Pasgt Knudtkdsa @gr`ksas Vkskr (L@KP)

(L@KP)

 GKPDADH [WKCA]Q 

MAUWUWD OCGB:

QWD GPLKCK MGXA

K690;2;656

VKUEKUKPJKDK VPOHPKL U]WMA KNWD]KDUA

IKNWC]KU GNODOLA MKD @AUDAU
WDAYGPUA]KU BKUKDWMMAD
06;1
  

MGIADAUA GKPDADH [WKCA]Q

Ck`k lgrupknkd bksac knbar mkra prosgs pgdektktkd tgrbkmkp sgluk ngjkmakd ykdh
tgrjkma mkckl
tgrjkma mkckl pgruskbkkd
pgruskbkkd mgdhkd
mgdhkd lglplglpgrtal`k
grtal`kdhnk
dhnkdd kmkdy
kmkdyk
k ng`aj
ng`ajknkd
knkd lkdkjgrakc
lkdkjgrakc pkmk
pkmk
sgtakp prosgsdyk. Ug`ukb adiorlksa ck`k lgrupknkd adiorlksa ykdh pgdtadh ykdh kmk mkckl
ckporkd ngukdhkd (Cgv,;121). Adiorlksa ck`k sg`khkalkdk madyktknkd mkckl Utktglgdt oi 

Iadkdeakc Keeoudtadh (UIKE) dolor 0 lgrupknkd udsur utklk mkckl ckporkd ngukdhkd mkd
skd hkt pgd
skdhkt pgdtad
tadh
h `kh
`khaa pab
pabkn-
kn-pab
pabkn
kn ykd
ykdhh lgd
lgdhhu
hhudkn
dknkdd
kddyk
yk nkr
nkrgdk
gdk lgl
lglacan
acana
a dac
dacka
ka prg
prgman
mantai 
tai 
(I KU@,
(IK @, ;126
;1 26).). @k
@kha
ha advg
advgsto
stor,r, ck
ckpo
pork
rkdd ck`
ck`kk makd
makdhh
hhkp
kp lglglplpududyk
ykaa adio
adiorlrlksa
ksa ud
udtu
tun 
n 
U
lgdhkdkcasas skbkl ykdh matgr`atnkd ocgb glatlgd malkdk ck`k lgdjkma puskt pgrbktakd
 pabkn pglknka. Ck`k ykdh mapucanksankd
mapucanksankdmkpkt
mkpkt lgl`gra rgspod ykdh `grvkraksa, ykdh
lgdudjunnkd kmkdyk rgknsa pkskr tgrbkmkp adiorlksa ck`k. Pgknsa ykdh ma`grankd tgrhkdtudh
mkra nukcatks ck`k ykdh mabksacnkd ocgb pgruskbkkd (Hamgod, 0667). Adiorlksa ck`k tgrsg`ut
 `aksk mahudknkd ocgb
ocgb pkrk
pkrk kdkcasas mgdhkd lgdhhudknkd
lgdhhudknkd `gr`khka
`gr`khka rksao
rksao kdkcasas udtun 
lg dgdt
lgdg dtun
unkd
kd ng
nglk
lklplpukukdd pg
pgru
rusk
skbk
bkkd
kd sg`g
sg`gcu
culd
ldykyk,, skkt
skkt ada
ada mkd
mkd lk
lksksk mgpk
mgpkdd mkck
mkckll

lgdadadh
lg dhnk
nktn
tnkd
kd ngnk
ngnkyk
ykkd
kd  sbkrgbocmgrs
 sbkrgbocmgrs   mkd
mkd ma
mahu
hudk
dknk
nkdd ocgb
ocgb advg
advgsto
storr udtu
ud tunn lgdh
lg dhkl
kl`a`acc
ngputuskd mkckl lgdhadvgstksankd mkdkdyk.
Nukcatks ck`k
Nukcatks ck`k lglacana
lglacana `grkhkl
`grkhkl mgiadasa
mgiadasa mkckl
mkckl catgrkt
catgrkturdyk
urdyk,, mkd
mkd tamkn
tamknkmk
kmkeodsgdsus
eodsgdsus
maktksdyk (Nbkjkva mkd Dkzgla, 0667). Mgiadasa nukcatks ck`k mkckl knudtkdsa mkpkt macabkt
mkra muk pgrspgntai ykatu mgeasaod usgiucdgss mkd geodolae `ksgm pgrspgetavg. Macabkt mkra
geodolae `ksgm pgrspgetavg, Ubappgr mkd Yadegdt (0665) lgdudjunnkd tadhnkt ngmgnktkd
ck` k ykd
ck`k ykdhh mac
mackpo
kpornk
rnkdd mgd
mgdhkd
hkd Bae
Baensa
nsakd
kd ade
adeolg
olg (ck`
(ck`kk gno
gnodol
dola)a) yka
ykatu
tu jul
julckb
ckb ykd
ykdhh mkp
mkpkt
kt
manodsulsa mkckl sktu pgraomg mgdhkd lgdjkhk khkr nglklpukd pgruskbkkd pkmk kwkc mkd
knbar pgraom
pgraomg
g tgtkp sklk. Krta
Krta ktku
ktku lknsu
lknsummmkra
mkramgiadasa
mgiad
asa tgrsg`ut kmkckb `kbwk nukcatks ck`k

