Manual Taller Xr250 Tornado

NDKD ]QG@GVCY M^QM KCJ]C@ ËJAGNM EMJMYC@

Mj mstm Kcjuc` am Qc``mr sm amsnrgimj `cs
ncrcntmrëstgncs tçnjgncs y `ds prdnmagkgmjtds am
GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ 3
smrvgngd pcrc `c kdtdngn`mtc \Y9=? (^g``ëj c`td/
^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
_crc ecrcjtgzcr pmrbmntcs ndjagngdjms am
bujngdjckgmjtd am` vmlënu`d, sgec `cs rmndkmjacngdjms
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >
am `c Qci`c am Kcjtmjgkgmjtd (^mnngþj >).
@c rmc`gzcngþj am` prgkmr kcjtmjgkgmjtd

^G^QMKC AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ 1
prderckcad ms mxtrmkckmjtm gkpdrtcjtm,
pumstd qum grã ndkpmjscr m` amsecstm gjgngc` qum
dnurrm aurcjtm m` pmrëdad am ci`cjam.
^G^QMKC AM NDKI]^QGI@M =
AM^KDJQCFM/
@cs ^mnngdjms 3 y > sdj cp`gnci`ms c tdac `c J
Þ
G
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ KDQDY 2
kdtdngn`mtc. @c ^mnngþj 9 prmsmjtc prdnmagkgmjtds ^
G
am amskdjtcfm/gjstc`cngþj am ndkpdjmjtms qum
pumamj smr jmnmscrgds pcrc mbmntucr `ds smrvgngds
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5
amsnrgptds mj `cs smnngdjms sgeugmjtms. C
Mj `cs ^mnngdjms am 1 c 9? sm amsnrgimj `ds

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
ndkpdjmjtms am `c kdtdngn`mtc, cerupcads am
cnumrad ndj su uigncngþj.
D
Q
D
MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^ 7
K
Iusqum mj mstc pãegjc `c smnngþj amsmcac.
Mjsmeugac, dismrvm m` ëjagnm mj `c prgkmrc
C@QMYJCADY/
MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M 3?
pãegjc am `c smnngþj msndegac.
@c kcydrëc am `cs smnngdjms mkpgmzcj ndj ujc

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
gùstrcngþj am` sgstmkc d ndjfujtd, gjbdrkcngdjms
am smrvgngd m gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrëcs. @cs NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY 39
pãegjcs sgeugmjtms prmsmjtcj prdnmagkgmjtds
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
^]^_MJ^GÞJ/AGYMNNGÞJ 3>
^g `c ncusc am `c cvmrëc ms amsndjdngac, rmkëtcsm ^
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c `c ^mnngþj 93, Gjvmstgecngþj am Cvmrëcs. ^
C
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Y]MAC QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^G
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
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QDAC^ @C^ GJBDYKCNGDJM^, BYMJD LGAYÃ]@GND 3=
G@]^QYCNGDJM^, GJ^QY]NNGDJM^
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^ AM^NYG_QC^ MJWM^QC
_]I@GNCNGÞJ ^M IC^CJ MJ @D^ ACQD^ KÃ^ ICQMYËC/^G^QMKC AM NCYEC 32
YMNGMJQM^ ^DIYM M@ _YDA]NQD,
DIQMJGAD^ MJ M@ KDKMJQD AM @C
C_YDICNGÞJ AM @C GK_YM^GÞJ. KDQD
^G^QMKC AM MJNMJAGAD 35
LDJAC AC CKCVÑJGC @QAC. ^M YM^MYRC M@ C D
N
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AMYMNLD AM LCNMY KDAGBGNCNGDJM^ MJ
@C^ NCYCNQMYË^QGNC^ AM @C KDQDNGN@MQC
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^G^QMKC AM CYYCJS]M M@ÇNQYGND 3<
C N]C@S]GMY KDKMJQD, ^GJ _YMRGD CRG^D ^ @
M @]NM^/GJ^QY]KMJQD^/
W ^GJ GJN]YYGY MJ JGJEÖJ QG_D AM
DI@GECNGÞJ. ^M _YDLËIM @C YM_YDA]NNGÞJ
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
_CYNGC@ D QDQC@ AM M^QC _]I@GNCNGÞJ, ^GJ
_MYKG^D _DY M^NYGQD AM KDQD LDJAC AC AGCEYCKC AM NCI@MCAD 9?
CKCVÑJGC @QAC. M^QM KCJ]C@ ^M LC
M@CIDYCAD _CYC _MY^DJC^ S]M QMJECJ
]J NDJDNGKGMJQD IÃ^GND AM
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 93
KCJQMJGKGMJQD
KCJQMJGKGMJ QD AM KDQDNGN@MQC^ LDJAC.
KDQD LDJAC AC CKCVÑJGC @QAC.

Ampcrtckmjtd am ^mrvgngds am _dsvmjtc
^mntdr am _ui`gncngdjms Qçnjgncs

GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ \Y9=?
^ËKID@D^
@ds sëkid`ds utg`gzcads mj mstm kcjuc` gjagncj prdnmagkgmjtds am smrvgngd. @cs gjbdrkcngdjms ndkp`mkmjtcrgcs
rmbmrmjtms c msds sëkid`ds smrãj mxp`gncacs mspmnëbgnckmjtm mj m` tmxtd, sgj m` usd am `ds kgskds.
J]MRC
Ymmkp`cnm `c(s) pgmzc(s) pdr ujc jumvc cjtms am kdjtcr.
C
N
M
G
Q
M
]tg`gnm m` cnmgtm pcrc kdtdr rmndkmjacad, c kmjds qum sm mspmngbgqum dtrd agbmrmjtm.
C
N
M
]tg`gnm `c sdùngþj rmndkmjacac am cnmgtm am kd`giamjd (kmzn`c am cnmgtm am kdtdr y ercsc am
G
Q
M
K
kd`giamjd, mj ujc prdpdrngþj am 363).
d
EYC^C ]tg`gnm ercsc ku`tgusd (ercsc ku`tgusd c icsm am `ëtgd JE@G Jd. 9 þ mqugvc`mjtm).
]tg`gnm ercsc am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd (ndjtmjgmjad kãs am >% am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd,

K J@EG Jd. 9 þ mqugvc`mjtm).
]tg`gnm pcstc c icsm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd (ndjtmjgmjad kãs am 1?% am igsu`burd am

_K kd`giamjd, J@EG Jd. 9 þ mqugvc`mjtm).
]tg`gnm ercsc c icsm am sg`gndjc.

^
Cp`gqum cemjtm bgfcadr (trcic quëkgnc) ndj rmsgstmjngc c` pcr kmagd, c kmjds qum sm mspmngbgqum
QYCIC dtrd agbmrmjtm.
Cp`gqum `ëqugad am sm``cad (sm``cadr).
B
Y
]tg`gnm bùgad am brmjd ADQ 1. ]sm m` bùgad am brmjd rmndkmjacad, c kmjds qum sm mspmngbgqum dtrd
M
J
D
agbmrmjtm.
CQB ]tg`gnm bùgad pcrc ldrqug``c d am suspmjsgþj.
9

\Y9=? 3. GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@
JDYKC^ AM ^ME]YGACA 3-3 LMYYCKGMJQC^ 3-31
JDYKC^ AM ^MYRGNGD 3-3 _]JQD^
_]JQD^ AM @]IYGN
@]IYGNCNGÞ
CNGÞJ
J W AM ^M@@CA
^M@@CAD
D 3-3=
GAMJQGBGNCNGÞJ AM@ KDAM@D 3-9 _C^CAC
_C^CAC AM @D^
@D^ NCI@M
NCI@M^
^ W NCI@M
NCI@MCAD
CAD^
^ 3-3
3-355
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^ 3-> ^G^Q
^G^QMK
MKC^
C^ AM ND
NDJQ
JQYD
YD@M
@M AM MK
MKG^
G^GÞ
GÞJ
J 3-9>
3-9>
RC@DYM^ AM _CY AM C_YGMQM 3-39
JDYKC^ AM ^MYRGNGD
3. ]sm sd`ckmjtm rmpumstds, cnmgtms y ùirgncjtms emjugjds LDJAC d rmndkmjacads pdr LDJAC d sus mqugvc`mjtms.
@ds rmpumstds qum jd ctgmjacj c `cs mspmngbgncngdjms am LDJAC pumamj acócr `c kdtdngn`mtc.
9. ]tg`gnm `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`kmjtm agsmócacs pcrc mstm vmlënu`d, pcrc qum sm mvgtmj acóds d uj kdjtcfm
gjndrrmntd.
>. ]tg`gnm sd`ckmjtm lmrrckgmjtcs kçtrgncs c` mbmntucr smrvgngds mj `c kdtdngn`mtc. @ds pmrjds, tdrjg``ds y tumrncs
kçtrgncs jd sdj gjtmrnckigci`ms ndj m`mkmjtds am bgfcngþj gje`msms. @c utg`gzcngþj am lmrrckgmjtcs y am bgfcadrms
gjndrrmntds pumam acócr `c kdtdngn`mtc.
1. Gjstc`m fujtcs, cjg``ds tþrgnds, pcscadrms lmjagads y p`cncs am trcic jumvds nucjad rmc`gnm m` kdjtcfm.
=. C` cprmtcr pmrjds, tdrjg``ds d tumrncs mj smrgm, mkpgmnm pdr `ds am agãkmtrd kcydr d pdr `ds pmrjds d tdrjg``ds
gjtmrjds. Cprgçtm`ds c` pcr mspmngbgncad, ercauc`kmjtm, y mj smnumjngc mjtrmnruzcac, c kmjds qum sm mspmngbgqum ujc
smnumjngc agbmrmjtm.
2. @gkpgm `cs pgmzcs ndj agsd`vmjtm `gkpgd amspuçs am` amskdjtcfm. @uirgqum `cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd cjtms am
kdjtcr`cs jumvckmjtm.
5. Amspuçs am` kdjtcfm, vmrgbgqum tdacs `cs pgmzcs ndj rmspmntd c su gjstc`cngþj y bujngdjckgmjtd camnucads.
<. Gjstc`m tdads `ds nci`ms m`çntrgnds ndkd sm kumstrc mj `cs pãegjcs am 3-35 c 3-99, ‐_cscad am Nci`ms y Nci`mcads‛.
3-3

GAMJQGBGNCNGÞJ AM@ KDAM@D
JÖKMYD AM
^MYGM AM@ NLC^G^ JÖKMYD AM ^MYGM AM@ KDQDY
M` jökmrd am smrgm am` nlcsgs mjnumjtrcsm ercicad mj m` M` jökmrd am smrgm am` kdtdr mjnumjtrcsm ercicad mj m`
`cad amrmnld am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj. `cad gzqugmrad am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
J]KMYD AM GAMJQGBGNCNGÞJ AM@ NCYI]YCADY

M` jökmrd am gamjtgbgncngþj am` ncriurcadr mjnumjtrcsm
ercicad mj m` `cad gzqugmrad am` ncriurcadr, am cnumrad
ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
3-9

\Y9=? GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^ QÇNJGNC^
EMJMYC@
Ëtmk Mspmngbgncngdjms
Agkmjsgdjms @cred tdtc` ^g``ëj c`td 9. 315 k k
^g``ëj icfd 9. 3>? k k
Cjnld tdtc` <1 = k k
C`turc tdtc` ^g``ëj c`td 3. 37< k k
^g``ëj icfd 3. 323 k k
Agstcjngc mjtrm mfms ^g``ëj c`td 3. 195 k k
^g``ëj icfd 3. 132 k k
C`turc ad cssmjtd ^g``ëj c`td <<? k k
^g``ëj icfd <1? k k
C`turc këjgkc ad sd`d ^g``ëj c`td 9<3 k k
^g``ëj icfd 919 k k
_msd smnd 3>1 h e
_msd mj dramj am kcrnlc 979 h e
Nlcsg Qgpd am nlcsgs Nujc smkgadi`m
ûspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc Ldrqug``c tm`msnþpgnc
Ncrrmrc am `c suspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc 91= kk
ûspmjsgþj trcsmrc _YD@GJH
Ncrrmrc am `c suspmjsgþj ^g``ëj c`td 919 kk
trcsmrc ^g``ëj icfd 991 k k
Qckcód am` jmukãtgnd am`cjtmrd 7?/ 7? „ 93 =1 ^
Qckcód am` jmukãtgnd trcsmrd 39?/ <? „ 3< 29^
Kcrnc am `ds jmukãtgnds Agcjtmgrd/Qrcsmgrd KMQVM@MY MJA]YD >
Brmjd am`cjtmrd C agsnd öjgnd, lgarãu`gnd
Brmjd trcsmrd C tckidr, tgpd kmnãjgnd, ndj zcpctcs am
mxpcjsgþj sgkp`m
Gjn`gjcngþj am` mfm am` ^g``ëj c`td 9=, =<¿
pgvdtm ^g``ëj icfd 9 2, 7¿
@cred am cvcjnm ^g``ëj c`td 7< k k
^g``ëj icfd 3?? k k
Ncpcngaca am` tcjqum am ndkiustgi`m 33,= `
Ncpcngaca am rmsmrvc am ndkiustgi`m >,5 `
Kdtdr Agspdsgngþj am` ng`gjard Kdjdng`ëjargnd, n(vmrtgnc`)

dj ujc gjn`gjcngþj am 3=¿
Nc`girm x Ncrrmrc 5>, ? x = 7, = k k
Ng`gjarcac 917,? nk>
Ym`cngþj am ndkprmsgþj 7,>63
Kcjad am vã`vu`cs ADLN, cnngdjcad c ncamjc sg`mjngdsc
Rã`vu`c am cakgsgþj ^m cirm 3?¿ C_K^ (cimrturc am 3 kk)
^m ngmrrc >?¿ A_KG (cimrturc am 3 kk)
Rã`vu`c am msncpm ^m cirm 1?¿ C_KG (cimrturc am 3 kk
^m ngmrrc ?¿ (cimrturc am 3 kk)
^gstmkc am ùirgncngþj Bdrzcac pdr idkic am cnmgtm y nãrtmr lökmad
Idkic am cnmgtm Qrdndgac`
^gstmkc am mjbrgckgmjtd Mjbrgcad c cgrm
Bg`trd am cgrm M`mkmjtd am pcpm` vgsndsd
_msd smnd am` kdtdr >=,> he
3->


EMJMYC@ (Ndjtgjucngþj)
Ë t mk Mspmngbgncngdjms
Qrcjskgssîd ^gstmkc am mkirceum Mkirceum ndj agsnds kö`tgp`ms mj icód am cnmgtm
^gstmkc am dpmrcngþj am` mkirceum Kmnãjgnd
Qrcjskgsgþj 2 kcrnlcs ndjstcjtmkmjtm mjercjcacs
Ymaunngþj prgkcrgc >,3?? (29/9?)
Ymaunngþj bgjc` 9,<12 (>5/3>)
Ym`cngþj am trcjskgsgþj 3ª 9,527 (>2/3>)
9ª 3,<<9 (>9/35)
>ª 3,>>> (9</93)
1ª 3,?<> (92/91)
=ª ?,79> (91/92)
2ª ?,<31 (99/95)
^gstmkc am nckigd am kcrnlcs ^gstmkc am rmtdrjd dpmrcad ndj m` pgm gzqugmrad,
3„J„9„>„1„=„2
^gstmkc ^gstmkc am mjnmjagad NAG agegtc`
m`çntrgnd ^gstmkc am crrcjqum M`çntrgnd
^gstmkc am ncrec C`tmrjcadr am sc`gac trgbãsgnc
Ymeu`cadr/rmntgbgncadr ^NY mj ndrtdngrnugtd/trgbãsgnd, rmntgbgncngþj
am djac ndkp`mtc
^gstmkc am gùkgjcngþj Ictmrëc
3-1


^G^QMKC AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ ]jgaca6 kk
Ëtmk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

Ncpcngaca am cnmgtm C` armjcr 3,= ` ‑
am` kdtdr C` nckigcr m` bg`trd 3,= ` ‑
C` amskdjtcr 3,< ` ‑
Cnmgtm pcrc kdtdr rmndkmjacad KDIG@ ^]_MYKDQD 1Q
N`csgbgncngþj am smrvgngd C_G6 ^B ‑
Rgsndsgaca6 ^CM 9?U-=?
Idki
Idkicc am
am cnm
cnmgt
gtmm Ldèur
Ldè urcc mjt
mjtrm
rm `d
`dss rd
rdtd
tdrm
rmss gj
gjtm
tmrrjd y
mxtmrjd ?, 3= ?, 9?
Ldèurc mjtrm m` rdtdr mxtmrjd y `c ?, 3= „ ?, 93 ?, 9=
ncrncsc am `c idkic
Ldèurc mjtrm `ds rdtdrms y m` b`cjnd am `c ?, ?9 „ ?, ?< ?, 39
ncrncsc am `c idkic
^G^QMKC AM NDKI]^QGI@M
Jökmrd am gamjtgbgncngþj am` ncriurcadr RMC3C
ûrtgadr prgjngpc` 319
ûrtgadr am` rc`mjtë 1=
Cpmrturc gjgngc` am` tdrjg``d pg`dtd > vum`tcs lcngc bumrc
Jgvm` am` b`dtcadr 3<, = k k
Ydtcngþj am` rc`mjtë 3. 1?? ³ 3? ? r p k
Fumed `girm am `c mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr = kk
3-=


N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ ]jgaca6 kk

Ndkprmsgþj am` ng`gjard 3.39< h_c (33,= heb/nk ,
9
32>,2 psg) c 1?? rpk ‑

C`cimd am `c nu`ctc ‑ ?, 3?
Ãrid` am `mvcs C`turc am `ds `þiu`ds CAK >5, ?? „ >5, 91 >2, 71
M^N >5, ?> „ >5, 95 >2, 7 5
Mxnmjtrgngaca ?, ?9 ?, 3?
A.M. am` kuóþj 91, 7=7 „ 91, 7<? ‑
A.G. am `c nu`ctc 9=, ??? „ 9=, ?93 ‑
Ldèurc am cnmgtm ?, ?9? „ ?, ?29 ?, 3?
R ã` vu ` cs y Ldèurc am `cs vã`vu`cs CAK ?, 39 ‑
euëcs am M^N ?, 3= ‑
vã`vu`cs A.M. am` vãstced am `c vã`vu`c CAK 1, 75= „ 1, 77? 1 , 72
M^N 1, 7== „ 1, 75? 1, 71
A.G. am `c euëc am `c vã`vu`c CAK/M^N =, ??? „ =, ?39 = , ?>
Ldèurc mjtrm m` vãstced y `c CAK ?, ?3? „ ?, ?>5 ? , ?5
euëc am `c vã`vu`c M^N ?, ?>? „ ?, ?=5 ?, ?7
Cjnld am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c CAK/M^N 3, ? „ 3, 9 9, ?
Ymsdrtm am @cr e d ` g i r m Gjtmrjd CA
CAK/M^N >>, 55 >9, >2
`c vã`vu`c Mxtmrjd CAK/M^N >2, 21 >1, <1
@c cnngdjcadr A.M. am` cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c CAK/M^N 9=, 75< „ 9=, 77> 9=, 75
am `c vã`vu`c A.G. am` c`dfckgmjtd am` cnngdjcadr CAK/M^N 92, ?3? „ 92, ?92 92, ?2
3-2


NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ ]jgaca6 kk

Ng`gjard A.G. 5>,??? „ 5>,?3? 5>,33
Dvc`gzcngþj ‑ ?,?=
Ndjgngaca ‑ ?,?=
C`cimd ‑ ?,?=
_gstþj, iu`þj Kcrnc am agrmnngþj am` pgstþj Kcrnc ‐GJ‛ drgmjtcac lcngc m` ‑
y smekmjtds `cad am `c cakgsgþj
c akgsgþj
am` pgstþj A.M. am` pgstþj 59,7=? „ 59,75? 59,<5
_ujtd am kmagngþj am` A.M. am` pgstþj 32 kk amsam `c pcrtm gjbmrgdr ‑
A.G. am` drgbgngd am` iu`þj 35,??9 „ 35,??< 35,?=
A.M. am` iu`þj am` pgstþj 32,771 „ 35,??? 32,75
A.G. am` pgm am `c igm`c 35,?32 „ 35,?>1 35,?2
Ldèurc mjtrm m` ng`gjard y m` pgstþj ?,?>? „ ?,?2? ?,9>
Ldèurc mjtrm m` pgstþj y m` iu`þj ?,??9 „ ?,?31 ?,?5
Ldèurc mjtrm `c igm`c y m` iu`þj am` pgstþj ?,?32 „ ?,?1? ?,?7
Ldèurc mjtrm m` smekmjtd ûpmrgdr ?,?3= „ ?,?=? ?,39
am` pgstþj y `c rcjurc ^mnujacrgd ?,?3= „ ?,?=? ?,39
Cimrturc am `cs mxtrmkgacams ûpmrgdr ?,3= „ ?,>? ?,>?
am` smekmjtd
smekmjtd am` pgst
pgstþj
þj ^mnujacrgd ?,>? „ ?,1= ?,1=
Cjm` am cnmgtm
(smekmjtd ?,9? „ ?,5? ?,<2
`ctmrc`)
Kcrnc am agrmnngþj am` ûpmrgdr/ Kcrnc drgmjtcac lcngc crrgic ‑
smekmjtd am` pgstþj ^mnujacrgd
MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^ ]jgaca6 kk

Mkirceum Fumed `girm am `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum 3? „ 9? ‑
@cred `girm am` rmsdrtm am` mkirceum >=,2 11,5
Mspmsdr am` agsnd am` mkirceum 9,79 „ >,?< 9,27
C`cimd am `c p`cnc ‑ ?,>?
A.G. am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum 9=,??? „ 9=,?93 9=,?1
Euëc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum A.G. 37,77? „ 9?,?3? 99,?=
A.M. 91,7=7 „ 91,7<? 99,7?
A.M. am` mfm prgjngpc` c `c euëc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum 37,7=7 „ 37,7<? 93,73
3-5

C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M ]jgaca6 kk

Ë t mk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd
A.M. am` rmsc`tm am` mjercjcfm kcjacad am` crrcjqum 1 =, 22? „ 1=, 25> 1= , 2>
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ ]jgaca6 kk
Ë t mk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

Qrcjskgsgþj A.G. am` mjercjcfm K= 9?, ??? „ 9? , ?9 3 9 ?, ?<
K2 9>, ??? „ 9>, ?93 9> , ?5
N3 9>, ??? „ 9>, ?93 9>, ?5
N9 9=, ?9? „ 9=, ?13 9=, ?7
N> 9=, ??? „ 9=, ?93 9=, ?5
N1 99, ??? „ 99, ?93 99, ?5
A.M. am` iufm am` mjercjcfm N3 99, 7=7 „ 99 , 7< ? 9 9, 7?
N9 91, 757 „ 9=, ??? 91, 7?
A.G. am` iufm am` mjercjcfm N3 3<, ??? „ 3<, ?3< 3 <, ?<
N9 99,??? „ 99,?93 99,?<
A.M. am` mspcngcadr N> 91,7=7 „ 91,7<? 91,7?
K2 99,7=7 „ 99,7<? 99,79
A.M. am` mfm prgjngpc` c` K = 37, 7=7 „ 3 7, 7<? 3 7, 73
A.M. am` ndjtrcmfm c` N3 35, 722 „ 35, 7<1 35 , 73
c` N9, N1 93, 7=7 „ 93, 7<? 93 , 73
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` iufm ?, ?9? „ ?, ?29 ?, 3?
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` mspcngcadr ?, ?9? „ ?, ?29 ?, 3?
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mfm y m` iufm N3 ?, ?32 „ ?, ?=9 ?, 3?
N9 ?, ?9? „ ?, ?2 9 ?, 3 ?
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` c` K = ?, ?9? „ ?, ?29 ?, 3?
mfm prgjngpc`
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` c` N1 ?, ?9? „ ?, ?29 ?, 3 ?
ndjtrcmfm
Ldrqug``c am` A.G. am `c ldrqug``c am` nckigd am kcrnlcs 3 >, ??? „ 3>, ?93 3> , ?=
nckigd am Mspmsurc am `c ecrrc am `cs @ 1, 7? „ =, ?? 1 ,=
kcrnlcs, mfm ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs Y, N 1, 7> „ =, ?? 1 ,=
am `cs
ldrqug``cs y A.M. am` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs 39, 722 „ 39, 7<1 39, 7?
tckidr A.M. am
A.M am`` tc
tck
kid
idrr sm
sm`m
`mnt
ntd
dr mj `c mx
mxtr
trmk
mkga
gacca amr
mrmn
mnlc
lc 37,7
37 ,7=7
=7 „ 37
37,7,7<?
<? 37,7
37 ,7??
sm`mntdr Kuóþj am` tckidr sm`mntdr (kgtca
amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr) 9?,??? „ 9?,?>> 9?,?5
3-<

NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY ]jgaca6 kk
I g m` c Ldèurc `ctmrc` am `c ncimzc am `c igm`c ?, ?= „ ?, =? ?, 2
Ldèurc rcagc` am `c ncimzc am `c igm`c ? „ ?, ??< ?, ?=
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` ngeðmóc` ‑ ?, ?9
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ/^G^QMKC AM AGYMNNGÞJ ]jgaca6 kk

_rdbujagaca këjgkc am` surncad am` jmukãtgnd ‑ ctç d gjagncadr
_rmsgþj am` jmukãtgnd brëd ^d`ckmjtm ndk ndjauntdr 3=? h_c (3,=? heb/nk9, 99 psg) ‑
Ndj
Nd j nd
ndja
jaun
untd
tdrr y pcs
pcscf
cfmr
mrd
d 3=?? h_c
3= h_c (3
(3,=
,=?? heb
heb/n
/nk
k9, 99 psg) ‑
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` mfm ‑ ?, 9
Mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc Ycagc` ‑ 3, ?
Cxgc` ‑ 3, ?
Ldrqug``c @cred `girm am` rmsdrtm => =, < 1< 9, 9
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` tuid ‑ ?, 9?
Bùgad rmndkmjacad Bùgad am ldrqug``c ‑
Jgvm` am` bùgad 39< ‑
Ncpcngaca am bùgad =<2 ³ 9,= nk> ‑
Ncrec prmvgc am` rdackgmjtd am` ncimzc` am agrmnngþj ?,?< „ ?,39 heb ‑
Q YC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ ]jgaca6 kk
Gtmk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

_rdbujagaca këjgkc am` surncad am` jmukãtgnd ‑ Lcstc m` gjagncadr
_rmsgþj am` jm
jmukãtgnd brëd ^d`ckmjtm nd
ndj ndjauntdr 3=? h_
h_c (3,=? he
heb/nk9, 99 psg) ‑
Ndj ndjauntdr y pcscfmrd 3=? h_c (3,=? heb/nk9, 99 psg) ‑
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` mfm ‑ ?, 9
Mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc Ycagc` ‑ 3, ?
Cxgc` ‑ 3, ?
Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj Qckcód/Ms`cidjms =9? / 3?1 ‑
Ldèurc 9? „ >? ‑
Br mj d Ldèurc am` pmac` am` brmjd 9? „ >? ‑
A.G. am` tckidr am` brmjd trcsmrd 3>? 3>3
Mspmsdr am` bdrrd am `c zcpctc am` ‑ Lcstc m` gjagncadr
brmjd trcsmrd am amsecstm
3-7

BYMJD LGAYÃ]@GND ]jgaca6 kk
G t mk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

Bùgad am brmjd mspmngbgncad ADQ 1 ‑
Gjagncadr am amsecstm am `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd ‑ Lcstc `c rcjurc
Mspmsdr am` agsnd am brmjd >, > „ >, 5 >, ?
C`cimd am` agsnd am brmjd ‑ ?, 9=
Agãkmtrd gjtmrjd am` ng`gjard kcmstrd 39, 5?? „ 39 , 51 > 39, 5= =
Agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am` pgstþj am` ng`gjard kcmstrd 39, 2=5 „ 3 9, 2<1 39, 21=
Agãkmtrd gjtmrjd am` ng`gjard am `c pgjzc 9 5, ??? „ 95, ?=? 95, ?2?
Agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am` pgstþj am `c pgjzc 92, 73< „ 92, 72< 92, 73
ICQMYËC/^G^QMKC AM NCYEC
Ictmrëc Ncpcngaca 39 R „ 2 Cl
Buec am ndrrgmjtm ?, 3 k C k ãxg k d
Qmjsgþj (9?¿ N) Qdtc`kmjtm ncrecac ûpmrgdr c 39,< R
Jmnmsgaca am ncrec Gjbmrgdr c 39,> R
Ndrrgmjtm am ncrec Jdrkc` ?, 2 C x = „ 3? l
Yãpgac > , ? C x 3, ? l k ãxg k d
C`tmrjcadr Ncpcngaca ?,9?1 hU/=.??? rpk
Ymsgstmjngc am `c idigjc am ncrec (9?¿ N) ?, 3 „ 3, ? ™
3-3?

^G^QMKC AM MJNMJAGAD
Iufëc am mjnmjagad _carþj NY<ML-7 (JEH)
Cpmrturc am `ds m`mntrdads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad ?, < „ ?, 7 k k
Qmjsgþj am pgnd am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad 3?? R këjgkd
Qmjsgþj am pgnd am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad ?, 5 R k ë j g k d
Kcrnc "B" am` pujtd am mjnmjagad <¿ C_K^ (mj rc`mjtë)
^G^QMKC AM CYYCJS]M M@ÇNQYGND ]jgaca6 kk

@cred am `cs msndig``cs am` kdtdr am crrcjqum 39, = <, =
@]NM^/GJ^QY]KMJQD^/GJQMYY]_QDYM^
Idkig``cs Bcr d C`td 39 R „ >= U
Icfd 39 R „ >= U
@uz trcsmrc/@uz am brmjd 39 R „ =/ 93 U
Gjtmrkgtmjtm am agrmnngþj am`cjtmrd 39 R „ 3= U x 9
Gjtmrkgtmjtm am agrmnngþj trcsmrd 39 R „ 3= U x 9
@uz am `ds gjstrukmjtds @MA
Gjagncadr am` gjtmrkgtmjtm @MA
Gjagncadr am` bcrd c`td @MA
Gjagncadr am pujtd kumrtd @MA
Gjagncadr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` @MA
Busgi`ms Busgi`m prgjngpc` 9? C
Busgi`m cuxg`gcr 3? C x >, 3= C x 3
3-33

RC@DYM^ AM _CY AM C_YGMQM

Qgpd am bgfcadr _cr am cprgmtm Qgpd am bgfcadr _cr am cprgmtm
J.k (he.k) J.k (he.k)
Qdrjg``d lmxcedjc` y tumrnc am = kk = (?,=) Q d rj g ` ` d a m = k k 1 (?,1)
Qdrjg``d lmxcedjc` y tumrnc am 2 kk 3? (3,?) Q d rj g ` ` d a m 2 k k 7 (?,7)
(gjnùymjad m` tdrjg``d ndj irgac ^L) _mrjd ndj irgac y tumrnc am 2 kk 39 (3,9)
Qdrjg``d lmxcedjc` y tumrnc am < kk 99 (9,9) (gjnùsd J^LB)
Qdrjg``d lmxcedjc` y tumrnc am 3? kk >1 (>,1) _mrjd ndj irgac y tumrnc am < kk 92 (9,2)
Qdrjg``d lmxcedjc` y tumrnc am 39 kk =1 (=,1) _mrjd ndj irgac y tumrnc 3? kk >7 (>,7)
• @cs mspmngbgncngdjms am pcr am cprgmtm `gstcacs cicfd sdj pcrc `ds bgfcadrms kãs gkpdrtcjtms.
• Dtrds bgfcadrms sm amimj cprmtcrsm am cnumrad ndj `ds vc`drms am pcr am cprgmtm pcarþj gjagncads crrgic.
JDQC^6 3. Cp`gqum `ëqugad am sm``cad (sm``cadr) c `c rdsnc.
9. Cp`gqum cemjtm bgfcadr (trcic quëkgnc) c `c rdsnc.
>. Cp`gqum cnmgtm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd c `c rdsnc y c `c supmrbgngm am csmjtckgmjtd.
1. Ydsnc gzqugmrac.
=. Qrcim.
2. Cp`gqum cnmgtm c `c rdsnc y c `c supmrbgngm am csmjtckgmjtd.
5. Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr `gkpgd mj m` cjg``d tþrgnd.
<. _mrjd ]I^.
7. Qumrnc - ] (mkirgacac)
3?. _mrjd C@DN6 rmmkp`ãnm`d pdr ujd jumvd.
33. Cp`gqum ercsc.
KDQDY
Ë t mk Ncjtgaca Agãk
Agãkmt
mtrd
rd am
am _cr am cp
cprg
rgmt
mtmm Jdtc
`c rd
rdsn
sncc (k
(kk)
k) J.
J.k
k (h
(he.
e.k
k)
Kcjtmjgkgmjtd6
Iufëc am mjnmjagad 3 3? 39 (3,9)
Qcpc am` drgbgngd am` ngeðmóc` 3 >? < (?,<)
Qcpc am` drgbgngd am sgjnrdjgzcngþj 3 31 3? (3,?)
_mrjd am armjcfm am cnmgtm am` kdtdr 3 39 >? (>,?)
^gstmkc am @uirgncngþj6
_mrjd am `c ndjmxgþj supmrgdr am` tuid am cnmgtm 1 2 3 (?,3)
Nu`ctc/Rã`vu`cs6
_mrjd am `c tcpc am `c nu`ctc > 2 39 (3,9)
_mrjd am` sdpdrtm am` ãrid` am `mvcs < 2 39 (3,9) Jdtc 5
_mrjd am ndjmxgþj supmrgdr am` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc 3 2 1 (?,1)
Qumrnc am `c nu`ctc 1 3? 1= (1,=) Jdtc 5
Mkircem/^m`mtdr am Kcrnlcs6
Qumrnc am trcic am` nuid am` mkirceum 3 32 3?< (3?,<) Jdtc 5, =
Q
_umrmjrndcaamm` ìmrj
czedrc`j
gkcfgmtcpardgk
r crgd am kcjad 33 322 33?9< ((33,?9,)<) Jdtc 5
C`tmrjcadr/Mkircem am Kdtdr am Crrcjqum6
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` mstctdr 3 39 3?> (3?,>) Jdtc 5
_mrjd Qdrx am` mkirceum am crrcjqum 2 2 32 (3,2) Jdtc 9
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad 9 = = (?,=)
_mrjd am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr > 2 3? (3,?)
_mrjd am` prmjamadr am` nci`mcad am` mstctdr 3 2 3? (3,?)
Qrcjskgsgþj6
_mrjd am `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj am` rdackgmjtd am` mfm prgjngpc` 9 2 39 (3,9)
_mrjd mspgec am` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd am` tckidr am nckigd 3 < 91 (9,1)
am kcrnlcs
Dtrds bgfcadrms6
_mrjd am `c p`cnc am `mvcs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs 3 2 39 (3,9) Jdtc 9
_mrjd am` tmrkgjc` am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd 3 1 9 (?,9)
Numrpd am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd 3 3? 39 (3,9)
3-39

