Pasgt Knudtkdsa @gr`ksas Vkskr (L@KP)

 GKPDADH [WKCA]Q 

MAUWUWD OCGB:

QWD GPLKCK MGXA

K690;2;656

VKUEKUKPJKDK VPOHPKL U]WMA KNWD]KDUA

IKNWC]KU GNODOLA MKD @AUDAU
WDAYGPUA]KU BKUKDWMMAD
06;1
 

MGIADAUA GKPDADH [WKCA]Q

Ck`k lgrupknkd bksac knbar mkra prosgs pgdektktkd tgrbkmkp sgluk ngjkmakd ykdh
tgrjkmaa mkckl pgruskbkkd mgdhkd lglpgrtal`k
tgrjkm lglpgrtal`kdhnk
dhnkd
d kmkdyk
kmkdyk ng`ajknkd
ng`ajknkd lkdkjgrakc pkmk
sgtakp prosgsdyk. Ug`ukb adiorlksa ck`k lgrupknkd adiorlksa ykdh pgdtadh ykdh kmk mkckl
ckporkd ngukdhkd (Cgv,;121). Adiorlksa ck`k sg`khkalkdk madyktknkd mkckl Utktglgdt oi 

Iadkdeakc Keeoudtadh (UIKE) dolor 0 lgrupknkd udsur utklk mkckl ckporkd ngukdhkd mkd
skdhkt
skdhkt pgdtad
pgdtadh
h `kha
`kha pabkn-
pabkn-pab
pabkn
kn ykdh
ykdh lgdhhu
lgdhhudkn
dknkdd
kddyk
yk nkrgdk
nkrgdk lglacan
lglacanaa dacka
dacka prgman
prgmantai 
tai 
(IKU
(IKU@,
@, ;1
;126
26).
). @kha
@kha ad
advg
vgsto
stor,
r, ckpo
ckpork
rkd
d ck`k
ck`k ma
makd
kdhh
hhkp
kp lglp
lglpud
udyk
ykaa ad
adio
iorl
rlksa
ksa ud
udtu
tun 
n 
lgdhkdkcasas skbkl ykdh matgr`atnkd ocgb glatlgd malkdk ck`k lgdjkma puskt pgrbktakd
 pabkn pglknka. Ck`k ykdh mapucanksankd mkpkt lgl`gra rgspod ykdh `grvkraksa, ykdh
lgdudjunnkd kmkdyk rgknsa pkskr tgrbkmkp adiorlksa ck`k. Pgknsa ykdh ma`grankd tgrhkdtudh
mkra nukcatks ck`k ykdh mabksacnkd ocgb pgruskbkkd (Hamgod, 0667). Adiorlksa ck`k tgrsg`ut
 `aksk mahudknkd ocgb pkrk kdkcasas mgdhkd lgdhhudknkd `gr`khka rksao kdkcasas udtun 
lgdg
lgdgdt
dtun
unkd
kd nglk
nglklp
lpuk
ukd
d pgru
pgrusk
skbk
bkkd
kd sg
sg`g
`gcu
culd
ldyk
yk,, sk
skkt
kt ad
adaa mk
mkd
d lksk
lksk mg
mgpk
pkd
d mk
mkck
ckl
l

lgdadh
lgdadhnk
nktn
tnkd
kd ng
ngnk
nkyk
ykkd
kd  sbkrgbocmgrs
 sbkrgbocmgrs   mk
mkd
d mahu
mahudk
dknk
nkd
d oc
ocgb
gb ad
advg
vgsto
storr ud
udtu
tun
n lgdh
lgdhkl
kl`a
`acc
ngputuskd mkckl lgdhadvgstksankd mkdkdyk.
Nukcatks
Nukcatks ck`k lglacana `grkhkl mgiadasa mkckl catgrkturdyk
catgrkturdyk,, mkd tamkn kmk eodsgdsus
maktksdyk (Nbkjkva mkd Dkzgla, 0667). Mgiadasa nukcatks ck`k mkckl knudtkdsa mkpkt macabkt
mkra muk pgrspgntai ykatu mgeasaod usgiucdgss mkd geodolae `ksgm pgrspgetavg. Macabkt mkra
geodolae `ksgm pgrspgetavg, Ubappgr mkd Yadegdt (0665) lgdudjunnkd tadhnkt ngmgnktkd
ck`kk ykdh
ck` ykdh mackpo
mackpornk
rnkd
d mgdhkd
mgdhkd Baensa
Baensakd
kd adeolg
adeolg (ck`k
(ck`k gnodol
gnodola)
a) ykatu
ykatu julckb
julckb ykdh
ykdh mkpkt
mkpkt
manodsulsa mkckl sktu pgraomg mgdhkd lgdjkhk khkr nglklpukd pgruskbkkd pkmk kwkc mkd
knbar pgraomg
pgraomg tgtkp sklk. Krta ktku lknsum
lknsum mkra mgiadasa
mgiadasa tgrsg`ut kmkckb `kbwk nukcatks ck`k