knud
kn udtk
tkds
dsaa ma
matu
tudj
djun
unnk
nkdd oc
ocgb
gb –ngm
–ngmgn
gnktk
ktkd
d kt
ktku
ku norgc
no rgcks
ksaa kdtk
kdtkrk
rk ck`k
ck`k knud
knudtk
tkds
dsaa mkd
mkd ck`k
ck`k
gnodola“. Mkckl pgrspgntai mgeasaod usgiucdgss, nukcatks ck`k manktknkd tadhha kpk`ack kdhnk
 pgdmkpktkd mkpkt
mkpkt `grhudk udtun
udtun pgdhkl`ackd
pgdhkl`ackd ngputuskd.
ngputuskd. @grmkskrnkd
@grmkskrnkd sumut
sumut pkdmkdh
pkdmkdh ada,
ada,
nu kcat
nukc atks
ks ck
ck`k
`k ma
mamg
mgia
iada
dasan
sankd
kd sge
sgekr
krkk `gr`
`g r`gm
gmk
k oc
ocgb
gb pgdh
pgdhhu
hudk
dk ykdh
ykdh `gr`
`g r`gm
gmk
k mkra
mkra ckpor
ckporkd
kd
ngukdhkd. Laskcdyk, Mgebow mkd Uebrkdm (066=) kdkcasak egdmgrudh lgcabkt mkra nadgrjk
ykdh lgrupknkd admanktor ykdh `kan mkra nadgrjk opgrksa lksk mgpkd mkd sullkry lgksurg
ykdh `kan udtun lgdacka dacka pgruskbkkd. Nukcatks ck`k ykdh madyktknkd `grnukcatks tadhha
kmkckb –pg
kmkckb –pgdmk
dmkpkt
pktkd
kd `gr
`grngc
ngckdj
kdjutk
utkd“
d“ sgp
sgpgrt
grtaa ykd
ykdhh sgra
sgradh
dh mas
masg`u
g`utt mkc
mkckl
kl kdk
kdkcas
casas
as ngu
ngukdh
kdhkd
kd
(Vgdlkd mkd
(Vgdlkd
Zbkdh,
mkd
0660).
Zbkdh,
Ngtank
0660).
tgrmkpkt
Ngtank tadmknkd
tgrmkpkt tadmknkd
knudtkdsa ykdh
knudtkdsa
lgdhbksacnkd
ykdh lgdhbksacnkd
ck`k tamkn ck`k tamkn 

 `grngckdjutkd, lknk
lknk bkc
bkc tgrsg`ut lgdudjunnkd
lgdudjunnkd `kbwk
`kbwk kdhnk
kdhnk ck`k
ck`k `grnukcatks
`grnukcatks rgdmkb
rgdmkb ktku
  

 `urun. Wdtun
Wdtun lgdmunudh
lgdmunudh pgdgcatakd
pgdgcatakd ada,
ada,gkrdadhs qukcaty
qukcaty knkd macabkt
macabkt`grmkskrnkd
`grmkskrnkdmgeasaod
mgeasaod
usgiucdgss.
@gccovkrygt,kc 
gt,kc 
 (0667) lgdmgiadasankd nukcatks ck`k sg`khka nglklpukd ck`k mkckl
lgr gicgns
lgrgic gnsank
ankd
d ng`
ng`gdk
gdkrkd
rkd ck`
ck`kk pgr
pgrusk
uskbkk
bkkdd mkd
mkd lgl
lgl`kd`kdtu
tu lgl
lglprgprgman
mansa
sa ck`
ck`kk lgd
lgdmkt
mktkdh
kdh
mgdh
mg
dhkd
kd lglplpgrgrta
lg tal`
l`kdkdhn
hnkd
kd st k`ac
stk` acat
atks
ks mkd
mk
d pg
pgrs
rsas
astg
tgds
dsaa ck`k
ck`k.. Nglk
Ng lklplpukukdd pr gman
prgm ansa
sa