NLC^G^
Ëtmk Ncjtgaca Agãkmt

Agãk mtrd
rd am
am _cr
_cr am
am cp
cprg
rgmt
mtmm Jdtc
`c rd
rdsn
sncc (k
(kk)
k) J.
J.kk (h
(he.
e.k)
k)
Nlcsgs/Ncrmjcad/^gstmkc
Nlcsgs/Ncrmjcad/^gstmkc am Msncpm6
_mrjd am `c circzcamrc am` sg`mjngcadr 3 < 9? ( 9, ?)
Qumrnc am ujgþj am` tuid am msncpm 9 < 3< ( 3, <)
_mrjd am kdjtcfm am` sg`mjngcadr (Am`cjtmrd) 3 < 92 ( 9, 2)
_mrjd am kdjtcfm am` sg`mjngcadr (Qrcsmrd) 3 < 92 ( 9, 2)
_mrjd am` prdtmntdr am` tuid am msncpm 9 2 3< ( 3, <)
Amskdjtcfm/Gjstc`cngþj
Amskdjtcfm/Gjs tc`cngþj am` kdtdr6
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd am` kdtdr 3 3? 17 ( 1, 7)
_mrjd/st/utummrnrcncasmabmgf`csndgþpjdratm àcj
m`tcmjrdtmsru
dpammr`gdkr datmd`rkdtdr 93 3<? 9127 (91,27)
_mrjds/tumrncs am` sdpdrtm am`cjtmrd supmrgdr am` kdtdr 9 < 92 ( 9, 2)
_mrjds/tumrncs am` sdpdrtm am bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd gjbmrgdr am` kdtdr 3 3? 17 (1,7)
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj trcsmrd gjbmrgdr am` kdtdr 3 3? 17 ( 1, 7)
_mrjds am` sdpdrtm trcsmrd supmrgdr am` kdtdr 3 3? 17 ( 1, 7)
_mrjds/tumrncs am bgfcngþj am` sdpdrtm supmrgdr trcsmrd am` kdtdr 9 < 92 ( 9, 2)
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am` kdtdr 3 3? 17 ( 1, 7)
_mrjd/tumrnc am` sdpdrtm trcsmrd supmrgdr am` kdtdr 9 < 92 ( 9, 2)
Yumac am`cjtmrc/ûspmjsgþj/^gstmkc am Agrmnngþj6
_mrjd supmrgdr am `c ldrqug``c 9 >5 99 ( 9, 9)
_mrjd C``mj am `c ldrqug``c 9 < 9? (9,?) Jdtc 9
_mrjd am` sdpdrtm am` kcjg``cr (supmrgdr) 1 < 91 ( 9, 1)
Qumrnc am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj 3 91 3?> ( 3?, >)
Qumrnc am cfustm am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj 3 92 Ndjsu`tm
c pãe. 3>->3
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm supmrgdr 1 < 93 ( 9, 3)
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm gjbmrgdr 1 < >9 (>,9)
_mrjd am``cmfe
m uaëmc`cajmtm`crdkcjeumrc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 39 329 =379 ((=3,,79))
Qumrnc am` sdpdrtm am` mfm am`cjtmrd 1 2 39 ( 3, 9) Jdtc 7
_mrjd am` agsnd am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 1 2 9? ( 9, ?) Jdtc 3?
_mrjd am `c tcpc am` nuid am `c rumac 1 2 9 (?,9)
Ycyds >2 I N >, 9 1 (?,1)
Yumac trcsmrc/Brmjd/ûspmjsgþj6
Qumrnc am` mfm trcsmrd 3 32 << ( <, <) Jdtc 7
Qumrnc am `c ndrdjc am trcjskgsgþj 2 < >? ( >, ?) Jdtc 7
_mrjd am` irczd am` brmjd 3 2 3? (3,?) Jdtc 7
Qumrnc am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr 3 3? =1 ( =, 1) Jdtc 7
Qumrnc am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr 3 3? 11 ( 1, 1) Jdtc 7
_mrjd/tumrnc am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm 3 31 << ( <, <) Jdtc 7
Qumrnc am` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr c `c crtgnu`cngþj 3 3? 11 ( 1, 1) Jdtc 7
Qumrnc am `c crtgnu`cngþj c` irczd dsng`cjtm 3 39 5< ( 5, <) Jdtc 7
Qumrnc am` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr c` nlcsgs 3 3? 11 ( 1, 1) Jdtc 7
Ycyds >2 I N >, 9 1 (?,1)
^gstmkc am brmjd6
_mrjd icjfd am `c kcjeumrc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 9 3? >1 ( >, 1)
_mrjd am` sdpdrtm am` ng`gjard kcmstrd am`cjtmrd 9 2 39 ( 3, 9)
Qdrjg``d am `c tcpc am` ampþsgtd am` ng`gjard kcmstrd 9 1 9 (?,9)
Qdrjg``d am` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 3 1 3 (?,3)
Qumrnc am` pgvdtm am `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 3 2 2 (?,2)
_mrjd am` pgvdtm am `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 3 2 2 (?,2)
_mrjd am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am `c pgjzc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 3 < >? ( >, ?) Jdtc 3?
_mrjd am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am `c pgjzc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 3 < >? (>,?)
_mrjd am` pcscadr am `c pgjzc am`cjtmrc (prgjngpc`) 3 < 99 ( 9, 9)
_mrjd am` pcscadr am `c pgjzc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd (cuxg`gcr) 3 < 39 ( 3, 9)
_cscadr am `cs pcstg``cs 3 3? 35 ( 3, 5)
Qcpþj am` pcscadr am `cs pcstg``cs 3 3? > (?,>)
Dtrds bgfcadrms6
_mrjd am` pgvdtm am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` 3 3? 3? ( 3, ?)
Qumrnc am trcic am` pgvdtm am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` 3 3? >7 ( >, 7) Jdtc 7
_mrjd am` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` 3 2 3? ( 3, ?)
^dpdrtm am` pmac` am cpdyd 9 39 <1 ( <, 1)
3-3>

LMYYCKGMJQC^
Amsnrgpngþj Jökmrd am `c Jdtc ^mnngþj
lmrrckgmjtc am rmb.
Cnnmsdrgd, 91 x 92 kk ?5512-??3?5?? 31
Cnnmsdrgd, >9 x >= kk ?5512-??3?3?? 33, 3>
Cnnmsdrgd, >5 x 1? kk ?5512-??3?9?? 39
Cnnmsdrgd, 19 x 15 kk ?5512-??3?>?? 33, 3>, 31
Cnnmsdrgd, =9 x == kk ?5512-??3?1?? 33
Cnnmsdrgd, 59 x 5= kk ?5512-??3?2?? 39
Ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?5512-??=?1?? 3>
Ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?5512-??=?=?? 31
Mfm am kdjtcfm am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr ?5512-??=?3?? 3>, 31
Ndjfujtd mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 39 kk ?57>2-322???3 39
Ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 3= kk ?57>2-HN3?9?? 33
Mfm mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?57>2-HN3?3?? 33
Mfm mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 9? kk ?57>2->53?2?? 31
^dpdrtm am` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?57>2->53?3?? 31
_msd am` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?5513-??3?9?3 33, 31
Nc`gircadr am` jgvm` am` b`dtcadr ?51?3-??3???? =
^dpdrtm am` nuid am` mkirceum ?5FKI-KJ=?>?3 7
^dpdrtm am` nuid am` mkirceum ?5591-??=???9 7
Mspcngcadr am kdjtcfm am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr ?572=-RK??3?? 39
Mfm am kdjtcfm am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr ?572=-RK??9?? 39
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3???? 33, 39, 3>, 31
Mfm gkpu`sdr ?57=>-KF3?9?? 3>
Cnnmsdrgd am` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?57=>-KF3?3?? 3>
Lmrrckgmjtc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj ?5LKL-KY3?3?> >
^dpdrtm am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr ?559=-??1???? 3?
Mxtrcntdr am` rdtdr ?55>>-??9???3 3?
Icrrc am mxtmjsgþj am` mxtrcntdr ?5532-??9?=?? 3?
Gkpu`sdr am` rmtçj am `c ldrqug``c ?5715-HC=?3?? 3>
Cnnmsdrgd am` gkpu`sdr am` rmtçj am `c ldrqug``c ?5715-HB??3?? 3>
Cacptcadr am `c vd`tcfm am pgnd ?5LEF-??9?3?? 35
_g`dtd, 39 kk ?5512-??1?9?? 39
_g`dtd, 3= kk ?5512-??1?>?? 33, 3>
_g`dtd, 35 kk ?5512-??1?1?? 33, 31
_g`dtd, 9? kk ?5512-??1?=?? 33, 31
_g`dtd, 99 kk ?5512-??13??? 33
_g`dtd, 9< kk ?5512-??133?? 39
_rdtmntdr am` c`dfckgmjtd am` cnngdjcadr, 91 x 9=,= kk ?5LKE-KY5???9 5
C`gnctm pcrc cjg``d am prmsgþj ?5731-^C=???3 3=
@`cvm am rcgds N, =,< x 2,3 kk ?55?3-??9?>?? 3>, 31
Gkpu`sdr am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ?5712-1>??3?3 3>
@`cvm pcrc ndjtrctumrnc am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ?5532-??9?1?? 3>
@`cvm sdqumtm am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ?5732-HC=?3?? 3>
Cacptcadr pcrc rdsnc ?572=-RK??>?? 39
Mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ujgvmrsc` ?52>3-??3???? 39
Gkpu`sdr am euëcs am vã`vu`c, =,? kk ?5179-KC2???? 5
Msncrgcadr am euëcs am vã`vu`c, =,? kk ?57<1-KC2???3 5
Ndkprmsdr am rmsdrtms am vã`vu`c ?55=5-??3???? 5
Cnnmsdrgd am` ndkprmsdr am rmsdrtms ?57=7-HK>?3?3 5
Brmscs am csgmjtd am vã`vu`cs
„ Brmsc am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c, 95,= kk (1=¿ CAK) ?55<?-??3?9?? 5
„ Brmsc am csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c, 91 kk (1=¿ M^N) ?55<?-??3?2?? 5
„ Brmsc p`cjc, 95 kk (>9¿ CAK) ?55<?-??3>>?? 5
„ Brmsc p`cjc, 91 kk (>9¿ M^N) ?55<?-??39=?? 5
„ Brmsc gjtmrjc, >5,= kk (2?¿ CAK) ?55<?-??313?? 5
„ Brmsc gjtmrjc, 92 kk (2?¿ M^N) ?55<?-??31=?? 5
^dpdrtm am brmsc, 1,= kk ?55<?-??3?2?? 5
3-31

_]JQD^ AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ W AM ^M@@CAD

KDQDY
]igncngþj Kctmrgc` Jdtc
Kuódjms y `þiu`ds am` ãrid` am `mvcs ^dùngþj am cnmgtm c
ûpmrbgn
ûp gngm
gm am am
ams`
s`gz
gzcckgm
gmj
jtd mxtmrjc am
am` cnn
cnnggdjcadr am
am `c
`c vã
vã`v
`vu
u` c icsm am
am igs
igsu
u`burd am
am
Rãstced am `c vã`vu`c (supmrbgngm am ams`gzckgmjtd am `c euëc am `c kd`giamjd (kmzn`c am
vã`vu`c y mxtrmkgaca am` vãstced am `c vã`vu`c) =?% am cnmgtm pcrc
ûpmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd gjtmrjc y mxtmrjc am `c euëc am `c nckpcjc kdtdr ndj =?% am
am` mkirceum ercsc c icsm am igsu`burd
ûpmrbgngm mxtmrjc am` iu`þj am` pgstþj am kd`giamjd)
ûpmrbgngm gjtmrjc am` pgm am `c igm`c
ûpmrbgngms am rdtcngþj am `ds mjercjcfms am trcjskgsgþj
Ycjurcs am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs am `ds mjercjcfms am
trcjskgsgþj
ûpmrbgngm am rdackgmjtd am` ngeðmóc` (rdackgmjtd am ceufcs)
Ncamjc am agstrgiungþj Cnmgtm am kdtdr
Ydsnc y supmrbgngm am csgmjtd am `c tumrnc am `c nu`ctc
ûpmrbgngm mxtmrjc am` pgstþj y c`dfckgmjtd am` iu`þj
ûpmrbgngm am `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj
Ncvgaca am` ng`gjard
Mfm am cnngdjckgmjtd am` kmncjgskd am mkirceum
Euëc am cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum

ûpmrbgngms am rmvmstgkgmjtd am` agsnd am` mkirceum
Ydsnc y supmrbgngm am csgmjtd am `c tumrnc am trcic am` nuid am` mkirceum
Ydsnc y supmrbgngm am csgmjtd am `c tumrnc am` mjercjcfm am kcjad prgkcrgd
Ydsnc y supmrbgngm am csgmjtd am` pmrjd am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr
Agmjtms y supmrbgngm am rdtcngþj am `ds mjercjcfms am trcjskgsgþj
Mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
Mspgecs am euëc y supmrbgngms gjtmrjcs am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am
kcrnlcs
Ycjurcs am` tckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs
Ndackgmjtds
Cjg``ds tþrgnds
Ncimzc am `c igm`c
^dpdrtm am` ãrid` am `mvcs
ûpmrbgngm am ams`gzckgmjtd am` mkirceum am` kdtdr am crrcjqum
Qmjsdr am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj y supmrbgngm am ams`gzckgmjtd am `c euëc
@cigds am` rmtçj am cnmgtm Ercsc ku`tgusd
Ydsn
Yd sncc am` pmrjd am `c p`c
`cnnc am `mvc am` nckigd am kcrnlcs Cemjtm bgfc
fca
adr @creurc ad
Ydsnc amam` pm
pmrjd am
am `c
`c p`
p`cnc am
am bgbgfcngþj am
am` rd
rdackgmjtd am
am` mf
mfm pr
prgjngpc` (trcic qu
quëkgnc) rmvmstgkmjtd6
Ydsnc ad pcrcbusd ad tmjsdr ac ndrrmjtm am ndkcjad 2, = k k c
Ydsnc am` pmrjd am `c euëc am` tmjsdr am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj pcrtgr ac
Ydsnc am` pmrjd Qdrx am` mkirceum ujgagrmnngdjc` am` crrcjqum mxtrmkgacam
ûpm
û pmrb
rbën
ëngm
gm am cs
cssm
smjt
jtdd ac
ac idr
idrrc
rcnl
nlcc ac ac bgc
bgcåî
åîd
d ad
ad emr
emrca
cadr
dr am pu
pu`s
`sds
ds ac @ëqu
@ëquga
gad
d sm`
sm``c
`cad
adrr
gejgåîd/c`tmrjcadr
ûpmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am `c nu`ctc
3-3=

NLC^G^
]igncngþj K ct mr g c` Jdtc
Ydackgmjtds am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj Ercsc ku`tgusd
@cigds am` eucracpd`vd am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj
Ydackgmjtds am ceufcs am `c crtgnu`cngþj am` ckdrtgeucadr
@cigds am` eucracpd`vd am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm
Ydackgmjtds am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm
@ãigds am` eucracpd`vd am `c crtgnu`cngþj am` irczd dsng`cjtm
Nckm y mfm am` brmjd trcsmrd
ûpmrbgngm am ams`gzckgmjtd am` pcscadr am cjn`cfm am` pcjm` am` brmjd trcsmrd
Gjtmrgdr am `c ncfc am mjercjcfms am` vm`dnëkmtrd
@cigds am``ceucracpd`vd
_gvdtm am pc`cjnc am` am` nckm am` brmjd trcsmrd
mkirceum
Ymtmjms y pgstdjms am` ng`gjard kcmstrd am` brmjd Bùgad am brmjd ADQ 1
_gvdtm am `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd Ercsc c icsm am
ûpmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `ds pcscadrms am `cs pgjzcs sg`gndjc
ûpmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am` vãstced am mkpufm am `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd
ûpmrbëngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am` pgstþj kcmstrd am` brmjd
ûpmrbëngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am` pgstþj am` mspmfd am` brmjd
Ydsnc am `ds pmrjds am` pgódj am trcjskgsgþj Cnmgtm am kdtdr
@cigds am` rmtçj am cnmgtm am `c ldrqug``c Bùgad am ldrqug``c
3-32

_C^CAC AM @D^ NCI@M^

N CI@M^ W NCI@MCAD^
N CI@MCAD^
NCI@M^ AM@ CNM@MYCADY KCJE]MYC AM@ BYMJD AM@CJQMYD NCI@M AM@ MKIYCE]M
GJQMYKGQMJQM
AM@CJQMYD AMYMNLD
GJQMYKGQMJQM
AM@CJQMYD GVS]GMYAD
NDJMNQDY >_ AM@ BCYD
NCI@M AM@ RM@DNGKMQYD
3-35

KCJE]MYC AM@ BYMJD AM@CJQMYD

NCI@M AM@ RM@DNGKMQYD
NCI@M^ AM@ CNM@MYCADY
NCI@M AM@ KDQDY

AM CYYCJS]M
NCI@M AM@ MKIYCE]M
3-3<

KCJE]MYC AM@ BYMJD AM@CJQMYD

YME]@CADY/YMNQGBGNCADY
NCI@M AM @C I]FGC AM MJNMJAGAD
NCI@MCAD AM @C IDNGJC
NCI@MCAD _YGJNG_C@
3-37

\Y9=?
GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@
NCI@M^ AM@ CNM@MYCADY
NCI@M AM@ MKIYCE]M
Q]ID AM AYMJCFM AM YM^_GYD

AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
NCI@MCAD AM@ GJQMYY]_QDY Q]ID Q]ID AM YM^_GYD

AM @C @]V AM@ BYMJD QYC^MYD AM@ BG@QYD AM CGYM
3-9?


NCI@MCAD AM@ C@QMYJCADY/EMJMYCADY AM GK_]@^D^ KDA]@D AM NDJQYD@M
AM MJNMJAGAD/GJQMYY]_QDY AM@ _]JQD K]MYQD
NCI@MCAD AM@ AM@ MJNMJAGAD (GNK)
NCI@MCAD _YGJNG_C@ YM@Ç AM CYYCJS]M
QDYJG@@D AM CNM@MYCNGDJ
NCI@MCAD AM@ GJQMYY]_QDY QMYKGJC@ _D^GQGRD
AM@ ^D_DYQM @CQMYC@ AM @C ICQMYGC
3-93


NCI@MCADAMYMNLD
QYC^MYD AM@ GJQMYKGQMJQM
NCI@MCAD _YGJNG_C@
NCI@MCAD AM@ GJQMYKGQMJQM

QYC^MYD GVS]GMYAD
3-99

^G^QMKC^ AM NDJQYD@ AM MKG^GÞJ

B]MJQM AM MKG^GÞJ
M` prdnmsd am ndkiustgþj prdaunm kdjþxgad am ncridjd m lgardncriurds. M` ndjtrd` am `ds lgardncriurds ms kuy
gkpdrtcjtm. Icfd ngmrtcs ndjagngdjms, nucjad mxpumstds c `c ùz sd`cr, `ds lgardncriurds rmcnngdjcj pcrc prdaungr
lukczc y jgmi`c bdtdquëkgnc. M` kdjþxgad am ncridjd jd rmcnngdjc am `c kgskc bdrkc. Qdacvëc, ms tþxgnd.
Kdtd Ldjac ac Ckczñjgc @tac. utg`gzc cfustms am kmzn`c "pdirms" am` ncriurcadr, igmj ndkd dtrds prdnmagkgmjtds, ndj
m` difmtd am rmaungr `c mkgsgþj am kdjþxgad am ncridjd m lgardncriurds.
^G^QMKC AM NDJQYD@ AM MKG^GÞJ AM@ NÃYQMY AM@ KDQDY

M` kdtdr prmsmjtc uj sgstmkc am nãrtmr nmrrcad pcrc qum sm mvgtm `c amsncrec am sus ecsms mj `c ctkþsbmrc. @ds ecsms
mkgtgads c trcvçs am` nãrtmr vum`vmj c `c nãkcrc am ndkiustgþj c trcvçs am` bg`trd am cgrm y am` ncriurcadr.
NCYI]YCADY BG@QYD AM CGYM
CY BYM^ND
EC^ MKGQGAD C QYCRÇ^ AM@ NÃYQMY
3-9>

JDQC^
3-91


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

pumstd qum grã ndkpmjscr m` amsecstm gjgngc` qum ^G^QMKC AM NDKI]^QGI@M
AM^KDJQCFM/ =
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY
33
39
am smrvgngd m gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrëcs. @cs
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
QDAC^ @C^ GJBDYKCNGDJM^,
G@]^QYCNGDJM^, GJ^QY]NNGDJM^ W
BYMJD LGAYÃ]@GND 3=
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^ AM^NYG_QC^ MJ M^QC
DIQMJGAD^ MJ M@ KDKMJQD AM @C ^G^QMKC AM MJNMJAGAD
C_YDICNGÞJ AM @C GK_YM^GÞJ.
LDJAC AC CKCVÑJGC @QAC. ^M KDQD
YM^MYRC M@
C D
K
N
G
M Y ^G^QMKC AM CYYCJS]M M@ÇNQYGND
35
3<
Q Q
N
@C^ NCYCNQMYË^QGNC^ AM @C KDQDNGN@MQC ^
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
KCJQMJGKGMJQD
KCJQMJGKGMJ QD AM KDQDNGN@MQC^ LDJAC.

NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
\Y9=?
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 9-3 _YDQMNQDY @CQMYC@

9. ^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M
9->
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 9-3 QCJS]M AM NDKI]^QGI@M 9->
^G@@ËJ 9-9 RG^MYC AM@CJQMYC 9-1
QC_C^ @CQMYC@M^ 9-9 E]CYACBCJED^ AM@CJQMYD 9-1
ND@MQC QYC^MYC 9-9 _YDQMNQDY GJBMYGDY 9-1
^D_DYQM AM @C _@CNC AM @GNMJ^C 9-> ^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9-=
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD
GJ^QY]NNGDJM^ EMJMYC@M^
a
• @c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) ms mxtrmkckmjtm gjb`ckci`m y mxp`dsgvc icfd ngmrtcs ndjagngdjms. KCJQÇJEC@C
KCJQÇJEC@C B]MYC AM@
C@NCJNM AM @D^ JGÓD^.
• Qrcicfm mj uj `dnc` igmj vmjtg`cad. @c prmsmjngc am ngecrrg``ds, ``ckcs d nlgspcs mj m` `dnc` am trcicfd d adjam sm
c`kcnmjc `c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) pumam ncuscr uj gjnmjagd d ujc mxp`dsgþj.
• Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd mbmntucr smrvgngds ndj m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd, nmrngþrmsm
nmrngþrmsm am qum m` `dnc` am
trcicfd mstç igmj vmjtg`cad. Jujnc pdjec m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj ãrmcs nmrrcacs. @ds ecsms am` msncpm
ndjtgmjmj kdjþxgad am ncridjd vmjmjdsd, qum pumam ncuscr `c pçragac am ndjngmjngc m gjnùsd `c kumrtm. _djec
m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj uj `dnc` cigmrtd, d mj uj `dnc` nmrrcad qum mstç mqugpcad ndj uj sgstmkc am
vmjtg`cngþj y mxtrcnngþj am ecsms.
• Mstc smnngþj trctc am` amskdjtcfm m gjstc`cngþj am` ncrmjcad, am` tcjqum am ndkiustgi`m y am` sgstmkc am msncpm.
• ^gmkprm qum amskdjtm m` tuid am msncpm am` kdtdr, rmmkp`cnm sus fujtcs.
• C` gjstc`cr m` sgstmkc am msncpm, kcjtmjec cb`dfcads tdads sus bgfcadrms. ^gmkprm cprgmtm prgkmrd `cs circzcamrcs y
mjsmeugac `ds bgfcadrms, d smc6 pmrjds y/d tumrncs. Mj ncsd ndjtrcrgd, m` csmjtckgmjtd am` tuid am msncpm pdarã rmsu`tcr
gjndrrmntd.
• Amspuçs am `c gjstc`cngþj, vmrgbgqum sgmkprm m` sgstmkc am msncpm ndj rmspmntd c buecs.

_mrjd am `c circzcamrc am` sg`mjngcadr 9? J.k (9,? he.k)
Qumrnc am ujgþj am` tuid am msncpm 3< J.k (3,< he.k)
_mrjd am kdjtcfm am` sg`mjngcadr 92 J.k (9,2 he.k)
_mrjd am` prdtmntdr am` tuid am msncpm 3< J.k (3,< he.k)
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^
Msncpm ndj rugad mxnmsgvd
• ^gstmkc am msncpm acócad
• Buec am `ds ecsms am` msncpm
Amsmkpmód ambgngmjtm
• ^gstmkc am msncpm ambdrkcad
• Buec am `ds ecsms am` msncpm
• ^g`mjngcadr distrugad
9-3

NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/^G^QMKC
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M \Y9=?
^G@@ËJ ^G@@ËJ
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `cs tcpcs `ctmrcgs (vmc cicfd).
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `cs tumrncs.

Mkpufm m` sg``ëj lcngc ctrãs.
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Gjstc`m `d ecjnld am` sg``ëj mj `d sdpdrtm am` tcjqum am _MYJD^/Q]MYNC^
ndkiustgi`m.
C`gjmm `ds ecjnlds am` sg``ëj ndj m` sdpdrtm am` tcjqum am

ndkiustgi`m.
Gjstc`m m` sg``ëj.
Gjstc`m `ds pmrjds y `cs tumrncs.
a
Gjtmjtm qugtcr m` sg``ëj pcrc nmrngdrcrsm am qum mstç _MYJD
bgrkmkmjtm trcicad.
QC_C^ @CQMYC@M^
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm m` pmrjd y `ds kcjeugtds.

Sugtm `c euëc am `c tcpc `ctmrc` am `c edkc am` icstgadr y,
amspuçs, qugtm `cs tcpcs `ctmrc`ms.
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `ds rmsc`tms am `cs tcpcs
t cpcs QC_C @CQMYC@ _MYJD KCJE]GQD
`ctmrc`ms.
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds am bgfcngþj, mjsmeugac qugtm `c am `cs tcpcs
`ctmrc`ms.
@c gjstc`cngþj sm rmc`gzc mj m` dramj gjvmrsd c` amskdjtcfm.
ND@MQC QYC^MYC _MYJD^

YMKDNGÞJ/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
ND@MQC
Sugtm m` sg``ëj y `cs tcpcs `ctmrc`ms (rmkëtcsm c` ëtmk crrgic). QYC^MYC
Sugtm `ds pmrjds.
EDKC^
Sugtm `c nd`mtc trcsmrc.
Sugtm `cs edkcs.

_MYJD
9-9

\Y9=? NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/^G^QMKC
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M
^D_DYQM AM @C _@CNC AM @GNMJ^C _MYJD^/

KCJE]GQD^/ @GJQMYJC/@]V
YMKDNGÞJ EDKC^ AM@ BYMJD
_MYJD^
Sugtm m` sg``ëj, `cs tcpcs `ctmrcgs y `c nd`mtc trcsmrc (vmc
(v mc `c
pãegjc 9-9).
Amsndjmntm m` ndjmntcadr >_ am `c `gjtmrjc/ùz am` brmjd.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds, `ds kcjeugtds m `cs edkcs.
Sugtm `d sdpdrtm am `c p`cnc am `gnmjsc.
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y m` ndjfujtd am `c `gjtmrjc/ùz am` brmjd. EDKC
Sugtm `ds pmrjds, `ds kcjeugtds, `ds sdpdrtms y `c ùz am` @]V
gjtmrkgtmjtm. GJQMYKGQMJQM
^D_DYQM AM @C
@c gjstc`cngþj sm rmc`gzc mj m` dramj gjvmrsd c` amskdjtcfm. @]V GJQMYKGQMJQM
KCJE]GQD
_MYJD^
_YDQMNQDYM^ @C
@CQMYCG^
QMYCG^
YMKDNGÞJ/ GJ^QC@CNGÞJ _YDQMNQDY
@CQMYC@
_MYJD
Sugtm `ds ads pmrjds am `ds prdtmntdrms `ctmrcgs.
Sugtm m` pmrjd.
Sugtm `ds prdtmntdrms `ctmrcgs.

QCJS]M
QCJS]M AM NDKI]^QGI@M
YMKDNGÞJ/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ _MYJD^
QCJS]M AM _MYJD CYCJAM@C
Sugtm `ds ndkpdjmjtms sgeugmjtms6
Sugtm m` sg``ëj (pãegjc 9-9). NDKI]^QGI@M
Sugtm `cs p`cncs amb`mntdrcs `ctmrc`ms (pãe. 9->).

Ngmrrm `c vã`vu`c am ndkiustgi`m "DBB".
Amsndjmntm m` tuid am ndkiustgi`m am `c vã`vu`c am EDKC

ndkiustgi`m.
Sugtm m` pmrjd am bgfcngþj am` tcjqum y `c crcjam`c.
Sugtm m` tcjqum am ndkiustgi`m.

RÃ@R]@C AM
@c gjstc`cngþj sm rmc`gzc mj m` dramj gjvmrsd c` amskdjtcfm. NDKI]^QGI@M
9->

RG^MYC AM@CJQMYC
RG^MYC
YMKDNGÞJ AM@CJQMYC
^MJ^DY AM
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am cfustm am` bcrd. RM@DNGACA
Sugtm `ds ads pmrjds y `c vgsmrc am`cjtmrc.
Amsndjmntm m` ndjmntcadr am` bcrd.
Amsndjmntm m` ndjmntcadr >_ am` smjsdr am vm`dngaca y m`

smjsdr am vm`dngaca.
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y m` bcrd. _MYJD^
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds am bgfcngþj, mjsmeugac qugtm `c am vgsmrc
am`cjtmrc am` bcrd.
BCYD
_MYJD^
JDQC
_MYJD^
Amspuçs am `c gjstc`cngþj, cfustm `c pdsgngþj am` bcrd
(pãegjc >-9?). NCYNC^C
AM@ BCYD
E]CYACBCJED^
E]CYACBCJED^ AM@CJQMYD E]CYACBCJED^
AM@CJQMYD
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds
tdrjg``ds y `cs crcjam`cs.
Sugtm m` eucracbcjeds am`cjtmrd y `ds kcjeugtds.

KCJE]GQD^
CYCJAM@C^
_MYJD^
_YDQMNQDY
_YDQMNQDY GJBMYGDY GJBMYGDY
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `c tumrnc.
Q]MYNC
Sugtm m` prdtmntdr gjbmrgdr.
_MYJD^ _MYJD^
9-1

_MYJD AM @C CIYCVCAMYC _MYJD

^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M
AM^KDJQCFM
a
Jd mbmntöm smrvgngds mj m` sgstmkc am msncpm kgmjtrcs m`
kgskd mstç nc`gmjtm.
Sugtm m` sg``ëj (pcegjc 9-9).
Sugtm `cs tcpcs `ctmrcgs (pãegjc 9-9).
^G@MJNGCADY
_MYJD/Q]MYNC
Sugtm m` pmrjd am `c circzcamrc am` sg`mjngcadr.
Sugtm `ds ads pmrjds/tumrncs am bgfcngþj.

Sugtm m` sg`mjngcadr.
Sugtm m` prdtmntdr am` sg`mjngcadr.
F]JQC^ Q]MYNC^ AM ]JGÞJ

Q]ID AM M^NC_M
Sugtm m` sg`mjngcadr (vmc crrgic).
Sugtm `cs tumrncs am ujgþj am` tuid am msncpm.
Sugtm m` tuid am msncpm y `c fujtc.
Sugtm m` prdtmntdr am` tuid am msncpm.
9-=

GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
92 J.k (9,2 he.k)
92 J.k (9,2 he.k)
J]MRD
3< J.k (3,< he.k)
3< J.k (3,< he.k)
F]JQC Q]MYNC^ AM ]JGÞJ

Gjstc`m `c jumvc fujtc am` tuid am msncpm. J]MRC
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd am` tuid am msncpm y m` sg`mjngcadr.
Gjstc`m tmkpdrc`kmjtm tdads `ds pmrjds y tumrncs am bgfcngþj.
Cprgmtm `cs tumrncs am ujgþj am` tuid am msncpm c` pcr

mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 3< J.k (3,< he.k)
JDQC
Cprgmtm prgkmrd `cs tumrncs am `cs fujtcs am `ds tuids am
msncpm, pcrc qum `ds tuids am msncpm sm csgmjtmj
camnucackmjtm y pcrc prmvmjgr buec am `ds ecsms. _MYJD AM @C CIYCVCAMY
CIYCVCAMYC
C
Cprgmtm m` pmrjd am `c circzcamrc am` sg`mjngcadr c` pcr

mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 9? J.k (9,? he.k)
9-2

Cprgmtm m` pmrjd am bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd am` sg`mjngcadr c` pcr _MYJD

mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
_mrjd am
am bgfcngþj
bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd
am`cjtmrd am`
am` sg`mjngc
sg`mjngcadr
adr 92 J.k (9,2
(9,2 he.k)
he.k)
_MYJD/Q]MYNC
Cprgmtm `c tumrnc/ pmrjd am bgfcngþj trcsmrd am` sg`mjngcadr c`
pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
_mrjd
_mrjd am bgf
bgfcng
cngþj
þj trc
trcsmr
smrd
d am`
am` sg`
sg`mjn
mjngca
gcadr
dr 92 J.k (9,
(9,22 he.k
he.k))
Amspuçs am` kdjtcem, gjspmnngdjm m` sgstmkc am msncpm ndj
rmspmntd c buecs.
9-5

JDQC^
9-<


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

@cs ^mnngdjms 3 y > sdj cp`gnci`ms c tdac `c
kdtdngn`mtc. @c ^mnngþj 9 prmsmjtc prdnmagkgmjtds
J
Þ
G
^
G
AM^KDJQCFM/
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5
Y
Q NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Mj `cs ^mnngdjms am 1 c 9? sm amsnrgimj `ds W
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
gùstrcngþj
am smrvgngd am` sgstmkc d ndjfujtd, gjbdrkcngdjms
m gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrëcs. @cs
39
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
K G
C N]C@S]GMY KDKMJQD, ^GJ _YMRGD CRG^D
M
Q Q
^
Y
N
G Ç
^ @
^G^QMKC AM CYYCJS]M M@ÇNQYGND
3<
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
KCJQMJGKGMJQD AM KDQDNGN@MQC^ LDJAC.

