dkigrdhk chtgrmcig`tg gstmlcgdg? "Gogrdhdhk ng cm Mddhô`

Dmilhmrhm. Cm mddhô` dmilhmrhm sg gogrdhtmrí? =¶. G` dmsk ng emctm ng mdgptmdhô` pmrdhmc. <¶.
G` dmsk ng emctm ng pmjk k pmjk pmrdhmc. 4¶. Dum`nk gc chlrmnk k gc mdgptm`tg eugrg`
ngdcmrmnks g` gstmnk ng quhglrm, ng chquhnmdhô` ounhdhmc, ng suspg`shô` ng pmjks, ng
dk`dursk, k ng ktrm shtumdhô` gquhvmcg`tg."

Gc mrtéduck 5=5 ngc Dônhjk ng Dkigrdhk chtgrmcig`tg gstmlcgdg? Mddhô` Dmilhmrcm nhrgdtm.
Cm mddhô` dmilhmrhm gs nhrgdtm dum`nk sg ngnudg dk` u`m gc prh`dhpmc klchjmnk k sus
mvmchstms, y ng rgjrgsk dum`nk sg gogrdhtm dk`trm dumcquhgr klchjmnk.
Gc mrtéduck 5<5 ngc Dônhjk ng Dkigrdhk chtgrmcig`tg gstmlcgdg? "Vrgsdrhpdhô` ng cm nhrgdtm.
Cm mddhô` dmilhmrhm gs nhrgdtm, prgsdrhlg g` trgs mýks m pmrthr ngc ném ngc vg`dhihg`tk."
Gc mrtéduck 546 ngc Dônhjk ng Dkigrd
Dkigrdhk
hk chtg
chtgrmcig`t
rmcig`tgg gstmlcgdg?
gstmlcgdg? "Vrkdgnhihg`tk
"Vrkdgnhihg`tk gogduthvk.
gogduthvk.
Gc dklrk ng u` tétuck ng drènhtk nmrí cujmr mc prkdgnhihg`tk, gogduthvk, sh` `gdgshnmn ng
>
 

rgdk`kdhihg`tk ng ehrim `h ng ktrk rgquhshtk, smcvk qug gc prktgstk eugrg cgjmcig`tg

`gdgsmrhk."
Gc mrtéduck 4<: ngc Dônhjk ng Vrkdgsmc Dhvhc y Igrdm`thc chtgrmcig`tg gstmlcgdg?" Vrkdgng gc
 ouhdhk gogduthvk dum`nk sg prkiugvg g` vhrtun ng mcju`k ng cks shjuhg`tgs tétucks? =¶...
<4¶... >8. Cks tgsthik`hks cms mdtms ng prktkdkchdg` ng prktgstk ng nkduig`tks igrdm`thcgs
y lm`dmrhks, k cks prkphks nkduig`tks sh `k eugrg cgjmcig`tg `gdgsmrhk gc prktgstk. 7... 5.
:8..."
Gc mrté
mrtédu
duck
ck 4<8 ng
ngcc Dô
Dônh
nhjk
jk ng Vr
Vrkd
kdgsm
gsmcc Dh
Dhvh
vhcc y Igrdm
Igrdm`t
`thc
hc ch
chtg
tgrmc
rmcig
ig`t
`tgg gs
gstm
tmlc
lcgd
gdg?
g?
"Vrkikvhnk gc ouhdhk gogduthvk, gc ougz dmchehdmrm gc tétuck g` qug sg eu`ng y sh ck dk`shngrmsg
sueh
suehdh
dhg`
g`tg
tg k cm dm
dm`t
`thn
hnmn
mn qug sg rg
rgdc
dcmi
mimsg
msg eugrg
eugrg ch
chquh
quhnm
nm y gxhjh
gxhjhlc
lcg,
g, ngspm
ngspmdbm
dbmrm
rm gc
im`nmihg`tk ng gogdudhô`, krng`m`nk gc rgqugrhihg`tk ngc klchjmnk y gc gilmrjk ng
 lhg`gs, sh eugsg prkdgng`tg1
pr kdgng`tg1 y nmrí munhg`dhm
mun hg`dhm pkr dh`dk néms mc gogdutmnk pmrm qug sg kpk`jm
k bmjm vmcgr sus gxdgpdhk`gs.

Gc mrthduck =24 Dônhjk ng Vrkdgsmc Dhvhc y Igrdm`thc chtgrmcig`tg gstmlcgdg? "Gc ougz, ng
kehdhk k m skchdhtun ng pmrtg, pugng pgnhr m dumcquhgr kehdh`m pÿlchdm k h`sthtudhô` lm`dmrhm,
cms h`ekrimdhk`gs gsdrhtms rgcmthvms m mdtks k nkduig`tks ng nhdbms kehdh`ms, qug sgm
`gdgsmrhk h`dkrpkrmr mc prkdgsk.
Gc mrtéduck >8 ng cm Cgy ngc Krjm`hsik Ounhdhmc chtgrmcig`tg gstmlcgdg? "Emductmn ng sgýmcmr 
 pcmzk. GH ougz nglg sgýmcmr pcmzk dum`nk cm cgy `k ck nhspk`jm gxprgsmig`tg."