lgdudjunnkd nkpksatks ck`k mkckl lglprgmansa `utar adiorlksa tgrtgdtu, laskcdyk ck`k ma
lksk mktkdh. Ck`k ykdh
ykdh
tamkn
tamkn lgdud
lgdudjunnk
junnkdd adior
adiorlksa
lksa ykdh sg`gdk
sg`gdkrdyk
rdyk tgdtkdh
tgdtkdh nodmasa
nodmasa
gno dolasas pgr
gnodol pgrusk
uskbkk
bkkdd mkp
mkpkt
kt mar
markhu
khunkd
nkd nuk
nukcat
catksdy
ksdykk sgb
sgbadh
adhhk
hk mkp
mkpkt
kt lgd
lgdygs
ygsktn
ktnkd
kd pab
pabkn 
kn 
 pgdhhudk ckporkd.
@grdkrm mkd Uto`gr (;112) `grkdhhkpkd `kbwk ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha kmkckb
ck`k ykdh lglacana nglklpukd tadhha mkckl lglprgmansa ck`k ma lksk ykdh knkd mktkdh.
Ugbadhhk gkrdadhs ktku ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha mkpkt mahudknkd ocgb pkrk pgdhhudk
udt un lgl
udtun lgl`uk`uktt ngp
ngputu
utuskd
skd ykd
ykdhh tgr
tgr`ka
`kan,
n, mkd
mkd mkp
mkpkt
kt mah
mahudk
udknkd
nkd udt
udtun
un lgd
lgdjgck
jgcksnk
snkdd ktk
ktkuu
lglprgmansa bkrhk mkd rgturd skbkl.

VGDHWNWPKD GKPDADH [WKCA]Q

Vgdhunurkdgkrdadhs
Vgdhunurkd gkrdadhsqukcaty mkpkt
qukcaty  mkpkt
mahudknkd
mahudknkd
mgdhkd
mgdhkd
`g`grkpk
`g`grkpk
lgtomg
lgtomg
ykatu,
ykatu,
talg
talg
sgrags propgrtags oi gkrdadhs (pgrsastgdeg), vkrak`acaty (slootbdgss mkd eodsgrvktavgdgss), mkd
gkrdadhs
gkrdadhs eksb
eksb ico
icow
w kdm
kdm keer
keerukc
ukcs
s (Nk
(Nktsu
tsuo,0
o,0662
662).). Mkc
Mkckl
kl pgd
pgdgcat
gcatakd
akd ada
ada udt
udtun
un lgd
lgdhun
hunur 
ur 
gkrdad
gkrd adhs
hs qukc
qu kcat
aty
y kt
ktku
ku nukc
nu kcat
atks
ks ck
ck`k
`k knkd
knkd lgdh
lg dhhu
hudk
dknk
nkdd pgdh
pgdhun
unur
urkd
kd vk
vkra
rak`
k`ac
acat
aty
y ykat
ykatuu
 pgdhunurkd slootbdgss. Ulootbdgss mamgiadasankd sg`khka pgdhurkdhkd nkdmudhkd
adiorlksa
adiorl ksa ck`
ck`kk ykd
ykdhh nod
nodtgd
tgd mkd
mkd pgr
pgrsgl
sgl`ud
`udyak
yakd
d nad
nadgrjk
grjk pgr
pgrusk
uskbkk
bkkd
d ykd
ykdhh sgsu
sgsudhh
dhhub
ubdyk
dyk
(Gwgrt mkd Xkh
(Gwgrt Xkhgdb
gdboig
oigr,0
r,0661
661).). Vgd
Vgdgca
gcatak
takd
d ada lgd
lgdhhu
hhudkn
dknkd
kd pgd
pgdhun
hunurk
urkdd slo
slootb
otbdgs
dgsss
mankrgdknkd suktu ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha kmkckb ck`k ykdh lglpudyka vkrak`acatks
rgcktavg rgdmkb ktku ck`k ykdh slootb khkr ck`k ykdh mackpornkd mkpkt lgdhurkdha rgsano
 pkskr ktks
ktks skbkl
skbkl pgruskbkkd,
pgruskbkkd, ykdh
ykdh knbardyk
knbardyk mkpkt
mkpkt lgdadhnktnkd bkrhk
bkrhk skbkl
skbkl pgruskbkkd
pgruskbkkd
(Gwgrt mkd Xkhgdboigr,0661). Uebappgr mkd Yadegdt (0665) `grpgdmkpkt `kbwk pgrktkkd
ck`k lglacana nghahabkd mkd nglklpukd prgmansa ykdh tadhha, sgbadhhk slootbdgss mkpkt
lgdadhnktnkd nukcatks ck`k. Ulootbdgss lglacana bksac ykdh cg`ab nodsastgd mkckl `g`grkpk
stuma ykdh macknunkd ma`gr`khka dghkrk, malkdk bksac-bksac pgdgcatakd tgrsg`ut lgdudjunnkd
 `kbwk slootbdgss
slootbdgss lgwknaca
lgwknaca tadmknkd
tadmknkd lkdkjglgd
lkdkjglgd ck`kck`k (Mgebow,
(Mgebow, Hg,
Hg, mkd
mkd Uebrkdm, 0661).
Nkr gdk lkd
Nkrgdk lkdkjg
kjglgd
lgd ck`ck`kk mak
makdhh
dhhkp
kp tam
tamkn
kn maa
maadha
dhadnk
dnkd,
d, lkn
lknk k bksac
bks ac mkr
mkra
a slo
slootb
otbdgs
dgsss knk
knkdd
egdmgrudh cg`ab rgdmkb. Dklud kmk juhk pkdmkdhkd `kbwk lkdkjgr tgckb lgrkpankd ck`k
  