\Y9=? >. KCJQMJGKGMJQD

GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD >-3 B@]GAD AM BYMJD >-3<
QCI@C AM KCJQMJGKGMJQD >-> AMÊC^QM AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^/
VC_CQC^ AM BYMJD >-3<
@ËJMC AM NDKI]^QGI@M >-1
^G^QMKC AM BYMJD >-37
BG@QYD AM NDKI]^QGI@M >-1
GJQMYY]_QDY AM @C @]V AM BYMJD >-37
B]JN
B]JNGD
GDJ
JCK
CKGM
GMJQ
JQD
D AM@
AM@ CNM@
CNM@MY
MYC
CAD
ADY
Y >-11
>-
CF]^QM AM AGYMNNGÞJ AM@ BCYD >-9?
BG@QYD AM CGYM >-2
^G^QMKC AM MKIYCE]M >-9?
YM^_
YM^_GY
GYD
D AM
AM @C
@C NCY
NCYNC
NC^C
^C AM
AM@@ KDQ
KDQDY
DY >-55
>-
^D_DYQM @CQMYC@ >-93
I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD >-5
^]^_MJ^GÞJ >-93
LD@E]YC AM @C^ RÃ@R]@C^ >-< Q]MYNC^, _MYJD^ W BGFCADYM^ >-99
CNMGQM AM@ KDQDY >-33
Y]MAC^/JM]KÃQGND^ >-99
BG@QYD AM CNMGQM >-39
YDACKGMJQD^ AM @C ND@]KJC
YDQCNGÞJ AM@ YC@MJQË >-3> AM AGYMNNGÞJ >-9>
NCAMJC AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ >-3>
E]GC AM AM^@GVCKGMJQD AM @C
NCAMJC AM QYCJ^KG^GDJ >-35
JDQC
• @c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) ms c`tckmjtm gjb`ckci`m y mxp`dsgvc icfd ngmrtcs ndjagngdjms. KCJQÇJEC@C B]MYC AM@
• Qrcicfm mj uj `dnc` igmj vmjtg`cad. @c prmsmjngc am ngecrrg``ds, ``ckcs d nlgspcs mj m` `dnc` am trcicfd d adjam sm
c`kcnmjc `c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) pumam ncuscr uj gjnmjagd d ujc mxp`dsgþj.
trcicfd mstç igmj vmjtg`cad. Jujnc pdjec m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj ãrmcs nmrrcacs. @ds ecsms am` msncpm
ndjtgmjmj kdjþxgad am ncridjd vmjmjdsd, qum pumam ncuscr `c pçragac am ndjngmjngc m gjnùsd `c kumrtm. _djec
m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj uj `dnc` cigmrtd, d mj uj `dnc` nmrrcad qum mstç mqugpcad ndj uj sgstmkc am
• ]igqum `c kdtdngn`mtc sdirm ujc supmrbgngm jgvm`cac cjtms am mkpmzcr nuc`qugmr smrvgngd.
>-3

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^
Gtmk Mspmngbgncngdjms
Iufëcs am mjnmjagad _carþj NY<ML-7 (JEH)
Cpmrturc am `ds m`mntrdads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad ?,< „ ?,7 kk
Ldèurc am `cs CAK ?,39 kk
vã`vu`cs M^N ?,3= kk
Cnmgtm am kdtdr rmndkmjacad KDIG@ ^]_MYKDQD 1Q
N`csgbgncngþj am smrvgngd6 C_G ^B
Ncpcngaca am cnmgtm C` armjcr 3,= `
am` kdtdr C` armjcr/nckigcr m` bg`trd am cnmgtm 3,= `
C` amskdjtcr 3,< `
Y
Lddt`cenugrþcjaamm``crcn`cmajmtjë c am trcjskgsgþj 3.19???„³>3??k
?krpk
Bùgad am brmjd rmndkmjacad ADQ 1
Fumed `girm am `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum 3? „ 9? kk
_rms
_rmsgþ gþj j am `d`dss ^d`c
^d `ckm
kmjt
jtmm pg
pg`d
`dtd
td Am`cjt
Am`cjtmr
mrd
d 3=?? h_
3= h_cc (3
(3,=
,=?? he
heb/
b/nk
nk9, 99 psg)
jmukãtgnds brëds Qrcsmrd 3=? h_c (3,=? heb/nk9, 99 psg)
_g`dtd y pcscfmrd Am`cjtmrd 3=? h_c (3,=? heb/nk9, 99 psg)
Qrcsmrd 3=? h_c (3,=? heb/nk9, 99 psg)
Agkmjsgþj am `ds jmukãtgnds Am`cjtmrd 7?/7? 93 =1 ^
Qrcsmrd 39?/<? „ 3< 29 ^
Kcrnc am `ds jmukãtgnds Am`cjtmrd KMQVM@MY MJA]YD >
Qrcsmrd KMQVM@MY MJA]YD >
_rdbujagaca këjgkc am` surncad am `ds Am`cjtmrd Lcstc m` gjagncadr am amsecstm
jmukãtgnds Qrcsmrd Lcstc m` gjagncadr am amsecstm

Iufëc am mjnmjagad 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
Qcpc am` drgbgngd am` ngeðmóc` < J.k (?,< he.k) Cp`gqum cnmgtm mj m` cjg``d tþrgnd
Qcpc am` drgbgngd am sgjnrdjgzcngþj 3? J.k (3,? he.k) Cp`gqum cnmgtm mj m` cjg``d tþrgnd
_mrjd am armjcfm am cnmgtm am` kdtdr >? J.k (>,? he.k)
LMYYCKGMJQC^
Lmrrckgmjtcs am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj ?5LKL-KY3?3?>
>-9

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
QCI@C
QCI@C AM KCJQMJGKGMJQD
_mrëdad
Ëtmk Dpmrcngdjms
3.??? hk
hk >.??? hk
hk 2.??? hk
hk c ncac...hk
Ndjauntds am ndkiustgi`m Ndkprdicr >.???
Bg`trd am ndkiustgi`m @gkpgcr >.???
Cnm`mrcadr Ndkprdicr y cfustcr >.???
Mstrcjeu`cadr Ndkprdicr y cfustcr >.???
Bg`trd am cgrm @gkpgcr (jdtc 3) >.???
Nckigcr 3<.???
Ymspgrd am` kdtdr @gkpgcr (jdtc 9) >.???
Iufëc am mjnmjagad @gkpgcr y cfustcr >.???
Nckigcr 39.???
Ldèurc am `cs vã`vu`cs Ndkprdicr y cfustcr >.???
Cnmgtm am` kdtdr Nckigcr >.???
Bg`trd am cnmgtm am` kdtdr Nckigcr 2.???
Ncriurcadr Ymeu`cr m` rc`mjtë >.???
@gkpgcr 2.???
Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj Ndkprdicr, cfustcr y ùirgncr c ncac 3.??? hk ‑
^gstmkc am gùkgjcngþj/ Ndkprdicr
gjtmrkgtmjtms am agrmnngþj >.???
^gstmkc am brmjd Ndkprdicr m` jgvm` y ndkp`mtcr >.???
Nckigcr (jdtc >) 3<.???
Amsecstm am `cs pcstg``cs am` brmjd Ndkprdicr >.???
Vcpctcs/Qckidr am` brmjd trcsmrd @gkpcr >.???
Bùgad am brmjd Ndkprdicr m` bujngdjckgmjtd >.???
Gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd Ndkprdicr m` bujngdjckgmjtd >.???
Agrmnngþj am` bdnd am` bcrd Cfustcr >.???
^gstmkc am mkirceum Ndkprdicr m` bujngdjckgmjtd >.???
^dpdrtm `ctmrc` Ndkprdicr >.???
ûspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc y trcsmrc Ndkprdicr 2.???
Qumrncs, tdrjg``ds y bgfcadrms Ndkprdicr y cprmtcr >.???
@`cjtcs y rumacs Ndkprdicr >.???
Jmukãtgnds Nc`gircr c ncac 3.??? hk ‑
Ydackgmjtds am `c ndùkjc Ndkprdicr, cfustcr y
am agrmnngþj ùirgncr >.???
Gjstrukmjtds/Gjtmrruptdrms Ndkprdicr m` bujngdjckgmjtd >.???
>->

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
@ËJMC AM NDKI]^QGI@M
@ËJMC AM NDKI]^QGI@M
Gjspmnngdjm `c `ëjmc am ndkiustgi`m y ndjmxgdjms ndj
rmspmntd c amtmrgdrd, acóds y buecs.
Ymmkp`cnm `c `ëjmc ncsd smc jmnmscrgd.
RÃ@R]@C AM NDKI]^QGI@M
BG@QYD AM NDKI]^QGI@M
a
• @c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) ms c`tckmjtm gjb`ckci`m y mxp`dsgvc
icfd ngmrtcs ndjagngdjms. KCJQÇJEC@C B]MYC AM@
• Qrcicfm mj uj `dnc` igmj vmjtg`cad. @c prmsmjngc am
ngecrrg``ds, ``ckcs d nlgspcs mj m` `dnc` am trcicfd d
adjam sm c`kcnmjc `c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) pumam ncuscr uj
gjnmjagd d ujc mxp`dsgþj.
Ngmrrm `c vã`vu`c am ndkiustgi`m. N]IC AM@ BG@QYD

Sugtm `c nuic am` bg`trd am ndkiustgi`m, m` cjg``d tþrgnd y m` QCKGV AM@ BG@QYD
tckgz. Armjm m` ndjtmjgad am `c nuic mj uj rmngpgmjtm
cprdpgcad.
@cvm m` tckgz y `c nuic am` bg`trd am ndkiustgi`m utg`gzcjad uj
agsd`vmjtm qum jd smc gjb`ckci`m.
CJG@@D QÞYGND
Gjspmnngdjm m` cjg``d tþrgnd y rmmkp`ãnm`d pdr uj jumvd, sg
jmnmscrgd.
Gjstc`m m` bg`trd, m` jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd y `c nuic am` bg`trd mj m`

numrpd am `c vã`vu`c am ndkiustgi`m. Nmrngþrmsm am qum m`
cjg``d tþrgnd mstç ndrrmntckmjtm gjstc`cad.
Cprgmtm `c nuic am` bg`trd am ndkiustgi`m.
Circ `c vã`vu`c am ndkiustgi`m y nmrngþrmsm am qum jd lcyc

buecs.
N]IC AM@ BG@QYD
>-1

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
B]JNGDJCKGMJQD AM@ CNM@MYCADY

Rmrgbgqum `ds nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr y rmmkp`ãnm`ds mj ncsd am
qum mstçj amtmrgdrcads, adi`cads d acócads.
Ndkprumim sg `c mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr dpmrc am bdrkc

sucvm. Ndkprumim sg `c kgskc rmtdrjc am kcjmrc ndkp`mtc y
cutdkãtgnc, amsam `c pdsgngþj tdtc`kmjtm cigmrtc, mj tdacs
`cs pdsgngdjms am` kcjg``cr.
^g `c mkpuócaurc jd rmtdrjc am bdrkc camnucac, ùirgqum

`ds nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr, amscrkm m gjspmnngdjm y m` sdpdrtm
am` cnm`mrcadr.
_rdnmagkgmjtd pcrc `c ùirgncngþj am` nci`m6 Amsndjmntm `cs

mxtrmkgacams supmrgdrms am `ds nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr.
@uirgqum tdtc`kmjtm
ndj uj ùirgncjtm `ds nci`ms
am ncids y sus pujtds
agspdjgi`m am crtgnu`cngþj
ndkmrngc`k
ndkmrngc`kmjtm
mjtm d uj
cnmgtm am icfc vgsndsgaca.
^g `c mkpuócaurc cöj jd rmtdrjc camnucackmjtm, rmmkp`cnm

`ds nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr.
a
@c utg`gzcngþj am nci`ms adi`cads, acócads d rmtdrngads
am kdad cjdrkc` pumam pmrfuagncr `c dpmrcngþj am`
cnm`mrcadr y ncuscr `c pçragac am` ndjtrd` aurcjtm `c
ndjaunngþj am `c kdtdngn`mtc.
CF]^QCADY
Ndj m` kdtdr mj rc`mjtë, egrm m` kcjg``cr ndkp`mtckmjtm lcngc
`c amrmnlc y lcngc `c gzqugmrac, pcrc nmrngdrcrsm am qum m`
rc`mjtë jd sm c`tmrm.
Ydtcngþj am`
am` rc`mjtë6 3.1?? ³ 3?? rpk
Mj ncsd am qum `cs rdtcngdjms am` rc`mjtë cukmjtmj,

ndkprumim m` fumed `girm am `c mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr y
`cc ndjmxgdjms am `ds nci`ms.
Kgac m` fumed `girm mj `c irgac am `c mkpuócaurc am`

cnm`mrcadr.
Fumed `girm6 = kk
M` fumed `girm am `c mkpuócaurc sm pumam cfustcr mj m`

cfustcadr am` sdpdrtm am` cnm`mrcadr. CF]^QCADY
^g jmnmscrgd, rmkumvc m` prdtmntdr, cb`dfm `c ndjtrctumrnc y

egrm m` cfustcadr pcrc ditmjmr m` fumed `girm.
Ndkprumim jumvckmjtm m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` cnm`mrcadr.

Ymmkp`cnm nuc`qugmr pgmzc acócac, sg jmnmscrgd.
Amspuçs am` cfustm, gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr y cprgmtm `c

ndjtrctumrnc bgrkmkmjtm.
_YDQMNQDY
>-=

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
CF]^QCADY
Cfustms kcydrms sm lcnmj ndj m` cfustcadr gjbmrgdr.
Cb`dfm `cs ndjtrctumrncs y egrm m` cfustcadr pcrc ditmjmr m`

fumed `girm.
Cprgmtm `cs ndjtrctumrncs amspuçs qum lcyc lmnld m` cfustm.
Ndkprumim jumvckmjtm m` fumed `girm.
NDJQYCQ]MYNC
BG@QYD AM CGYM QC_C AM

@C NCFC
Sugtm m` sg``ëj (pãegjc 9-9). AM@ BG@QYD
AM CGYM
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds y `c tcpc am `c ncfc am` bg`trd am cgrm.
Sugtm m` m`mkmjtd am` bg`trd am cgrm.
JDQC QDYJG@@D^
M` m`mkmjtd am` bg`trd am cgrm pumam smr qugtcad am`
sdpdrtm. M@MKMJQD AM@
BG@QYD AM CGYM
Sugtm m` m`mkmjtd am` bg`trd am cgrm y gjspmnngdjm am cnumrad M@MKMJQD AM@ @CAD AM@
ndj `ds gjtmrvc`ds rmndkmjacads mj `c tci`c am BG@QYD AM CGYM NCYI]YCADY
kcjtmjgkgmjtd (pãegjc >->).
@gkpgm m` m`mkmjtd cp`gnãjad`m cgrm ndkprgkgad amsam `c

pcrtm gjtmrjc.
Ymmkp`cnm m` m`mkmjtd am` bg`trd am cgrm sgmkprm qum mstç

mxnmsgvckmjtm sungd d acócad.
C`gjmm
Gjstc`m m` m`mkmjtd am` bg`trd am cgrm mj m` sdpdrtm.
Gjstc`m m` m`mkmjtd am` bg`trd mj `c tcpc am `c ncfc.

JDQC
C`gjmm m` rmsc`tm am` sdpdrtm ndj `c rcjurc am` m`mkmjtd.
^D_DYQM M@MKMJQD AM@ BG@QYD AM CGYM
>-2

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
Q]ID AM AYMJCFM AM@ YM^_GYD

YM^_GYD AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
JDQC
Mbmntöm smrvgngds kãs brmnumjtms nucjad ndjauznc icfd
`ùvgc, ndj cnm`mrcngþj kãxgkc d amspuçs am lcimr `cvcad
d vd`ncad `c kdtdngn`mtc. Mbmntöm smrvgngds mj ncsd am qum
m` jgvm` am `ds ampþsgtds sm pumac vmr mj `c smnngþj
trcjspcrmjtm am` tuid am armjcfm am` rmspgrd.
Sugtm m` tcpþj am armjcfm am` tuid am rmspgrd pcrc `gkpgcr

nuc`qugmr ampþsgtd.
Gjstc`m jumvckmjtm m` tcpþj am armjcfm. QC_ÞJ AM AYMJCFM
I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD NC_C ^]_YM^DYC AM Y]GAD^

a
Kgmjtrcs m` kdtdr mstç nc`gmjtm, utg`gnm eucjtms tçrkgnds
pcrc jd subrgr qumkcaurcs.
Amsndjmntm `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.

JDQC
Cjtms am qugtcr `c iufëc am mjnmjagad `gkpgm c`rmamadr am `c
icsm utg`gzcjad cgrm ndkprgkgad. Nmrngþrmsm am qum jgjeöj
kctmrgc` mxtrcód mjtrm mj `c nãkcrc am ndkiustgþj.
Sugtm `c iufëc am mjnmjagad utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc ndrrmntc.

Gjspmnngdjm d rmmkp`cnm `c iufëc am mjnmjagad am cnumrad
ndj `ds gjtmrvc`ds rmndkmjacads mj `c tci`c am
kcjtmjgkgmjtd (pãegjc >->).
JDQC I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD
]tg`gnm sd`ckmjtm `c iufëc am mjnmjagad mspmngbgncac pcrc

mstc kdtdngn`mtc.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Gjspmnngdjm `ds sgeugmjtms ëtmks y rmmkp`cnm `c iufëc mj ncsd
am qum smc jmnmscrgd (iufëc am mjnmjagad rmndkmjacac6
pãegjc >-9).
• Acóds d ergmtcs mj m` cgs`cadr CG^@CADY
• Amsecstm am `ds m`mntrdads M@MNQYDAD^
• Ndjagngþj am qumkc y nd`drcngþj6
„ M` nd`dr kcrrþj dsnurd c n`crd gjagnc iumj mstcad.
„ ]j nd`dr mxnmsgvckmjtm n`crd gjagnc bujngdjckgmjtd
ambgngmjtm am` sgstmkc am mjnmjagad d kmzn`c pdirm.
„ Ampþsgtds am ld``ëj jmerd d lukmaca gjagncj ujc kmzn`c
amkcsgcad rgnc.
YM]QG@GVCNGÞJ AM @C I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD C_MYQ]YC AM @D^
M@MNQYDAD^6
?,< „ ?,7 kk
@gkpgm `ds m`mntrdads am `c iufëc ndj ujc msndig``c am cnmrd d
ndj uj `gkpgcadr am iufëcs camnucad.
Rmrgbgqum `c cpmrturc mjtrm `ds m`mntrdads nmjtrc` y `ctmrc`
utg`gzcjad uj nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms am` tgpd c`ckirm. Mj
ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd, cfustm `c cpmrturc adi`cjad
nugacadsckmjtm m` m`mntrdad `ctmrc`.
Cpmrturc am `ds m`mntrdads `c iufëc am mjnmjagad6 ?,< „ ?,7 kk
>-5

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
g
_crc prmvmjgr acóds mj `c nu`ctc, cprgmtm kcjuc`kmjtm `c
iufëc am mjnmjagad cjtms am utg`gzcr `c ``cvm am iufëcs pcrc
cprmtcr`c c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Gjstc`m jumvckmjtm `c iufëc am mjnmjagad mj `c nu`ctc y

cprgçtm`c kcjuc`kmjtm. Mjsmeugac, cprgçtm`c c` pcr
mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
NC_C ^]_YM^DYC AM Y]GAD^
YMMK_@CVD AM @C I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD
g
Jd cprgmtm mxnmsgvckmjtm `c iufëc.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm kcjuc`kmjtm `c iufëc jumvc mj `c nu`ctc.

Amspuçs qum `c crcjam`c tþrgnc sm lcyc csmjtcad mj m`
c`dfckgmjtd am `c iufëc, cprgçtm`c cprdxgkcackmjtm 3/9 egrd
kãs.
Gjstc`m `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads mj `c iufëc am mjnmjagad. J]MRC

I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD
QC_C AM @C N]@CQC _MYJD^
LD@E]YC AM @C^ RÃ@R]@C^
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
JDQC
Gjspmnngdjm y cfustm `c ldèurc am `cs vã`vu`cs kgmjtrcs m`
kdtdr mstç brëd (cicfd am >=¿N).
Sugtm m` tcjqum am ndkiustgi`m (pãegjc 9->).
Sugtm `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `c tcpc am `c nu`ctc.
Sugtm `c iufëc am mjnmjagad (pãegjc >-5).

CJG@@D^ QÞYGND^
Sugtm `cs tcpcs am` drgbgngd am` ngeðmóc` y am` drgbgngd am
sgjnrdjgzcngþj.
QC_C AM@ DYGBGNGD QC_C AM@ DYGBGNGD

AM ^GJNYDJGVCNG ÞJ AM@ NGEÐMÓC@
^GJNYDJGVCNGÞJ
>-<

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
Egrm m` ngeðmóc` mj m` smjtgad ldrcrgd y c`gjmm `c kcrnc "Q" mj K]M^NC GJAGNCADYC

m` vd`cjtm
`ctmrc` am` kdtdr
gzqugmrac am `cndj `c kumsnc
ncrncsc gjagncadrc mj `c tcpc
am` kdtdr.
Nmrngþrmsm am qum m` pgstþj mstç mj m` pujtd kumrtd supmrgdr,

mj `c ncrrmrc am ndkprmsgþj.
KCYNC ‐Q‛
Kgac `cs ldèurcs am `cs vã`vu`cs am cakgsgþj y am` msncpm

am` ng`gjard gjsmrtcjad uj nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms mjtrm m`
cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c y m` `þiu`d am` ãrid` am `mvcs.
Ldèurc am CAK ?,39 kk

`cs vã`vu`cs M^N ?,3= kk
NC@GIYCADY AM M^_M^DYM^
CNNGDJCADY AM @C RÃ@R]@C
CF]^QM
Sugtm `ds cnngdjcadrms am `cs vã`vu`cs y `ds nc`nms (pãegjc 5-2).

@gkpgm `c ãrmc am ndjtcntd am` nc`nm ndj m` cnngdjcadr am `c
vã`vu`c utg`gzcjad cgrm ndkprgkgad.
NC@NM
Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd m` cfustm, kgac y tdkm
t dkm jdtc am
`c mspmsurc am ncac nc`nm, pcrc ditmjmr ujc rmbmrmjngc am `c
sm`mnngþj am nc`nms.
JDQC
^m numjtcj smsmjtc y jumvm mspmsurcs agstgjtcs am nc`nms
agspdjgi`ms, amsam m` kãs amècad (3,9?? kk am
mspmsurc) lcstc m` kãs mspmsd (9,7?? kk), ndj ujc
agbmrmjngc am ?,?9= kk mjtrm ncac ujd.
>-7

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
Nc`nu`m `c mspmsurc am` jumvd nc`nm utg`gzcjad `c sgeugmjtm

mnucngþj6
C ; (I - N) + A
C6 Mspmsurc am` jumvd nc`nm

I6 Ldèurc am `c vã`vu`c cjdtcac
N6 Ldèurc am `c vã`vu`c mspmngbgncac
A6 Mspmsurc am` nc`nm cjtgeud 3,<? kk 3,<9= kk 3,<= kk 3,<5= kk
JDQC
• Kgac ndrrmntckmjtm `c mspmsurc am` nc`nm utg`gzcjad uj
kgnrþkmtrd.
• Ymntgbgqum `ds csgmjtds am `c vã`vu`c, mj ncsd am qum lcyc
uj ampþsgtd am ncriþj qum tdtc`gnm ujc agkmjsgþj
supmrgdr c 9,7?? kk.
• Gjstc`m `ds cnngdjcadrms am vã`vu`cs y `ds nc`nms (sg
cp`gnci`ms) mj sus pdsgngdjms drgegjc`ms.
Gjstc`m `ds jumvds nc`nms sm`mnngdjcads mj `ds rmtmjmadrms am
`cs vã`vu`cs.
Cp`gqum cnmgtm c icsm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd c `ds

cnngdjcadrms am `cs vã`vu`cs.
Gjstc`m `ds cnngdjcadrms am `cs vã`vu`cs mj

m j sus c`dfckgmjtds.
Gjstc`m `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs (pãegjc <-37).
Lcec egrcr `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs, egrcjad vcrgcs vmnms m` QC_C AM @C N]@CQC
QC_C AM @C N]@CQC
ngeðmóc` mj m` smjtgad ldrcrgd.
Ndkprumim jumvckmjtm `c ldèurc am `cs vã`vu`cs.
Rmrgbgqum `cs ndjagngdjms am `c fujtc am `c tcpc am `c nu`ctc.

Ymmkp`ãnm`c, sg jmnmscrgd.
Gjstc`m `c tcpc am `c nu`ctc.
F]JQC
QC_C AM @C N]@CQC _MYJD^
Gjstc`m `cs crcjam`cs am edkc y `ds pmrjds am `c tcpc am `c
nu`ctc. Mjsmeugac, cprgçtm`ds c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
>-3?

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
Ndkprumim `cs ndjagngdjms am `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds. Gjstc`m `cs CJG@@D^ QÞYGND^
tcpcs am `ds drgbgngds am sgjnrdjgzcngþj y am` ngeðmóc`.
Cprgmtm `cs tcpcs am `ds drgbgngds am sgjnrdjgzcngþj y am`

ngeðmóc` c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
Qcp
cpcc am` drg
rgbg
bgng
ngd
d am sgj
gjnr
nrd
djg
jgzzcn
cngþ
gþj
j 3? J.
J.k
k (3
(3,?
,? he
he.k
.k))
Qcpc am` drgbgngd am` ngeðmóc` <. J.k (?,< he.k)

AM ^GJNYDJGVCNGÞJ AM@ NGEÐMÓC@
CNMGQM AM@ KDQDY QC_C AM ^]KGJG^QYD/RC

^]KGJG^QYD/RCYG@@C
YG@@C
KMAGADYC AM@ JGRM@ AM CNMGQM
NDK_YDICNGÞJ AM@ JGRM@ AM CNMGQM
Cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc mj pdsgngþj vmrtgnc` mj ujc supmrbgngm
jgvm`cac. ^]_MYGDY
Sugtm `c tcpc am sukgjgstrd/vcrg``c kmagadrc am` jgvm` am

cnmgtm y `ëkpgm`c ndj uj pcód `gkpgd. GJBMYGDY
Gjtrdauznc `c vcrg``c kmagadrc mj m` drgbgngd am sukgjgstrd, sgj
rdsqumcr`c. Sugtm `c vcrg``c kmagadrc y vmrgbgqum sg m` jgvm` am
cnmgtm sm mjnumjtrc mjtrm `cs kcrncs am jgvm` supmrgdr m
gjbmrgdr.
Mj ncsd am qum m` jgvm` mstç cicfd d nmrnc am `c `ëjmc am jgvm`
gjbmrgdr, cicstmznc ndj m` cnmgtm rmndkmjacad lcstc c`ncjzcr
`c kcrnc am jgvm` supmrgdr.
Cnmgtm am kdtdr rmndkmjacad6

KDIG@ ^]_MYKDQD 1Q
N`csgbgncngþj am ^mrvgngd C_G6 ^B
QC_C AM ^]KGJG^QYD/RC
^]KGJG^QYD/RCYG@@C
YG@@C
KMAGADYC AM@ JGRM@ AM CNMGQM
Ndkprumim `cs ndjagngdjms am` cjg``d tþrgnd am `c tcpc am
sukgjgstrd/vcrg``c
sukgjgstrd/vcrg` `c kmagadrc am` jgvm` am cnmgtm. Ymmkp`cnm m`
cjg``d tþrgnd, sg jmnmscrgd.
Gjstc`m jumvckmjtm `c tcpc am` sukgjgstrd/vcrg``c kmagadrc

am` jgvm` am cnmgtm.
>-33

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
NCKIGD AM@ CNMGQM AM@ KDQDY
a
• Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd mbmntucr smrvgngds ndj m`
kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd, nmrngþrmsm am qum m` `dnc` am
trcicfd mstç igmj vmjtg`cad. Jujnc pdjec m` kdtdr mj
bujngdjckgmjtd mj ãrmcs nmrrcacs. @ds ecsms am` msncpm
ndjtgmjmj kdjþxgad am ncridjd vmjmjdsd, qum pumam
ncuscr `c pçragac am ndjngmjngc m gjnùsd `c kumrtm.
_djec m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj uj `dnc` cigmrtd, d
mj uj `dnc` nmrrcad qum mstç mqugpcad ndj uj sgstmkc am _MYJD AM AYMJCFM/
vmjtg`cngþj y mxtrcnngþj am ecsms. CYCJAM@C AM ^M@@CAD
• @cs pgmzcs am` sgstmkc am msncpm, m` kdtdr y m` cnmgtm am`
kdtdr sm nc`gmjtcj amkcsgcad y csë pmrkcjmnmj aurcjtm
cèöj tgmkpd, gjnùsd amspuçs qum m` kdtdr lcfc amfcad
am bujngdjcr. Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd qumkcrsm. ]sm
eucjtms ndj cgs`cjtm tçrkgnd.
Nc`gmjtm m` kdtdr lcstc ditmjmr `c tmkpmrcturc jdrkc` am

bujngdjckgmjtd. _crm m` kdtdr y qugtm `c tcpc am
sukgjgstrd/vcrg``cc kmagadrc am` jgvm` am cnmgtm.
sukgjgstrd/vcrg``
Nd`dqum uj rmngpgmjtm amicfd am` kdtdr pcrc rmndemr m` cnmgtm.

Mjsmeugac qugtm m` pmrjd am armjcfm y `c crcjam`c am sm``cad.
Armjm ndkp`mtckmjtm m` cnmgtm.
Amspuçs am mbmntucr m` armjcfm ndkp`mtd am` cnmgtm,

ndkprumim `cs ndjagngdjms am `c crcjam`c am sm``cad am`
pmrjd am armjcfm. Ymmkp`ãnm`c, sg jmnmscrgd.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm m` pmrjd am armjcfm.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 >? J.k (>,? he.k)

Cicstmznc m` kdtdr ndj m` cnmgtm rmndkmjacad.
Ncpcngaca am cnmgtm6 3,= `gtrds c` armjcr
Gjstc`m jumvckmjtm `c tcpc am sukgjgstrd/vcrg``c kmagadrc

am` jgvm` am cnmgtm.
Lcec bujngdjcr m` kdtdr y kcjtçjec`d mj rc`mjtë aurcjtm 9 -

> kgjutds. QC_C AM ^]KGJG^QYD/
RCYG@@C KMAGADYC AM@ JGRM@ AM CNMGQM
_crm m` kdtdr y ndkprumim jumvckmjtm m` jgvm` am cnmgtm.
BG@QYD AM CNMGQM YM^DYQM
Nmrngþrmsm am qum jd lcyc buecs am cnmgtm.
BG@QYD AM CNMGQM
Armjm m` cnmgtm am` kdtdr (pãegjc >-39).
Sugtm `ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms6

„ _mrjds am `c tcpc am` bg`trd am cnmgtm
„ Qcpc am` bg`trd am cnmgtm y cjg``d tþrgnd CJG@@D
„ Bg`trd am cnmgtm _MYJD^ QÞYGND
„ Ymsdrtm QC_C AM@ BG@QYD
>-39

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr mj m` jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd. Gjstã`m`d mj

BG@QYD AM CNMGQM YM^DYQM
`c rcjurc am tcpc am` bg`trd
b g`trd am cnmgtm. J]MRD
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm
cnmgtm. Gjstc`m mjtrmndj
m` bg`trd `cs `c
`mjeðmtcs am` jumvd bg`trd
kcrnc "D]Q-^GAM" (`cadam
mxtmrjd)
drgmjtcac lcngc bumrc.
Gjstc`m `c tcpc am` bg`trd am cnmgtm cprmtcjad bgrkmkmjtm `ds
ads pmrjds.
g
@c gjstc`cngþj am` bg`trd am cnmgtm c` rmvçs pdarã acócr C
smrgckmjtm m` kdtdr. _MYJD^ CJG@@D J]MRD

N
M
G
Q
QÞYGND M
QC_C AM@ BG@QYD

Cicstmznc m` kdtdr ndj m` cnmgtm rmndkmjacad (pãegjc >-39).
YDQCNGÞJ AM@ YC@MJQË

a _MYJD AM CNM@MYCNGÞJ
Mj ncsdmjambujngdjckgmjtd,
kdtdr qum smc jmnmscrgd mbmntucram
nmrngþrmsm smrvgngds ndj m`
qum m` `dnc` am
_djec m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj uj `dnc` cigmrtd, d
mj uj `dnc` nmrrcad qum mstç mqugpcad ndj uj sgstmkc am
JDQC
• Ndkprumim y cfustm m` rc`mjtë sd`ckmjtm amspuçs am qum
tdads `ds dtrds ëtmks am kcjtmjgkgmjtd am` kdtdr lcycj
sgad gjspmnngdjcads y cfustcads am cnumrad ndj `cs
mspmngbgncngdjms.
• M` kdtdr amimrã mstcr nc`gmjtm pcrc qum `c gjspmnngþj y m`
cfustm am` rc`mjtë rmsu`tmj mxcntds. _crc mstd, icstcj agmz
kgjutds am kcrnlc ndj pcrcacs gjtmrkmagcs.
Nc`gmjtm m` kdtdr y pdjec `c trcjskgsgþj mj pujtd kumrtd.

Cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc mj m` sdpdrtm nmjtrc`, mj ujc supmrbgngm
jgvm`cac.
^g jmnmscrgd, egrm m` pmrjd am cnm`mrcngþj, ndj m` difmtd am
cfustcr m` rc`mjtë am cnumrad ndj `cs mspmngbgncngdjms.
Ydtcngþj am` rc`mjtë6 3.1?? ³ 3?? rpk.
NCAMJC AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C LD@E]YC AM @C NCAMJC
a
Jujnc gjspmnngdjm jg cfustm `c ldèurc am `c ncamjc am
trcjskgsgþj ndj m` kdtdr mstç mj bujngdjckgmjtd.
_crm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad, cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc mj su
sdpdrtm `ctmrc` sdirm ujc supmrbgngm jgvm`cac y nckigm c`
pujtd kumrtd.
Rmrgbgqum `c ldèurc am `c ncamjc mj m` trckd gjbmrgdr, mj m`
pujtd gjtmrkmagd mjtrm `c ndrdjc y m` pgóþj am trcjskgsgþj.
Ldèurc am `c ncamjc am trcjkgsgþj6 9? „ >? kk
>-3>

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
NDJQYCQ]MYNC Q]MYNC AM
AM@ MF
MFM QY
QYC^MYD
CF]^QM
Cb`dfm `c tumrnc am` mfm trcsmrd.