kn
knud
udtk
tkds
dsaa matu
matudj
djun
unnk
nkd
d ocgb
ocgb –n
–ngm
gmgn
gnktk
ktkd
d ktku
ktku no
norgc
rgcks
ksaa kd
kdtk
tkrk
rk ck
ck`k
`k kn
knud
udtk
tkds
dsaa mk
mkd
d ck
ck`k
`k
gnodola“. Mkckl pgrspgntai mgeasaod usgiucdgss, nukcatks ck`k manktknkd tadhha kpk`ack kdhnk
 pgdmkpktkd mkpkt `grhudk udtun pgdhkl`ackd ngputuskd. @grmkskrnkd sumut pkdmkdh ada,
nu
nukc
kcat
atks
ks ck`k
ck`k mamg
mamgia
iada
dasan
sankd
kd sgekr
sgekrkk `g
`gr`
r`gm
gmkk ocgb
ocgb pg
pgdh
dhhu
hudk
dk yk
ykdh
dh `g
`gr`
r`gm
gmkk mk
mkra
ra ckpor
ckporkd
kd
ngukdhkd. Laskcdyk, Mgebow mkd Uebrkdm (066=) kdkcasak egdmgrudh lgcabkt mkra nadgrjk
ykdh lgrupknkd admanktor ykdh `kan mkra nadgrjk opgrksa lksk mgpkd mkd sullkry lgksurg
ykdh `kan udtun lgdacka dacka pgruskbkkd. Nukcatks ck`k ykdh madyktknkd `grnukcatks tadhha
kmkckb
kmkckb –pgdmk
–pgdmkpkt
pktkd
kd `grngc
`grngckdj
kdjutk
utkd“
d“ sgpgrt
sgpgrtaa ykdh
ykdh sgradh
sgradh masg`u
masg`utt mkckl
mkckl kdkcas
kdkcasas
as ngukdh
ngukdhkd
kd
(Vgdlkd mkd Zbkdh, 0660). Ngtank tgrmkpkt tadmknkd knudtkdsa ykdh lgdhbksacnkd ck`k tamkn 

 `grngckdjutkd, lknk bkc tgrsg`ut lgdudjunnkd `kbwk kdhnk ck`k `grnukcatks rgdmkb ktku
 

 `urun. Wdtun lgdmunudh pgdgcatakd ada, gkrdadhs qukcaty knkd macabkt `grmkskrnkd mgeasaod
usgiucdgss.
@gccovkry gt,kc  (0667)
  (0667) lgdmgiadasankd nukcatks ck`k sg`khka nglklpukd ck`k mkckl
lgrgic
lgrgicgns
gnsank
ankd
d ng`gdk
ng`gdkrkd
rkd ck`k
ck`k pgrusk
pgruskbkk
bkkd
d mkd lgl`kd
lgl`kdtu
tu lglprg
lglprgman
mansa
sa ck`k
ck`k lgdmkt
lgdmktkdh
kdh
mgdh
mgdhkd
kd lglp
lglpgr
grta
tal`
l`kd
kdhn
hnkd
kd st
stk`
k`ac
acat
atks
ks mkd
mkd pgrs
pgrsas
astg
tgds
dsaa ck
ck`k
`k.. Nglk
Nglklp
lpuk
ukd
d pr
prgm
gman
ansa
sa