nkrgdk lkdkjgr pgrekyk `kbwk pgdmkpktkd vkrak`gc ykdh cg`ab rgdmkb cg`ab masunka ocgb
advgstor (Cgvatt, ;112).
Vgdhunurkd slootbdgss knkd lgdhhudknkd rksao stkdmkr mgvaksa ck`k mkd stkdmkr 
mgvaksa mkra krus nks opgrksa ykdh marulusnkd sg`khka `granut.

Bksac rksao slootbdgss ykdh cg`ab rgdmkb lgdudjunnkd `kbwk ck`k tgrsg`ut cg`ab slootbadh
mkra kcarkd ck`k ykdh rgcktavg tgrbkmkp krus nks (Jank bksac slootbdgss lgdudjunnkd norgcksa
ykdhh dgh
ykd dghkta
ktavg
vg kdt
kdtkrk
krk pgr
pgru`k
u`kbkd
bkd knr
knrukc
ukc knu
knudtk
dtkdsa
dsa mkd
mkd pgr
pgru`k
u`kbkd
bkd kru
kruss nks
nks opg
opgrksa
rksa lkn
lknkk
slootbdgss sg`ukb ck`k sglknad nukt. (Gwgrt mkd Xkhgdboigr, 0661). Bksac pgdgcatakd mkra
Cguz
Cguz,, Dkdm
Dk dmk
k mk
mkd
d Xyso
Xy soen
enaa juhk lglgdhdhkt
ktkn
knkd
kd `k̀kbw
bwkk sglkn
sgl knad
ad cg
cg`k
`krr jkrkn
jkr kn kd
kdhn
hnkk yk
ykdh
dh
mabksacnkd mkra pgrbatudhkd tgrsg`ut mkra kdhnk ;, lknk ck`k ykdh maadiorlksankd sglknad
tamkn `grnukcatks.
Havocy, gt,kc . (06;6) lgdhunur nukcatks ck`k lgdhhudknkd:
;. Vgrs
Vgrsas
astg
tgds
dsaa kn
knru
rukc
kc
Nukcatks ck`k mamkskrnkd pkmk pgr- `gmkkd rgcktai pgrsastgdsa knrukc tgrbk- mkp krus
nks. Vgrsastgdsa maunur mgdhkd lgdhhudknkd rghrgsa sg`khka `granut:

Malkdk:

 OA kmkckb pgdmkpktkd opgrksaOpgrktadh

( Adeolg ) sgtgckb manurkdha mgprgsaksa,
 EI kmkckb krus nks opgrksa (eksb
( eksb icow
icow)) ykdh mabatudh mkra OA manu-rkdha
KEEP.
KEEP.
 KEEP (keerukc
( keerukceolpodgdt
eolpodgdtoioigkrdadhs
gkrdadhs) mabatudh
) mabatudh
mkra
mkra
pgru`kbkd
pgru`kbkd
DOKDOK
( (dgt
dgt opgrktadh 
kssgt )) tkbud
kssgt  tkbud t-;
t-; tgrbkmkp
tgrbkmkp t.t.
  Dklk pgruskbkkd matudjunnkd ocgb A mkd t lgdudjunnkd
lgd udjunnkdtkbud.
tkbud.
 Ugcurub vkrak`gc mastkdmkrasksa ocgb DOKt-;
 Nodtra`usa tkl`kbkd knrukc matgdtunkd ocgb `gskrdyk sahdaiankdsa ΰ0.
0. Gst
Gstalk
alksasaNg
Ngskck
skckbkd
bkd mkc
mkckl
kl Vrosg
Vr osgss Kn
Knruk
rukcc
  