 Gc mrtéduck 7<: ngc Dônhjk ng Vrkdgsmc Dhvhc y Igrdm`thc chtgrmcig`tg gstmlcgdg? Vknrí
ngdrgtmrsg prgdmutkrhmig`tg gc gilmrjk ng lhg`gs qug mcdm`dg` m dulrhr gc vmckr ng ck
ngim`nmnk, h`tgrgsgs y dkstms, pmrm duyk gegdtk sk` mpchdmlcgs cks mrtéducks rgegrg`tgs m
gstm imtgrhm gstmlcgdhnks pmrm gc prkdgsk ng gogdudhô`.

Gc mrtéduck 7<4 ngc Dônhjk ng Vrkdgsmc Dhvhc y Igrdm`thc gstmlcgdg? "Dum`nk bulhgrg tgikr 
ng qug sg musg`tg u kductmrg cm pgrsk`m dk`trm quhg` nglm g`tmlcmrsg k sg bmym g`tmlcmnk
u`m ngim`nk, pknrí gc h`tgrgsmnk pgnhr qug sg cm mrrmhjug g` gc cujmr g` qug sg nglg sgjuhr 
gc prkdgsk..."

Gc mrtéduck =65 ng cm Cgy ng Lm`dks y Jrupks Eh`m`dhgrks gstmlcgdg? "Tgrí ougz dkipgtg`tg
 pmrm dk`kdgr ng cks ouhdhks qug pcm`tgg` cks lm`dks y cms giprgsms ng cms kehdh`ms jrupks
eh`m`dhgrks, gc ngc cujmr g` qug gstè` h`stmcmnms cks prh`dhpmcgs ngc gogdutm`tg, gc ngc cujmr 
7
 

nk`ng gstè` ulhdmnks cks lhg`gs jrmvmnks cm gcgddhô` ngc k nk`ng sg dk`trmok k nglg
duipchrsg cm klchjmdhô`, m gogdutm`tg..."
 

VG^HDHK@?

NG ^\ÍIH^G?
H. ]ug dk` gc prgsg`tg igikrhmc y nkduig`tks rgspgdthvks. sg ekrig gc gxpgnhg`tg
HH. Tg rgdk
rgdk`k
`kzd
zdmm cm dmch
dmchnm
nmnn dk
dk`` qu
qugg md
mdtu
tuôô sk
sklr
lrgg cm lm
lmsg
sg ng
ngcc nk
nkdu
dui
ig`
g`tk
tk
mdkipmýmnk.
HHH. Tg tkig `ktm ngc muxhchk y prkdurmdhô` prkegshk`mc prkpugstm, msé dkik ngc cujmr 
qug sgýmck pmrm rgdhlhr `kthehdmdhk`gs.
HU. Tg mnihtg pmrm su tríihtg gc prgsg`tg OWHDHK GOGDW^HUK, G@ GOG\DHDHK
NG CM MDDHK@ DMILHM\HM G@ CM UHM NH\GD^M g` dk`trm ngc sgýkr 

E\M@DHTDK OMUHG\ CG^K@M NK@HT- Dkik prh`dhpmc ngunkr-.

U. Tg tkig `ktm ngc cujmr nk`ng pugng sgr `kthehdmnm cm pmrtg gogdutmnm ng cm
 prgsg`tg ngim`nm h`stmurmnm g` su dk`trm, pkr gstm ÿ`hdm vgz y lmok
mpgrdhlhihg`tk qug nglgrí sgýmcmr cujmr pmrm rgdhlhr `kthehdmdhk`gs ng`trk ngc
 pgréigtrk cgjmc, y ng `k bmdgrck msé sg cgs sgjuhrí` `kthehdm`nk pkr cks gstrmnks
ngc ouzjmnk, cms qug cm cgy msé ck pgrihtm, y sg cg dk`dgnm munhg`dhm pkr gc pcmzk
ng DH@DK néms pmrm qug sg kpk`jm` k bmjm vmcgr sus gxdgpdhk`gs,

UH. Tg tg`jm` pkr kergdhnks cks ignhks ng pruglm h`nhvhnumchzmnks g` gc mpmrtmnk

dkrrgspk`nhg`tg ngc prgsg`tg gsdrhtk ng ngim`nm.