lgdudjunnkd nkpksatks ck`k mkckl lglprgmansa `utar adiorlksa tgrtgdtu, laskcdyk ck`k ma
lksk mktkdh. Ck`k ykdh tamkn lgdudjunnk
lgdudjunnkd
d adiorlksa
adiorlksa ykdh sg`gdkrdyk
sg`gdkrdyk tgdtkdh nodmasa
gnodol
gnodolas
as pgrusk
pgruskbkk
bkkd
d mkpkt
mkpkt markhu
markhunkd
nkd nukcat
nukcatksdy
ksdykk sgbadh
sgbadhhk
hk mkpkt
mkpkt lgdygs
lgdygsktn
ktnkd
kd pabkn 
pabkn 
 pgdhhudk ckporkd.
@grdkrm mkd Uto`gr (;112) `grkdhhkpkd `kbwk ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha kmkckb
ck`k ykdh lglacana nglklpukd tadhha mkckl lglprgmansa ck`k ma lksk ykdh knkd mktkdh.
Ugbadhhk gkrdadhs ktku ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha mkpkt mahudknkd ocgb pkrk pgdhhudk
udtun
udtun lgl`uk
lgl`uktt ngputu
ngputuskd
skd ykdh
ykdh tgr`ka
tgr`kan,
n, mkd mkpkt
mkpkt mahudk
mahudknkd
nkd udtun
udtun lgdjgck
lgdjgcksnk
snkd
d ktku
ktku
lglprgmansa bkrhk mkd rgturd skbkl.

VGDHWNWPKD GKPDADH [WKCA]Q

Vgdhunurkd
Vgdhunurkd gkrdadhs qukcaty mkpkt
qukcaty mkpkt mahudknkd mgdhkd `g`grkpk lgtomg ykatu, talg
sgrags propgrtags oi gkrdadhs (pgrsastgdeg), vkrak`acaty (slootbdgss mkd eodsgrvktavgdgss), mkd
gkrdad
gkrdadhs
hs eksb icow
icow kdm keerukc
keerukcss (Nktsu
(Nktsuo,0
o,0662
662).
). Mkckl
Mkckl pgdgcat
pgdgcatakd
akd ada udtun
udtun lgdhun
lgdhunur 
ur 
gk
gkrd
rdad
adhs
hs qu
qukc
kcat
aty
y ktku
ktku nu
nukc
kcat
atks
ks ck`k
ck`k kn
knkd
kd lgdh
lgdhhu
hudk
dknk
nkd
d pg
pgdh
dhun
unur
urkd
kd vk
vkra
rak`
k`ac
acat
aty
y yk
ykat
atu
u
 pgdhunurkd slootbdgss. Ulootbdgss mamgiadasankd sg`khka pgdhurkdhkd nkdmudhkd
adiorl
adiorlksa
ksa ck`k
ck`k ykdh
ykdh nodtgd
nodtgd mkd pgrsgl
pgrsgl`ud
`udyak
yakd
d nadgrjk
nadgrjk pgrusk
pgruskbkk
bkkd
d ykdh
ykdh sgsudhh
sgsudhhub
ubdyk
dyk
(Gwgrt
(Gwgrt mkd Xkhgdb
Xkhgdboig
oigr,0
r,0661
661).
). Vgdgca
Vgdgcatak
takd
d ada lgdhhu
lgdhhudkn
dknkd
kd pgdhun
pgdhunurk
urkd
d slootb
slootbdgs
dgsss
mankrgdknkd suktu ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha kmkckb ck`k ykdh lglpudyka vkrak`acatks
rgcktavg rgdmkb ktku ck`k ykdh slootb khkr ck`k ykdh mackpornkd mkpkt lgdhurkdha rgsano
 pkskr ktks skbkl pgruskbkkd, ykdh knbardyk mkpkt lgdadhnktnkd bkrhk skbkl pgruskbkkd
(Gwgrt mkd Xkhgdboigr,0661). Uebappgr mkd Yadegdt (0665) `grpgdmkpkt `kbwk pgrktkkd
ck`k lglacana nghahabkd mkd nglklpukd prgmansa ykdh tadhha, sgbadhhk slootbdgss mkpkt
lgdadhnktnkd nukcatks ck`k. Ulootbdgss lglacana bksac ykdh cg`ab nodsastgd mkckl `g`grkpk
stuma ykdh macknunkd ma`gr`khka dghkrk, malkdk bksac-bksac pgdgcatakd tgrsg`ut lgdudjunnkd
 `kbwk slootbdgss lgwknaca tadmknkd lkdkjglgd ck`k (Mgebow, Hg, mkd Uebrkdm, 0661).
Nkrgdk
Nkrgdk lkdkjg
lkdkjglgd
lgd ck`k
ck`k makdhh
makdhhkp
kp tamkn
tamkn maadha
maadhadnk
dnkd,
d, lknk
lknk bksac
bksac mkra
mkra slootb
slootbdgs
dgsss knkd
knkd
egdmgrudh cg`ab rgdmkb. Dklud kmk juhk pkdmkdhkd `kbwk lkdkjgr tgckb lgrkpankd ck`k
 