Knrukc lgl`grankd adiorlksa tgdtkdh krus nks lksk ykdh knkd mktkdh. Wdtun 
lgdadhnktnkd `kbwk prosgs knrukc `g`ks mkra ngskckbkd gstalksa, knrukc mkd ck`k knkd ma
rgprgsgdtksa
rgprgsg dtksa mgdhkd krus nks lksk
lkskykdh
ykdhknkd
knkd mktkd
mktkdh.
h. Havocy
Havocygt
gtkc.
kc.(06;6)
(06;6)lgdhhud
lgdhhudknkd
knkd
unurkd knrukc sg`khkalkdk ykdh mahudknkd ocgb Mgebow mkd Maebgy (0660) mkd tgckb
malomaianksa ocgb LeDaebocs (0660) mkd Irkdeas gt kc. (0667) ykdh mamkskrnkd pkmk

lomgc vkrakd rgsamukc `granut ada:

Malkdk:
 ]EK kmkckb ]otkc eurrgdt keerukcs ,,
 EIO kmkckb Eksb
Eksbicows
icowsirol
irolopgrktaods
opgrktaods (pgdmkpktkd
 (pgdmkpktkd
mkramkra
opgrksa
opgrksa
utklkutklk
manurkdha
manurkdha
totk
to tkcc knru
knrukc
kc.. ]o
]otktkcc knru
knrukc
kc sklk
skl k mgdh
mgdhkd
kd totk
to tkcc eu
eurrg
rrgdt
dt keeru
keerukc
kcs
s manu
manurkd
rkdha
ha `aky
`a kykk
mgprgsasksa mkd klortasksa).
 ∉Pgv kmkckb pgru`kbkd pgdmkpktkd mkra tkbud t-; tgrbkmkp t.
 VVG kmkckb
kmkckb ngs
ngsgal
gal`kd
`kdhkd
hkd kdt
kdtkrk
krk pro
propgr
pgrty,
ty, pck
pckdt
dt mkd
mkd gqu
gquapl
aplgdt
gdt (ktk
(ktkss mksk
mkskrr VVG
VV
G
 `ruto).
Ugcurub vkrak`gc marghrgss mkd masnkck mgdhkd rktk-rktk totkc kssgts mkckl tkbud t.
Marghrgs
Marghrgs juh
juhkk sge
sgekrk
krk eross sgetaod
sgetaodkc 
kc   ud
udtun
tun tak
takp
p adm
admust
ustry
ry mgd
mgdhkd
hkd sgm
sgmana
anatdy
tdykk 06
06 pgr
pgru-
u-
skbkkd takp tkbuddyk. Wnurkd nukcatks ngmuk kmkckb vkrak`acatks (madacka mgdhkd stkdmkr 
mgvaksa) rgsamukc mkra rghrgsa. Uglknad tadhha vkrak`acatks bu`udhkd kdtkrk ck`k mkd krus
nks, lknk sglknad rgdmkb nukcatks knrukc mkd sglknad rgdmkb puck nukcatks ck`kdyk.
Nuk catks
Nukcatks knr
knrukc
ukc mam
mamgiad
giadasan
asankd
kd juh
juhkk sg`
sg`khk
khkaa rksa
rksao
o stkd
stkdmkr
mkr mgv
mgvaksa
aksa rgsa
rgsamuk
mukc
c mkr
mkra
a rgh
rghrgsa
rgsa
tgrbkmkp stkdmkrm mgvaktaod totkc eurrgdt keerukcs.
5. Ngta
Ng takm
kmkk
kkd
d Lkdk
Lk dkjg
jglg
lgd dCCk`
k`kk
Uucat udt
Uucat udtun
un lgd
lgdgdt
gdtunk
unkdd kpk
kpknkb
nkb pgr
pgrusk
uskbkk
bkkdd lgc
lgcknu
knunkd
nkd lkd
lkdkjg
kjglgd
lgd ck`ck`kk ktk
ktkuu
tamkn,
tamk
n, nk
nkrgd
rgdkk suca
su cat
t udtu
ud tunn ma
matg
tgca
cata
ta.. Dklu
Dk lud d `gha
`g hatu
tu po
pock
ck tgr
tgrtg
tgdt
dtuu tgrb
tgrbkm
kmkp
kp ckck`k
`k mk
mkpk
pktt
lgdhad
lgd hadman
manksan
ksankd
kd ng`grk
ng` grkmkk
mkkd
d ktku
ktku ngtakm
ngt akmkkd
kkd lkd
lkdkjgl
kjglgdgd ck`
ck`k.
k. Hav
Havocy
ocy gtgt kc. (06
(06;6)
;6)
lgdhamgdtaianksa
lgdhamgdtaianksa
lkdkjglgd
lkdkjglgd
ck`kck`k
mgdhkd
mgdhkd
lgdhhudknkd
lgdhhudknkd
knrukc
knrukc
ykdhykdh
mabkrkpnkd
mabkrkpnkd
ktkuktku
dod dod
masergtaodkry keerukcs
keerukcs lomaianksa
 lomaianksa lomgc Jodgs sg`khka `granut:
  