Cb`dfm `cs ndjtrctumrncs am `ds ads cfustcadrms am `c ncamjc
am trcjskgsgþj.
Egrm `cs ads tumrncs am cfustm lcstc ditmjmr `c ldèurc

ndrrmntc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
Csmeörmsm am qum `ds mxtrmkds am `ds ads cfustcadrms mstçj

c`gjmcads ndj `cs kgskcs kcrncs am rmbmrmjngc am` irczd
dsng`cjtm.
Q]MYNC
Q]MYNC AM CF
CF]^
]^QM
QM KCKCYN
YNC
C AM YM
YMBM
BMYM
YMJN
JNGC
GC
Cprgmtm `c tumrnc am` mfm trcsmrd c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Q]MYNC AM@ MFM QYC^MYD
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 << J.k (<,< he.k)
@GK_GMVC W @]IYGNCNGÞJ AG^D@RMJQM JD GJB@CKCI@M

@gkpgm `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj utg`gzcjad ujc msndig``c
@cvm
sucvm y uj agsd`vmjtm jd gjb`ckci`m. Mjsmeugac, sçqum`c.
Csmeörmsm am qum `c ncamjc mstç tdtc`kmjtm smnc, cjtms am
ùirgncr`c.
Gjspmnngdjm `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj ndj rmspmntd c acóds y @gkpgm y smqum

amsecstm.
Ymmkp`ãnm`c mj ncsd am qum lcyc rdag``ds acócads,

ms`cidjms sum`tds d nuc`qugmr dtrd acód grrmpcrci`m.
@c gjstc`cngþj am ujc jumvc ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj mj

ndrdjc y pgóþj amsecstcads pumam ncuscr m` amsecstm
prmkcturd am `c ncamjc.
@uirgqum
Gjspmnngdjm y rmmkp`cnm `c ndrdjc y m` pgóþj, sg jmnmscrgd.
@]IYGNCNGÞJ
@uirgqum `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj ndj cnmgtm pcrc
mjercjcfms ^CM <? - 7? d ndj uj ùirgncjtm mspmngc`kmjtm
amscrrd``cad pcrc ncamjcs ndj cjg``ds tþrgnds.
Sugtm m` mxnmsd am cnmgtm d ùirgncjtm. CNMGQM _CYC MJEYCJCFM^ ^CM <? „ 7? D

@]IYGNCJQM _CYC NCAMJC^ AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
>-31

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C NDYDJC W AM@ _GÓÞJ AM AMÊC^QCAD

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
Gjspmnngdjm `ds agmjtms am `c ndrdjc y am` pgóþj am
trcjskgsgþj ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds. Ymmkp`ãnm `c
ndrdjc y m` pgódj, sg jmnmscrgd.
Jujnc utg`gnm ujc ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj jumvc ndj rumacs

amjtcacs amsecstcacs.
@c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj, igmj ndkd `c ndrdjc y m` pgóþj, ACÓCAD JDYKC@

amimj mstcr mj iumjcs ndjagngdjms. Mj ncsd ndjtrcrgd, `c
pgmzc jumvc sm amsecstcrã rãpgackmjtm.
YMMK_@CVD
Mstc kdtdngn`mtc usc ujc ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj ndj uj
ms`ciþj kcmstrd.
Cb`dfm `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-31).
Crkm `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc` am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Lmrrck
Lmrrckgmj
gmjtc
tc am `c ncamj
ncamjcc am trcjsk
trcjskgsg
gsgþj
þj ?5LKL
?5LKL-KY
-KY3?3
3?3?>
?>
JDQC
Nucjad utg`gnm `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`, sgec `cs
gjstrunngdjms am` bcirgncjtm.
LMYYCKGMJQC AM @C NCAMJC
AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
@dnc`gnm `ds mxtrmkds rmkcnlcads am `ds pcscadrms am`

ms`ciþj kcmstrd mj m` `cad mxtmrjd am `c ncamjc. Sugtm m` M^@CIÞJ
KCM^QYD
ms`ciþj utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc am `c ncamjc am
trcjskgsgþj.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Lmrrckgmj
Lmrrckgmjtcs
tcs am `c ncamjc
ncamjc am trcjsk
trcjskgsgþ
gsgþj
j ?5LKL
?5LKL-KY3
-KY3?3?>
?3?>
Sugtm `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
LMYYCKGMJQC AM @C
>-3=

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
Sugtm m` mxnmsd am ms`cidjms am `c jumvc ncamjc am M^@CIÞJ KCM^QYD

trcjskgsgþj utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngbgncac.
JDQC
Gjnùyc m` ms`ciþj kcmstrd nucjad numjtm `ds ms`cidjms ]J M^@CIÞJ
am `c ncamjc.
Jökmrd mspmngbgncad am ms`cidjms6 3?1
Ncamjc am rmmkp`czd am `c6 AGA =9? RA

3?1 M^@CIDJM^
g CJG@@D^ QÞYGND^
Jujnc rmutg`gnm `c ncamjc, m` ms`ciþj kcmstrd, `c p`cnc d
cjg``ds tþrgnds. _@CNC
Gjstc`m m` jumvd ms`ciþj kcmstrd, `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds y `c

p`cnc am` ms`ciþj, utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngbgncac.
g
Gjsmrtm m` ms`ciþj kcmstrd amsam m` `cad gjtmrjd am `c M^@CIÞJ
KCM^QYD
ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj. Gjstc`m `c p`cnc ndj `c kcrnc am
gamjtgbgncngþj drgmjtcac lcngc bumrc.
Crkm m gjstc`m `c lmrrckgmjtc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
Lmrrckgmjtc6 _C^CADYM^ AM@ M^@CIÞJ KCM^QYD

Lmrrck
Lmrrckgmj
gmjtc
tc am `c ncamj
ncamjcc am trcjsk
trcjskgsg
gsgþj
þj ?5LKL
?5LKL-KY
-KY3?3
3?3?>
?>
Nmrngþrmsm am qum `ds pcscadrms am` ms`ciþj kcmstrd mstçj
gjstc`cads ndrrmntckmjtm.
Kgac m` `cred am `ds pcscadrms am` ms`ciþj kcmstrd

prdymntcads lcngc bumrc am `c p`cnc.
@cred pcarþj6 AGA 3,3= „ 3,== kk
>-32

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
Ymkcnlm `ds pcscadrms am` ms`ciþj kcmstrd utg`gzcjad `c M^@CIÞJ KCM^QYD

lmrrckgmjtc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Lmrrck
Lmrrckgmj
gmjtc
tc am `c ncamj
ncamjcc am trcjsk
trcjskgsg
gsgþj
þj ?5LKL
?5LKL-KY
-KY3?3
3?3?>
?>
JDQC
_crc prmvmjgr uj rmkcnlcad mxnmsgvd rmkcnlm
ercauc`kmjtm `ds pcscadrms, ndkprdicjad m` agãkmtrd
am `c ãrmc rmkcnlcac ndj uj pgm am kmtrd.
LMYYCKGMJQC^ AM @C
_crc csmeurcrsm am qum `ds pcscadrms am` ms`ciþj kcmstrd

mstçj bgfcads ndrrmntckmjtm, kgac m` agãkmtrd am `c ãrmc _GM AM KMQYD
rmkcnlcac ndj uj pgm am kmtrd.
Agãk
ãkmt
mtrd
rd am `c ãrm
ãrmcc rmk
rmkcn
cnl
lca
cac6
c6 AGA =,=?
=,=? „ =,
=,<? kk
Amspuçs am` rmkcnlcad, ndkprumim sg `c ãrmc rmkcnlcac jd NDYYMNQD GJNDYYMNQD

prmsmjtc ergmtcs.
Mj ncsd am qum lcyc cèujc ergmtc, rmmkp`cnm m` ms`ciþj

kcmstrd, `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds y `c p`cnc.
g
Jd sm amim utg`gzcr ujc ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj ndj
ms`ciþj am trcic.
EYGMQC^
E]GC AM AM^@GVCKGMJQD AM @C NCAMJC E]GC AM AM^@GVCKGMJQD AM

@C NCAMJC AM QYCJ^KG^GDJ
AM QYCJ^KG^GDJ
Sugtm `c tcpc am `c rumac amjtcac am kcjad (pãegjc 2->).
Ndkprumim `c eugc am ams`gzckgmjtd am `c ncamjc am
trcjskgsgþj ndj rmspmntd c acóds d c amsecstm.
Ymmkp`cnm `c eugc am ams`gzckgmjtd mj ncsd am qum mstç

amsecs=cac bumrc am` `gkgtm d sg lã sgad acócac. @GKGQM AM
AMÊC^QM
>-35

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
B@]GAD AM BYMJD
g
• Jd kmzn`m tgpds agbmrmjtms am bùgad, yc qum mstds
pumamj jd smr ndkpctgi`ms.
• Jd pmrkgtc qum kctmrgc`ms mxtrcóds pmjmtrmj mj m`
sgstmkc aurcjtm m` cicstmngkgmjtd am` ampþsgtd.
• Mvgtm qum m` bùgad sc`pgqum mj pgmzcs pgjtcacs, p`ãstgncs
d am edkc. Nd`dqum uj pcód sdirm mscs pgmzcs sgmkprm
qum mbmntöm smrvgngds mj m` sgstmkc.
JDQC
KCYNC AM JGRM@ GJBMYGDY
• Nucjad m` jgvm` am bùgad mstç icfd, vmrgbgqum `cs pcstg``cs
am brmjd ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm (ndkd gjagncad cicfd).
M` amsecstm am `cs pcstg``cs am` brmjd pumam ncuscr uj
jgvm` am bùgad icfd. Ndj m` amsecstm am `cs pcstg``cs am`
brmjd, m` pgstþj am `c pgjzc sm amsp`czc lcngc cbumrc,
ndjtrgiuymjad pcrc agskgjugr m` jgvm` am bùgad mj m`
ampdsgtd.
• Mj ncsd am qum `cs pcstg``cs jd mstçj amsecstcacs y m`
jgvm` am bùgad mstç icfd, gjspmnngdjm tdad m` sgstmkc ndj
rmspmntd c buecs (rmkëtcsm c `c prþxgkc pãegjc).
Rmrgbgqum m` jgvm` am bùgad am brmjd c trcvçs am` vgsdr am

gjspmnngþj am` ampdsgtd am` ng`gjard kcmstrd.
Mj ncsd am qum m` jgvm` mstç nmrnc am `c kcrnc gjbmrgdr,

vmrgbgqum sg `cs pcstg``cs am` brmjd am`cjtmrd mstãj
amsecstcacs (rmkëtcsm c m` ëtmk cicfd).
AMÊC^QM AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^/VC_CQC^ _C^QG@@C^

AM@ BYMJD
AM BYMJDAM@ BYMJD AM@CJQMYD

_C^QG@@C^
_C^QG@@C^ AM@ BYMJD AM@CJQMYD
Gjspmnngdjm `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm.
Ymmkp`ãnm`cs mj ncsd am qum `c rcjurc am `ëkgtm am amsecstm

am ujc d ckics lcyc sgad sdirmpcscac.
GJAGNCADYM^ AM AMÊC^QM
Ymkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 3=-= pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj
rmspmntd c` rmmkp`czd am `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd.
KCYNC ‐∂‛
VC_CQC^ AM@ BYMJD QYC^MYD
Ymmkp`cnm `cs zcpctcs am` brmjd trcsmrd mj ncsd am qum `c
b`mnlc mj m` irczd am` brmjd sm c`gjmm ndj `c kcrnc am
rmbmrmjngc ‐∂‛, nucjad sm prmsgdjm m` pmac` am brmjd.
Ymkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 31-7 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj

rmspmntd c` rmmkp`czd am `cs zcpctcs am` brmjd trcsmrd.
B@MNLC
>-3<

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
KCJE]MYC AM@ BYMJD

^G^QMKC AM BYMJD
BYMJD AM@CJQMYD
Cnngdjm bgrkmkmjtm `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd y
nmrngþrmsm am qum jd lcyc pmjmtrcngþj am cgrm mj m` sgstmkc.
Mj ncsd am qum `c pc`cjnc mstç amkcsgcad i`cjac d m`ãstgnc

c` smr cp`gncac, pureum m` cgrm am` sgstmkc.
Gjspmnngdjm `c kcjeumrc am brmjd y `cs ndjmxgdjms ndj

rmspmntd c amtmrgdrds, ergmtcs y smóc`ms am buec.
Cprgmtm `cs ndjmxgdjms, mj ncsd am qum mstçj b`dfcs.
Ymmkp`cnm `c kcjeumrc y `cs ndjmxgdjms, sg jmnmscrgd.
Ymkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 3=-> pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj

rmspmntd c `ds prdnmagkgmjtds am purec am cgrm am` sgstmkc
am brmjd.
F]MED @GIYM AM@ _MAC@ AM BYMJD
Rmrgbgqum m` fumed `girm am` pmac` am brmjd.
Fumed `girm6 9? „ >? kk
Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd mbmntöm m` cfustm c trcvçs am `c

tumrnc am cfustm am` brmjd trcsmrd.
JDQC
• Amspuçs am cfustcr m` fumed `girm am` pmac` am brmjd
b rmjd
vmrgbgqum m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am`
brmjd trcsmrd.
• Cfustm m` gjtmrruptdr, sg jmnmscrgd.
GJQMYY]_QDY AM @C @]V AM@ BYMJD
JDQC
• Mbmntöm m` cfustm am` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd
trcsmrd sd`ckmjtm amspuçs am cfustcr m` fumed `girm am`
pmac` am brmjd. Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
• M` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd am`cjtmrd jd jmnmsgtc
cfustm.
Cfustm m` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd trcsmrd am kcjmrc

qum `c ùz sm mjngmjac mj m` kdkmjtd mj qum m` pmac` ms
prmsgdjcad mj 9? kk, gjkmagctckmjtm cjtms am qum m` brmjd
cntöm mbmntgvckmjtm.
Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd, rmmkp`cnm m` gjtmrruptdr d `cs
pgmzcs cvmrgcacs am` sgstmkc.
ûfmtm `c icsm am` gjtmrruptdr y egrm `c tumrnc am cfustm. Jd

egrm `c icsm am` gjtmrruptdr.
GJQMYY]_QDY AM @C @]V AM@ BYMJD QYC^MYD
>-37

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
CF]^QM AM AGYMNNGÞJ AM@ BCYD

a
]j cfustm gjndrrmntd am` bcrd pumam pmrfuagncr `c vgsgþj am
dtrds ndjauntdrms m gjnùsd jd gùkgjcr `c ncrrmtmrc jc
agstcjngc smeurc.
JDQC
Cfustm m` bdnd am` bcrd am cnumrad ndj `cs `myms y jdrkcs
am trãjsgtd `dnc`ms. _MYJD AM CF]^QM
]igqum `c kdtdngn`mtc sdirm ujc supmrbgngm jgvm`cac.
Cb`dfm m` pmrjd am cfustm am` bcrd y cfustm `c ùz am` bdnd

vmrtgnc`kmjtm.
^G^QMKC AM MKIYCE]M
Rmrgbgqum sg m` nci`m am` mkirceum jd mstã adi`cad d acócad.
@uirëqum`d, sg jmnmscrgd.
Kgac m` fumed `girm mj m` mxtrmkd am `c pc`cjnc am mkirceum.
Fumed `girm6 3? „ 9? kk
Cfustms kmjdrms sm mbmntöcj c trcvçs am` cfustcadr supmrgdr

mj `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum.
NDJQYCQ]MYNC
Mkpufm m` prdtmntdr am edkc lcngc ctrãs. Cb`dfm `c
ndjtrctumrnc y egrm m` cfustcadr.
g
^g m` cfustcadr sm qumac kuy cpcrtcad, ndj uj mspcngd
këjgkd pcrc m` cndp`ckgmjtd am `c rdsnc, pdarã acócrsm.
^g cöj amspuçs am sm cprmtcr m` cfustcadr nmrnc am su `ëkgtm

kãxgkd jd sm ditmjec m` fumed mspmngbgncad, cprgçtm`d
ndkp`mtckmjtm y rmtrdnçac`d ujc vum`tc. CF]^QCADY _YDQMNQDY
Cprgmtm `c ndjtrctumrnc y mbmntöm m` cfustm prgjngpc`, ndkd sm

amsnrgim cicfd. NDJQYCQ]MYNC
Cfustms kcydrms sm mbmntöcj c trcvçs am `c tumrnc am cfustm
gjbmrgdr mj m` irczd am cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum, uigncad
mj m` kdtdr.
Cb`dfm `c ndjtrctumrnc y egrm `c tumrnc am cfustm ndj m` difmtd

am cfustcr m` fumed `girm am` mkirceum.
Bgfm bgrkmkmjtm `c tumrnc am cfustm kgmjtrcs cprgmtm `c
ndjtrctumrnc.
Rmrgbgqum m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum.

Mj ncsd am qum jd sm ditmjec m` fumed `girm mspmngbgncad, d qum
m` mkirceum pctgjm aurcjtm `c prumic am rmndrrgad, amskdjtm m
gjspmnngdjm m` mkirceum (rmkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 7).
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
>-9?

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
^D_DYQM @CQMYC@
Cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc mj ujc supmrbgngm jgvm`cac.
Gjspmnngdjm m` rmsdrtm
acóds d pçragac am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` ndj rmspmntd c
am tmjsgþj.
Rmrgbgqum sg m` ndjfujtd am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` sg kumvm
`girmkmjtm. @uirgqum m` pgvdtm, ncsd smc jmnmscrgd.
Ndkprumim m` sgstmkc am ndrtm am` mjnmjagad am` sdpdrtm
`ctmrc`6
„ ^gçjtmsm mj `c kdtdngn`mtc ndkd sm bumrc ndjaungr`c.
@mvcjtm m` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`.
„ Cnngdjm m` kdtdr ndj `c trcjskgsgþj mj pujtd kumrtd. ^D_DYQM @CQMYC@
Mjsmeugac mjercjm ujc kcrnlc, kcjtmjgmjad `c pc`cjnc
am` mkirceum prmsgdjcac.
„ Kumvc m` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` tdtc`kmjtm lcngc cicfd. M` kdtdr
amimrã pcrcr mj mstm kdkmjtd.
^m amim ndkprdicr m` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`, mj ncsd
am qum lcyc cèöj prdi`mkc mj m` sgstmkc (Ncpëtu`d 37).
^]^_MJ^GÞJ
a
_gmzcs am `c suspmjsgþj b`dfcs, amsecstcacs d acócacs
pmrfuagncj `c mstcig`gaca y m` ndjtrd` am `c kdtdngn`mtc.
Ympcrm d rmmkp`cnm tdads `ds ndkpdjmjtms acócads
cjtms am ndjaungr `c kdtdngn`mtc. Ndjaungr ujc
kdtdngn`mtc ndj `c suspmjsgþj ambmntudsc cukmjtc m`
rgmsed am cnngamjtms y `msgdjms.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C ^]^_MJ^GÞJ AM@CJQMYC

Rmrgbgqum `c cnngþj am `cs ldrqug``cs am`cjtmrcs cnngdjcjad m`
brmjd am`cjtmrd y ndkprgkgmjad `c suspmjsgþj vcrgcs vmnms.
Gjspmnngdjm m` ndjfujtd ndj rmspmntd c smóc`ms am buecs,
acóds d bgfcadrms sum`tds.
Ymmkp`cnm `ds ndkpdjmjtms acócads qum jd sm pumacj
rmpcrcr.
Cprgmtm tdacs `cs tumrncs y pmrjds.
Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 3> pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj
rmspmntd c smrvgngds mj `cs ldrqug``cs.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C ^]^_MJ^GÞJ QYC^MYC
Cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc bgrkmkmjtm sdirm uj sdpdrtm camnucad
y `mvcjtm `c rumac trcsmrc am` sum`d.
_crc vmrgbgncr `ds rdackgmjtds am `c crtgnu`cngþj ndj rmspmntd
c amsecstm, sufmtm m` irczd dsng`cjtm m gjtmjtm kdvmr
`ctmrc`kmjtm `c rumac trcsmrc.
_crc vmrgbgncr `ds rdackgmjtds am` irczd dsng`cjtm ndj
rmspmntd c amsecstm, sufmtm `c rumac trcsmrc m gjtmjtm kdvmr
m` irczd dsng`cjtm mj tdacs `cs agrmnngdjms.
Ymmkp`cnm
(rmkëtcsm c `ds rdackgmjtds,
`c ^mnngþj 31). ncsd dismrvm cèujc ldèurc
Gjspmnngdjm `c cnngþj am` ckdrtgeucadr trcsmrd
ndkprgkgmjad m` mxtrmkd trcsmrd vcrgcs vmnms.
Gjspmnngdjm m` ndjfujtd am` ckdrtgeucadr ndj rmspmntd c
buecs, acóds d bgfcadrms sum`tds.
Ymmkp`cnm `ds ndkpdjmjtms qum jd sm pumacj rmpcrcr.
Cprgmtm tdacs `cs tumrncs y pmrjds.
>-93

KCJQMJGKGMJQD \Y9=?
Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 31 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj

rmspmntd c smrvgngds mj m` ckdrtgeucadr.
Q]MYNC^, _MYJD^ W BGFCADYM^

Nmrngþrmsm am qum tdads `ds pmrjds y tumrncs am` nlcsgs mstçj
cprmtcads c` pcr am cprgmtm ndrrmntd (pãe. 3-3>).
3- 3>).
Rmrgbgqum sg tdads `ds pcscadrms lmjagads, prmjamadrms am

smeurgaca, circzcamrcs am kcjeumrcs y sdpdrtms am nci`ms
mstãj uigncads y bgfcads ndrrmntckmjtm.
Y]MAC^/JM]KÃQGND^
_crc vmrgbgncr sg `ds rdackgmjtds am `cs rumacs mstãj
amsecstcads trcim `cs rumacs am`cjtmrc y trcsmrc. Gjtmjtm
kdvmr`cs `ctmrc`kmjtm.
Ymmkp`cnm `ds rdackgmjtds mj ncsd am qum mstçj b`dfds

(rmkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 3> u 31).
Qrcim `c ldrqug``c. @mvcjtm `c rumac am`cjtmrc am` sum`d y

gjspmnngþjm`c ndj rmspmntd c ldèurcs. Egrm `c rumac y
vmrgbgqum sg su rdtcngþj ms sucvm, sgj rugads cjdrkc`ms.
Mj ncsd am qum `c rumac prmsmjtm uj kdvgkgmjtd grrmeu`cr d

rugad, gjspmnngdjm sus rdackgmjtds.
Cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc bgrkmkmjtm mj uj sdpdrtm camnucad y
`mvcjtm `c rumac trcsmrc am` sum`d.
Rmrgbgqum `c rumac y m` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm ndj rmspmntd

c ldèurcs. Egrm `c rumac y vmrgbgqum sg su rdtcngþj ms sucvm,
sgj rugads cjdrkc`ms.
Mj ncsd am qum `c rumac prmsmjtm uj kdvgkgmjtd grrmeu`cr d

rugad, gjspmnngdjm sus rdackgmjtds.
^g lcy sdspmnlcs am ndjagngdjms cjdrkc`ms, ndkprumim `ds

rdackgmjtds am `c rumac trcsmrc.
JDQC
Ndkd `c gjspmnngþj am` irczd dsng`cjtm sm gjnùym mj mstm
prdnmagkgmjtd, csmeörmsm am ndjbgrkcr `c uigncngþj am `c
ldèurc. D smc6 sg `c ldèurc sm prmsmjtc mj `ds
rdackgmjtds am `c rumac d mj m` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm.
>-99

\Y9=? KCJQMJGKGMJQD
JDQC
• ^m amim gjspmnngdjcr `c prmsgþj ndj `ds jmukãtgnds
BYËD^.
• Ndkpruçim`c,
jmukãtgnds. utg`gzcjad uj kcjþkmtrd pcrc
_YM^GÞJ YMNDKMJACAC W AGKMJ^GÞJ AM @D^

JM]KÃQGND^
Am`cjtmrd Qrcsmrd
_rmsgþj am `ds 3=? h_c (3,=? 3=? h_c (3,=?
jmukãtgnds heb/nk9, 99
99 psg
psg)) heb/
heb/nk
nk9, 99 psg)
Agkmj
Agkmjsgþ
sgþj
j am`
am` jmuk
jmukãtg
ãtgnd
nd 7?/
7?/7?
7? „ 93 =1
=1 ^ 39?
39?/<?
/<? „ 3<
3< 29^
29^
Kcrnc/Kdam`d/Kmtzm`mr MJA]YD > MJA]YD >
Gjspmnngdjm `ds jmukãtgnds ndj rmspmntd c ndrtms, n`cvds

gjnrustcads d dtrds acóds.
Rmrgbgqum
(rmkëtcsm `c c`gjmcngþj
c `cs am 3>
smnngdjms `csyrumacs
31). am`cjtmrc y trcsmrc
Kgac `c prdbujagaca am` surncad mj m` nmjtrd am `ds

jmukãtgnds.
Ymmkp`cnm `ds jmukãtgnds mj ncsd am qum `c prdbujagaca am`

surncad lcyc c`ncjzcad m` `ëkgtm am smrvgngd6
_rdbujagaca këjgkc am` surncad am` jmukãtgnd6

Am`cjtmrd6 Lcstc m` gjagncadr am amsecstm
Qrcsmrd6 Lcstc m` gjagncadr am amsecstm
YDACKGMJQD^ AM @C ND@]KJC AM
AGYMNNGÞJ
JDQC
Rmrgbgqum sg `ds nci`ms am ndjtrd` jd gjtmrbgmrmj mj m`
kdvgkgmjtd am` kcjg``cr.
Cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc bgrkmkmjtm y `mvcjtm `c rumac am`cjtmrc
am` sum`d.
Rmrgbgqum sg m` kcjg``cr sm kumvm `girmkmjtm am uj `cad c

dtrd.
Mj ncsd am qum m` kcjg``cr sm kumvc am kdad grrmeu`cr,

prmsmjtcjad ctcsnckgmjtd d uj kdvgkgmjtd vmrtgnc`,
gjspmnngdjm `ds rdackgmjtds am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj
(^mnngþj 3>).
>-9>


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
W ^GJ GJN]YYGY MJ JGJEÖJ QG_D AM GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
DI@GECNGÞJ. ^M _YDLËIM
_CYNGC@ D QDQC@ AM M^QC@C YM_YDA]NNGÞJ
_]I@GNCNGÞJ, ^GJ

\Y9=? 1. ^G^QMKC AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ

AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QMKC AM BG@QYD AM QCKGV 1-5
@]IYGNCNGÞJ 1-?
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 1-3 YCAGCADY AM CNMGQM 1-<
Q]ID AM CNMGQM AM@ YCAGCADY/
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 1-9 Q]ID AM CNMGQM AM @C N]@CQC 1-7
IDKIC AM CNMGQM 1->
a
• @ds smrvgngds y rmpcrds mj `c idkic am cnmgtm sm pumamj mbmntucr ndj m` kdtdr gjstc`cad mj m` nlcsgs.
•• @ds prdnmagkgmjtds
Jd pmrkgtc amsnrgptds
qum pd`vd d sungmacamjpmjmtrmj
mstc smnngþj
mj m`smkdtdr
amimjaurcjtm
mbmntucrmàmspuçs am` armjcfm
amskdjtcfm am` cnmgtm
d gjstc`cngþj am `cam` kdtdr.
idkic am cnmgtm.
• Mj ncsd am qum nuc`qugmr ndkpdjmjtm am `c idkic am cnmgtm mstç amsecstcad kãs c``ã am `ds `ëkgtms am smrvgngd
mspmngbgncads, rmmkp`cnm `c idkic ndkd uj ndjfujtd.
• Amspuçs am `c gjstc`cngþj am `c idkic am cnmgtm, nmrngþrmsm am qum jd lcyc buecs y am qum `c prmsgþj am cnmgtm mstç
ndrrmntc.
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^ ]jgaca6 kk

Ncpcngaca am cnmgtm C` armjcr 3,= ` ‑
am` kdtdr C` nckigcr m` bg`trd 3,= ` ‑
C` amskdjtcr 3,< ` ‑
Cnmgtm pcrc kdtdr rmndkmjacad KDIG@ ^]_MYKDQD 1Q
N`csgbgncngþj am smrvgngd C_G6 ^B ‑
Idk
dki
ic am
am cnm
cnmggtm Ld`
dèu
eurc
rc mj
mjtr
trmm `ds
`ds rd
rdtd
tdrm
rmss gj
gjtm
tmrrjd y Rgsndsgaca6 ^CM 9?U-=?
?,3= ?,9?
mxtmrjd
Ldèurc mjtrm m` rdtdr mxtmrjd y `c ?,3= „ ?,93 ?,9=
ncrncsc am `c idkic
Ldèurc mjtrm `ds rdtdrms y m` b`cjnd am `c ?,?9 „ ?,?< ?,39
ncrncsc am `c idkic
1-3

^G^QMKC AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ \Y9=?
AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QMKC AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ

1-?

Jgvm` am cnmgtm amkcsgcad icfd
• Ndjsukd jdrkc` am cnmgtm
• Buec mxtmrjc am cnmgtm
• Amsecstm d gjstc`cngþj gjndrrmntc am `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj
• Amsecstm am `c euëc d am` rmtçj am cnmgtm am` vãstced am `c vã`vu`c
v ã`vu`c
Icfc prmsgþj am cnmgtm

• Distrunngþj am` drgbgngd am cnmgtm
• Qgpd am cnmgtm gjcamnucad
• Distrunngþj am` bg`trd am tckgz
• Amsecstm d acód am `c idkic am cnmgtm
• Buec gjtmrjc am cnmgtm
• Jgvm` am cnmgtm mxnmsgvckmjtm icfd
_rmsgþj am cnmgtm gjmxgstmjtm

• Jgvm` am cnmgtm amkcsgcad icfd
• Mjercjcfms am kcjad am `c idkic am cnmgtm rdtds
• Acód mj `c idkic am cnmgtm (mfm am `c idkic)
•• Buec gjtmrjc
Rã`vu`c am cnmgtm
am c`gvgd ctcsncac mj `c pdsgngþj cigmrtc
C`tc prmsgþj am cnmgtm

• Distrunngþj am` bg`trd am cnmgtm, am `ds ndjauntds d am` drgbgngd ercaucadr
• Qgpd am cnmgtm gjcamnucad
• Rã`vu`c am c`gvgd ctcsncac mj `c pdsgngþj nmrrcac
1-9

\Y9=? ^G^QMKC AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ

@ ]IYGNCNGÞJ
MJEYCJCFM KCJACAD AM @C IDKIC AM CNMGQM

IDKIC AM CNMGQM
AM^KDJQCFM

Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr (pãegjc
7->).
Sugtm m` mjercjcfm kcjacad am `c idkic am cnmgtm y m` mfm.
MFM IDKIC AM CNMGQM
Sugtm `ds trms pmrjds y m` ndjfujtd am `c idkic am cnmgtm.
_MYJD
Sugtm `cs ads mspgecs am euëc.
M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
CJG@@D QÞYGND M^_GEC AM E]ËC
AM^CYKCAD
Sugtm `c mspgec am euëc y m` cjg``d tþrgnd.
1->

Sugtm `ds trms pmrjds y `c tcpc am `c idkic am cnmgtm.
_MYJD
M^_GEC
M^_GEC^
^ AM
AM E]ËC
E]ËC YDQ
YDQDY
DY GJQ
GJQMYJ
MYJD
D
Sugtm `ds rdtdrms gjtmrjd y mxtmrjd.
Sugtm `cs ads mspgecs am euëc.
YDQDY M\QMYJD
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm tdacs `cs pgmzcs qugtcacs.
Gjstc`m tmkpdrc`kmjtm `ds rdtdrms gjtmrjd y mxtmrjd mj `c

ncrncsc am `c idkic am cnmgtm.
Gjstc`m m` mfm am `c idkic am cnmgtm.
Kgac `c ldèurc mjtrm `ds rdtdrms gjtmrjd y mxtmrjd.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd ?,9? kk

Kgac `c ldèurc mjtrm m` rdtdr mxtmrjd y `c ncrncsc am `c
idkic.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd ?,9= kk
1-1


@ ]IYGNCNGÞJ
Kgac `c ldèurc mjtrm `ds rdtdrms y m` b`cjnd am `c ncrncsc am

`c idkic, utg`gzcjad uj nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms y ujc rme`c
am prmngsgþj.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd ?,39 kk
CYKCAD C
N
M
YDQDY
G
Q
M GJQMYJD M^_GEC AM E]ËC
J]MRD
CJG@@D
QÞYGND
_MYJD
C
N
M
YDQDY
G
Q
M
M\QMYJD
M^_GEC AM E]ËC QC_C AM @C

IDKIC AM CNMGQM
YDQDY M\QMYJD
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Cjtms am` crkcad, `gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm tdacs `cs pgmzcs
qugtcacs ndj agsd`vmjtm y sçqum`cs.
Gjstc`m `ds rdtdrms mxtmrjd y gjtmrjd mj `c ncrncsc am `c

idkic.
Cicstmznc `c idkic ndj ?,= „ 3,? nk> am cnmgtm pcrc kdtdr.
YDQDY GJQMYJD
1-=

M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
Gjstc`m `cs mspgecs am euëc y `c tcpc am `c idkic am cnmgtm.
Gjstc`m `ds trms pmrjds y cprgçtm`ds bgrkmkmjtm.
_MYJD^
Gjstc`m `cs ads mspgecs am euëc.
M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd am `c idkic am cnmgtm.

Gjstc`m `ds trms pmrjds y cprgçtm`ds bgrkmkmjtm.
_MYJD
1-2


@ ]IYGNCNGÞJ
Gjstc`m m` mfm am `c idkic c`gjmcjad `cs supmrbgngms p`cjcs am`

mfm y am` rdtdr gjtmrjd.
MFM AM @C IDKIC AM CNMGQM
Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm kcjacad am `c idkic am cnmgtm,

c`gjmcjad `cs supmrbgngms p`cjcs am` drgbgngd am` mjercjcfm y
am` mfm am `c idkic.
Gjstc`m `c mspgec am euëc y m` cjg``d tþrgnd mj `c ndjmxgþj am `c

idkic am cnmgtm. MJEYCJCFM KCJACAD AM @C IDKIC AM CNMGQM
CJG@@D QÞYGND M^_GEC AM E]ËC
JDQC
^gmkprm rmmkp`cnm m` cjg``d tþrgnd pdr ujd jumvd.
@gkpgm m` bg`trd am tckgz am cnmgtm (vmc m` ëtmk cicfd).
Gjstc`m `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr (pãegjc

7-3>).
Amspuçs am `c gjstc`cngþj, cicstmznc m` kdtdr ndj m` cnmgtm

rmndkmjacad (pãegjc >-39) y nmrngþrmsm am qum jd lcyc
buecs.
BG@QYD AM QCKGV
Mbmntöm m` armjcfm am` cnmgtm am` kdtdr.
7->).
Sugtm m` bg`trd am tckgz am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.

@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm m` tckgz am` bg`trd utg`gzcjad uj
agsd`vmjtm jd gjb`ckci`m.
Gjspmnngdjm m` tckgz am` bg`trd ndj rmspmntd c acóds y

distrunngþj. Mjsmeugac, gjstc`m jumvckmjtm m` bg`trd am tckgz
t ckgz
mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
7-3>).
BG@QYD AM QCKGV
1-5

YCAGCADY AM CNMGQM
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `cs p`cncs amb`mntdrcs `ctmrc`ms (pãegjc 9->).
Mbmntöm m` armjcfm am` cnmgtm am` kdtdr (pãegjc >-39).

>-3 9).
ûm`tm `ds pmrjds y `cs ndjmxgdjms supmrgdrms am `ds tuids am

cnmgtm am` rcagcadr, qugtcjad `ds ads pmrjds.
_MYJD^
QC_C
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am` rcagcadr am cnmgtm y `ds
mspcngcadrms. Mjsmeugac, qugtm m` rcagcadr.
g
YCAGCADY
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `cs c`mtcs am` rcagcadr. AM CNMGQM
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Gjspmnngdjm `ds ndjauntds am cgrm am` rcagcadr am cnmgtm ndj
rmspmntd c distrunngþj d acóds.
Mjamrmnm `cs c`mtcs utg`gzcjad uj amstdrjg``cadr pmqumód.

Sugtm gjsmntds, icrrd d nuc`qugmr dtrd tgpd am distrunngþj,
utg`gzcjad cgrm ndkprgkgad d ceuc c icfc prmsgþj.
Mj ncsd am qum m` bùfd am cgrm mstç rmstrgntd mj kãs am 9?%
am `c supmrbgngm am rcagcngþj, rmmkp`cnm m` rcagcadr.
Gjspmnngdjm m` rcagcadr y `ds ndjauntds am cnmgtm ndj

rmspmntd c buecs.
Gjstc`m `ds mspcngcadrms y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds pmrjds am

bgfcngþj am` rcagcadr am cnmgtm.
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr `gkpgd c `ds jumvds cjg``ds tþrgnds m
gjstã`m`ds mj `cs ndjmxgdjms supmrgdrms am `ds tuids am cnmgtm
am` rcagcadr. NDJM\GÞJ
AM@ Q]ID
AM CNMGQM
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm
`ds tuids bgrkmkmjtm
am cnmgtm `ds pmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms am
am` rcagcadr.
C
N
M
J]MRD G
Q
M
YCAGC
YCAGCADY
ADY AM
AM CNMGQM
CNMGQM _MY
_MYJD^
JD^/C
/CJG@
JG@@D^
@D^ QÞYGN
QÞYGND^
D^
1-<


@ ]IYGNCNGÞJ
Q]ID AM CNMGQM AM@ YCAGCADY/Q]ID

AM CNMGQM AM @C N]@CQC
AM^KDJQCFM
Mbmntöm m` armjcfm am` cnmgtm am` kdtdr (pãegjc >-39).

Sugtm `cs p`cncs amb`mntdrcs `ctmrc`ms (pãegjc 9->).
Q]ID AM CNMGQM AM@ YCAGCADY

Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms supmrgdrms am `ds tuids am
cnmgtm am` rcagcadr (`cad am` rcagcadr am cnmgtm/pãegjc 1-<).
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms gjbmrgdrms am `ds tuids am _MYJD^/Q]ID^ AM CNMGQM/CJG@@D^ QÞYGND^
cnmgtm am` rcagcadr y `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds am `c tcpc `ctmrc` Q]ID^ AM CNMGQM AM@ YCAGCADY
amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Sugtm `ds tuids am cnmgtm.
Q]ID AM CNMGQM AM @C N]@CQC

Sugtm m` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc (pãegjc 5-<) y am `c
ncrncsc am` kdtdr (pãegjc 33-3>).
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Quid am cnmgtm am` rcagcadr
Gjspmnngdjm `ds tuids am cnmgtm am` rcagcadr ndj rmspmntd c

distrunngþj, ergmtcs d acóds.
Q]ID^ AM CNMGQM AM @C N]@CQC
Quid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc
Gjspmnngdjm `ds tuids am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc ndj rmspmntd c

distrunngþj, ergmtcs d acóds.
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Quid am cnmgtm am` rcagcadr

Gjstc`m `cs ndjmxgdjms supmrgdrms am `ds tuids am cnmgtm am`
rcagcadr mj m` rcagcadr am cnmgtm (pãegjc 1-<).
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `ds jumvds cjg``ds tþrgnds.