UHH. Dkik ignhnms prgdmutkrhms, pkr tg`gr eu`nmnk tgikr qug cm pmrtg gogdutmnm
kductg sus lhg`gs pmrm sustrmgrsg gc pmjk ng sus klchjmdhk`gs, sg ngdrgtg` cms
shjug` tg1 gilmrjk sklrg cms dug`tms ng ngpôshtk.

5
 

UHHH. dmchehqug prgsg`tg gc tétuck g` qug sg eu`nm cm nhrgdtm, sg ngspmdbg im`nmihg`tk

ng cm mddhô` dmilhmrhm g` cm vém gogdutmnm gc ik`tk ngc pmjk Gogdudhô` dk` gc
klogtk ng rgqugrhr mc pmrtg rgdcmimnk.
NG TG@^G@DHM
HR. trmihtg rgspgdthvk, gc sgýkr ougz G` su kpkrtu`hnmn, y u`m vgz mjktmnk gc cujmr cm
 prgsg`tg nhdtg TG@^G@DHM, g` cm dumc ngdcmrg? m.) Dk` cm v=m ngim`nm
Gogduthvm, qug g` gogrdhdhk ng cm mddhô` dmilhmrhm g` E\M@DHTDK OMUHG\ 
nhrg
nhrgdt
dtmm pr
prki
kiug
ugvk
vk g` dk
dk`t
`trm
rm ng
ngcc go
gogd
gdut
utmn
mnkk CG^K
CG^K@M
@M NK
NK@H
@HT1
T1 l.
l.)) G`
dk`sgdug`dhm, bm cujmr m bmdgr trm`sg, pmjk yk rgimtg gogdutmnk, dk` su dk` cks
 lhg`gs gilmrjmnks prkphgnmn ngc y rgdcmimnk ng prknudtk pmjk mc mdrggnkr pkr 
pk r 
gc ik`tk ngc dmphtmc TG^G@^M X DH@DK IHC ]WG^_MCGT, iís h`tgrgsgs y
dkstms prkdgsmcgs1 d.) Tg dk`ng`g mc pmjk ng cms dkstms mc gogdutmnk.

 shjuhg`tgs? <2, <8 DH^M NG CGXGT? Eu`nk ih pgthdhô` g` cks mrtéducks dhtmnks y g`
cks =4=,=:5, =::, =24, =8>, =87, 4=, >>, >7, 76, 7=, 5=, 5<, 54, 55, :=, :8, 26 mc 28, =<5
mc 746, 74>, 7:<, 7:5 ngc Dônhjk <8>, <8>, 46=, 464, 467, 462, 4<5, 4<8, 446 mc 44>,
7<>, =4>:, =476, =4:4, =>6:, =7=:, =742 ng Vrkdgsmc Dhvhc y Igrdm`thc1 =4=8, =4<>,
=4<8, Dônhjk ng Dkigrdhk1 =6, =5, =:, =8, ngc Dônhjk Dhvhc1 764, 767, 7==, 5=7, 5<<,
546 ngc Krjm`hsik Ounhdhmc >7,>:, >8, =>=, =:= mc =:5, <62 ng cm Cgy ngc igikrhmc
nkduig`tks mnou`tks.

Mdkipmýk
Mdkipmýk K\HJH@MCX
K\HJH@MCX NKT DKVHMT ngc prgsg`tg y Jumtgimcm,
Jumtgimcm, vgh`th
vgh`thsèhs
sèhs ng g`grk
ngc mýk nks ihc quh`dg.

G@ IH V\KVHK MWRHCHK, NH\GDDHK@ X  V\KDW\MDHK@

VMJM\G

CHL\G NG V\K^GT^K

Xk E\M@DHTDK V\K^GT^K OMUHG\ CG^K@M NK@HT h`dk`nhdhk`mc g` ck pgrsk`mc

 prkigtk mc pmjmr g` ^kim LM@DK NGC MBK\\K, TKDHGNMN M@K@HIM, mvg`hnm 8-

:
 