nkrgdk lkdkjgr pgrekyk `kbwk pgdmkpktkd vkrak`gc ykdh cg`ab rgdmkb cg`ab masunka ocgb
advgstor (Cgvatt, ;112).
Vgdhunurkd slootbdgss knkd lgdhhudknkd rksao stkdmkr mgvaksa ck`k mkd stkdmkr 
mgvaksa mkra krus nks opgrksa ykdh marulusnkd sg`khka `granut.

Bksac rksao slootbdgss ykdh cg`ab rgdmkb lgdudjunnkd `kbwk ck`k tgrsg`ut cg`ab slootbadh
mkra kcarkd ck`k ykdh rgcktavg tgrbkmkp krus nks (Jank bksac slootbdgss lgdudjunnkd norgcksa
ykdh
ykdh dghkta
dghktavg
vg kdtkrk
kdtkrk pgru`k
pgru`kbkd
bkd knrukc
knrukc knudtk
knudtkdsa
dsa mkd pgru`k
pgru`kbkd
bkd krus
krus nks opgrksa
opgrksa lknk
lknk
slootbdgss sg`ukb ck`k sglknad nukt. (Gwgrt mkd Xkhgdboigr, 0661). Bksac pgdgcatakd mkra
Cguz
Cguz,, Dkdm
Dkdmkk mk
mkd
d Xyso
Xysoen
enaa juhk
juhk lgdh
lgdhkt
ktkn
knkd
kd `k
`kbw
bwkk sglkn
sglknad
ad cg
cg`k
`krr jkrkn
jkrkn kd
kdhn
hnkk yk
ykdh
dh
mabksacnkd mkra pgrbatudhkd tgrsg`ut mkra kdhnk ;, lknk ck`k ykdh maadiorlksankd sglknad
tamkn `grnukcatks.
Havocy, gt,kc . (06;6) lgdhunur nukcatks ck`k lgdhhudknkd:
;. Vg
Vgrs
rsas
astg
tgds
dsaa knru
knrukc
kc
Nukcatks ck`k mamkskrnkd pkmk pgr- `gmkkd rgcktai pgrsastgdsa knrukc tgrbk- mkp krus
nks. Vgrsastgdsa maunur mgdhkd lgdhhudknkd rghrgsa sg`khka `granut:

Malkdk:

 OA kmkckb pgdmkpktkd opgrksa (Opgrktadh

( Opgrktadh Adeolg)
Adeolg) sgtgckb manurkdha mgprgsaksa,

 EI kmkckb krus nks opgrksa (eksb

( eksb icow)
icow) ykdh mabatudh mkra OA manu-rkdha KEEP.

 KEEP (keerukc
(keerukc eolpodgdt oi gkrdadhs)
gkrdadhs) mabatudh mkra pgru`kbkd DOK (dgt
( dgt opgrktadh 
kssgt ) tkbud t-; tgrbkmkp t.
  Dklk pgruskbkkd matudjunnkd ocgb A mkd t lgdudjunnkd
lgdudjunnkd tkbud.

 Ugcurub vkrak`gc mastkdmkrasksa ocgb DOKt-;

 Nodtra`usa tkl`kbkd knrukc matgdtunkd ocgb `gskrdyk sahdaiankdsa ΰ0.