Gjstc`m `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds, `cs mspgecs am euëc y `ds tuids am
cnmgtm am` rcagcadr mj `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am`
kdtdr.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds pmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms

gjbmrgdrms am `ds tuids am cnmgtm am` rcagcadr.
Gjstc`m `cs p`cncs amb`mntdrcs `ctmrc`ms (pãegjc 9->).
Quid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc
Gjstc`m m` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc mj `c nu`ctc (pãegjc 5-37)

y mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr (pãegjc 33-3>).
Cicstmznc m` kdtdr ndj m` cnmgtm rmndkmjacad y ndkprumim

m` jgvm` am cnmgtm (pãegjc >-39).
_MYJD^/Q]ID^ AM CNMGQM/CJG@@D^ QÞYGND^
1-7


smrvgngd pcrc `c kdtdngn`mtc \Y9=? (^g``ëj c`td/ NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^g``ëj icfd).
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M
9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5
Y
Q NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ
W
Y
D
Q MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^
<7
cnumrad ndj su uigncngþj. D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
^
c `c ^mnngþj 93, Gjvmstgecngþj am Cvmrëcs. C Y]MAC QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^G
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ

L
N
BYMJD LGAYÃ]@GND
31
3=
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
AGCEYCKC AM NCI@MCAD
_MYKG^D _DY M^NYGQD
M^QM AM KDQD ^M
LDJAC
LC AC
CKCVÑJGC @QAC. KCJ]C@
9?

\Y9=? =. ^G^QMKC AM NDKI]^QGI@M

GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD =-3 CYKCAD AM@ NCYI]YCADY =-7
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ =-> GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ NCYI]YCADY =-3>
NCFC AM@ BG@QYD AM CGYM =-1 RÃ@R]@C

AM@ CYYCJ
AMS]
MJYGS]MNGKGMJQD
M (^M) =-3>
YMKDNGÞJ AM@ NCYYI]YCADY =-1
CF]^QM AM@ QDYJG@@D _G@DQD =-31
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ NCYI]YCADY =-=
AM^CYKCAD/GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM@
AM^CYKCAD/GJ^_MNNGÞJ
NCYI]YCADY =-=
a
• @c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) ms c`tckmjtm gjb`ckci`m y mxp`dsgvc icfd ngmrtcs ndjagngdjms. KCJQÇJEC@C B]MYC AM@
trcicfd mstç igmj vmjtg`cad. Jujnc pdjec m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj ãrmcs nmrrcacs.
• @ds ecsms am` msncpm ndjtgmjmj kdjþxgad am ncridjd vmjmjdsd, qum pumam ncuscr `c pçragac am ndjngmjngc m
gjnùsd `c kumrtm. Cnngdjm m` kdtdr mj uj `dnc` cigmrtd, d mj uj `dnc` nmrrcad qum mstç mqugpcad ndj uj sgstmkc am
• Nci`ms am ndjtrd` tdrngads d adi`cads jd bujngdjcj am bdrkc sucvm y pumamj cecrrdtcrsm d ctcsncrsm, rmsu`tcjad mj `c
pçragac am ndjtrd` am `c kdtdngn`mtc.
• Qrcicfm mj ãrmcs igmj vmjtg`cacs. @c prmsmjngc am ngecrrg``ds, ``ckcs d nlgspcs mj m` `dnc` am trcicfd d adjam sm
c`kcnmjc `c ecsd`gjc (jcbtc) pumam ncuscr gjnmjagd d mxp`dsgþj.
• Ymkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 9-1 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj rmspmntd c` amskdjtcfm m gjstc`cngþj am` tcjqum am
ndkiustgi`m.
• Cjtms am amscrkcr m` ncriurcadr, nd`dqum uj rmngpgmjtm camnucad amicfd am `c nuimtc am` b`dtcadr, sum`tm m` m ` tdrjg``d am
armjcfm y armjm m` ncriurcadr.
• Amspuçs am qugtcr m` ncriurcadr prdtmfc m` drgbgngd am cakgsgþj am` kdtdr ndj uj pcód d nöirc`d ndj ngjtc calmsgvc,
ndj m` difmtd am mvgtcr `c pmjmtrcngþj am kctmrgc`ms mxtrcóds mj m` gjtmrgdr am` kdtdr.
• C` amscrkcr `ds ndkpdjmjtms am` sgstmkc am ndkiustgi`m, dismrvm `c uigncngþj am `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds. Ymmkp`ãnm`ds
pdr dtrds jumvds aurcjtm `c gjstc`cngþj.
=-3

^G^QMKC AM NDKI]^QGI@M \Y9=?

=-?

M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^
Jökmrd am gamjtgbgncngþj am` ncriurcadr RMC3C
ûrtgadr prgjngpc` 319
ûrtgadr am` rc`mjtë 1=
Cpmrturc gjgngc` am` tdrjg``d pg`dtd > vum`tcs lcngc bumrc
Jgvm` am` b`dtcadr 3<,= kk
Ydtcngþj am` rc`mjtë 3.1?? ³ 3?? rpk
LMYYCKGMJQC
Nc`gircadr am` jgvm` am` b`dtcadr ?51?3-??3????
=-9

\Y9=? ^G^QMKC AM NDKI]^QGI@M
M` kdtdr egrc, pmrd jd crrcjnc M` kdtdr mstcjnc, crrcjnc ndj agbgnu`tcad d prmsmjtc
• Jd lcy ndkiustgi`m mj m` tcjqum rc`mjtë grrmeu`cr
• Jd lcy ndkiustgi`m mj m` ncriurcadr • Ymstrgnngþj mj `c `ëjmc am ndkiustgi`m
„ Bg`trd am ndkiustgi`m distrugad • Kmzn`c am ndkiustgi`m amkcsgcad rgnc/pdirm
• „Mxnmsd
@ëjmc am ndkiustgi`m distrugac
am ndkiustgi`m mj m` kdtdr •• Ndkiustgi`m ndjtckgjcad/amtmrgdrcad
_mjmtrcngþj bc`sc am cgrm mj `c cakgsgþj
„ Bg`trd am cgrm distrugad • Yc`mjtë amscfustcad
„ Ncriurcadr gjujacad • Qdrjg``d pg`dtd amscfustcad
• _mjmtrcngþj bc`sc am cgrm mj `c cakgsgþj • Bg`trd am cgrm distrugad
• Ndkiustgi`m ndjtckgjcad/amtmrgdrcad • Ngrnugtd am` rc`mjtë distrugad
• Bujngdjckgmjtd gjndrrmntd am` mstrcjeu`cadr • Rã`vu`c am mjrgqumngkgmjtd am` crrcjqum (^M) ctcsncac
• Bujngdjckgmjtd gjndrrmntd am` cnm`mrcadr mj `c pdsgngþj cigmrtc
• Jd lcy nlgspcs mj `c iufëc am mjnmjagad (sgstmkc am • ^gstmkc am mjnmjagad ambmntudsd (rmkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj
mjnmjagad ambmntudsd) (rmkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 35). 35).
• Jgvm` am` b`dtcadr gjndrrmntd
Kmzn`c pdirm
• ûrtgadrms am ndkiustgi`m distrugads Ndkiustgþj rmtcracac nucjad sm usc m` brmjd kdtdr
• Rã`vu`c am` b`dtcadr ambmntudsc • Kmzn`c amkcsgcad pdirm mj m` ngrnugtd am` rc`mjtë
• Jgvm` am` b`dtcadr amkcsgcad icfd • ^gstmkc am mjnmjagad ambmntudsd (rmkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj
• Ymstrgnngþj mj `c `ëjmc am ndkiustgi`m 35).
• Quid am rmspgrd
_mjmtrcngþj bc`scam`
amncriurcadr distrugad
cgrm mj `c cakgsgþj Ndjtrc mxp`dsgdjms d bc``c mj `c ndkiustgþj aurcjtm `c
• _gstþj am vcnëd ambmntudsd cnm`mrcngþj
• Kmzn`c amkcsgcad pdirm
Kmzn`c rgnc • ^gstmkc am mjnmjagad ambmntudsd (rmkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj
• Rã`vu`c am mjrgqumngkgmjtd am` crrcjqum (^M) ctcsncac 35)
mj `c pdsgngþj cigmrtc
• ûrtgadrms am cgrm distrugads Icfd amsmkpmód (kcjmfd) y ndjsukd mxnmsgvd am
• Rã`vu`c am` b`dtcadr ambmntudsc ndkiustgi`m
• Jgvm` am` b`dtcadr amkcsgcad c`td • ^gstmkc am ndkiustgi`m distrugad
• Bg`trd am cgrm sungd • ^gstmkc am mjnmjagad ambmntudsd (rmkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj
• _gstþj am vcnëd ambmntudsd 35)
=->

NCFC AM@ BG@QYD AM CGYM

AM^KDJQCFM/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
„ Qcjqum am ndkiustgi`m (pãegjc 9-1)
„ Eucracbcjeds
Ictmrëc (pãegjctrcsmrd
32-1) (pãegjc 9->)
„ Gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am` crrcjqum (pãegjc 3<-33)
Cb`dfm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc am` tuid am ndjmxgþj am`

bg`trd am cgrm.
QDYJG@@D AM @C CIYCVCAMYC
QDYJG@@D^ NCYNC^C AM@ BG@QYD AM CGYM
Amsndjmntm m` tuid am rmspgrd am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Sugtm `ds ads pmrjds

pmrjds y `c tcpc am `c ncfc am` bg`trd
bg`trd am cgrm.
@c gjstc`cngþj am `cs pgmzcs sm rmc`gzc mj m` dramj gjvmrsd c`

amskdjtcfm.
Q]ID AM YM^_GYD AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY

NCYNC^C
AM^CYKCAD
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y smpcrm `c ncrncsc am` bg`trd am cgrm.
QDYJG@@D^
IC^M NCYNC^C
Sugtm `c icsm am` bg`trd am cgrm.

amskdjtcfm.
=-1

NCYI]YCADY CF]^QCADYM^
AM^KDJQCFM
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ NCYI]YCADY
Sugtm m` tcjqum am ndkiustgi`m (pãegjc 9-1)
Cb`dfm `ds tdrjg``ds am `c circzcamrc am` cgs`cadr y am `c QDYJG@@D AM @C

CIYCVCAMYC
circzcamrc am` tuid am ndjmxgþj.
Sugtm m` nci`m am` mkirceum.
Cb`dfm `cs ndjtrctumrncs am `ds cfustcadrms am `ds nci`ms am`

cnm`mrcadr y `ds cfustcadrms.
Sugtm `ds nci`ms am` tckidr am` cnm`mrcadr. Sugtm m` numrpd

am` ncriurcadr. QDYJG@@D
QDYJG@@D AM @C CIYCVCA
CIYCVCAMYC
MYC NCI@
NCI@M^
M^
Sugtm m` ncriurcadr am` nlcsgs.
_MYJD AM CNM@MYCNGÞJ
AM^CYKCAD AM@ NCYI]YCADY
Sugtm `c vã`vu`c am mjrgqumngkgmjtd am` crrcjqum (^M).
Sugtm m` pmrjd am cnm`mrcngþj am` cnm`mrcadr.
Q]ID AM AYMJCFM/Q]ID AM YM^_GYD

Sugtm m` tuid am armjcfm am ndkiustgi`m/tui
ndkiustgi`m/tuid
d am rmspgrd.
=-=

QDYJG@@D^ QC_C
NÃKCYC AM RCNËD
Sugtm `ds nuctrd tdrjg``ds, `ds sdpdrtms am `ds tuids y `c tcpc
am `c nãkcrc am vcnëd.
JDQC
M` rmsdrtm am ndkprmsgþj ms kuy `cred. C` qugtcr `c tcpc,
tmjec nugacad pcrc qum m` rmsdrtm jd sc`tm am` ncriurcadr.
QDYJG@@D^/^D_DYQM^
YM^DYQM AM NDK_YM^GÞJ QC_C
Sugtm m` rmsdrtm am ndkprmsgþj y m` agcbrcekc/pgstþj am vcnëd
am` numrpd am` ncriurcadr.
AGCBYCEKC/_G^QÞJ AM RCNËD
^D_DYQM AM @C CE]FC
Egrm m` sdpdrtm am `c ceufc mj smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd kgmjtrcs
`d prmsgdjc. Sugtm `cs irgacs am` sdpdrtm am `cs rcjurcs am`
pgstþj am vcnëd.
Sugtm m` sdpdrtm am `c ceufc, m` rmsdrtm y `c ceufc am` pgstþj

am vcnëd.
Ndkprumim `d sgeugmjtm6
„ Sum `c ceufc jd mstç amkcsgcad amsecstcac
„ Sum m` pgstþj am vcnëd jd mstç amsecstcad d acócad CE]FC
„ Sum m` agcbrcekc jd mstç pgncad, amtmrgdrcad d acócad
JDQC YM^DYQM
Mj ncsd am qum m` agcbrcekc prmsmjtm nuc`qugmr tgpd am
acód, cöj qum smc sd`ckmjtm uj pgnd, m` cgrm pmjmtrcrã mj
`c nãkcrc am vcnëd.
^D_DYQM AM @C CE]FC
=-2


^D_DYQM AM @D^
QDYJG@@D^ CF]^QCADYM^ AM @D^ NCI@M^
RÃ@R]@C AM NDYQM AM CGYM
Sugtm `ds ads tdrjg``ds y m` sdpdrtm am `ds cfustcadrms am `ds
nci`ms.
QC_C
Sugtm `c tcpc am `c vã`vu`c, m` rmsdrtm y m` agcbrcekc.
JDQC
M` rmsdrtm am `c vã`vu`c am ndrtm am cgrm mstã icfd prmsgþj.
C` qugtcr `c tcpc, tmjec nugacad pcrc qum m`

m ` rmsdrtm jd sc`tm.
QDYJG@@D^
YM^DYQM
Sugtm m` rmsdrtm y m` vã`vu`c am ndrtm am cgrm/agcbrcekc.
„ Sum m` agcbrcekc jd mstç pgncad, amtmrgdrcad d acócad
„ Sum m` rmsdrtm jd mstç amig`gtcad
„ Sum `c ceufc am` agcbrcekc jd mstç amsecstcac
„ Sum `ds ndjauntds am cgrm jd mstçj distrugads
AGCBYCEKC QC_C
QDYJG@@D^ N]IMQC AM@ B@DQCADY
N]IMQC AM@ B@DQCADY W ^]YQGADYM^
Sugtm `ds nuctrd tdrjg``ds y `c nuimtc am` b`dtcadr.
=-5

_@CNC AMB@MNQDYC
Sugtm `c p`cnc amb`mntdrc.
B@DQCADY _C^CADY
Sugtm m` pcscadr am` b`dtcadr, m` b`dtcadr y su vã`vu`c.
Ndkprumim m` b`dtcadr ndj rmspmntd c acóds, ambdrkcngþj d

prmsmjngc am ndkiustgi`m.
RÃ@R]@C AM@ B@DQCADY

Ndkprumim `ds sgeugmjtm6
„ Rã`vu`c y csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c ndj rmspmntd c rcycs,
distrunngþj d acóds.
„ Mxtrmkgaca am `c vã`vu`c am` b`dtcadr mj `c ãrmc am ndjtcntd
ndj m` csgmjtd, ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm mxnmsgvd d
ndjtckgjcngþj.
„ Dpmrcngþj am `c vã`vu`c am` b`dtcadr.
Sugtm m` surtgadr prgjngpc`, m` pu`vmrgzcadr, m` surtgadr am

ceufc y m` surtgadr am` rc`mjtë.
g ^]YQ
^]YQGA
GADY
DY _Y
_YGJ
GJNG
NG_C
_C@@ _]@R
_]@RMY
MYGV
GVCA
CADY
DY
Qmjec nugacad c` kcjgpu`cr `ds surtgadrms, pums mstds sdj
kuy vu`jmrci`ms c rcycs. ^]YQGADY
AM@ YC@MJQË
Egrm m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd lcngc amjtrd. Numjtm m` jökmrd am
vum`tcs, lcstc qum m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd sm csgmjtm `gemrckmjtm.
Cjdtm mstm actd y utg`ënm`d ndkd rmbmrmjngc c` rmgjstc`cr m`
tdrjg``d pg`dtd.
g
^g sm cprgmtc mxnmsgvckmjtm m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd, su csgmjtd
pdarã acócrsm.
QDYJG@@D _G@DQD
=-<


CJG@@D
CJG@@D C^GM
C^GMJQ
JQD
D AM
AM@@
QÞY
QÞYGND YM^
M^DY
DYQQM
Sugtm m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd, m` rmsdrtm, `c crcjam`c y m` cjg``d
tþrgnd.
Ndkprumim `ds surtgadrms ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.

Ymmkp`ãnm`ds, sg jmnmscrgd. YM^DYQM
Ndkprumim m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d QDYJG@@D

acóds. @gkpgm `ds surtgadrms ndj uj agsd`vmjtm am `gkpgmzc y _G@DQD
sþp`m`ds ndj cgrm ndkprgkgad. ^]YQGADY
AM CE]FC
@GK_GMVC AM@ NCYI]YCADY _]@RMYGVCADY
„ Agcbrcekc/pgstþj am vcnëd ^]YQGA
^]YQGADY
DY _YG
_YGJNG
JNG_C@
_C@ ^]YQGA
^]YQGADY
DY AM YC@
YC@MJQ
MJQË
Ë
„ ûrtgadr prgjngpc`, pu`vmrgzcadr, surtgadr am ceufc y surtgadr
am` rc`mjtë
„ Qdrjg``d pg`dtd
„ Rã`vu`c am ndrtm am cgrm
g
Jujnc utg`gnm uj pmaczd am c`ckirm pcrc `gkpgcr `ds
ndjauntds am cgrm, pums mstd pdarã acócr m` numrpd am`
ncriurcadr.
^dp`m tdads `ds ndjauntds am cgrm y ndkiustgi`m mj m` numrpd

am` ncriurcadr ndj cgrm ndkprgkgad.
CYKCAD AM@ NCYI]YCADY AGCBYCEKC/RÃ@R]@C

YM^DYQM AM NDYQM AM CGYM
QC_C AM @C RÃ@R]@C
AM NDYQM AM CGYM YM^DYQM
^]YQGADY RÃ@R]@C AM MJYGS]MNGKGMJQD

QC_C AM @C AM CE]FC AM@ CYYCJS]M (^M)
NÃKCYC AM RCNËD
N]MY_D AM@
NCYI]YCADY
_C@CJNC AM @C
YM^DYQM AM RÃ@R]@C (^M)
NDK_YM^GÞJ
^]YQGADY
AM@ YC@MJQË
^D_DYQM AM CJG@@D
^]YQGADY QÞYGND
@C CE]FC _YGJNG_C@
_@CNC YM^DYQM
YM^DYQM AMB@MNQDYC
QDYJG@@D C^GMJQD AM@
_G@DQD YM^DYQM
CE]FC RÃ@R]@C
AM@
B@DQCADY
B@DQCADY
QDYJG@@D
_C^CADY AM@ AM AYMJCFM
AGCBYCEKC/
_G^QÞJ AM RCNËD B@DQCADY CJG@@D
N]IMQC AM@ J]MRD
_MYJD AM B@DQCADY QÞYGND

CNM@MYCNGÞJ CJG@@D
J]MRD
QÞYGND
=-7


CJG@@D
CJG@@D C^
C^GM
GMJQ
JQD
D AM
AM@@
QÞY
QÞYGN
GND
D YM
YM^D
^DY YQM
N]IMQC AM@ B@DQCADY J]MRD
Gjstc`m m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd y rmtrdnçac`d lcngc su pdsgngþj

drgegjc`, am cnumrad ndj `ds actds cjdtcads aurcjtm m`
amskdjtcfm. YM^DYQM
Mj ncsd am qum lcyc gjstc`cad uj jumvd tdrjg``d
t drjg``d pg`dtd,
mbmntöm su cfustm (pãegjc =-3=). QDYJG@@D
g ^]YQGADY
AM CE]FC _G@DQD
_]@RMYGVCADY
pdarã acócrsm.
^]YQGADY
^]YQGADY _YG
_YGJNG
JNG_C
_C@@ ^]YQGA
^]YQGADY
DY AM YC
YC@MJ
@MJQË
QË
Gjstc`m m` surtgadr am ceufc, m` pu`vmrgzcadr, m` surtgadr
B@DQCADY _C^CADY
prgjngpc` y m` surtgadr am` rc`mjtë.
g
Qmjec nugacad c` kcjgpu`cr `ds surtgadrms, pums mstds
pumamj kcrncrsm d rcycrsm bãng`kmjtm.
Mjncfm `c vã`vu`c am` b`dtcadr mj m` irczd am` b`dtcadr.
Gjstc`m
numrpd m`
am`b`dtcadr, su vã`vu`c y m` pcscadr am` b`dtcadr mj m`
ncriurcadr.

_@CNC AMB@MNQDYC
Gjstc`m `c p`cnc amb`mntdrc.
NDK_YDICNGÞJ AM@ JGRM@ AM@ B@DQCADY
g
Cfustm m` nc`gircadr am` jgvm` am` b`dtcadr am kcjmrc qum
qumam pmrpmjagnu`cr c `c supmrbgngm am `c nuimtc, mj `c
pdsgngþj kãs c`tc am` b`dtcadr.
Ndj `c vã`vu`c am` b`dtcadr csmjtcac y m` irczd am` b`dtcadr NC@GIYCADY AM@ JGRM@ AM@ B@DQCADY
tdncjad sucvmkmjtm `c vã`vu`c, kgac m` jgvm` am` b`dtcadr ndj
`c lmrrckgmjtc rmndkmjacac.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Nc`gircadr am` jgvm` am` b`dtcadr ?51?3-??3????
Jgvm` am` b`dtcadr6 3<,= kk
M` b`dtcadr jd sm pumam cfustcr.
Mj ncsd am qum m` jgvm` mstç bumrc am `d mspmngbgncad,

rmmkp`cnm m` ndjfujtd am` b`dtcadr.
=-3?

CJG@@D QÞYGND N]IMQC AM@ B@DQCADY

Gjstc`m m` jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd mj `c rcjurc am `c nuimtc am`
b`dtcadr. J]MRD
QDYJG@@D^ N]IMQC AM@ B@DQCADY

Gjstc`m `c nuimtc am` b`dtcadr y cprgmtm `ds nuctrd tdrjg``ds.
YM^DYQM
AGCBYCEKC/RÃ@R]@C
AGCBYCEKC/RÃ@R]@C AM NDYQM AM CGYM
Gjstc`m m` agcbrcekc/vã`vu`c am ndrtm am cgrm y m` rmsdrtm.
Gjstc`m y kcjtmjec bgfc `c tcpc am `c vã`vu`c.
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd sufmtcr m` agcbrcekc.
AGCBY
AGCBYCEK
CEKC/R
C/RÃ@R
Ã@R]@C
]@C AM NDY
NDYQM
QM AM CG
CGYM
YM QC_
QC_C
C
^D_DYQM AM @D^
QDYJG@@D^ CF]^QCADYM^ AM @D^ NCI@M^
Gjstc`m `c tcpc y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds ads tdrjg``ds.
=-33

QC_C
Cfustm m` sdpdrtm am `ds cfustcadrms am `ds nci`ms mj `c
pdsgngþj ndrrmntc, am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj. Cprgmtm `ds
ads tdrjg``ds.
QDYJG@@D^
NÃKCYC AM RCNËD
Gjstc`m `c ceufc mj m` pgstþj am vcnëd. CE]FC
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm mj m` sdpdrtm am `c ceufc. _dsgngdjm m`

sdpdrtm am `c ceufc mj m` pgstþj am vcnëd. YM^DYQM
^D_DYQM AM @C CE]FC
^D_DYQM AM @C CE]FC
Egrm m` sdpdrtm am `c ceufc mj smjtgad ldrcrgd, kgmjtrcs `d
prmsgdjc, lcstc qum sm qumam trcicad.
Amspuçs am` egrd, nmrngþrmsm am qum `cs irgacs am` sdpdrtm y

`cs rcjurcs am` pgstþj mstçj igmj mjncfcacs.
Gjstc`m m` agcbrcekc/pgstþj am vcnëd mj m` numrpd am`

ncriurcadr.
@mvcjtm `c pcrtm gjbmrgdr am` pgstþj ndj su amad pcrc cfustcr YM^DYQM AM NDK_YM^GÞJ QC_C
`c `mjeðmtc am` agcbrcekc mj m` mjtc``cad am` numrpd am`
ncriurcadr.
Mjsmeugac, gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am ndkprmsgþj y `c tcpc am `c

nãkcrc am vcnëd.
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr m` rmsdrtm.
g
Qmjec
tcpc amnugacad pcrc
`c nãkcrc amjd sufmtcr m` agcbrcekc amicfd am `c
v cnëd.
vcnëd.
AGCB
AGCBYC
YCEK
EKC/
C/_G
_G^Q
^QÞJ
ÞJ AM RC
RCNË
NËD
D C`gj
C`gjmm
mm
=-39

QDYJG@@D^ QC_C
Gjstc`m `c tcpc, `ds sdpdrtms am `ds tuids y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm
b grkmkmjtm
`ds nuctrd tdrjg``ds.
QDYJG@@D^/^D_DYQM^
Q]ID AM AYMJCFM/Q]ID AM YM^_GYD
Ndjmntm m` tuid am ndkiustgi`m, m` tuid am rmspgrd y m` tuid
t uid
am armjcfm.
Gjstc`m m` pmrjd am cnm`mrcngþj.
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ NCYI]YCADY
Gjstc`m m` numrpd am` ncriurcadr c` cgs`cadr y c` tuid am
ndjmxgþj.
NCYI]YCADY CF]^QCADYM^
Gjstc`m `ds nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr mj m` tckidr am` cnm`mrcadr.
Gjstc`m `ds cfustcadrms mj m` sdpdrtm.
Gjstc`m m` nci`m am` mkirceum. QDYJG@@D AM @C

CIYCVCAMYC
Cprgmtm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc am` cgs`cadr y m` tdrjg``d am
`c circzcamrc am` tuid am ndjmxgþj.
Gjstc`m m` tuid am rmspgrd mj `c ncfc am` bg`trd am cgrm (pãegjc

=-1).
Gjstc`m `c vã`vu`c am mjrgqumngkgmjtd am` crrcjqum (^M).
QDYJG@
QDYJG@@D
@D AM
AM @C CIY
CIYCVC
CVCAMY
AMYC
C NCI
NCI@M^
@M^
=-3>

RÃ@R]@C AM MJYGS]MNGKGMJQD AM@

CYYCJS]M (^M)
Sugtm `c vã`vu`c am mjrgqumngkgmjtd am` crrcjqum (^M) (pãegjc
=-=).
Gjspmnngdjm `c vã`vu`c am mjrgqumngkgmjtd am` crrcjqum (^M)
ndj rmspmntd c kcrncs, rcycs d amsecstm.
Rmrgbgqum m` csgmjtd am `c mxtrmkgaca am `c vã`vu`c ^M ndj RÃ@R]@C AM

rmspmntd c amsecstm mxnmsgvd. MJYGS]MNGKGMJQD
Ymmkp`cnm m` ndjfujtd am `c vã`vu`c ^M, sg jmnmscrgd. AM@ CYYCJS]M (^M)

amskdjtcfm.
Amspuçs am `c gjstc`cngþj, vmrgbgqum sg `c pc`cjnc am `c vã`vu`c

^M bujngdjc sucvmkmjtm (pãegjc >-=).
CF]^QM AM@ QDYJG@@D _G@DQD

_YDNMAGKGMJQD _CYC CF]^QM AM @C YDQCNGÞJ
AM@ YC@MJQË
JDQC
M` tdrjg``d pg`dtd ms prmvgckmjtm cfustcad mj `c bãirgnc y
jd jmnmsgtc cfustms, c kmjds qum lcyc sgad rmmkp`czcad,
d qum m` ncriurcadr lcyc sgad amscrkcad. QDYJG@@D _G@DQD
3. Egrm m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd mj m` smjtgad ldrcrgd, lcstc qum sm

csgmjtm `gemrckmjtm. Mjsmeugac eërm`d mj m` smjtgad ndjtrc
ldrcrgd, lcstc qum c`ncjnm `c mspmngbgncngþj.
JDQC
pdarã acócrsm.
Cpmrturc gjgngc`6 > vum`tcs drgmjtcacs lcngc bumrc.
9. Nc`gmjtm m` kdtdr lcstc ditmjmr `c tmkpmrcturc jdrkc` am

bujngdjckgmjtd.
>. _crm m` kdtdr y ndjmntm m` tcnþkmtrd, sgeugmjad `cs
gjstrunngdjms am` bcirgncjtm.
1. Cnngdjm m` kdtdr y cfustm `c rdtcngþj am rc`mjtë c trcvçs am`
pmrjd am cnm`mrcngþj.
Ydtcngþj am` rc`mjtë6 3.1?? ³ 3?? rpk
=. Mjrdsqum d amsmjrdsqum `mjtckmjtm m` tdrjg``d pg`dtd pcrc

ditmjmr `c kãxgkc rdtcngþj am` kdtdr.
2. Cfustm jumvckmjtm `c rdtcngþj am rc`mjtë am cnumrad c`
vc`dr mspmngbgncad c trcvçs pmrjd am cnm`mrcngþj.
5. Nmrngþrmsm am qum `c rdtcngþj am` kdtdr kcjtçjecsm
mstci`m. Ympgtc `ds pcsds = y 2 lcstc qum `c rdtcngþj am`
kdtdr cukmjtm sucvmkmjtm.
<. Cfustm jumvckmjtm `c rdtcngþj am` rc`mjtë c trcvçs am`
pmrjd am cnm`mrcngþj.
=-31

JDQC^
=-3=


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
G@]^QYCNGDJM^,
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^GJ^QY]NNGDJM^
AM^NYG_QC^ MJW M^QC
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
M@CIDYCAD _CYC _MY^DJC^ S]M QMJECJ GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 93
]J NDJDNGKGMJQD
KCJQMJGKGMJQD AMIÃ^GND AM
KDQDNGN@MQC^ LDJAC.


\Y9=? 2. AM^KDJQCFM/
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ KDQDY
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 2-3 AM^KDJQCFM/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ

AM@ KDQDY 2-1
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ _GÓÞJ AM
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 2-> GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ _GÓÞJ AM
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 2-=
• ]tg`gnm ujc eröc d uj sdpdrtm camnucad pcrc cpdycr
c pdycr `c kdtdngn`mtc aurcjtm m` amskdjtcfm m gjstc`cngþj am` kdtdr.
• ]tg`gnm uj ectd am pgsd u dtrd sdpdrtm cfustci`m pcrc cpdycr y kcjdsmcr m` kdtdr.
• Mjncpm `c ãrmc c`rmamadr am` nlcsgs ndj ngjtc calmsgvc cjtms am` amskdjtcfm m gjstc`cngþj am` kdtdr.
• @ds rmpcrds y kcjtmjgkgmjtd am `ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms sm pumamj mbmntucr ndj m` kdtdr gjstc`cad mj m` nlcsgs.
„ C`tmrjcadr (^mnngþj 3?)
„ Ãrid` am `mvcs (^mnngþj 5)
„ Ncriurcadr (^mnngþj =)
„ Mkirceum/^m`mntdr am kcrnlcs (^mnngþj 7)
„ Nu`ctc/vã`vu`cs (^mnngþj 5)
„ Emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad (^mnngþj 35)
„„ Ng`gjard/pgstþj
Kdtdr am crrcjqum/mkirceum
(^mnngþj <) am` crrcjqum (^mnngþj 3<)
„ Idkic am cnmgtm (^mnngþj 1)
• _crc mbmntucr rmpcrds d kcjtmjgkgmjtd mj `ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms sm amim qugtcr m` kdtdr.
„ Ngeðmóc`/mqug`gircadr (^mnngþj 39)
„ Ldrqug``c am` nckigd/tckidr sm`mntdr am` nckigd am kcrnlcs (^mnngþj 33)
„ Qrcjskgsgþj (^mnngþj 33)
• @ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms sm amimj qugtcr cjtms am qum sm qugtm m` kdtdr.