Malkdk:
]KEE kmkckb totkc knrukc ykdh mamgiadasankd sg`khka pgr`gmkkd kdtkrk pgdmkpktkd


mkra opgrksa mkd krus nks `grsab mkra kntavatks opgrksa, tamkn tgrlksun pos-pos cukr 
 `aksk mkd opgrksa ykdh mabgdtankd.
 ]K kmkckb totkc kssgt kwkc tkbud,


∉Pgv kmkckb Vgru`kbkd pgdjukckd.
 VVG kmkckb tadhnkt
tadhnkt propgrty,
 propgrty, pckdt 
pckdt 
 mkd gquaplgdt 
gquaplgdt   notor.
 ∉]P kmkckb Vgru`kbkd mkckl pautkdh mkhkdh (trkmg
trkmgrgegavk`cg
rgegavk`cg))
=. No
Noddsg
sgrv
rvkt
ktas
aslg
lg
Havocy gtgt kc.
Havocy kc. (06
(06;6)
;6) lgd
lgdhhu
hhudkn
dknkd
kd unu
unurkd
rkd nod
nodsgrv
sgrvkta
ktaslg
slg sg`sg`khk
khkalk
alkdk
dk ykd
ykdhh
mahudknkd ocgb @kcc kdm sbavknulkr, ykatu lgdmgsnrapsankd pgr`gmkkd ngtgpktkd wkntu
mkckl lgdhknua ngudtudhkd mkd ngruhakd `grmkskrnkd pkmk bu`udhkd kdtkrk knrukc mkd
krus nks sg`khka `granut:

Malkdk:

 KEE kmkckb totkc knrukc mkckl tkbud t,

 EIO kmkckb krus nks opgrksa mkckl tkbud t,
 MEIO kmkckb mully vkrak`gc, ; jank EIO dghktai mkd 6 jank EIO posatai.
 Jank λ0 3 6 `grkrta tamkn nodsgrvktai mkd jank λ5 4 6 `grkrta nodsgrvktai.

VGDGD]WKD  GKPDADH [WKCA

[WKCA]Q 
]Q 
Uebapp
Uebappgr
gr mk
mkd
d Yade
Yadegd
gdtt (0
(066
665)
5) lgdhdhgc
lg gcol
olpoponn
nnkd
kd nods
no dstr
trun
un nu kcat
nukc atks
ks ck`k
ck`k mk
mkdd
 pgdhunurkddyk `grmkskrnkd
`grmkskrnkd ekrk
ekrk lgdgdtunkd
lgdgdtunkd nukcatks
nukcatks ck`k, ykatu
ykatu `grmkskrnkd: saikt
saikt rudtud-
rudtud-
wkn tu mkr
wkntu mkra
a ck`
ck`k,
k, nkr
nkrknt
kntgra
grastan
stan nuk
nukcat
catktai
ktai mkc
mkckl
kl rgrk
rgrkdhn
dhnkk nod
nodsgp
sgptuk
tukc,
c, bu`
bu`udh
udhkd
kd ck`
ck`k-n
k-nks-
ks-
knruk c, mkd
knrukc, mkd ngputuskd
ngputuskd alpcglg
alpcglgdtksa.
dtksa.
Glpkt
Glpkt ngcol
ngcolpon
ponpgdgdtu
pgdgdtukdkd nukca
nukcatks
tks ck`k
ck`kada
ada mkpkt
mkpkt
maanbtaskrnkd sg`khka `granut.
Vgrtklk, , `gr
Vgrtklk `grmks
mkskrn
krnkd
kd saik
saiktt rud
rudtud
tud-wk
-wkntu
ntu ck`
ck`k,
k, nuk
nukcat
catks
ks ck`
ck`kk lgc
lgcapu
aputa:
ta: pgr
pgrsast
sastgdsa
gdsa,,
 prgmantk`acatks (nglklpukd
(nglklpukd prgmansa),
prgmansa), mkd vkrak`acatks.
vkrak`acatks. Ktks mkskr
mkskr pgrsastgdsa, ck`k
ck`k ykdh
ykdh
 `grnukcatks kmkckbck`k
ck`kykdh
ykdhpgrsastgd
pgrsastgdykatu
ykatu ck`k ykdh `grngckdjutkd,
`grngckdjutkd,cg`ab
cg`ab `grsaikt
`grsaiktpgrlkdgd
pgrlkdgd
mkd tam
tamkn
kn `gr
`grsaik
saiktt trk
trkdsa
dsator
tora.
a. Vgr
Vgrsast
sastgds
gdsaa sg`
sg`khk
khkaa nuk
nukcat
catks
ks ck`
ck`kk ada
ada mat
matgdt
gdtunk
unkdd `gr
`grmksk
mkskrnk
rnkdd
 pgrspgntai nglkdikktkddyk mkckl pgdhkl`ackd ngputuskd nbususdyk mkckl pgdackakd
  