0. Gst
Gstalk
alksa
sa Ngskck
Ngskckbkd
bkd mkc
mkckl
kl Vrosg
Vrosgss Knruk
Knrukcc
 

Knrukc lgl`grankd adiorlksa tgdtkdh krus nks lksk ykdh knkd mktkdh. Wdtun 
lgdadhnktnkd `kbwk prosgs knrukc `g`ks mkra ngskckbkd gstalksa, knrukc mkd ck`k knkd ma
rgprgsgdtksa
rgprgsgdtksa mgdhkd krus nks lksk ykdh knkd mktkd
mktkdh.
h. Havocy gt kc. (06;6) lgdhhudknkd
lgdhhudknkd
unurkd knrukc sg`khkalkdk ykdh mahudknkd ocgb Mgebow mkd Maebgy (0660) mkd tgckb
malomaianksa ocgb LeDaebocs (0660) mkd Irkdeas gt kc. (0667) ykdh mamkskrnkd pkmk

lomgc vkrakd rgsamukc `granut ada:

Malkdk:
 ]EK kmkckb ]otkc eurrgdt keerukcs,
keerukcs,

 EIO kmkckb Eksb icows irol opgrktaods (pgdmkpktkd

opgrktaods  (pgdmkpktkd mkra opgrksa utklk manurkdha
totk
totkcc kn
knru
rukc
kc.. ]o
]otk
tkcc kn
knru
rukc
kc skl
sklkk mg
mgdh
dhkd
kd to
totk
tkcc eu
eurrg
rrgdt
dt ke
keeru
erukc
kcss ma
manu
nurkd
rkdha
ha `a
`aky
kykk
mgprgsasksa mkd klortasksa).
 ∉Pgv kmkckb pgru`kbkd pgdmkpktkd mkra tkbud t-; tgrbkmkp t.
 VVG kmk
kmkckb
ckb ngs
ngsgal
gal`kd
`kdhkd
hkd kdt
kdtkrk
krk pro
propgr
pgrty,
ty, pck
pckdt
dt mkd gqu
gquapl
aplgdt
gdt (ktk
(ktkss mksk
mkskrr VVG
 `ruto).
Ugcurub vkrak`gc marghrgss mkd masnkck mgdhkd rktk-rktk totkc kssgts mkckl tkbud t.
Marghr
Marghrgs
gs juh
juhkk sge
sgekrk
krk eross sgetaod
sgetaodkc 
kc  ud
udtun
tun tak
takp
p adm
admust
ustry
ry mgd
mgdhkd
hkd sgm
sgmana
anatdy
tdykk 06 pgr
pgru-
u-
skbkkd takp tkbuddyk. Wnurkd nukcatks ngmuk kmkckb vkrak`acatks (madacka mgdhkd stkdmkr 
mgvaksa) rgsamukc mkra rghrgsa. Uglknad tadhha vkrak`acatks bu`udhkd kdtkrk ck`k mkd krus
nks, lknk sglknad rgdmkb nukcatks knrukc mkd sglknad rgdmkb puck nukcatks ck`kdyk.
Nukcat
Nukcatks
ks knr
knrukc
ukc mam
mamgiad
giadasan
asankd
kd juh
juhkk sg`
sg`khk
khkaa rksa
rksao
o stkd
stkdmkr
mkr mgv
mgvaksa
aksa rgsa
rgsamuk
mukcc mkr
mkraa rgh
rghrgsa
rgsa
tgrbkmkp stkdmkrm mgvaktaod totkc eurrgdt keerukcs.
5. Ng
Ngta
takm
kmkk
kkd
d Lkdk
Lkdkjg
jglg
lgd
d Ck`
Ck`kk
Uucat
Uucat udt
udtun
un lgd
lgdgdt
gdtunk
unkd
d kpk
kpknkb
nkb pgr
pgrusk
uskbkk
bkkd
d lgc
lgcknu
knunkd
nkd lkd
lkdkjg
kjglgd
lgd ck`
ck`kk ktk
ktku
u
tamk
tamkn,
n, nk
nkrgd
rgdkk su
suca
catt ud
udtu
tun
n ma
matg
tgca
cata
ta.. Dk
Dklu
lud
d `g
`gha
hatu
tu po
pock
ck tgr
tgrtg
tgdt
dtu
u tg
tgrb
rbkm
kmkp
kp ck
ck`k
`k mk
mkpk
pktt
lgdhad
lgdhadman
manksan
ksankd
kd ng`
ng`grk
grkmkk
mkkd
d ktk
ktku
u ngt
ngtakm
akmkkd
kkd lkd
lkdkjgl
kjglgd
gd ck`
ck`k.
k. Hav
Havocy
ocy gt kc. (06
(06;6)
;6)
lgdhamgdtaianksa lkdkjglgd ck`k mgdhkd lgdhhudknkd knrukc ykdh mabkrkpnkd ktku dod
masergtaodkry keerukcs lomaianksa
keerukcs lomaianksa lomgc Jodgs sg`khka `granut:
 