„ Quid am msncpm/sg`mjngcad
msncpm/sg`mjngcadrr (^mnngþj 9)
„ Qcjqum am ndkiustgi`m (^mnngþj 9)
„ Quids am cnmgtm (^mnngþj 1)
„ Ncriurcadr (^mnngþj =)
„ Nci`m am` mkirceum (^mnngþj 7)
„ ^dpdrtm am` pmac` am cpdyd amrmnld (^mnngþj 31)
„ Ndjmntcadrms >_ y nci`mcad am` emjmrcadr am pu`sds am` mjnmjagad/gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd (^mnngþj 35)
„ Nci`m am` kdtdr am crrcjqum (^mnngþj 3<)
„ Nci`mcad am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd (^mnngþj 37)
• Amspuçs am gjstc`cr m` kdtdr, cfustm `ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms6

„ Nci`m am` mkirceum (pãegjc >-9?)
„ Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-31)
„ Nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr (pãegjc >-=)
„ Jgvm` am cnmgtm am` kdtdr (pãegjc >-33)
2-3

AM^KDJQCFM/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ KDQDY \Y9=?
92 J.k (9,2 he.k)

17 J.k (1,7 he.k)
92 J.k (9,2 he.k)
17 J.k (1,7 he.k)
17 J.k (1,7 he.k)

92 J.k (9,2 he.k)
2-?

M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^
_msd am` kdtdr (mj smnd) >=,> he
Ncpcngaca am cnmgtm am` kdtdr c` amscrkcr 3,< `
_mrjd am `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj am` pgóþj am trcjskgsgþj 3? J.k (3,? he.k)

_
_mmrrj
jd
d/st/utummrnrcncasmabmgf`csndgþpjdratmm`cajmt`cmjrdtmardmàk
m`dk
tddr tdr 1972 J
J..k
k ((19,,72 hhe
e..k
k))
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd supmrgdr am` kdtdr 17 J.k (1,7 he.k)
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd gjbmrgdr am` kdtdr 17 J.k (1,7 he.k)
_mrjds am` sdpdrtm trcsmrd supmrgdr am` kdtdr 17 J.k (1,7 he.k)
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj trcsmrd supmrgdr am` kdtdr 92 J.k (9,2 he.k)
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr trcsmrd am` kdtdr 17 J.k (1,7 he.k)
_mrjds/tumrncs am` sdpdrtm supmrgdr am` kdtdr 92 J.k (9,2 he.k)
_mrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am` kdtdr 17 J.k (1,7 he.k)
2-9

\Y9=? AM^KDJQCFM/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
AM^KDJQCFM/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ KDQDY
_YDQMNQDY AM @C NCAMJC
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ _GÓÞJ AM
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ _MYJD^
Sugtm `ds ads pmrjds, `c tcpc am` pgóþj y m` prdtmntdr am `c
ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
t rcjskgsgþj.
QC_C AM@ _GÓÞJ

Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
Cb`dfm `c tumrnc am` mfm trcsmrd, `c ndjtrctumrnc y `cs tumrncs
am cfustm am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
t rcjskgsgþj.
NDJQYCQ]MYNC
RÃ^QCED AM@ BYMJD
Sugtm m` vãstced am` irczd am` brmjd (pãegjc
( pãegjc 31->).
Mkpufm `c rumac trcsmrc lcngc cam`cjtm y cb`dfm

ndkp`mtckmjtm `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
Q]MYNC AM@ MFM QYC^MYD

Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj am` pgóþj am
_MYJD^ AM @C
trcjskgsgþj. _@CNC AM BGFCNGÞJ
Sugtm `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj y m` pgóþj am trcjskgsgþj.
_@CN
_@CNC
C AM BG
BGFC
FCNG
NGÞJ
ÞJ _GÓÞ
_GÓÞJ
J AM QY
QYCJ
CJ^K
^KG^
G^GÞ
GÞJ
J
2->


AM^KDJQCFM
M
JDQC
Ymkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 2-3 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj B
rmspmntd c `cs pgmzcs qum sm amimj qugtcr cjtms am` A
amskdjtcfm am` kdtdr.
]igqum uj ectd am pgsd u dtrd sdpdrtm cfustci`m amicfd am` E

kdtdr.
Sugtm `cs tcpcs am` pmrjd/tumrnc am` pgvdtm am` irczd

dsng`cjtm.
I
JDQC
@c c`turc am` ectd sm amim cfustcr ndjtgjuckmjtm, pcrc
c`gvgcr `c prmsgþj y bcng`gtcr `c rmkdngþj am `ds pmrjds.
C
C. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd supmrgdr am`
kdtdr.
I. Sugtm `ds pmrjds/tumrncs am` sdpdrtm am`cjtmrd supmrgdr am` N L
kdtdr.
N. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj am`cjtmrd gjbmrgdr am`
kdtdr.
A. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am` kdtdr.
M. Sugtm `ds pmrjds/tumrncs am` sdpdrtm supmrgdr am` kdtdr.
B. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj trcsmrd supmrgdr am`
kdtdr.
E. Sugtm `ds pmrjds am` sdpdrtm trcsmrd supmrgdr am` kdtdr.
L. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj trcsmrd gjbmrgdr am` kdtdr.
Sugtm m` kdtdr am` nlcsgs.
Dismrvm ctmjtckmjtm `c smnumjngc am gjstc`cngþj am `ds

pmrjds/tumrncs am `ds sdpdrtms y p`cncs am bgfcngþj.
2-1

GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
JDQC
• ]igqum m` ectd am pgsd u dtrd sdpdrtm cfustci`m amicfd =
am` kdtdr.
• ^m amim cfustcrsm ndjtgjuckmjtm `c c`turc am` ectd am
pgsd, ndj m` difmtd am c`gvgcr `c prmsgþj y bcng`gtcr `c 9
1
gjstc`cngþj am `ds pmrjds.
]igqum
pmrjds, m` kdtdrymj
tumrncs m` nlcsgs.
p`cncs Gjstc`m, sgj cprmtcr, tdads `ds
am bgfcngþj. >
Cprgmtm tdads `ds pmrjds y tumrncs c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
<
3. _
_mmrjd/tumrnc amam bgbgfcngþj tr
trcsmrd 17 J.
J.k (1
(1,7 he
he.k)
gjbmrgdr am` kdtdr
9. _m
_mrjd/tumrnc am am bgbgfcngþj tr
trcsmrd 17 J.
J.k (1
(1,7 he
he.k)
supmrgdr am` kdtdr 5
>. _m
_mrj
rjds
ds/t
/tum
umrn
rncs
cs am
am`` sdsdpd
pdrt
rtmm tr
trcs
csmr
mrd
d 92 J.
J.k
k (9
(9,2
,2 he
he.k
.k))
supmrgdr am` kdtdr
1. _m
_mrjd/tumrnc am am bgbgfcngþj su
supmrgdr 17 J.
J.k (1
(1,7 he
he.k)
am` kdtdr 2 3
=. _m
_mrj
rjds
ds/t
/tum
umrn
rncs
cs am
am`` sdp
sdpdr
drtm
tm su
supm
pmrg
rgdr
dr 92 J.
J.k
k (9,
(9,22 he.
he.k)
k)
am`rjd/
2. _m
_mrjkdtdr
d/ttum
umrn
rncc am
am bgf
bgfcn
cnggþj am
am`c
`cj
jtm
tmrd
rd 17 J.
J.k
k (1,
(1,77 he.
he.k
k)
gjbmrgdr am` kdtdr
5. _m
_mrj
rjd/
d/ttum
umrn
rncc am
am bgf
bgfcn
cnggþj am
am`c
`cj
jtm
tmrd
rd 17 J.
J.k
k (1,
(1,77 he.
he.k
k)
supmrgdr am` kdtdr _@CNC AM BGFCNGÞJ
<. _mr
_mrjds
jds/tu
/tumrn
mrncs
cs am` sdp
sdpdrt
drtmm am`c
am`cjtm
jtmrd
rd 92 J.k (9,
(9,22 he.k
he.k))
supmrgdr am` kdtdr
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ _GÓÞJ AM

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
Gjstc`m m` pgóþj am trcjskgsgþj mj m` ndjtrcmfm.
Gjstc`m `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj mj m` pgóþj am trcjskgsgþj.
Gjstc`m `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj am` pgóþj, am cnumrad ndj `c

gùstrcngþj.
NCAMJC AM _GÓÞJ AM
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj am` pgóþj
am trcjskgsgþj c` pcr mspmngbgncad. _MYJD^ AM @C
_@CNC AM BGFCNGÞJ
_@C
@CN
NC AM BGFCNGÞJ _GÓÞJ AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
2-=

Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr am `c ncamjc y `c tcpc am` pgóþj am
trcjskgsgþj.
_MYJD^
Cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds pmrjds am `c tcpc am` pgóþj.
QC_C AM@ _GÓÞJ

Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
Cfustm `c ldèurc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-31).
NDJQYCQ]MYNC
RÃ^QCED AM@ BYMJD
Cprgmtm `c tumrnc am` mfm trcsmrd c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Gjstc`m m` vãstced am` brmjd trcsmrd (pãegjc 31-<).
Q]MYNC AM@ MFM
2-2

JDQC^
2-5

^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

^G^QMKC AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ
1
AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
Iusqum mj mstc pãegjc `c smnngþj amsmcac. C@QMYJCADY/
MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M
3?
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
_]I@GNCNGÞJ ^M IC^CJ MJ @D^ ACQD^ KÃ^
32
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37

\Y9=? 5. N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 5-3 YMMK
MK_
_@CVD AM E]ËC^ AM RÃ@R]@C 5-39
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 5-> GJ^_MNNGÞJ/YMNQGBGNCAD AM
GJ^_MNNGÞJ/YMNQGBGNCAD
C^GMJQD^ AM RÃ@R]@C 5-3>
NDK_YM^GÞJ AM@ NG@GJAYD 5-1
CYKCAD AM @C N]@CQC 5-32
AM^KDJQCFM AM @C QC_C AM @C N]@CQC 5-=
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM @C N]@CQC 5-37
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ ÃYID@ AM @MRC^ 5-=
GJ^QC
QC@@CNGÞJ AM@ ÃYID@ AM @MRC^ 5-37
AM^KDJQCFM AM @C N]@CQC 5-< GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM @C QC_C AM @C N]@CQC 5-99
AM^KDJQCFM/GJ^_MNNGÞJ
AM @C N]@CQC 5-7
• Mj mstc smnngþj sm amsnrgimj `ds prdnmagkgmjtds am smrvgngd am `c nu`ctc,
nu`ctc, vã`vu`cs y ãrid`ms am `mvcs.
• @ds rmpcrds y smrvgngds
smrvgngds mj `c nu`ctc, vã`vu`cs
vã`vu`cs y ãrid`ms am `mvcs sm pumamj mbmntucr ndj m` kdtdr gjstc`cad mj m` nlcsgs.
• Aurcjtm m` amscrkcad, gamjtgbgqum ncac pgmzc qugtcac pcrc amspuçs rmgjstc`cr`c
rmgjstc`cr`c mj su pdsgngþj
pdsgngþj drgegjc`.
• @gkpgm ncac pgmzc qugtcac ndj agsd`vmjtm am `gkpgmzc. Mjsmeugac
Mjsmeugac sþp`m`c ndj cgrm ndkprgkgad cjtms am gjspmnngdjcr`c.
gjspmnngdjcr`c.
• @c ùirgncngþj am` ãrid` am `mvcs sm lcnm
lcnm c trcvçs am `ds ndjauntds
ndjauntds am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc. @gkpgm msds ndjauntds cjtms
am crkcr `c nu`ctc.
• Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd c` qugtcr `c tcpc am `c nu`ctc y `c nu`ctc.
nu`ctc.
• C` cfustcr `c sgjnrdjgzcngþj am `cs vã`vu`cs, jd egrm m` ãrid` am `mvcs cjtms am gjstc`cr `ds sdpdrtms am `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs.
• @uirgqum `ds kuódjms
kuódjms y `þiu`ds am `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs ndj ercsc c icsm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd,
kd`giamjd, pcrc ecrcjtgzcr `c
ùirgncngþj gjgngc`.
5-3

N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ \Y9=?
39 J.k (3,9 he.k) 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
1= J.k (1,= he.k)
5-?

Ndkprmsgþj am` ng`gjard 3.39< h_c (33,= heb/nk9,
32>,2 psg) c 1?? rpk ‑
C`cimd am `c nu`ctc ‑ ?,3?
Ãrid` am `mvcs C`turc am `ds `þiu`ds CAK >5,?? „ >5,91 >2,71
M^N >5,?> „ >5,95 >2,75
Mxnmjtrgngaca ?,?9 ?,3?
A.M. am` kuóþj 91,7=7 „ 91,7<? ‑
A.G. am `c nu`ctc 9=,??? „ 9=,?93 ‑
Ldèurc am cnmgtm ?,?9? „ ?,?29 ?,3?
Rã`vu`cs y Ldèurc am `cs vã`vu`cs CAK ?,39 ‑
euëcs am M^N ?,3= ‑
vã`vu`cs A.M. am` vãstced am `c vã`vu`c CAK 1,75= „ 1,77? 1,72
M^N 1,7== „ 1,75? 1,71
A.G. am `c euëc am `c vã`vu`c CAK/M^N =,??? „ =,?39 =,?>
Ldèurc mjtrm m` vãstced y `c CAK ?,?3? „ ?,?>5 ?,?5
euëc am `c vã`vu`c M^N ?,?>? „ ?,?=5 ?,?7
Cjnld am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c CAK/M^N 3,? „ 3,9 9,?
Ymsdrtm am @cred `girm Gjtmrjd CA
CAK/M^N >>,55 >9,>2
`c vã`vu`c Mxtmrjd CAK/M^N >2,21 >1,<1
@c cnngdjcadr A.M. am` cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c CAK/M^N 9=,75< „ 9=,77> 9=,75
am `c vã`vu`c A.G. am` c`dfckgmjtd am` cnngdjcadr CAK/M^N 92,?3? „ 92,?92 92,?2
_mrjd am `c tcpc am `c nu`ctc 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
_mrj
_mrjdd am`
am` sdpd
sdpdrt
rtmm am`
am` ãrid
ãrid`` am `m
`mvc
vcss 39 J.k
J.k (3
(3,9
,9 he.
he.k)
k) Cp`gqu
Cp`gqumm cnm
cnmgt
gtmm c `c rd
rdsn
sncc y c `c
`c sup
supmr
mrbg
bgng
ngmm am
am csm
csmjt
jtck
ckgm
gmjt
jtd
d
Qumrnc am `c nu`ctc 1= J.k (1,= he.k) Cp`gqum cnmgtm c `c rdsnc y c `c supmrbgngm am csmjtckgmjtd
_mrjd am ndjmxgþj supmrgdr am` tuid am
cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
5-9

\Y9=? N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^
LMYYCKGMJQC^
Ndkprmsdr am rmsdrtms am vã`vu`cs ?55=5-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd am` ndkprmsdr am rmsdrtms ?57=7 HK>?3?3
Gkpu`sdr am euëc am vã`vu`cs, =,? kk ?5719-KC2????
_rdtmntdr am` c`dfckgmjtd am` cnngjcadr, 91 x 9=,= kk ?5LKE-KY5???9
Msncrgcadr am euëcs am vã`vu`c, =,? kk ?57<1-KC2???3
Brmscs am csgmjtds am vã`vu`c
„ Brmsc am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c, 91 kk (1=¿ M^
M^N) ?55<?-??3?2??
„ Brmsc am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c, 95,= kk (1=¿ CA
C AK) ?55<?-??3?9??
„ Br
Brmsc p`cjc, 91 kk (>9¿ M^N) ?55<?-??39=??
„ Br
Brmsc p`cjc, 95 kk (>9¿ CAK) ?55<?-??3>>??
„ Br
Brmsc gjtmrjc, 92 kk (2?¿ M^N) ?55<?-??31=??
„ Br
B rmsc gjtmrjc, >5,= kk (2?¿ CAK) ?55<?-??313??
„ ^dpdrtm am brmsc, 1,= kk ?55<3-??3?2??
• @ds prdi`mkcs am `c pcrtm supmrgdr am` kdtdr
kdtdr emjmrc`kmjtm cbmntcj m` amsmkpmód.
amsmkpmód. Msd sm pumam agcejdstgncr c trcvçs
am `c prumic am ndkprmsgþj, d ac utg`gzcngþj am uj mstmtdsndpgd pcrc amtmntcr rugads mj m` kdtdr.
• Mj ncsd am qum m` amsmkpmód smc ambgngmjtm
ambgngmjtm cicfcs rdtcngdjms, vmrgbgqum
vmrgbgqum sg lcy lukd i`cjnd mj m` tuid am rmspgrd am
`c ncrncsc am` kdtdr. ^g m` tuid prmsmjtc lukd, vmrgbgqum sg cèöj smekmjtd am` pgstþj mstã ctcsncad (pãegjc <-2). <-2) .
Ndkprmsgþj amkcsgcad icfc, crrcjqum agbëng` d Yugad mxnmsgvd
amsmkpmód ambgngmjtm c icfc rdtcngþj. • Nu`
u`ct
ctc6
c6
• Rã
Rã`v
`vu`
u`cs
cs „ Cfus
Cfustmtm gjndrrmntd
gjndrrmntd am `cs vã`vu`
vã`vu`cs
cs
„ Rã`vu
Rã`vu`cs
`cs qumkcac
qumkcacss d c`cimca
c`cimcacs
cs „ Rã`vu
Rã`vu`cs
`cs ctcsncacs
ctcsncacs d rmsdrtms
rmsdrtms am vã`vu`cs
vã`vu`cs rdtds
rdtds
„ ^gjn
^gjnrdjgz
rdjgzcngþj
cngþj gjndrrm
gjndrrmntc
ntc am `cs vã`vu`cs
vã`vu`cs „ Ãrid
Ãrid`` am `mvcs
`mvcs acócad
acócad d amsecst
amsecstcad
cad
„ Yms
Ymsdrt
drtmm am `c vã`vu
vã`vu`c`c rdtd
rdtd „ Ncamj
Ncamjcc am agstrgiungþj
agstrgiungþj sum`tc
sum`tc d amsecstca
amsecstcacc
„ Csmj
Csmjtckgm
tckgmjtd
jtd grrmeu`
grrmeu`crcr am `c vã`vu`
vã`vu`cc „ Ncamj
Ncamjcc am agstrgiungþj
agstrgiungþj acócac
acócac d amsecstca
amsecstcacc
• Nu`ctc „ Qmjsdr am `c ncamjc
ncamjc am agstrgiungþj
agstrgiungþj amsecstcad
amsecstcad d acócad
acócad
„ Acód
Acódss d buecs
buecs mj `c fujtc
fujtc am `c nu`ctc
nu`ctc „ Agmj
Agmjtms
tms am` mjercjcfm
mjercjcfm am agstrgiun
agstrgiungþj
gþj amsecstcad
amsecstcadss
„ Nu`c
Nu`ctc
tc c`cimca
c`cimcacc d cergm
cergmtcac
tcac „ Ic`cj
Ic`cjnëj
nëj y/d mfm am `ds
`ds ic`cjngjms
ic`cjngjms amsecstca
amsecstcadd
„ Iufë
Iufëcc am
am mjnmja
mjnmjagad
gad b`dfc „ Cnn
Cnngdjca
gdjcadrdr am `c vã`vu`c
vã`vu`c acócad d amsecstca
amsecstcadd
„ _rdi`m
_rdi`mkcs
kcs mj m` ng`gjard,
ng`gjard, pgstþj
pgstþj d smekmjtds am` pgstþj
pgstþj • _rdi`mkcs mj m` ng`gjard,
ng`gjard, pgstþj
pgstþj d smekmjtds am` pgstþj
(^mnngþj <) (^mnngþj <)
Ndkprmsgþj amkcsgcad c`tc, rmnc`mjtckgmjtd d ncsncim`md Yc`mjtë grrmeu`cr

• Bdrk
Bdrkcngþj
cngþj mxnmsgvc
mxnmsgvc am ncridjg`
ncridjg``c
`c mj `c ncimzc am` pgstþj
pgstþj • Ng`g
Ng`gjard
jard ndj icfc
icfc ndkprm
ndkprmsgþj
sgþj
d mj `c nãkcrc am ndkiustgþj.
Lukd mxnmsgvd
• Nu`ctc
„ Rãstc
Rãstced
ed d euëc am
am vã`vu`cs
vã`vu`cs amsecstcad
amsecstcadss
„„ Ymtmjms
Ymtmj ms am mj
_rdi`mkcs
_rdi`mkcs cnmg
cnmgtm
m`tmng`gjar
ngam `ds
d,vãstced
`gjard,vãstceds
pgstþj ds smekmjtds
pgstþj acócadjtds
acócads
smekm s am`
pgstþj (^mnngþj <)
5->

NDK_YM^GÞJ AM@ NG@GJAYD NC_C ^]_YM^DYC AM Y]GAD^
a
Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd mbmntucr smrvgngds ndj m`
kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd, nmrngþrmsm am qum m` `dnc` am
Cnngdjm m` kdtdr mj uj `dnc` cigmrtd, d mj uj `dnc`
ynmrrcad qum mstç

mxtrcnngþj mqugpcad ndj uj sgstmkc am vmjtg`cngþj
am ecsms. I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD
Nc`gmjtm m` kdtdr c su tmkpmrcturc jdrkc` am bujngdjckgmjtd.
_crm m` kdtdr, qugtm `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads y `c iufëc am

mjnmjagad.
Gjstc`m m` cacptcadr y m` kmagadr am ndkprmsgþj mj m` drgbgngd

am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
Circ ndkp`mtckmjtm m` cnm`mrcadr y cnngdjm m` kdtdr c

trcvçs am` sgstmkc am crrcjqum.
JDQC
• Cnngdjm m` kdtdr c trcvçs
trcvçs am` sgstmkc am crrcjqum lcstc
lcstc
qum `c `mnturc
kãxgkc mj m` kmagadr
jdrkc`kmjtm pcrm am
sm c`ncjzc suigr.am@c1 „`mnturc
amjtrd 5 smeujads.
• Jd cnngdjm
cnngdjm m` kdtdr
kdtdr c trcvçs am` sgstmkc
sgstmkc am crrcjqum
crrcjqum
pdr kãs am 5 smeujads,
smeujads, pcrc mvgtcr `c amsncrec am `c `c
ictmrëc.
Ndkprmsgþj am` ng`gjard6 3.39< h_c (33,= heb/nk9, 32>,2 psg) c

1?? rpk
^g `c ndkprmsgþj ms c`tc, gjagnc mxnmsd am ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c

mj `c nãkcrc am ndkiustgþj d mj `c ncimzc am` pgstþj.
^g `c ndkprmsgþj ms icfc, vgmrtc > „ = nk> am cnmgtm am kdtdr

`gkpgd mj m` ng`gjard, c trcvçs am` drgbgngd am `c iufëc am
mjnmjagad. Ndkprumim jumvckmjtm `c ndkprmsgþj.
^g `c ndkprmsgþj kcjtgmjm m` kgskd vc`dr cjtmrgdr, mbmntöm

ujc prumic am buec.
^g `c ndkprmsgþj cukmjtc am su vc`dr prmvgd, gjspmnngdjm m`

ng`gjard, m` pgstþj y `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj.
]jc icfc ndkprmsgþj pumam smr ncuscac pdr6

• Acóds mj `c fujtc am `c nu`ct
nu`ctcc
• Amse
Amsecstm
cstm mj m` ng`gjard
ng`gjard d smekmjtd
smekmjtdss am` pgstþj
pgstþj
• Amse
Amsecstm
cstm mj m`
m` ng`gjard
ng`gjard y pgstþj
pgstþj
• Cfus
Cfustm
tm gjndrrmn
gjndrrmntd
td am `cs
`cs vã`vu`cs
vã`vu`cs
• Bue
Buecs
cs mj `cs vã`
vã`vu`
vu`cs
cs
5-1

QC_C AM @C N]@CQC
AM^KDJQCFM AM @C QC_C AM @C N]@CQC _MYJD/
CYCJAM@C
AM EDKC
„ Qcjqu
Qcjqumm am ndkiustg
ndkiustgi`mi`m (pãegjc
(pãegjc 9-1)
9-1)
„ Quid am
am cnmgtm
cnmgtm am` rcagcad
rcagcadrr (pãegjc
(pãegjc 1-7)
Quid am
am cnmgtm
cnmgtm am` rcagcad
rcagcadrr (pãegjc
(pãegjc 1 7)
Sugtm `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `c tcpc, `cs crcjam`cs am edkc y `c tcpc

am `c nu`ctc.
F]JQC
Sugtm `c fujtc.
QC_C AM @C N]@CQC
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ ÃYID@ AM @MRC^ CJG@@D^ QÞYGND^
Sugtm `c tcpc am` drgbgngd am sgjnrdjgzcngþj, `c tcpc am` drgbgngd

am` ngeðmóc` y `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds.

AM ^GJNYDJGVCNGÞJ AM@ NGEÐMÓC@
Egrm m` ngeðmóc` mj smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd pcrc c`gjmcr `c K]M^NC

kcrnc ‐Q‛ am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr ndj `c kumsnc gjagncadrc GJAGNCADYC
am` drgbgngd am sgjnrdjgzcngþj, mj `c tcpc `ctmrc` am `c ncrncsc
am` kdtdr.
Nmrngþrmsm am qum m` pgstþj mstç mj m` _K^ (_ujtd Kumrtd

ûpmrgdr) mj `c ncrrmrc am ndkprmsgþj.
KCYNC ‐Q‛
DYGBGNGD AM ^GJNYDJGVCNGÞJ
5-=

QC_ÞJ AM@ CNNGDJCADY _MYJD^

Cb`dfm m` tcpþj am` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr, pmrd tdacvëc jd `d
qugtm.
Sugtm m` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj y
`c fujtc, cb`dfcjad c`tmrjcackmjtm `ds ads pmrjds.
CNNGDJCADY AM@ QMJ^DY/F]JQC
E]ËC AM @C NCAMJC AM AG^QYGI]NGÞJ
Sugtm `ds trms pmrjds y `c euëc am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj.
_MYJD
NCAMJC AM ^D_DYQM^ AM @D^
AG^QYGI]NGÞJ ÃYID@M^ AM @MRC^
Sugtm `ds smgs pmrjds y `ds sdpdrtms am `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs.
]tg`gzcjad uj c`ckirm `mvcjtm `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj, pcrc
mvgtcr qum sm ncgec mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Sugtm `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs.
ÃYID@M^ AM @MRC^ _MYJD

Sugtm `ds cnngdjcadrms am `cs vã`vu`cs y `ds nc`nms. CNNGDJCADY AM @C RÃ@R]@C
JDQC
• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc
pcrc jd acócr `ds c`dfck
c`dfckgmjtd
gmjtdss am `ds
cnngdjcadrms am `cs vã`vu`cs.
• @ds nc`nms
nc`nms sm pumamj
pumamj qumacr prmsds
prmsds mj m` gjtmrgdr
gjtmrgdr am `ds
`ds
cnngdjcadrms am `cs vã`vu`cs. Jd amfm qum sm ncgecj mj
`c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
• Cjdt
Cjdtmm `c uigncngþj
uigncngþj am ncac nc`nm
nc`nm y cnngdjcad
cnngdjcadrr am
vã`vu`c pcrc nmrngdrcrsm am qum smrãj rmgjstc`cads mj su
pdsgngþj drgegjc`.
• @ds cnngdjca
cnngdjcadrms
drms am `cs vã`vu`c
vã`vu`css sm pumamj qugtcr
qugtcr
bãng`kmjtm ndj uj ncid am vmjtdsc d uj gkãj.
• @ds nc`nms
nc`nms sm pumamj
pumamj qugtcr bãng`km
bãng`kmjtm
jtm ndj ujc pgjzc
pgjzc d
uj gkãj.
NC@NM
5-2

GJ^_MNNGÞJ ^D_DYQM AM@ ÃYID@

AM @MRC^
^dpdrtm am` ãrid` am `mvcs
Gjspmnngdjm `c supmrbgngm am `ds kuódjms am `ds sdpdrtms am`

ãrid` am `mvcs ndj rmspmntd c mxndrgcngdjms, rcycs d smóc`ms
am ùirgncngþj ambgngmjtm.
Gjspmnngdjm `ds drgbgngds am cnmgtm am `ds sdpdrtms ndj
rmspmntd c distrunngþj.
C`turc am` `þiu`d am` ãrid` am `mvcs
Gjspmnngdjm `cs supmrbgngms am `ds `þiu`ds am` ãrid` am `mvcs

ndj rmspmntd c mxndrgcngdjms, rcycs d smóc`ms am ùirgncngþj
ambgngmjtm.
]tg`gnm uj kgnrþkmtrd pcrc kmagr `c c`turc am ncac `þiu`d am`

ãrid` am `mvcs.
@ëkgtm am CAK >2,71 kk

^mrvgngd M^N >2,75 kk
@ÞI]@D AM@ ÃYID@ AM @MRC^
Mj ncsd am qum m` `þiu`d mstç acócad d mxnmsgvckmjtm
amsecstcad, gjspmnngdjm `d sgeugmjtm6
• @ds drgbgngds am cnmgtm mj m` ãrid` am `mvcs y ic`cjngjms,

ic`cjngjms, ndj GJAGNCADY AM N]CAYCJQM
rmspmntd c distrunngdjms.
• @ds ic`cjngj
ic`cjngjms,
ms, ndj rmspmntd
rmspmntd c amsecstm
amsecstm d acóds.
acóds.
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` ãrid` am `mvcs
Cpdym `cs ads mxtrmkgacams am` ãrid` am `mvcs mj i`dqums

tgpd ‐R‛. Rmrgbgqum `c mxnmjtrgngaca am` ãrid` am `mvcs
utg`gzcjad uj gjagncadr am nucarcjtm.

ÃYID@ AM @MRC^
_@C^QGECEM
Ldèurc am cnmgtm am` ãrid` am `mvcs
Sugtm m` sdpdrtm am` ãrid` am `mvcs (pãegjc 5-2).

5- 2).
@gkpgm tdad rmsgaud am cnmgtm am `ds kuódjms am `c nu`ctc,

am` ãrid` am `mvcs y am` sdpdrtm am` ãrid` am `mvcs.
]igqum m` ãrid` am `mvcs mj `c nu`ctc y nd`dqum ujc icjac am

p`cstgecem mj ncac kuóþj.
5-5

JDQC
Jd egrm m` ãrid` am `mvcs aurcjtm `c gjspmnngþj.
Gjstc`m nugacadsckmjtm `ds sdpdrtms am `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs

y `c euëc am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj.
Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds mj smnumjngc nruzcac, mj
m j vcrgds pcsds.
Sugtm `ds sdpdrtms am `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs y kgac m` cjnld am

ncac p`cstgecem ndkprgkgad.
M` cjnld kcydr gjagnc `c ldèurc am cnmgtm.
Mj ncsd am qum `ds `ëkgtms am smrvgngd smcj sdirmpcscads,

rmmkp`cnm m` ãrid` am `mvcs y ndkprumim jumvckmjtm `c
ldèurc am cnmgtm.
Mj ncsd am qum `c ldèurc am cnmgtm tdacvëc sdirmpcsm m`
`ëkgtm am smrvgngd, rmmkp`cnm `c nu`ctc y `ds sdpdrtms am `ds
ãrid`ms am `mvcs ndkd uj ndjfujtd.
Q]MYNC
AM^KDJQCFM AM @C N]@CQC
„ Ãrid`
Ãrid`ms
ms am `mvcs (pãeg
(pãegjc
jc 5-=)
5-=)
„ Quid am msncpm
msncpm (pãeg
(pãegjc
jc 9-=)
9-=)
„ Ncr
Ncriur
iurcad
cadrr (pãegjc
(pãegjc =-=)
=-=)
Sugtm nugacadsckmjtm `cs nuctrd tumrncs, `cs crcjam`cs y `ds
ads pmrjds.
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc qum `ds pmrjds y tumrncs jd ncgecj
amjtrd am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
_MYJD^
Sugtm m` pmrjd am `c ndjmxgþj supmrgdr am` tuid am cnmgtm am N]@CQC
`c nu`ctc fujtckmjtm ndj `c crcjam`c am sm``cad.
Sugtm `c nu`ctc.
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd.
5-<

E]ËC AM
AM @C NCAMJC
NCAMJC AM
AM AG^QYGI
AG^QYGI]NGÞJ
]NGÞJ F]JQC
Sugtm `c euëc am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj am` ng`gjard.
Sugtm `c fujtc y `cs mspgecs am euëc.

M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y m` cgs`cadr am` ncriurcadr.

CG^@CADY
_MYJD^
AM^CYKCAD/GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C N]@CQC
JDQC
Aurcjtm m` amscrkcad, gamjtgbgqum ncac pgmzc qugtcac pcrc
amspuçs rmgjstc`cr`c mj su pdsgngþj drgegjc`.
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr mj m` c`dfckgmjtd am` cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c.

_YDQMNQDY AM@
Lmrrckgmjtc6 C@DFCKGMJQD
_rdtmntdr am` c`dfckgmjtd am` cnngdjcadr, AM@ CNNGDJCADY
91 x 9=,= kk ?5LKE„KY5???9
^m pumam lcnmr ujc lmrrckgmjtc mqugvc`mjtm amsam uj

mkic`cfm am ngjtc bdtderãbgnc (bg`k) am >= kk, am cnumrad
ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
= kk = kk RG^GÞJ
^]_MYGDY
3= kk
>3 kk
A.G. 9= kk
(nucjad ndkprgkgad)
5-7

Sugtm `cs nlcvmtcs am `ds rmsdrtms am `cs vã`vu`cs, `ds rmtmjmadrms

am `ds rmsdrtms, `ds rmsdrtms y `cs vã`vu`cs, utg`gzcjad `cs
lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms, am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Ndkprmsdr amam` rm
rmsdrtm am
am vã
vã`vu`cs ?55=5„??3????
Cnn
nnms
msdr
drggd am`
am` nd
ndk
kpr
prms
msdr
dr am
am rms
rmsdr
drtm
tmss ?57=
?57=7„
7„HK
HK>?
>?3?
3?33
g
_crc mvgtcr pçragacs am tmjsgþj, jd ndkprgkc `ds rmsdrtms
kãs qum `d jmnmscrgd pcrc qugtcr `cs nlcvmtcs.
NDK_YM^DY AM@ YM^DYQM AM RÃ@R]@C^/CNNM^DYGD

RÃ@R]@C C^GMJQD AM@ YM^DYQM
Sugtm `ds rmtmjms am cnmgtm am `ds vãstceds am `cs vã`vu`cs y
`ds csgmjtds am `ds rmsdrtms.
JDQC
Aurcjtm m` amscrkcad, gamjtgbgqum ncac pgmzc qugtcac pcrc YM^DYQM^
YMQÇJ AM
amspuçs rmgjstc`cr`c mj su pdsgngþj drgegjc`. CNMGQM AM@
RÃ^QCED
YMQM-
JMADY
NLCRMQC^

Ndkprumim `c euëc am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj ndj rmspmntd
c amsecstm mxnmsgvd d acóds. Ymmkp`ãnm`c, sg jmnmscrgd.
N]@CQC
Sugtm `ds ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c am `c nãkcrc am ndkiustgþj.
Ndkprumim `c ãrmc am` drgbgngd am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad y am

`cs vã`vu`cs ndj rmspmntd c ergmtcs.
Ndkprumim `c nu`ctc ndj rmspmntd c c`cimd utg`gzcjad ujc

rme`c am prmngsgþj y uj nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms.
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `c supmrbgngm am `c fujtc.
5-3?