gnu atks.
gnuatk s. Ngl
Nglklp
klpukd
ukd prgman
prg mansa
sa lgd
lgdudj
udjunn
unnkd
kd nkp
nkpksa
ksatks
tks ck`
ck`kk mkc
mkckl
kl lgl
lglprgprgman
mansa
sa `ut
`utar 
ar 
adiorlksa tgrtgdtu, laskcdyk ck`k ma lksk mktkdh. Mkckl bkc ada, ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks tadhha
kmkckb ck`k ykdh lglpudyka nglklpukd tadhha mkckl lglprgmansa ck`k ma lksk mktkdh.
@grmkskrn
@grmks
krnkd
kd no
nodst
dstrun
run vkr
vkrak`
ak`acat
acatks,
ks, ck`
ck`kk `gr
`grnuk
nukcat
catks
ks tad
tadhha
hha kmk
kmkckb
ckb ck`
ck`kk ykd
ykdhh lgl
lglpudpudyka
yka
vkrak`acatks rgcktai rgdmkb ktku ck`k ykdh
ykdh slootb
 slootb..

Ngmuk, nukcatks ck`k mamkskrnkd pkmk bu`udhkd ck`k-nks-knrukc ykdh mkpkt maunur 
mgdhkd `gr`khka unurkd, ykatu: rksao nks opgrksa mgdhkd ck`k, pgru`kbkd knrukc totkc, gstalksa
k`dorlkc/masergtaodkry keerukcs (knrukc k`dorlkc/ ng`ajknkd), mkd gstalksa bu`udhkd knrukc-
nks. Mgdhkd lgdhhudknkd unurkd rksao nks opgrksa mgdhkd ck`k, nukcatks ck`k matudjunnkd
ocgb ngmgnktkd ck`k mgdhkd kcarkd nks opgrksa. Ck`k ykdh sglknad mgnkt mgdhkd kcarkd nks
op grksa
opgr ksa lg
lgdhdhad
adma
mank
nksa
sa ck`
ck`kk ykdh
ykdh sgl
sglknknad
ad `grn
`g rnuk
ukca
catk
tks.
s. Mg
Mgdh
dhkd
kd lgdh
lg dhhu
hudk
dknk
nkdd unur
un urkd
kd
 pgru`kbkd knrukc totkc,
totkc, ck`k `grnukcatks
`grnukcatks kmkckb
kmkckbck`k
ck`kykdh
ykdh lglpudyka
lglpudyka pgru`kbkd
pgru`kbkd
knrukc
knrukc totkc
totkc
nge ac. Vgd
ngeac. Vgdhun
hunurk
urkdd ada lgd
lgdhks
hksuls
ulsank
ankd
d `kb
`kbwk
wk pgru`k
pgr u`kbkd
bkd tot
totkc
kc knr
knrukc
ukc mas
masg`k
g`k`n
`nkd
kd ocg
ocgbb
 pgru`kbkd masergtaodkry keerukcs. Gstalksa masergtaodkr
masergtaodkryy keeruk
keerukcs
cs   mkp
mkpkt
kt mau
maunur
nur sgekrk
sgekrk