Malkdk:
 ]KEE kmkckb totkc knrukc ykdh mamgiadasankd sg`khka pgr`gmkkd kdtkrk pgdmkpktkd
mkra opgrksa mkd krus nks `grsab mkra kntavatks opgrksa, tamkn tgrlksun pos-pos cukr 
 `aksk mkd opgrksa ykdh mabgdtankd.
 ]K kmkckb totkc kssgt kwkc tkbud,


∉Pgv kmkckb Vgru`kbkd pgdjukckd.
 VVG kmkckb tadhnkt propgrty,
tadhnkt propgrty, pckdt  mkd
 mkd gquaplgdt  notor.
 notor.

 ∉]P kmkckb Vgru`kbkd mkckl pautkdh mkhkdh (trkmg

( trkmg rgegavk`cg)
rgegavk`cg)
=. No
Nod
dsg
sgrv
rvkt
ktas
aslg
lg
Havocy
Havocy gt kc. (06
(06;6)
;6) lgd
lgdhhu
hhudkn
dknkd
kd unu
unurkd
rkd nod
nodsgrv
sgrvkta
ktaslg
slg sg`
sg`khk
khkalk
alkdk
dk ykd
ykdh
h
mahudknkd ocgb @kcc kdm sbavknulkr, ykatu lgdmgsnrapsankd pgr`gmkkd ngtgpktkd wkntu
mkckl lgdhknua ngudtudhkd mkd ngruhakd `grmkskrnkd pkmk bu`udhkd kdtkrk knrukc mkd
krus nks sg`khka `granut:

Malkdk:

 KEE kmkckb totkc knrukc mkckl tkbud t,

 EIO kmkckb krus nks opgrksa mkckl tkbud t,

 MEIO kmkckb mully vkrak`gc, ; jank EIO dghktai mkd 6 jank EIO posatai.

 Jank λ0 3 6 `grkrta tamkn nodsgrvktai mkd jank λ5 4 6 `grkrta nodsgrvktai.

VGDGD]WKD GKPDADH [WKCA]Q 
[WKCA]Q 
Ue
Ueba
bapp
ppgr
gr mkd
mkd Ya
Yade
degd
gdtt (0
(066
665)
5) lgdh
lgdhgc
gcol
olpo
ponn
nnkd
kd no
nods
dstr
trun
un nu
nukc
kcat
atks
ks ck
ck`k
`k mk
mkd
d
 pgdhunurkddyk `grmkskrnkd ekrk lgdgdtunkd nukcatks ck`k, ykatu `grmkskrnkd: saikt rudtud-
wkntu
wkntu mkra
mkra ck`k,
ck`k, nkrknt
nkrkntgra
grastan
stan nukcat
nukcatktai
ktai mkckl
mkckl rgrkdhn
rgrkdhnkk nodsgp
nodsgptuk
tukc,
c, bu`udh
bu`udhkd
kd ck`k-n
ck`k-nks-
ks-
knrukc,
knrukc, mkd ngputuskd alpcglgdtksa.
alpcglgdtksa. Glpkt ngcolpon
ngcolpon pgdgdtukd
pgdgdtukd nukcatks
nukcatks ck`k ada mkpkt
maanbtaskrnkd sg`khka `granut.
Vgrtklk
Vgrtklk,, `grmks
`grmkskrn
krnkd
kd saikt
saikt rudtud
rudtud-wk
-wkntu
ntu ck`k,
ck`k, nukcat
nukcatks
ks ck`k
ck`k lgcapu
lgcaputa:
ta: pgrsast
pgrsastgdsa
gdsa,,
 prgmantk`acatks (nglklpukd prgmansa), mkd vkrak`acatks. Ktks mkskr pgrsastgdsa, ck`k ykdh
 `grnukcatks kmkckb ck`k ykdh pgrsastgd ykatu ck`k ykdh `grngckdjutkd, cg`ab `grsaikt pgrlkdgd
mkd tamkn
tamkn `grsaik
`grsaiktt trkdsa
trkdsator
tora.
a. Vgrsast
Vgrsastgds
gdsaa sg`khk
sg`khkaa nukcat
nukcatks
ks ck`k
ck`k ada matgdt
matgdtunk
unkd
d `grmksk
`grmkskrnk
rnkd
d
 pgrspgntai nglkdikktkddyk mkckl pgdhkl`ackd ngputuskd nbususdyk mkckl pgdackakd
 