C@DFCKGMJQD AM@ CNNGDJCADY AM @C RÃ@R]@C

Rmrgbgqum m` c`dfckgmjtd am ncac cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c ndj
rmspmntd c rcycs, acóds d amsecstm cjdrkc`.
Kgac m` A.G. am ncac c`dfckgmjtd am` smeugadr am ic`cjnëj.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 92,?2 kk

Rmrgbgqum ncac cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c ndj rmspmntd c rcycs,
acóds d amsecstm cjdrkc`.
Kgac m` A.M. am ncac cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 9=,75 kk
YM^DYQM^ AM RÃ@R]@C
Kgac m` `cred `girm am `ds rmsdrtms am vã`vu`c gjtmrjd y mxtmrjd.
M\QMYJD
@ëkgtm am Ymsdrtm gjtmrjd >9,>2 kk
^mrvgngd Ymsdrtm mxtmrjd >1,<1 kk
Mj ncsd am qum `ds rmsdrtms mstçj kmjdrms ad qum m`

m ` `ëkgtm
am smrvgngd, rmmkp`ãnm`ds.
rmm kp`ãnm`ds. GJQMYJD
RÃ@R]@C/E]ËC AM @C RÃ@R]@C
Gjspmnngdjm ncac vã`vu`c ndj rmspmntd c c`cimd, qumkcaurcs
d amsecstm cjdrkc` am` vãstced.
Rmrgbgqum sg `c vã`vu`c sm kumvm sucvmkmjtm mj `c euëc.
Kgac y cjdtm m` A.M. am ncac vãstced.
@ëkgtm am CAK 1,72 kk

^mrvgngd M^N 1,71 kk
5-33

\Y9=?
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^
M^NCYGCADY AM E]ËC^ AM RÃ@R]@C
]tg`gnm m` msncrgcadr am euëcs am vã`vu`c pcrc m`gkgjcr
pdsgi`ms ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c, cjtms am kmagr `cs euëcs.
Gjsmrtm m` msncrgcadr mj `c nu`ctc pdr m` `cad am `ds ãrid`ms am

`mvcs. Egrm m` msncrgcadr sgmkprm mj m` smjtgad ldrcrgd.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Msnc
Msncrg
rgca
cadr
dr am
am euëc
euëcs
s am vã`
vã`vu
vu`c
`c,, =,?
=,? kk ?57<
?57<1„
1„KC
KC2?
2???
??3
3
Kgac y cjdtm m` A.G. am ncac euëc am vã`vu`c.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd CAK/M^N =,?> kk
ûistrcgec m` agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am ncac vãstced am vã`vu`c

am` agãkmtrd gjtmrjd am `c euëc ndrrmspdjagmjtm pcrc ditmjmr
`c ldèurc mjtrm m` vãstced y `c euëc.
@ëkgtm am CAK ?,?5 kk

^mrvgngd M^N ?,?7 kk
^g `c ldèurc mstã gjndrrmntc, vmrgbgqum sg ujc jumvc euëc ndj

agkmjsgþj pcarþj pumam rmaungr `c ldèurc c` `ëkgtm am smrvgngd M^NCYGCADY AM E]ËC^ AM RÃ@R]@C
mspmngbgncad. Mj mstm ncsd, rmmkp`cnm `cs euëcs ndjbdrkm smc
jmnmscrgd y msnãrgm`cs am kdad qum sm cfustmj pmrbmntckmjtm.
JDQC
Gjspmnngdjm y rmntgbgqum `ds csgmjtds am vã`vu`cs sgmkprm
qum gjstc`cr jumvcs euëcs (pãegjc 5-32).
^g ndj ujc jumvc euëc `c ldèurc tdacvëc mxnmam m` `ëkgtm am

smrvgngd, rmmkp`cnm tckigçj `c vã`vu`c.
YMMK_@CVD AM E]ËC^ AM RÃ@R]@C

Mjbrëm `cs euëcs am vã`vu`c mj uj ndjem`cadr aurcjtm
cprdxgkcackmjtm ujc ldrc.
a
C` kcjgpu`cr `c nu`ctc nc`gmjtm, utg`gnm eucjtms ndj
cgs`cadr tçrkgnd pcrc mvgtcr qumkcaurcs.
Nc`gmjtm `c nu`ctc c ujc tmkpmrcturc am 3>? „ 31?¿N,

utg`gzcjad ujc p`cjnlc nc`gmjtm d uj ldrjd. Jd nc`gmjtm `c
nu`ctc c kãs am 3=? dN. _crc nmrngdrcrsm am qum `c nu`ctc smc
nc`mjtcac ndrrmntckmjtm, utg`gnm ujc vcrg``c gjagncadrc am
tmkpmrcturc agspdjgi`m mj m` ndkmrngd am kctmrgc` am
sdàcaurc.
5-39

GK_]@^DY AM E]ËC^ AM RÃ@R]@C

g
• Jd usm sdp`mtm
sdp`mtm c ``ckc pcrc
pcrc nc`mjtcr
nc`mjtcr `c nu`ctc,
nu`ctc, pums
mstd pumam ncuscr m` c`cimd am `c kgskc.
• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc
pcrc jd acócr `cs supmrbg
supmrbgngms
ngms am
ndjtcntd am `c nu`ctc.
Cpdym `c nu`ctc y utg`gnm `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms pcrc qugtcr

`cs euëcs am vã`vu`c y `ds cjg``ds tþrgnds am sus c`dfckgmjtds,
amsam m` `cad am `c nãkcrc am ndkiustgþj am `c nu`ctc.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Gkpu
Gkpu`s
`sdr
dr am eu
euëc
ëcss am
am vã`
vã`vu
vu`c
`c,, =,?
=,? kk ?571
?5719„
9„KC
KC2?
2???
????
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `ds jumvds cjg``ds tþrgnds m

gjstã`m`ds mj `cs jumvcs euëcs am vã`vu`c. GK_]@^DY AM E]ËC^ AM RÃ@R]@C
Ndj `c nu`ctc nc`gmjtm, utg`gnm `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms pcrc
gjstc`cr `cs jumvcs euëcs mj `c nu`ctc, amsam m` `cad am `ds
ãrid`ms am `mvcs.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Gkpu
Gkpu`s
`sdr
dr am eu
euëc
ëcss am
am vã`
vã`vu
vu`c
`c,, =,?
=,? kk ?571
?5719„
9„KC
KC2?
2???
????
Amfm qum `c nu`ctc sm mjbrëm c `c tmkpmrcturc ckigmjtm.
Cndjagngdjm `cs jumvcs euëcs am vã`vu`c.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Msnc
Msncrg
rgca
cadr
dr am
am euëc
euëcss am vã`
vã`vu
vu`c
`c,, =,?
=,? kk ?57<1
?57<1„K
„KC2
C2??
???3
?3
JDQC M^NCYGCADY AM E]ËC^ AM RÃ@R]@C

• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc
pcrc jd gjn`gjcr
gjn`gjcr m` msncrgcad
msncrgcadrr mj `c euëc
kgmjtrcs msncrgc. C` ndjtrcrgd, `c vã`vu`c sm gjstc`crã
gjn`gjcac, `d qum ncuscrã buecs am cnmgtm pdr m` rmtçj am
cnmgtm am` vãstced y ndjtcntd gjcamnucad am` csgmjtd am
`c vã`vu`c. Csë, jd smrã pdsgi`m mbmntucr m` rmntgbgncad am`
csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c.
• Gjsmrtm m` msncrgcadr
msncrgcadr mj `c
`c nu`ctc pdr m` `cad am `c nãkcrc
nãkcrc
am ndkiustgþj, egrãjad`d sgmkprm mj smjtgad ldrcrgd.
• Cp`g
Cp`gqum
qum ùirgncjtm
ùirgncjtm pcrc nunlg``cs
nunlg``cs c` msncrgcadr
msncrgcadr aurcjtm
aurcjtm
mstc dpmrcngþj.
@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm `c nu`ctc amspuçs am msncrgcr y rmntgbgncr

`ds csgmjtds am vã`vu`cs, pcrc qugtcr `cs pcrtënu`cs am kmtc`.
NCID AM RMJQD^C
GJ^_MNNGÞJ/YMNQGBGNCAD
AM RÃ@R]@C AM C^GMJQD^
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm `cs vã`vu`cs am cakgsgþj y msncpm
pcrc qugtcr `ds ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c.
Cp`gqum ujc kcjd am czu` am _rusgc mj ncac supmrbgngm am

ndjtcntd am `c vã`vu`c.
]tg`gzcjad ujc kcjeumrc am edkc d uj ncid am vmjtdsc, ed`pmm

`c vã`vu`c ndjtrc m` csgmjtd vcrgcs vmnms, sgj egrcr`c, pcrc nrgcr uj
pcarþj n`crd am trcjsbmrmjngc am tgjtc y ndkprdicr sg m` ndjtcntd
am `c vã`vu`c ndj m` csgmjtd mstã ndrrmntd.
5-3>

Sugtm `c vã`vu`c m gjspmnngdjm `c supmrbgngm am su csgmjtd.
@c supmrbgngm am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c amimrã mstcr am cnumrad

ndk m` cjnld mspmngbgncad y ujgbdrkm mj tdac su ngrnujbmrmjngc.
g
@cs vã`vu`cs jd sm pumamj rmntgbgncr. ^g ujc vã`vu`c mstã
qumkcac d mxnmsgvckmjtm amsecstcac, d prmsmjtc
ndjtcntd amsgeuc` ndj m` csgmjtd, rmmkp`ãnm`c.
CJNLD AM^GE]C@
Gjspmnngdjm `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am `c vã`vu`c ndj rmspmntd ^]_MYBGNGM ACÓCAC AM@ C^GMJQD
c6
• Cjnl
Cjnld
d amsgeuc`
amsgeuc` am` csgmjt
csgmjtd6
d6
„ Rãstc
Rãstced
ed am `c vã`vu`
vã`vu`cc c`cimcad
c`cimcad d acócad
acócad
„ Ymmk
Ymmkp`cnm
p`cnm `c vã`vu`c
vã`vu`c y rmntgbgqum
rmntgbgqum m` csgmjtd
csgmjtd..
• ûpmrbgngm
ûpmrbgngm am
am ndjtcntd
ndjtcntd am `c vã`vu`c
vã`vu`c acócac6
acócac6
„ Ymmk
Ymmkp`cnm
p`cnm `c vã`vu`c
vã`vu`c y rmntgbgqum
rmntgbgqum m` csgmjtd
csgmjtd..
• ûpmrbgngm
ûpmrbgngm am ndjtcntd
ndjtcntd (amkcsgca
(amkcsgcad d c`tc d amkcsgcad
amkcsgcad icfc)6
„ Ymntg
Ymntgbgqum
bgqum m` csgmjtd
csgmjtd am `c
`c vã`vu`c.
vã`vu`c.
^]_MYBGNGM AM NDJQCNQD ^]_MYBGNGM AM NDJQCNQD

AMKC^GCAD ICFC AMKC^GCAD C@QC
Gjspmnngdjm m` cjnld am` csgmjtd am ncac vã`vu`c.
@c supmrbgngm am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c amimrã mstcr am cnumrad

ndj m` cjnld mspmngbgncad y ujgbdrkm mj tdac su ngrnujbmrmjngc.
_carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

3,? „ 3,9 kk 9,? kk
Mj ncsd am qum m` cjnld am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c jd mstç am

cnumrad ndj `c mspmngbgncngþj, d prmsmjtm rmicfms, rmntgbëqum`d CJNLD AM @C ^]_MYBGNGM
AM NDJQCNQD AM@
(pãegjc 5-32). C^GMJQD AM @C RÃ@R]@C
YMNQGBGNCAD AM@ C^GMJQD AM @C RÃ@R]@C

JDQC
• ^gec `cs gjstrunn
gjstrunngdjms
gdjms am dpmrcngþ
dpmrcngþj j am` bcirgncjtm
bcirgncjtm am` 1=¿
mqugpd rmntgbgncadr.
• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc
pcrc jd rmntgbgncr
rmntgbgncr m` csgmjtd
csgmjtd kãs qum
qum `d
jmnmscrgd.
2?¿
>9¿
5-31

^m rmndkgmjac `c utg`gzcngþj am brmscs/rmntgbgncadrms ^]_MYBGNGM AM NDJQCNQD

mspmnëbgnds pcrc csgmjtds am vã`vu`cs, pcrc `c ndrrmnngþj am AMKC^GCAD C@QC CJNLD
csgmjtds amsecstcads. CJQMYGDY
AM@ C^GMJQD
Ymntgbgqum m` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c ndj ujc brmsc am 1=¿
sgmkprm qum rmmkp`cnm `c euëc.
>9¿
^]_MYBGNGM AM CJNLD
Mj ncsd am qum `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd mstç amkcsgcad c`tc, NDJQCNQD CJQMYGDY
utg`gnm ujc brmsc p`cjc
p`cjc am >9¿ pcrc rmicfcr m` csgmjtd. AMKC^GCAD AM@ C^GMJQD
ICFC
Mj ncsd am qum `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd mstç amkcsgcad
icfc, utg`gnm ujc brmsc gjtmrjc am 2?¿ pcrc m`mvcr m` csgmjtd.
2?¿
]tg`gzcjad ujc brmsc am
am cncicad am 1= rmntgbgqum m` csgmjtd
am cnumrad ndj `cs mspmngbgncngdjms
mspmngbgncngdjms..
]tg`gzcjad ujc brmsc am
am 1=¿ qugtm nuc`qugmr ruedsgaca
ruedsgaca d Y]ED^GACA
grrmeu`crgacams am` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Brmsc am csgmjtd am vã`vu`cs,
95,= kk (1=¿ CAK) ?55<?„??3?9??
Brmsc am csgmjtd am vã`vu`cs,
91 kk (1=¿ M^N) ?55<?„??3?2??
^dpdrtm am brmsc, 1,= kk ?55<3„??3?2??
]tg`gzcjad ujc brmsc p`cjc

p`cjc am >9¿ qugtm 3/1 am` kctmrgc`
mxgstmjtm mj m` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c.
CJNLD CJQMYGDY
Lmrrckgmjtcs6 AM@ C^GMJQD
Brmsc p`cjc, 95 kk (>9¿ CAK) ?55<?„??3>>??
Brmsc p`cjc, 91 kk (>9¿ M^
M ^N) ?55<?„??39=??
>9¿
]tg`gzcjad ujc brmsc gjtmrjc

gjtmrjc am 2?¿ qugtm 3/1 am` kctmrgc`
mxgstmjtm mj m` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c. CJNLD CJQMYGDY
AM@ C^GMJQD
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Brmsc gjtmrjc, >5,= kk (2?¿ CAK) ?55<?„??313??
Brmsc gjtmrjc, 92 kk (2?¿ M^N) ?55<?„??31=??
2?¿
5-3=

]tg`gzcjad ujc brmsc am cncicad am 1=¿, rmntgbgqum m` csgmjtd

c` cjnld mspmngbgncad. CJNLD AM@
C^GMJQD
Nmrngþrmsm am lcimr qugtcad nuc`qugmr ruedsgaca m grrmeu`crgacams.
Ymntgbgqum jumvckmjtm m` csgmjtd am `c vã`vu`c, sg jmnmscrgd.
JDQC
@c uigncngþj ndrrmntc am` csgmjtd ndj rmspmntd c `c
supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am `c vã`vu`c ms msmjngc` pcrc
ecrcjtgzcr uj iumj sm``cad.
1=¿
Amspuçs am rmntgbgncr `ds csgmjtds am `cs vã`vu`cs, `gkpgm

ndkp`mtckmjtm `c nu`ctc pcrc qugtcr tdacs `cs pcrtënu`cs am kmtc`.
Cp`gqum ndkpumstd am pu`gkmjtd mj `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am `c NCID AM RMJQD^C
vã`vu`c. Mbmntöm m` pu`gkmjtd, prmsgdjcjad `c vã`vu`c `gemrckmjtm.
`gemrckmjtm.
g
• ]jc prmsgþj
prmsgþj mxnmsgvc
mxnmsgvc c` pu`gr
pu`gr pumam ambdrkcr
ambdrkcr d acócr
acócr m`
csgmjtd.
• Ncki
Nckigmgm brmnumjtmk
brmnumjtmkmjtm
mjtm m` ãjeu`d
ãjeu`d am` ncid am vmjtdsc
vmjtdsc
pcrc mvgtcr m` amsecstm amsgeuc` am` csgmjtd.
• M` ndkpumst
ndkpumstd d am pu`gkmjtd
pu`gkmjtd pumam
pumam prdvdncr
prdvdncr acóds sg
pmjmtrc mj `cs euëcs.
Amspuçs am` pu`gkmjtd, qugtm tdtc`kmjtm `ds rmsgauds am

ndkpumstd am `c nu`ctc y am `c vã`vu`c. Rmrgbgqum jumvckmjtm
`c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am` csgmjtd.
CYKCAD AM @C N]@CQC
NLCRMQC^
YMQMJMADY AM@
YM^DYQM
YM^DYQM M\QMYJD
YM^DYQM GJQMYJD
C^GMJQD AM@ YM^DYQM

YMQÇJ AM CNMGQM J]MRD
AM@ RÃ^QCED
E]ËC AM @C RÃ@R]@C
C
N
M
G
Q
M
RÃ@R]@C^ AM M^NC_M K
d
C
N
M
G
Q
RÃ@R]@C^ AM
M
K
d
CAKG^GÞJ
5-32

@gkpgm m` ndjfujtd am `c nu`ctc ndj agsd`vmjtm y sdp`m ndj

cgrm ndkprgkgad c trcvçs am ncac ndjauntd am cnmgtm.
RÃ@R]@C C^GMJQD AM@ YM^DYQM
Gjstc`m `ds csgmjtds am `ds rmsdrtms am vã`vu`cs.
Gjstc`m `ds jumvds rmtmjms am cnmgtm am `ds vãstceds.
@uirgqum `cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `ds vãstceds am YM^DYQM^ J]MRD

`cs vã`vu`cs ndj cnmgtm am kdtdr. Gjsmrtm ncac vã`vu`c mj su
euëc, lcngçjad`c egrcr `mjtckmjtm pcrc mvgtcr acóds c` rmtçj YMQÇJ AM
am cnmgtm am` vãstced. CNMGQM AM@
RÃ^QCED
YMQMJMADY
Gjstc`m `ds rmsdrtms am `cs vã`vu`cs y `ds rmtmjmadrms am

rmsdrtms. M` `cad am `ds rmsdrtms ndj `cs mspgrcs kãs prþxgkcs
sm amim drgmjtcr lcngc `c nãkcrc am ndkiustgþj. YM^DYQM YM^DYQM
GJQMYJD M\QMYJD
M^_GYC^
KÃ^
_YÞ\GKC^
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr mj m` c`dfckgmjtd am` cnngdjcadr am `c vã`vu`c.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
_rdtmntdr
_rdtmntdr am` c`dfc
c`dfckgmj
kgmjtd
td am` cnngd
cnngdjcadr
jcadr ?5LK
?5LKE-KY5
E-KY5???9
???9
_YDQMNQDY AM@
C@DFCKGMJQD AM@
CNNGDJCADY
5-35

JDQC
Cp`gqum ercsc c `cs nlcvmtcs pcrc bcng`gtcr `c gjstc`cngþj.
Gjstc`m `cs nlcvmtcs mj `cs vã`vu`cs utg`gzcjad `cs

lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Ndkprmsdr am rmsdrtms am vã`vu`c ?55=5„??3????
Cnnm
Cnnmsd
sdrg
rgd
d am
am`` nd
ndkp
kprm
rmsd
sdrr am rm
rmsd
sdrt
rtms
ms ?57=
?57=7„
7„HK
HK>?
>?3?
3?33
g
_crc mvgtcr pçragacs am tmjsgþj jd ndkprgkc `ds rmsdrtms
kãs qum `d jmnmscrgd pcrc gjstc`cr `cs nlcvmtcs.
Ed`pmm `ds vãstceds am vã`vu`cs sucvmkmjtm ndj ads
kcrtg``ds p`ãstgnds pcrc csmjtcr `cs nlcvmtcs bgrkmkmjtm, am
cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
g
Cpdym `c nu`ctc mj sdpdrtms mj uj jgvm` supmrgdr sdirm `c
icjncac am trcicfd pcrc mvgtcr pdsgi`ms acóds c `cs
vã`vu`cs.
Gjstc`m ujc jumvc fujtc.
J]MRC
F]JQC
Gjstc`m m` cgs`cadr y cprgmtm `ds ads pmrjds. CG^@CADY
_MYJD^
5-3<

E]ËC
AM AGÂM
QY@C
GI]NCAMJC
NGÞJ F]JQC
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM @C N]@CQC J]MRC
Sugtm nuc`qugmr rmsgaud am kctmrgc` am fujtc am `cs

supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am` ng`gjard.
Gjstc`m `c euëc am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj mj `c nu`ctc.
Nmrngþrmsm am qum `ds rmsc`tms am `c euëc am `c ncamjc am

agstrgiungþj sm mjncfmj mj `cs rcjurcs am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr
y am` ng`gjard.
Gjstc`m `cs mspgecs am euëc y ujc jumvc fujtc.

M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
N]@CQC
Euëm `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj c trcvçs am `c nu`ctc m gjstc`m
`c nu`ctc mj m` ng`gjard.
Gjstc`m m` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc mj `c kgskc.
Cprgmtm m` pmrjd am `c ndjmxgþj supmrgdr am` tuid am cnmgtm am

`c nu`ctc c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Q]MYNC
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `cs rdsncs y supmrbgngms am
csmjtckgmjtd am `cs tumrncs am `c nu`ctc. Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `cs
tumrncs y crcjam`cs.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 1= J.k (1,= he.k)
Gjstc`m m` tuid am msncpm (pãegjc 9-=).
Gjstc`m m` ncriurcadr (pãegjc =-3>).
_MYJD^
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ ÃYID@ AM @MRC^

@uirgqum `cs supmrbgngms mxtmrjcs am `ds cnngdjcadrms am `cs
vã`vu`cs ndj cnmgtm c icsm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd.
Gjstc`m `ds nc`nms y `ds cnngdjcadrms am `cs vã`vu`cs mj sus

rmspmntgvcs pdsgngdjms y c`dfckgmjtds drgegjc`ms. Qmjec
nugacad pcrc jd acócr `cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `ds
cnngdjcadrms y `ds c`dfckgmjtds.
NC@NM
5-37

Egrm `mjtckmjtm m` ngeðmóc` mj m` smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd, K]M^NC

sufmtcjad `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj, pcrc c`gjmcr `c kcrnc ‐Q‛ GJAGNCADYC
mj m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr ndj `c kumsnc gjagncadrc am` drgbgngd
am sgjnrdjgzcngþj mj `c tcpc `ctmrc` am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
KCYNC ‐Q‛
DYGBGNGD AM ^GJNYDJGVCNGÞ
^GJNYDJGVCNGÞJ
J
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd c `ds kuódjms am NCAMJC AM AG^QYGI]NGÞJ

`ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs mj `c nu`ctc, c `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs y sus
rmspmntgvds sdpdrtms.
Gjstc`m `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs mj `c nu`ctc. C

N
M
G
Q
M
K
Gjstc`m `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj mj `ds mjercjcfms am d
agstrgiungþj.
C`gjmm
Nmrngþrmsm am qum `cs kcrncs am rmbmrmjngc mj `ds mjercjcfms
am agstrgiungþj (‐GJ‛ pcrc cakgsgþj y ‐M\‛ pcrc msncpm) sm
qumamj c`gjmcacs ndj `c supmrbgngm supmrgdr am `c nu`ctc y
drgmjtcacs lcngc bumrc (am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj), nucjad
`c kcrnc ‐Q‛ mj m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr mstç c`gjmcac ndj `c
kumsnc gjagncadrc mj `c tcpc `ctmrc` am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Gjstc`m `ds sdpdrtms am `ds ãrid`ms am `mvcs y `c euëc am `c

ncamjc am agstrgiungþj.
E]ËC AM @C NCAMJC
AM AG^QYGI]NGÞJ _MYJD
Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
5-9?

GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ CNNGDJCADY AM@ QMJ^DY AM @C

NCAMJC AM AG^QYGI]NGÞJ
Sugtm m` tcpþj am` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr.
Rmrgbgqum m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr6

„ M` mfm am` tmjsdr
tmjsdr jd
jd amim mjtrcr
mjtrcr mj m` numrpd,
numrpd, nucjad
nucjad
prmsgdjcad.
„ Nucjad egrcad mj smjtgad ldrcrgd, ndj uj amstdrjg``cadr,
amstdrjg``cadr, m`
mfm am` tmjsdr amim rmtrcmrsm lcngc amjtrd am` numrpd. M` mfm
sc`tcrã lcngc bumrc am` numrpd, gkpu`scad pdr m` rmsdrtm,
cpmjcs sm qugtm m` amstdrjg``cadr.
Lcec ujc lmrrckgmjtc `gkgtcadrc am` mfm am` tmjsdr ndj uj

pmaczd bgjd am cnmrd (?,< kk am mspmsurc), ndkd kumstrc m`
agcerckc.
]tg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc `gkgtcadrc egrm ndkp`mtckmjtm m` mfm
am` cnngdjcadr mj m` smjtgad ldrcrgd, pcrc lcnmr rmtrcmr m` tmjsdr
y mvgtcr acóds c `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj. Mjsmeugac gjsmrtm
tdtc`kmjtm `c lmrrckgmjtc `gkgtcadrc pcrc sufmtcr m` tmjsdr mj
msc pdsgngþj.
LMYYCKGMJQC @GKGQCADYC
F]JQC
Gjstc`m
ncamjcujc jumvc fujtc mj m` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr am `c
am agstrgiungþj. J]MRC
Gjstc`m m` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr mj m` ng`gjard y cprgmtm `ds

pmrjds am bgfcngþj.
CNNGDJCADY AM@ QMJ^DY
5-93

CJG@@D QÞYGND
Sugtm `c lmrrckgmjtc `gkgtcadrc am` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr.
J]MRD
Gjstc`m uj jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd mj m` c`dfckgmjtd am`

cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr.
Gjstc`m m` tcpþj am` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr.
Cprgmtm m` tcpþj am` cnngdjcadr am` tmjsdr.
_MYJD^ QC_ÞJ AM@ CNNGDJCADY

QC_ÞJ AM@ CNNGDJCADY
Rmrgbgqum jumvckmjtm sg `cs kcrncs am rmbmrmjngc mj m`
mjercjcfm am agstrgiungþj pmrkcjmnmj c`gjmcacs ndj `c
supmrbgngm supmrgdr am `c nu`ctc kgmjtrcs `c kcrnc ‐Q‛ am`
vd`cjtm am` kdtdr mstç c`gjmcac ndj `c kumsnc gjagncadrc mj `c
tcpc `ctmrc` am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr (rmkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 5-=).
C
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM @C QC_C AM @C N]@CQC

N
M
G
Q
M
@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `c

nu`ctc y am `c tcpc.
Rgmrtc cnmgtm am` kdtdr mj `ds id`sdjms am `c nu`ctc.
Cp`gqumam
nu`ctc, sm``cadr
cnumrad`ëqugad
ndj `ccgùstrcngþj
`ds rmicfms smkgngrnu`crms am `c
5-99

Gjstc`m ujc jumvc fujtc mj `c tcpc am `c nu`ctc. F]JQC

J]MRC
QC_C AM @C N]@CQC
CYCJAM@C AM EDKC/_MYJD
Gjstc`m `cs jumvcs crcjam`cs am edkc y cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am
`c tcpc am `c nu`ctc c` pcr mspmngbgncad. J]MRC

Gjstc`m `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
Gjstc`m m` tcjqum am ndkiustgi`m (pãegjc 9-1).
5-9>


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
bujngdjckgmjtd am` vmlënu`d, sgec `cs rmndkmjacngdjms KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

@cs ^mnngdjms 3 y > sdj cp`gnci`ms c tdac `c
kdtdngn`mtc. @c ^mnngþj 9 prmsmjtc prdnmagkgmjtds
J
Þ
G
AM^KDJQCFM/
^
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
gùstrcngþj
am smrvgngd am` sgstmkc d ndjfujtd, gjbdrkcngdjms
m gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrëcs. @cs
39
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
G
K
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
3<
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37

\Y9=? <. NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ

GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD <-3 AM^KDJQCFM AM@ _G^QÞJ <-1
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ <-9 GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ _G^QÞJ <-2
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ NG@GJAYD <-> GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ NG@GJAYD <-<
• Cjtms am mbmntucr smrvgngds am rmpcrd mj m` ng`gjard/pgstþj qugtm m` kdtdr.
kdtdr.
• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc
pcrc jd acócr `c pcrma
pcrma am` ng`gjard
ng`gjard y m` pgstþj.
pgstþj.
• C` utg`gzcr uj amstdrjg``cadr
amstdrjg``cadr pcrc qugtcr m` ng`gjard, tmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc jd acócr `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd.
ndjtcntd.
• C` qugtcr m` pgstþj
pgstþj `gkpgm `ds ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c
ncridjg``c y icrrd am `c pcrtm supmrgdr
supmrgdr am` ng`gjard.
ng`gjard.
• Aurcjtm m` amscrkcad, gamjtgbgqum y eucram ncac pgmzc qugtcac pcrc amspuçs rmgjstc`cr`c mj su pdsgngþj
pdsgngþj drgegjc`.
Ng`gjard A.G. 5>,??? „ 5>,?3? 5>,33
Dvc`gzcngþj ‑ ?,?=
Ndjgngaca ‑ ?,?=
C`cimd ‑ ?,?=
_gstþj, iu`þj Kcrnc am agrmnngþj am` pgstþj Kcrnc ‐GJ‛ drgmjtcac lcngc m` ‑
y smekmjtds `cad am `c cakgsgþj
c akgsgþj
am` pgstþj A.M. am` pgstþj 59,7=? „ 59,75? 59,<5
_ujtd am kmagngþj am` A.M. am` pgstþj 32 kk amsam `c pcrtm gjbmrgdr ‑
A.G. am` drgbgngd am` iu`þj 35,??9 „ 35,??< 35,?=
A.M. am` iu`þj am` pgstþj 32,771 „ 35,??? 32,75
A.G. am` pgm am `c igm`c 35,?32 „ 35,?>1 35,?2
Ldèurc mjtrm m` ng`gjard y m` pgstþj ?,?>? „ ?,?2? ?,9>
Ldèurc mjtrm m` pgstþj y m` iu`þj ?,??9 „ ?,?31 ?,?5
Ldèurc mjtrm `c igm`c y m` iu`þj am` pgstþj ?,?32 „ ?,?1? ?,?7
Ldèurc mjtrm m` smekmjtd ûpmrgdr ?,?3= „ ?,?=? ?,39
am` pgstþj y `c rcjurc ^mnujacrgd ?,?3= „ ?,?=? ?,39
Cimrturc am `cs mxtrmkgacams ûpmrgdr ?,3= „ ?,>? ?,>?
am` smekmjtd
smekmjtd am` pgst
pgstþj
þj ^mnujacrgd ?,>? „ ?,1= ?,1=
Cjm` am cnmgtm
(smekmjtd ?,9? „ ?,5? ?,<2
`ctmrc`)
K crnc am aam`
smekmjtd grmnpgstþj
ngþj am` ûpmrgdr/
^mnujacrgd Kcrnc drgmjtcac lcngc crrgic ‑
<-3

NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ \Y9=?
<-?

Ndkprmsgþj amkcsgcad icfc, crrcjqum agbëng` d amsmkpmód ambgngmjtm c icfc rdtcngþj
• Fuj
Fujtctc am `c
`c nu`ctc
nu`ctc acóca
acócacc
• ^mekmjtds am` pgstþj
pgstþj amsecstcads,
amsecstcads, acócads d ctcsncads
ctcsncads
• Ng`g
Ng`gjard
jard d pgstþj
pgstþj amsecstc
amsecstcad
ad d acócad
acócad
• C`cim
C`cimd d am vã`vu`cs,
vã`vu`cs, d csgmjtds
csgmjtds am vã`vu`cs
vã`vu`cs acócads
acócads
Ndkprmsgþj amkcsgcad c`tc, rmnc`mjtckgmjtd d ‐ncsncim`md‛

• Mxnmsd am ampþsgtds
ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c
ncridjg``c mj m` pgstþj d mj `c nãkcrc am
am ndkiustgþj
Lukd mxnmsgvd
• Ng`gjard, pgstþj d smekmjtds
smekmjtds am` pgstþj amsecstcads
amsecstcads
• Gjstc
Gjstc`cngþ
`cngþj
j gjndrrmntc
gjndrrmntc am `ds smekmjtds
smekmjtds am` pgstþj
pgstþj
• _crmam
_crmamss am` ng`gjard
ng`gjard d am` pgstþj amsecstc
amsecstcacs
acs d rcycacs
• ^mekm
^mekmjtds
jtds am`
am` pgstþj
pgstþj ctcsncads
ctcsncads d rdtds
rdtds
Yugad mxnmsgvd (pgstþj)
• Iu`þj am` pgstþj/Drgbgngd am c`dfckgmjtd
c`dfckgmjtd am` iu`þj amsecstcads
amsecstcads
• Ng`gjard, pgstþj d smekmjtds
smekmjtds am` pgstþj amsecstcads
amsecstcads
• _gm am `c
`c igm`c
igm`c amsec
amsecstcad
stcad
• C`c
C`cimd
imd am `c
`c igm`c
igm`c
<-9

\Y9=? NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ
NG@GJAYD
AM^KDJQCFM
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ NG@GJAYD
Sugtm `c nu`ctc (^mnngþj 5).
Sugtm m` ng`gjard. Jd ed`pmm m` ng`gjard mxnmsgvckmjtm. C`

utg`gzcr uj amstdrjg``cadr aurcjtm m` amskdjtcfm, tmjec
nugacad pcrc jd acócr `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd.
@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm `c pcrtm supmrgdr am` ng`gjard.
g
Mvgtm acócr `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `c fujtc.
Sugtm `cs mspgecs am euëc y `c fujtc.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Gjspmnngdjm `c pcrma am` ng`gjard ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.
Kgac y cjdtm m` A.G. am` ng`gjard mj trms jgvm`ms, mj `ds mfms \ m W. M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
Ndjsgamrm `c kcydr `mnturc pcrc amtmrkgjcr m` amsecstm. F]JQC
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 5>,33 kk
Nc`nu`m m` ng`gjard ndj rmspmntd c dvc`gzcngþj mj trms jgvm`ms,

mj `ds mfms \ m W.
Ndjsgamrm `c kcydr `mnturc pcrc amtmrkgjcr `c dvc`gzcngþj.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd ?,?= kk
Nc`nu`m m` ng`gjard ndj rmspmntd c ndjgngaca mj trms jgvm`ms,

mj `ds mfms \ m W.
Ndjsgamrm `c kcydr `mnturc pcrc amtmrkgjcr `c ndjgngaca.

W
Mj ncsd am qum `ds `ëkgtms smcj mxnmagads, rmntgbgqum m` ^]_MYGDY \
ng`gjard m rmmkp`cnm m` pgstþj pdr uj jumvd, am tckcód
sdirmxnmagad.
KMAGD
@ds pgstdjms am tckcód sdirmxnmagad mstãj agspdjgi`ms mj
`cs sgeugmjtms agkmjsgdjms6 ?,9= kk y ?,=? kk.
GJBMYGDY
Ymntgbgqum m` ng`gjard am kdad qum `c ldèurc am` pgstþj am
tckcód sdirmxnmagad smc am ?,?9? „ ?,?2? kk.
<->

]tg`gnm ujc
vmrgbgncr rme`c supmrgdr
`c pcrtm am prmngsgþj y uj nc`gircadr
am` ng`gjard am mspmsdrms
ndj rmspmntd c c`cimd.pcrc
_G^QÞJ
AM^KDJQCFM
AM^KDJQ
JDQC
CFM AM@ _G^QÞJ
Cjtms am` amskdjtcfm, nd`dqum uj pcód `gkpgd c`rmamadr
am `c igm`c pcrc mvgtcr qum `ds sufmtcadrms am` iu`þj
ncgecj amjtrd am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Sugtm `ds sufmtcadrms am` iu`þj, utg`gzcjad uj c`gnctms.