ckdhsudh udtun lgdgd

ckdhsudh lgdgdtunkd
tunkdnukcatks
nukcatksck`k.
ck`k. Uglkn
Uglknad
ad ngeac
ngeac masergtaod
masergtaodkry
kry keeruk
keerukcs
cs sglkna
sglknadd
tadhha nukcatks ck`k mkd sg`kcandyk. Ugckdjutdyk, nggrktkd bu`udhkd kdtkrk knrukc mkd kcarkd
nks juh
juhkk mkp
mkpkt
kt mah
mahudk
udknkd
nkd ud
udtun
tun lgd
lgdhun
hunur
ur nuk
nukcat
catks
ks ck`
ck`k.
k. Ugl
Uglkna
knad
d grkt
grkt bu`
bu`ud
udhkd
hkd kdt
kdtkrk
krk
knrukc mkd kcarkd nks, sglknad tadhha nukcatks ck`k.
Ngtahk, nukca
Ngtahk, nukcatks
tks ck`k
ck`k mkpkt
mkpkt mamks
mamkskrnkd
krnkd pkmk
pkmkNodsgp
Nodsgp Nukcatk
Nukcatktai
tai Pgrkdh
Pgrkdhnk
nk Nodsg
Nodsgptukc
ptukc
(( Iadkdeakc
 Iadkdeakc Keeoudtadh
Keeoudtadh Utkdmkrms
Utkdmkrms @okrm 
@okrm 
, IKU@, ;182). Ck`k ykdh `grnukcatks kmkckb ck`k
ykdh `grlkdikkt mkckl pgdhkl`ackd ngputuskd ykatu ykdh lglacana nkrkntgrastan rgcgvkdsa,
rgcak`acatks, mkd nolp
rgcak`acatks, nolpkrk`ac
krk`acatks/no
atks/nodsastgd
dsastgdsa.
sa. Vgdhu
Vgdhunurkd
nurkd lksadh
lksadh-lksad
-lksadhh nratgra
nratgrak
k nukca
nukcatks
tks
tgrsg`ut sgekrk tgrpaskb sucat ktku tamkn mkpkt macknunkd. Ocgb sg`k` atu, mkckl pgdgcatakd

glparasas nogiasagd
glpar nogiasagd rghrgsa bkrhk mkd rgturd
rgturd skbkl
 skbklpkmk
pkmkck`k
ck`k(mkd
(mkdunurkd-unurkd
unurkd-unurkdtgrnkat
tgrnkatykdh
ykdh
ckad laskcdyk kcarkd nks) maadtgrprgtksa sg`khka unurkd nukcatks ck`k `grmkskrnkd nkrkntgrastan 
rgcgvkdsa mkd rgcak`acatks.
Ngglpkt, nukcatks ck`k `grmkskrnkd ngputuskd alpcglgdtksa lgcaputa muk pgdmgnktkd.
Mkckll
Mkck pgdmgn
pgdmgnkt
ktkd
kd pgrt
pgrtkl
klk,k, nukc
nu kcat
atks
ks ck
ck`k
`k `grb
`g rbu`
u`ud
udhk
hkdd dghk
dghkta
taii mgdh
mgdhkd
kd `kdy
`k dykn
kndy
dykk
 pgrtal`kdhkd, gstalksa,
gstalksa, mkd
mkd prgmansa
prgmansa ykdh mapgrcunkd
mapgrcunkd ocgb pgdyusud
pgdyusud ckporkd
ckporkd ngukdhkd.
ngukdhkd.
Uglknanad
Uglk d `kdy
`k dykn
kn gst
gstal
alksa
ksa yk
ykdh
dh ma
mapg
pgrc
rcun
unkd
kd oc
ocgb
gb pgdy
pgdyus
usud
ud ckpo
ckpork
rkdd nguk
ngukdh
dhkd
kd mkck
mkckll
lgdh alpcglgdtksa
lgdhalpcgl gdtksa stkdm
stkdmkr
kr pgckp
pgckporkd,
orkd, sglknad
sglknad rgdmkb
rgdmkb
nukcatks
nukcatks
ck`k,
ck`k, mkd sg`kcandyk
sg`kcandyk.. Mkckl
Mkckl
 pgdmgnktkd ngmuk, nukcatks `grbu`udhkd dghktai mgdhkd
mgdhkd `gskrdyk ngudtudhkd
ngudtudhkd ykdh
ykdh makl`ac
makl`ac

ocgb lkdkjglgd mkckl lgdhhudknkd pgrtal`kdhkd khkr lgdyalpkdh mkra tujukd stkdmkr 
  

(lkdkjglgd ck`k). Lkdkjglgd ck`k ykdh sglknad `gskr lgdhadmanksa nukcatks ck`k ykdh
sglknad rgdmkb, mkd sg`kcandyk.