gnuatk
gnuatks.
s. Nglklp
Nglklpukd
ukd prgman
prgmansa
sa lgdudj
lgdudjunn
unnkd
kd nkpksa
nkpksatks
tks ck`k
ck`k mkckl
mkckl lglprg
lglprgman
mansa
sa `utar 
`utar 
adiorlksa tgrtgdtu, laskcdyk ck`k ma lksk mktkdh. Mkckl bkc ada, ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha
kmkckb ck`k ykdh lglpudyka nglklpukd tadhha mkckl lglprgmansa ck`k ma lksk mktkdh.
@grmks
@grmkskrn
krnkd
kd no
nodst
dstrun
run vkrak`
vkrak`acat
acatks,
ks, ck`k
ck`k `grnuk
`grnukcat
catks
ks tadhha
tadhha kmkckb
kmkckb ck`k
ck`k ykdh
ykdh lglpud
lglpudyka
yka
vkrak`acatks rgcktai rgdmkb ktku ck`k ykdh slootb
ykdh slootb..

Ngmuk, nukcatks ck`k mamkskrnkd pkmk bu`udhkd ck`k-nks-knrukc ykdh mkpkt maunur 
mgdhkd `gr`khka unurkd, ykatu: rksao nks opgrksa mgdhkd ck`k, pgru`kbkd knrukc totkc, gstalksa
k`dorlkc/masergtaodkry keerukcs (knrukc k`dorlkc/ ng`ajknkd), mkd gstalksa bu`udhkd knrukc-
nks. Mgdhkd lgdhhudknkd unurkd rksao nks opgrksa mgdhkd ck`k, nukcatks ck`k matudjunnkd
ocgb ngmgnktkd ck`k mgdhkd kcarkd nks opgrksa. Ck`k ykdh sglknad mgnkt mgdhkd kcarkd nks
op
opgr
grksa
ksa lgdh
lgdhad
adma
mank
nksa
sa ck`k
ck`k yk
ykdh
dh sglkn
sglknad
ad `g
`grn
rnuk
ukca
catk
tks.
s. Mgdh
Mgdhkd
kd lgdh
lgdhhu
hudk
dknk
nkd
d un
unur
urkd
kd
 pgru`kbkd knrukc totkc, ck`k `grnukcatks kmkckb ck`k ykdh lglpudyka pgru`kbkd knrukc totkc
ngeac.
ngeac. Vgdhun
Vgdhunurk
urkd
d ada lgdhks
lgdhksuls
ulsank
ankd
d `kbwk
`kbwk pgru`k
pgru`kbkd
bkd totkc
totkc knrukc
knrukc masg`k
masg`k`n
`nkd
kd ocgb
ocgb
 pgru`kbkd masergtaodkry keerukcs. Gstalksa masergt
masergtaodkr
aodkryy keerukcs
keerukcs   mkpkt
mkpkt maunur
maunur sgekrk