62 g` 5tm zk`m 8 ng cm dhunmn ng Jumtgimcm, cm dm`thnmn ng TG^G@^M DH@DK X IHC

]WG^_MCGT GRMD^KT (].:7, 666.66). Gc pcmzk ng gstg pmjmrg gs ng s M@KT, m pmrthr 
ngcc ném
ng ném ng bky.
bky. Gc pm
pmjk
jk ng
ngcc dmph
dmphtm
tmcc sg bm
bmrí
rí ignh
ignhm`t
m`tgg mikrt
mikrthz
hzmd
mdhk
hk`g
`gss ig`su
ig`sumc
mcgs
gs y
dk`s
dk`sgd
gdut
uthv
hvms
ms m dm
dmph
phtm
tmcc ng W@ IH
IHC
C NK
NKTD
TDHG
HG@^
@^KT
KT DH
DH@D
@DWG
WG@^
@^M
M ]W
]WG^
G^_M
_MCG
CGT
T
GRMD^KT (].=,<76.66) dmnm u`m, nglhg`nk gegdtumr cms ihsims gc ÿcthik ném bílhc ng
dmnm igs h`hdhm`nk gc prôxhik igs ng EGL\G\K ngc mýk nks ihc nkdg y smcnk mc
vg`dhihg`tk ngc pcmzk. Vkr cm emctm ng cks h`tgrgsgs ig`sumcgs pmdtmnks g` mc prgsg`tg tétuck
gc lg`gehdhmrhk k tg`gnkr ngc prgsg`tg pmjmrg pknrí nmr pkr vg`dhnk gc pcmzk ngc ihsik, mc
hjumc qug sh cks lhg`gs ngc chlrmnkr klogtk ng m`ktmdhô`, gilmrjk, h`tgrvg`dhô` dumcquhgrm
ktrm chihtmdhô` qug m ouhdhk ngc lg`gehdhmrhk k tg`gnkr ngc tétuck punhgrm` megdtmr gc
h`duipchihg`tk ng gstm klchjmdhô`, mnhdhk`mcig`tg pmjmrg u`m tmsm ng h`tgrès chlrg y
vmrhmlcg ngc ]WH@DG VK\ DHG@^K (=7k) m`umc vmrhmlcg pmjmngrks ig`sumcig`tg sklrg
smcnks ngunkrgs. G` dmsk ng ikrm pmjmrg u`m tmsm vmrhmlcg ng h`tgrès ikrmtkrhm, dc dumc sg

ehom pkr gc ikig`tk g` gc gquhvmcg`tg m u`m tmsm ng h`tgrès krnh`mrhm m`tgs ig`dhk`mnm iís
vgh`thdumtrk (<>) pu`tks mnhdhk`mcgs. Cm emctm ng pmjk y/k mdgptmdhô` g` gc h`drgig`tk k
vmrhmdhô`
vmrhmdhô` ng cm tmsm ng h`tgrè
h`tgrès,
s, emductmrm mc tg`gnkr y/k lg`geh
lg`gehdhmrh
dhmrhkk ngc prgsg`tg tétuck
tétuck pmrm
nmr pkr vg`dhnk g` ekrim m`thdhpmnm gc pcmzk ngc ihsik. Th gc prgsg`tg tétuck klchjmdhô` y/k
 pmjks krnh`mrhks g` vvhrtun
hrtun ng cks ihsiks, ccgjmrg` y/k m gstmr megdtks mc pmjk ng dumcquhgr 
trhlutk, ngsdug`tk rgtg`dhô`, rgdmrjk cks Dumcquhgr ktrk, ig dkiprkigtk m dm`dgcmr tmcgs
rulrk
rulrkss g` ekr
ekrim
im mn
mnhd
hdhk
hk`mc
`mc m ngi
ngiís
ís rul
rulrks
rks pmjks
pmjks ng dm
dmph
phtm
tmcc y cg h`tgrgs
h`tgrgsgg pm
pmdt
dtmn
mnks.
ks.
Mnhdhk`mcig`tg mc gquhvmcg`tg mc W@K gstmlcgdhnks dkihshô` g` gc prgsg`tg, pmjmrg gc ném
ng bky u` rg`u`dhk mc eugrk ng ih

Nkihdhchk y sgýmck dkik cujmr pmrm rgdhlhr tknk víchnms cms qug mccé sg ng `kthehdmdhô` sgrí`
g` gc prgsg`tg tétuck, g` gc g`tg`nhnk qug ng rgdhlk mc tg`gnkr y/ k lg`gehdhm`nk Th `k sg
dkiu`hdmrg pkr gsdrhtk y dk` mdusg pkr ck ig`ks lg`gehdhmnk ngc prgsg`tg tétuck, dumcquhgr 
dmilhk dc cm ihsim, dk`
]uh`dg néms dmcg`nmrhk ng m`thdhpmdhô`.

G` cm Dhunmn ng Jumtgimcm, gc shgtg ng g`grk ngc mýk nks ihc nkdg.

e.[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ 

E\M@DHTDK OMUHG\ CG^K@M NK@HT

2
 

Nkduig`tk Vgrsk`mc ng hng`thehdmdhô` `uigrk <6<= >676 6=6= gxtg`nhnk pkr gc \gjhstrk
 @mdhk`mc ng cms Vgrsk`ms ngc Ngpmrtmig`tk ng Jumtgimcm.

Ngpmrtmig`tk ng Jumtgimcm

Lkucgvmrn Uhstm Bgriksm, <4->6 zk`m =7

Dhunmn ng Jumtgimcm