ckdhsudh udtun lgdgdtunkd

ckdhsudh lgdgdtunkd nukcatks ck`k. Uglkn
Uglknad
ad ngeac masergtaodkry
masergtaodkry keerukcs
keerukcs sglknad
sglknad
tadhha nukcatks ck`k mkd sg`kcandyk. Ugckdjutdyk, nggrktkd bu`udhkd kdtkrk knrukc mkd kcarkd
nks juhk
juhk mkpkt
mkpkt mahudk
mahudknkd
nkd udtun
udtun lgdhun
lgdhunur
ur nukcat
nukcatks
ks ck`k.
ck`k. Uglkna
Uglknad
d grkt bu`ud
bu`udhkd
hkd kdtkrk
kdtkrk
knrukc mkd kcarkd nks, sglknad tadhha nukcatks ck`k.
Ngtahk,, nukcatks
Ngtahk nukcatks ck`k mkpkt mamkskrnkd
mamkskrnkd pkmk Nodsgp Nukcatktai
Nukcatktai Pgrkdhnk
Pgrkdhnk Nodsgptukc
Nodsgptukc
( Iadkdeakc
 Iadkdeakc Keeoudtadh Utkdmkrms @okrm , IKU@, ;182). Ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks kmkckb ck`k
ykdh `grlkdikkt mkckl pgdhkl`ackd ngputuskd ykatu ykdh lglacana nkrkntgrastan rgcgvkdsa,
rgcak`acatks,
rgcak`acatks, mkd nolpkrk`ac
nolpkrk`acatks/no
atks/nodsastgd
dsastgdsa.
sa. Vgdhunurkd
Vgdhunurkd lksadh-lksad
lksadh-lksadh
h nratgrak
nratgrak nukcatks
nukcatks
tgrsg`ut sgekrk tgrpaskb sucat ktku tamkn mkpkt macknunkd. Ocgb sg`k` atu, mkckl pgdgcatakd

glparas nogiasagd
glparas nogiasagd rghrgsa bkrhk mkd rgturd
rgturd skbkl
 skbkl pkmk ck`k (mkd unurkd-unurkd tgrnkat ykdh
ckad laskcdyk kcarkd nks) maadtgrprgtksa sg`khka unurkd nukcatks ck`k `grmkskrnkd nkrkntgrastan 
rgcgvkdsa mkd rgcak`acatks.
Ngglpkt, nukcatks ck`k `grmkskrnkd ngputuskd alpcglgdtksa lgcaputa muk pgdmgnktkd.
Mkck
Mkckl
l pg
pgdm
dmgn
gnkt
ktkd
kd pg
pgrt
rtkl
klk,
k, nu
nukc
kcat
atks
ks ck`k
ck`k `g
`grb
rbu`
u`ud
udhk
hkd
d dg
dghk
hkta
taii mg
mgdh
dhkd
kd `k
`kdy
dykn
kndy
dykk
 pgrtal`kdhkd, gstalksa, mkd prgmansa ykdh mapgrcunkd ocgb pgdyusud ckporkd ngukdhkd.
Uglk
Uglkna
nad
d `k
`kdy
dykn
kn gstal
gstalksa
ksa yk
ykdh
dh mapg
mapgrc
rcun
unkd
kd ocgb
ocgb pg
pgdy
dyus
usud
ud ck
ckpo
pork
rkd
d ng
nguk
ukdh
dhkd
kd mk
mkck
ckl
l
lgdhalpcgl
lgdhalpcglgdtksa
gdtksa stkdmkr
stkdmkr pgckporkd,
pgckporkd, sglknad rgdmkb nukcatks ck`k, mkd sg`kcandyk.
sg`kcandyk. Mkckl
 pgdmgnktkd ngmuk, nukcatks `grbu`udhkd dghktai mgdhkd `gskrdyk ngudtudhkd ykdh makl`ac

ocgb lkdkjglgd mkckl lgdhhudknkd pgrtal`kdhkd khkr lgdyalpkdh mkra tujukd stkdmkr 
 

(lkdkjglgd ck`k). Lkdkjglgd ck`k ykdh sglknad `gskr lgdhadmanksa nukcatks ck`k ykdh
sglknad rgdmkb, mkd sg`kcandyk.