Sugtm m` iu`þj am` pgstþj. Sugtm m` pgstþj am `c igm`c.
Gjspmnngdjm m` kdvgkgmjtd am `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj,

lcngçjad`ds egrcr kgmjtrcs `ds prmsgdjc. @ds smekmjtds I]@ÞJ AM@ _G^QÞJ/^]FMQCADY AM@ I]@ÞJ
amimj kdvmrsm `girmkmjtm mj `cs rcjurcs, sgj ctcsncrsm. _G^QÞJ
Circ ncac
crrgic, smekmjtd
amsam m` pujtdam` pgstþjcy`cquëtm`d,
dpumstd cimrturcgjn`gjãjad`d
am sus lcngc
mxtrmkgacams.
g
• Jd circ amkcsgcad
amkcsgcad `cs mxtrmkga
mxtrmkgacams
cams am `ds smekmjtds
smekmjtds
am` pgstþj, pcrc jd acócr`ds.
• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc
pcrc jd acócr m` pgstþj
pgstþj c` qugtcr
qugtcr `ds
smekmjtds.
^MEKMJQD AM@ _G^QÞJ
Sugtm `ds ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c am` pgstþj.
JDQC
]tg`gnm uj smekmjtd yc amsncrtcad pcrc `gkpgcr `ds
ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c am `cs rcjurcs am `ds smekmjtds
am` pgstþj (am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj). Jujnc utg`gnm uj
nmpg``d am cnmrd, pums çstm acócrã `cs rcjurcs am `ds
smekmjtds.
^MEKMJQD AM@ _G^QÞJ
<-1

GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Gjspmnngdjm m` pgstþj ndj rmspmntd c ergmtcs u dtrds acóds.
Gjspmnngdjm `cs rcjurcs am` pgstþj ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm

mxnmsgvd y bdrkcngþj am ampþsgtds am ncridjg``c.
Kgac m` A.M. am` pgstþj.
JDQC
Kgac m` agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am` pgstþj mj uj pujtd c 32 kk
amsam `c icsm am `c bcàc y c 7?¿ amsam m` drgbgngd
drgbgngd am` iu`þj.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 59,<5 kk
Nc`nu`m `c ldèurc mjtrm m` pgstþj y m` ng`gjard. Ndjsgamrm `c

`mnturc kãxgkc pcrc amtmrkgjcr `c ldèurc (Ymkëtcsm c `c
pãegjc <-1, pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am`
Agãkmtrd Gjtmrjd am` ng`gjard).
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd ?,9> kk
Kgac m` A.G. am` drgbgngd am c`dfckgmjtd am` iu`þj am` pgstþj mj

`ds mfms \ m W.
Ndjsgamrm `c `mnturc kãxgkc pcrc amtmrkgjcr m` A.G.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 35,?= kk
Kgac m` A.M. am` iu`þj am` mj trms pujtds, am cnumrad ndj `c

gùstrcngþj.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 32,75 kk
Nc`nu`m `c ldèurc mjtrm m` pgstþj y m` iu`þj.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd ?,?5 kk
Kgac m` A.G. am` pgm am `c igm`c.
Nc`nu`m `c ldèurc mjtrm `c igm`c y m` iu`þj am` pgstþj.
<-=

JDQC
Ymmkp`cnm sgmkprm `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj ndkd uj
ndjfujtd.
Gjspmnngdjm `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj y rmmkp`ãnm`ds, sg

mstãj amsecstcads.
Ymgjstc`m tmkpdrc`kmjtm `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj (pãegjc

<-5) mj sus rmspmntgvcs rcjurcs.
_rmsgdjm m` smekmjtd am` pgstþj lcstc qum su supmrbgngm

mxtmrjc qumam prãntgnckmjtm jgvm`cac ndj m` pgstþj. Kgac `c
ldèurc mjtrm `c rcjurc y m` smekmjtd am` pgstþj, utg`gzcjad
uj nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms.
@ëkgtm am
^mrvgngd ^mekmjtd ûpmrgdr ?,39 kk
^mekmjtd ^mnujacrgd ?,39 kk
Gjsmrtm ndrrmntckmjtm ncac smekmjtd am` pgstþj mj `c icsm

am` ng`gjard, utg`gzcjad m` pgstþj am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
Kgac `c ldèurc am `cs mxtrmkgacams am` smekmjtd am` pgstþj

ndj uj nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms.
^mekmjtd ûpmrgdr ?,>? kk
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd
^mrvgngd ^mek
^mekmjtd
mjtd ^mnu
^mnujac
jacrgd
rgd ?,1= kk
^mekmjtd am Cnmgtm ?,<2 kk
_G^QÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ _G^QÞJ
@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm `c ncimzc am` pgstþj, `c rcjurcs am `ds
smekmjtds y `c bcàc am` pgstþj.
Gjstc`m nugacadsckmjtm `ds smekmjtds am` pgstþj, ndj `cs

kcrncs drgmjtcacs lcngc crrgic.
g
• Cp`gqum
Cp`gqum cnmgtm
cnmgtm c `ds smekmjtds
smekmjtds am` pgstþj
pgstþj..
• Jd circ amkcsgcad
amkcsgcad `cs mxtrmkga
mxtrmkgacams
cams am `ds smekmjtds
smekmjtds
am` pgstþj, pcrc jd acócr`ds.
• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc
pcrc jd acócr m` pgstþj
pgstþj y `ds smekmjtd
smekmjtdss ^MEKMJQD AM@ _G^QÞJ
aurcjtm `c gjstc`cngþj.
<-2

JDQC
• Qmjec nugacad
nugacad pcrc jd ndjbujagr
ndjbujagr m` smekmjtd supmrgdr KCYNC
ndj m` smekmjtd smnujacrgd. M` cjnld am` smekmjtd
supmrgdr ms kmjdr qum m` cjnld am` smekmjtd smnujacrgd.
• Amsp
Amspuçs
uçs am `c gjstc`cngþj
gjstc`cngþj,, `ds smekmjtds
smekmjtds amimj
amimj egrcr
`girmkmjtm mj `cs rcjurcs, sgj ctcsncrsm.
• ^mpcr
^mpcrmm `cs mxtrmkgacam
mxtrmkgacamss am `ds smekmjtds
smekmjtds c 39?¿.
39?¿.
• Gjstc
Gjstc`m
`m cjtms m` mspcngc
mspcngcadr
adr am` smekmjtd
smekmjtd am cnmgtm.
cnmgtm.
Mjsmeugac, gjstc`m `ds smekmjtds `ctmrc`ms.
^MEKMJQD
^]_MYGDY
_G^QÞJ ^MEKMJQD
M^_CNGCADY ^MN]JACYGD
^MEKMJQD^
@CQMYC@M^
^MEKMJQD
^]_MYGDY
_G^QÞJ
^MEKMJQD
^MN]JACYGD
^MEKMJQD
AM CNMGQM
^]_MYBGNGM AM NDJQCNQD
JDQC
C` `gkpgcr
pcód `c mj
`gkpgd supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd
`c cimrturc am` ng`gjard
am` ng`gjard, nd`dqum
pcrc mvgtcr `c uj
mjtrcac am pd`vd d sungmaca mj m` kdtdr.
@gkpgm nuc`qugmr rmsgaud am fujtc am `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd

am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr ndj m` ng`gjard.
JDQC
Nd`dqum uj pcód mj `c cimrturc am `c ncrncsc pcrc mvgtcr
qum `ds sufmtcadrms am` iu`þj ncgecj amjtrd am `c ncrncsc.
Cp`gqum ujc sdùngþj am cnmgtm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd c

`cs supmrbgngms mxtmrjcs am` iu`þj am` pgstþj. _G^QÞJ KCYNC ‐GJ‛
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c` pgm am `c igm`c y mj m` drgbgngd am

c`dfckgmjtd am` iu`þj am` pgstþj.
Gjstc`m m` pgstþj ndj `c kcrnc ‐GJ‛ drgmjtcac lcngc m` `cad am
`c cakgsgþj.
Gjstc`m m` iu`þj mj m` pgstþj y mj `c igm`c.
C
N
M
G
Q
M
K
d
I]@ÞJ AM@ _G^QÞJ
<-5

Gjstc`m `ds jumvds sufmtcadrms am` iu`þj am` pgstþj.
g
]tg`gnm sgmkprm sufmtcadrms jumvds. Jujnc rmutg`gnm `ds
sufmtcadrms, pums mstd pumam prdvdncr smrgds acóds c`
kdtdr.
JDQC
• Nmrngþrms
Nmrngþrmsmm am qum `ds sufmtcadrms
sufmtcadrms am` iu`þj
iu`þj am` pgstþj
mstçj bgrkmkmjtm csmjtcads.
• Jd c`gjmm `cs mxtrmkg
mxtrmkgacams
acams am `ds sufmtcad
sufmtcadrms
rms am` iu`þj J]MRD
ndj m` rmicfm am` pgstþj.

^]FMQCADY AM I]@ÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ NG@GJAYD
JDQC
• C` `gkpgcr
`gkpgcr `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am` ng`gjard,
ng`gjard, nd`dqum
uj pcód mj `c cimrturc am` ng`gjard, pcrc mvgtcr `c
mjtrcac am pd`vd d sungmaca mj m` kdtdr.
• Jd rmutg`gnm
rmutg`gnm `c fujtc.
fujtc. Ymmkp`ãn
Ymmkp`ãnm`c
m`c pdr ujc jumvc.
jumvc.
Gjstc`m `cs mspgecs am euëc y ujc fujtc jumvc.

J]MRC
M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
F]JQC
NG@GJAYD
g
Qmjec nugacad
smekmjtds pcrc jd acócr `c pcrma am` ng`gjard y `ds
am` pgstþj.
Euëm `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj c trcvçs am` ng`gjard m gjstc`m

m` ng`gjard sdirm m` pgstþj kgmjtrcs ndkprgkm `ds smekmjtds
am` pgstþj ndj `ds amads.
Gjstc`m `c nu`ctc (^mnngþj 5).
<-<

JDQC^
<-7


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
pãegjcs sgeugmjtms prmsmjtcj prdnmagkgmjtds Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37

\Y9=? 7. MKIYCE]M/
^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 7-3 MJEYCJCFM _YGKCYGD AM KCJAD 7-3?

GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 7-9 ^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^ 7-33
AM^KDJQCFM AM @C QC_C @CQMYC@ GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM @C QC_C @CQMYC@
AMYMN
AMYMNLC
LC AM @C NC
NCYNC
YNC^C
^C AM
AM@
@ KDQ
KDQDY
DY 7->
7-> AMYM
AMYMNL
NLCC AM
AM @C
@C NCYNC
NCYNC^C
^C AM
AM@
@ KDQ
KDQDY
DY 7-39
7-39
MKIYCE]M 7-1
•• @ds smrvgngds am
@c vgsndsgaca aymm`
rmpcrd mj cnmgtm
jgvm` am m` mkirceum y sm`mntdr
sm`mntdr
am` kdtdr
kdtdr cbmntcjam kcrnlcs sm pumamj
agrmntckmjtm mbmntucr ndj
m` bujngdjckgmjtd
bujngdjckgmjtd am`m`mkirceum.
kdtdr
mk gjstc`cad
irceum. Jd sm mj m` nlcsgs.
rmndk
rmndkgmjac
gmjac
m` usd am cagtckmjtds. ^g m` mkirceum jd sm amscndp`c d sg `c kdtdngn`mtc vgirc ndj m` mkirceum amscndp`cad,
gjspmnngdjm m` cnmgtm am` kdtdr y su jgvm` cjtms am mbmntucr rmpcrds mj m` sgstmkc am mkirceum.
• Mj ncsd am qum smc
smc jmnmscrgd mbmntucr smrvgngds
smrvgngds mj `c trcjskgsgþj,
trcjskgsgþj, tckidr am` nckigd
nckigd am kcrnlcs,
kcrnlcs, ldrqug``cs am`
nckigd am kcrnlcs y mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs, qugtm m` kdtdr y cpcrtm su ncrncsc (^mnngþj 33).
• Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj
^mnngþj 33 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms
gjbdrkcngdjms ndj rmspmntd
rmspmntd c rmpcrds am` lusg``d
lusg``d am` nckigd am kcrnlcs.

Mkirceum Fumed `girm am `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum 3? „ 9? ‑
@cred `girm am` rmsdrtm am` mkirceum >=,2 11,5
Mspmsdr am` agsnd am` mkirceum 9,79 „ >,?< 9,27
C`cimd am `c p`cnc ‑ ?,>?
A.G. am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum 9=,??? „ 9=,?93 9=,?1
Euëc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum A.G. 37,77? „ 9?,?3? 99,?=
A.M. 91,7=7 „ 91,7<? 99,7?
A.M. am` mfm prgjngpc` c `c euëc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum 37,7=7 „ 37,7<? 93,73
Qumrnc am trcic am` nuid am` mkirceum 3?< J.k (3?,< he.k) Cp`gqum cnmgtm c `c rdsnc y c `cs supmrbgngms
am csmjtckgmjtd.
Qrcim `c tumrnc am trcic.
Qumrnc am
am` mj
mjercjcfm pr
prgkcrgd am
am kc
kcjad 3?< J.
J.k (3
(3?,< he
he.k) Cp`gqum cn
cnmgtm c `c rd
rdsnc y c `c
`cs su
supmrbgngms
am csmjtckgmjtd.
_mrjd am` irczd `gkgtcadr am` tckidr 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
_mrjd am `c p`cnc am `mvc 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
LMYYCKGMJQC^
^dpdrtm am` nuid am` mkirceum ?5591-??=???9

^dpdrtm am` nuid am` mkirceum ?5FKI-KJ=?>?3
7-3

MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^ \Y9=?
3?< J.k (3?,< he.k)
39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
3?< J.k (3?,< he.k)

7-?

_c`cjnc am` mkirceum amkcsgcad aurc
• Nci`m am`
am` mkirceum
mkirceum sungd,
sungd, ctcsncad
ctcsncad d acócad
acócad
• _csca
_cscacc gjndrrmntc
gjndrrmntc am`
am` nci`m
nci`m am` mkirceum
mkirceum
• Acóds mj m` kmncjgsk
kmncjgskd d am cnngdjckgmj
cnngdjckgmjtdtd am` mkirceum
mkirceum
• Ydack
Ydackgmjtd
gmjtd am`
am` mkirceum
mkirceum ambmntu
ambmntudsd
dsd
• Gjstc`cngþj gjndrrmntc am `c euëc am cnngdjckgmjtd
cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum
M` mkirceum jd sm amscndp`c d `c kdtdngn`mtc vgirc ndj m` mkirceum amscndp`cad

• Fumed `girm
`girm amkcsgcad
amkcsgcad mj `c pc`cjnc
pc`cjnc am`
am` mkirceum
mkirceum
• C`cim
C`cimdd am `cs p`cn
p`cncs
cs am` mkirce
mkirceumum
• Kmncj
Kmncjgskd
gskd am cnngdjckg
cnngdjckgmjtd
mjtd am` mkirceum
mkirceum ambmntudsd
ambmntudsd
• Rgsndsgaca gjndrrmntc am` cnmgtm am` kdtdr d utg`gzcngþj am cagtckmjtd
• Jgvm` am`
am` cnmgtm
cnmgtm am` kdtdr
kdtdr amkcsgcad
amkcsgcad c`td
c`td
• Qumrn
Qumrncc am trcic
trcic am`
am` mkirceum
mkirceum b`dfc
• Gjstc`cngþj gjndrrmntc
gjndrrmntc am `c euëc am cnngdjckgmjtd
cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum
M` mkirceum pctgjc
• _c`cjn
_c`cjncc am` mkirceu
mkirceumm sgj fumed
fumed `girm
`girm
• Kmncj
Kmncjgskd
gskd am cnngdjckg
cnngdjckgmjtd
mjtd am` mkirceum
mkirceum ctcsncad
ctcsncad
• Agsn
Agsnds
ds am brgnng
brgnngþj
þj amsecstca
amsecstcads
ds
• Ymsdr
Ymsdrtms
tms am` mkir
mkirceum
ceum amig`gt
amig`gtcads
cads
• ]tg`gzcngþj am cagtckmjtd icscad mj kd`giamjd d ercbgtd mj m` cnmgtm am` kdtdr
Agbgnuàca pcrc nckigcr `cs kcrnlcs

• Bujng
Bujngdjck
djckgmjtd
gmjtd gjndrrm
gjndrrmntd
ntd am` mkirceum
mkirceum
• Rgsn
Rgsndsga
dsgacaca gjndrrmntc
gjndrrmntc am` cnmgtm
cnmgtm am` kdtdr
kdtdr
• Cfus
Cfustm
tm gjndrrmn
gjndrrmntd
td am` mkir
mkirceum
ceum
• C`cim
C`cimdd d acóds mj m` lusg``d
lusg``d am` nckigd
nckigd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs
• Acóds mjmj `c p`cnc
p`cnc am `mvc am` nckig
nckigdd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs
• Acóds mj `cs ldrqug``cs
ldrqug``cs am` nckigd
nckigd am kcrnlcs, mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs y tckidr sm`mntdr (^mnngþj
(^mnngþj 33)
• _mrjd am `c p`cnc
p`cnc am `mvc am` nckigd
nckigd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs b`dfd
b`dfd
• Acóds mj `c p`cnc am `mvc am` nckigd am kcrnlcs y pcscadr am pdsgngþj
@cs kcrnlcs msncpcj

• Irczd `gkgtcadr
`gkgtcadr am` tckidr am` nckigd am
am kcrnlcs acócad
• Ymsdr
Ymsdrtm
tm am rmtdrjd
rmtdrjd am` sm`mntdr
sm`mntdr am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs açig`
açig` d rdtd
• Acóds d amsecstm
amsecstm am `c p`cnc
p`cnc am `mvc am` nckigd
nckigd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs
• C`cimd am` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs d acóds
acóds mj `cs ldrqug``cs
ldrqug``cs y tckidr sm`mntdr am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs (^mnngþj 33)
• Amsecstm am `cs rcjurcs d rmsc`tms am cndp`ckgmjtd am` mjercjcfm (^mnngþj
(^mnngþj 33)
7-9

\Y9=? MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^
NCI@M AM@ MKIYCE]M

AM^KDJQCFM AM @C QC_C @CQMYC@
AMYMNLC AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
Sugtm m` nci`m am` mkirceum.

„ ^dpdr
^dpdrtmtm am` pmac` am
am cpdyd amrmnld
amrmnld (pãegjc
(pãegjc 31-3<)
„ Quids amam cnmgtm
cnmgtm am` rcagcadr
rcagcadr (pãegjc
(pãegjc 1-7)
1-7)
Q]ID^ AM CNMGQM AM@ YCAGCADY

_MYJD _MYJD CYCJAM@C^ AM ^M@@CAD
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `cs crcjam`cs am sm``cad am `cs ndjmxgdjms
gjbmrgdrms am` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
QC_C @CQMYC@ AMYMNLC

M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
Sugtm m` vãstced am cnngdjckgmjtd.
F]JQC RÃ^QCED AM CNNGDJCKGMJQD
7->


YM^DYQM IYCVD AM CNNGDJCKGMJQD
AM YMQDYJD AM@ MKIYCE]M
IYCVD AM CNNGDJCKGMJQD AM@ MKIYCE]M
Gjspmnngþj
Sugtm m` irczd am cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum y m` rmsdrtm am
rmtdrjd am `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Rmrgbgqum m` lusg``d am` irczd am cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum

ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.
Rmrgbgqum m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd ndj rmspmntd c bctgec

bct gec d acóds.
QC_C @CQMYC@ AMYMNLC AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY

E]CYAC_D@RD
Rmrgbgqum m` eucracpd`vd y m` iufm ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d
acóds. Ndkprumim sg mstãj bgfcads am kcjmrc ndrrmntc.
Ymmkp`cnm `cs pgmzcs ambmntudscs.
I]FM
MKIYCE]M _MYJ
_MYJD/
D/YM
YM^D
^DYQ
YQM
M YDAC
YDACKG
KGMJ
MJQD
QD AM@
AM@ MKI
MKIYC
YCE]
E]M
M
AM^KDJQCFM
7->).
Sugtm m` rdackgmjtd am` mkirceum.
Cb`dfm `ds pmrjds am `ds rmsdrtms am` mkirceum mj smnumjngc

mjtrmnruzcac, mj vcrgds pcsds.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `ds rmsdrtms.
Sugtm `c p`cnc am cnngdjckgmjtd. _@CNC AM CNNGDJCKGMJQD

^D_DYQM AM@ N]ID
AM@ MKIYCE]M Q]MYNC AM QYCIC
Amstrcim `c tumrnc am trcic am` nuid am` mkirceum.
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `c rdsnc am` mfm

m fm prgjngpc`.
Bgfm m` nuid am` mkirceum utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`.

Mjsmeugac, cb`dfm `c tumrnc am trcic.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
^dpdrtm am
am` nu
nuid am
am` mk
mkirceum ?5FKI-KJ=?>?3
Sugtm y amsncrtm `c tumrnc am trcic.
7-1

CYCJAM@C N]ID AM@ MKIYCE]M

Sugtm `c crcjam`c nþjgnc y `c crcjam`c.
Sugtm m` nuid am` mkirceum.
CYCJAM@C NÞJGNC
AG^ND^/_@CNC^ AM@ MKIYCE]M
Sugtm `ds agsnds am brgnngþj y `cs p`cncs am` mkirceum.
CYCJAM@C
CYCJAM@C AM C_DW
C_DWD
D NCK_
NCK_CJC
CJC AM@ MKIY
MKIYCE]M
CE]M
Sugtm `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum, `c p`cnc am prmsgþj y `c
crcjam`c am cpdyd.
E]ËC AM @C NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M
Sugtm `c euëc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum.
7-=


_@CNC
_@CN C AM CN
CNNG
NGDJ
DJCK
CKGM
GMJQ
JQD
D YDACKG
YDAC KGMJ
MJQD
QD
AM@ MKIYCE]M AM@ MKIYCE]M
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
C
N
Ydackgmjtd am` mkirceum J]MRD M
Q
G
M
Gjspmnngdjm m` rdackgmjtd am` mkirceum ndj rmspmntd c acóds.
Egrm `c pgstc gjtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd ndj m` amad.
M` rdackgmjtd amim egrcr am bdrkc sg`mjngdsc y sucvm, sgj

rugads d fumed mxnmsgvd.
Nmrngþrmsm am qum `c pgstc mxtmrjc jd prmsmjtm fumed

mxnmsgvd mj `c p`cnc am cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum.
Mj ncsd am qum `c pgstc gjtmrjc jd egrm am bdrkc sucvm y sgj

rugads, d `c pgstc mxtmrjc prmsmjtm fumed mxnmsgvd mj `c p`cnc
am cnngdjckgmjtd, rmmkp`cnm m` rdackgmjtd.
Ymsdrtm am` mkirceum
Kgac m` `cred `girm am` rmsdrtm am` mkirceum.
JDQC
Ymmkp`cnm `ds rmsdrtms am` mkirceum ndkd uj ndjfujtd.
Agsnds am brgnngþj
AG^ND ‐C‛ AG^ND ‐I‛
Rmrgbgqum `ds agsnds am brgnngþj ndj rmspmntd c mxndrgcngdjms
d amsnd`drgkgmjtd.
AG^ND AM BYGNNGÞJ AM@ MKIYCE]M
Kgac `c mspmsurc am `ds agsnds am brgnngþj.
@ëkgtm am Agsnd C 9,27 kk
^mrvgngd Agsnd I 9,27 kk

JDQC
Ymmkp`cnm `ds agsnds am brgnngþj y `cs p`cncs am`
mkirceum ndkd uj ndjfujtd.
7-2

_`cncs am` mkirceum
Rmrgbgqum `cs p`cncs am` mkirceum ndj rmspmntd c

amsnd`drgkgmjtd.
Rmrgbgqum m` c`cimd am `cs p`cncs am` mkirceum mj ujc
supmrbgngm p`cjc, utg`gzcjad uj nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd ?,>? kk
JDQC
Ymmkp`cnm `ds agsnds am brgnngþj y `cs p`cncs ndkd uj ndjfujtd.
_@CNC AM@ MKIYCE]M
N]ID AM@ MKIYCE]M
Nuid am` mkirceum
Rmrgbgqum m` nuid am` mkirceum ndj rmspmntd c surnds,

mjtc``ms
mkirceum.d amsecstm cjdrkc` prdvdncads pdr `cs p`cncs am`
Ymmkp`ãnm`d, sg jmnmscrgd.
NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M

Nckpcjc am` mkirceum
Rmrgbgqum `ds rmicfms am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum ndj

rmspmntd c surnds, mjtc``ms d amsecstm cjdrkc`, prdvdncads
pdr `ds agsnds am brgnngþj.
Rmrgbgqum `ds agmjtms smrrg``cads am` mjercjcfm kcjacad
prgkcrgd ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.
Eugc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum
Kgac m` A.M. y m` A.G. am `c euëc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum.
A.G. 99,?= kk E]ËC AM @C NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M

@ëkgtm am
^mrvgngd A.M. 99,7? kk
Mfm prgjngpc`
Kgac m` A.M. am` mfm prgjngpc` mj `c ãrmc am `c supmrbgngm am

ams`gzckgmjtd am `c euëc am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum.
7-5

E]ËC AM @C NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M

GJ^QC@CNGÞJ C
N
M
G
Q
M
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `c euëc am `c nckpcjc am`
mkirceum m gjstã`m`c mj m` mfm prgjngpc`.
CYCJAM@C AM C_DWD _@CNC AM _YM^GÞJ

Gjstc`m `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum.
Gjstc`m `c p`cnc am prmsgþj y `c crcjam`c am cpdyd.
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr jumvd c `ds agsnds am brgnngþj y c `cs

p`cncs am` mkirceum.
Gjstc`m `ds agsnds am brgnngþj y `cs p`cncs am` mkirceum

c`tmrjcackmjtm, am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
JDQC
Jd ndjbujac `ds agsnds ‐C‛ y ‐I‛ am` mkirceum.
NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M
C
N
M
G
AG^ND AM MKIYCE]M ‐C‛
Q
M
(Ymkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 7-2)
C
N
M AG^ND AM MKIYCE]M ‐I‛
Q
G
M
C

M
G
Q
AG^ND AM MKIYCE]M C
M
C
N
M
G
Q
M
N]ID AM@
MKIYCE]M _@CNC^ AM@
MKIYCE]M NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M
CYCJAM@C AM C_DWD
_@CNC AM _YM^GÞJ
7-<

@MJEÐMQC W YMICFM KMJD^ _YDB]JAD

JDQC
Gjstc`m `cs `mjeðmtcs am` agsnd ‐C‛ mxtmrjd mj `ds rmicfms
kmjds prdbujads am `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum.
AG^ND AM@ MKIYCE]M M\QMYJD

KCYNC N]ID AM@
CYCJAM@C "D]Q ^GAM" MKIYCE]M
Gjstc`m m` nuid am` mkirceum.
Gjstc`m `c crcjam`c mj m` mfm prgjngpc`.
Gjstc`m `c jumvc crcjam`c nþjgnc ndj `c kcrnc ‐D]Q-^GAM‛

drgmjtcac lcngc bumrc.
J]MRC
CYCJAM@C NÞJGNC
^D_DYQM AM@ N]ID
AM@ MKIYCE]M Q]MYNC AM QYCIC
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `c rdsnc y c `c supmrbgngm am C
csmjtckgmjtd am `c jumvc tumrnc am trcic. Mjsmeugac, J]MRC
N
M
G
Q
gjstã`m`c mj m` mfm prgjngpc`. M
]tg`gnm `c lmrrckgmjtc
mkirceum. mspmngc`
Cprgmtm `c tumrnc ampcrc
trcicbgfcr m` nuid
c` pcr am`
mspmngbgncad.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
^dpd
^dpdrt
rtmm am
am`` nu
nuid
id am
am`` mk
mkir
irce
ceum
um66 ?5FK
?5FKI-
I-KJ
KJ=?>
=?>?3
?3
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 3?< J.k (3?,< he.k)
Qrcim
Qrcim `c tumrnc am trcic mj `c rcjurc am` mfm prgjngpc`.
g
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `c rdsnc am` mfm prgjngpc`.
Q]MYNC AM QYCIC
7-7

_MYJD/YM^DYQM _@C
@CN
NC AM CNNGDJCKGMJQD
Gjstc`m `ds rmsdrtms am` mkirceum, `c p`cnc am cnngdjckgmjtd
y `ds rmspmntgvds pmrjds mj `c p`cnc am prmsgþj.
CprgmtmMjsmeugac,
pcsds. `ds pmrjds cprgçtm`ds
mj smnumjngc mjtrmnruzcac, mj vcrgds
bgrkmkmjtm.

7-39).
Q]MYNC W CYCJAM@C
MJEYCJCFM _YGKCYGD AM KCJAD
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr (pãegjc 7->).
Sugtm `ds ndkpdjmjtms am` mkirceum (pãegjc 7-1).
]tg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc` qugtm `c tumrnc y `c

crcjam`c am` mjercjcfm prgkcrgd am kcjad, am cnumrad ndj
`c gùstrcngþj.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
^dpdrtm am` nuid am` mkirceum6 ?5591-??=???9 ^D_DYQM AM@ N]ID AM@ MKIYCE]M
Sugtm `c crcjam`c y m` mjercjcfm prgkcrgd am kcjad am` ngeðmóc`.
CYCJAM@C
M^QYGCAD CJNLD YCJ]YC CJNLC
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm prgkcrgd am kcjad c`gjmcjad su rcjurc
kãs cjnlc ndj m` mstrgcad kãs cjnld am` ngeðmóc`.
7-3?

CYCJAM@C
Gjstc`m `c crcjam`c.
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `c rdsnc y c `c supmrbgngm am

csmjtckgmjtd am `c tumrnc am` mjercjcfm prgkcrgd am kcjad.
Mjsmeugac, gjstã`m`c mj m` ngeðmóc`.
]tg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc` cprgmtm `c tumrnc am`

mjercjcfm prgkcrgd am kcjad c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Q]MYNC AM@ MJEYCJCFM _YGKCYGD AM KCJAD
Lmrrckgmjtc6
^dpdrtm am
am` nuid am
am` mkirceum ?5591-??=???9 C
N
M
G
Q
M
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 3?< J.k (3?,< he.k)
Gjstc`m `ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms6

„ Qdads `ds`ds ndkpdjmjt
ndkpdjmjtmsms am` mkirceum
mkirceum (pãegjc
(pãegjc 7-<)
„ Qcpc `ctmrc`
`ctmrc` amrmnlc
amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc
ncrncsc am` kdtdr
kdtdr (pãegjc
(pãegjc 7-39)
^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^
JDQC
^D_DYQM AM@ N]ID AM@ MKIYCE]M
Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 33 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms ndj IYCVD @GKGQCADY AM@
rmspmntd c smrvgngds mj m` lusg``d am` nckigd am kcrnlcs. NCKIGD AM KCYNLC^ _MYJD
CYCJAM@C
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr (pãegjc 7->).
Sugtm m` pmrjd y `c p`cnc am `mvc am` nckigd am kcrnlcs.
Sugtm m` pmrjd, m` irczd `gkgtcadr am` tckidr am nckigd am

kcrnlcs, `c crcjam`c y m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd.
Sugtm `c mspgec am euëc am` tckidr sm`mntdr.

_MYJD
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
YM^DYQM AM _@CNC AM @MRC AM@ NCKIGD
YMQDYJD AM KCYNLC^
Gjspmnngdjm `c p`cnc am `mvc am` nckigd am kcrnlcs y m` YM^DYQM AM YMQDYJD CYCJAM@C
irczd `gkgtcadr ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.
Rmrgbgqum m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd am` irczd `gkgtcadr ndj

rmspmntd c bctgec d acóds.
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd, `c crcjam`c (mjtrm m` irczd
`gkgtcadr y m` rmsdrtm), m` irczd `gkgtcadr y m` pmrjd.
Cprgmtm m` pmrjd am` irczd `gkgtcadr c` pcr mspmngbgncad.

IYCVD @GKGQCADY AM@ _MYJD
NCKIGD AM KCYNLC^
7-33


IYCVD @GKGQCADY AM@
NCKIGD AM KCYNLC^ C`gjmm
@mvcjtm m` irczd `gkgtcadr utg`gzcjad uj amstdrjg``cadr. Gjstc`m
`c mspgec am euëc y `c p`cnc am `mvc am` nckigd am kcrnlcs.
JDQC
C`gjmm m` drgbgngd am` pcscadr, mj `c p`cnc am `mvc, ndj `c
mspgec am euëc am` tckidr am` nckigd am kcrnlcs.
M^_GEC AM E]ËC _@CNC AM @MRC AM@

NCKIGD AM KCYNLC^
_MYJD
Cp`gqum trcic quëkgnc c `c rdsnc am` pmrjd am `c p`cnc am `mvc
am` nckigd am kcrnlcs.
QYCIC
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm m` pmrjd am `c p`cnc am `mvc am`

nckigd am kcrnlcs.

7->).
_@CNC AM @MRC AM@ NCKIGD AM KCYNLC^

E]CYAC_D@RD
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM @C QC_C @CQMYC@ J]MRD
AMYMNLC AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY

EYC^C
Cp`gqum ercsc c` `cigd am` jumvd eucracpd`vd m gjstã`m`d mj

`c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
YM^DYQM AM YMQDYJD
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd mj m` lusg``d am` irczd am
cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum. Mjsmeugac, gjstc`m m` lusg``d mj
`c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
JDQC
Bgfm m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd mj `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c
ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
L]^G@@D AM@ IYCVD AM

CNNGDJCKGMJQD AM@ MKIYCE]M
7-39

F]JQC M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC

Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm kcjacad am `c idkic am cnmgtm mj m` mfm
am `c idkic, c`gjmcjad sus supmrbgngms p`cjcs. J]MRC
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `d jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd m gjstã`m`d mj

`c rcjurc am `c idkic am cnmgtm.
C
N
M
J]MRC G
Q
M
MJEYCJCFM KC
KCJACAD AM
AM C`gjmm CJG@@D
@C IDKIC AM CNMGQM QÞYGND
Gjstc`m `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr IYCVD AM L]^G@@D Cndp`m6
kgmjtrcs egrc m` irczd am cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum mj m` CNNGDJCKGMJQD AM@ IYCVD
smjtgad ldrcrgd, pcrc cndp`cr `c rcjurc am` lusg``d am` irczd AM@ MKIYCE]M
am cnngdjckgmjtd c `c irgac am `c euëc am cnngdjckgmjtd am`
mkirceum, am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
E]ËC AM
CNNGDJCKGMJQD
CYCJAM@C^
_MYJD _MYJD AM ^M@@CAD
Gjstc`m `ds djnm pmrjds am `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc am `c
ncrncsc am` kdtdr. Mjsmeugac, cprgçtm`ds bgrkmkmjtm. J]MRC
Gjstc`m `cs jumvcs crcjam`cs am sm``cad y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm

`ds pmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms am `ds tuids am cnmgtm am `c
nu`ctc.
QC_C
@CQMYC@
NCI@M AM@ MKIYCE]M

Gjstc`m m` nci`m am` mkirceum.

„ Quids amam cnmgtm
cnmgtm am` rcagcadr
rcagcadr (pãegjc
(pãegjc 1-7)
1-7)
„ ^dpdr
^dpdrtmtm am` pmac` am
am cpdyd amrmnld
amrmnld (pãegjc
(pãegjc 31-37)
Cicstmznc m` kdtdr ndj m` cnmgtm am kdtdr rmndkmjacad

(pãegjc >-39).
Cfustm m` nci`m am` mkirceum (pãegjc >-9=).
Q]ID^ AM CNMGQM
7-3>


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9

AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
W ^GJ GJN]YYGY MJ JGJEÖJ QG_D AM GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
DI@GECNGÞJ. ^M _YDLËIM
_CYNGC@ D QDQC@ AM M^QC@C YM_YDA]NNGÞJ
_]I@GNCNGÞJ, ^GJ

\Y9=? 3?. C@QMYJCADY/

GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 3?-3 AM^KDJQCFM AM@ RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY 3?->
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 3?-3 MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M 3?-1

M^QCQDY AM@ C@QMYJCADY 3?-9 GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY 3?-2
• @ds smrvgngds prmsmjtcads
prmsmjtcads mj mstc smnngþj
smnngþj sm pumamj mbmntucr ndj
ndj m` kdtdr gjstc`cad mj m` nlcsgs.
• Mj mstc smnngþj sm amsnrgimj `ds prdnmagkgmjtds am smrvgngd am` mstctdr am` c`tmrjcadr, vd`cjtm am` kdtdr
kdtdr y mkirceum
am` crrcjqum. Mstds ndkpdjmjtms sm pumamj qugtcr ndj m` kdtdr gjstc`cad mj m` nlcsgs.
• Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj
^mnngþj 3< pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms
gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am
am smrvgngds mj m` kdtdr
kdtdr am crrcjqum.
Ëtmk _carþj @gkgtm am ^mrvgngd

A.M. am` rmsc`tm am` mjercjcfm kcjacad am` crrcjqum 1=,22? „ 1=,25> 1=,2>

_mrjd am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr 3?> J.k (3?,> he.k) Cp`gqum cnmgtm c `c rdsnc y c `c
supmrbgngm am csmjtckgmjtd
_mrjd Qdrx am` mkirceum am` crrcjqum 32 J.k (3,2 he.k) Cp`gqum trcic quëkgnc c `c rdsnc
_mrjd am bgfcngþ
bgfcngþj
j am` emjmr
emjmrcadr
cadr am gkpu`
gkpu`sds
sds am` mjnmj
mjnmjagad
agad = J.
J.k
k (?,=
(?,= he.k)
he.k)
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` mstctdr 3? J.k (3,? he.k)
_mrjd am` prmjamadr am` nci`mcad am` mstctdr 3? J.k (3,? he.k)
LMYYCKGMJQC^
^
Mxdtprd
cnrttmdraamm` `vrdd`ctdjrtm am` kdtdr ??55559>=>--????19???????3
Icrrc am mxtmjsgþj ?5532-??9?=??
M` kdtdr am crrcjqum egrc, pmrd m` kdtdr am `c kdtdngn`mtc jd crrcjnc.
• Mkir
Mkirceum
ceum am`
am` crrcjqum
crrcjqum ambmn
ambmntudsd
tudsd
• Acóds mj m` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd y mjercjcfm am rmaunngþj am` kdtdr am crrcjqum
3?-3

C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M
C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M \Y9=?
3?> J.k (3?,> he.k)

3?-?

C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M
_MYJD
M^QCQDY
M^QCQDY AM@
A M@ C@QMYJCADY
AM^KDJQCFM AM @C QC_C @CQMYC@ GVS]GMYAC AM
@C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
Sugtm `ds trms pmrjds y `c tcpc am` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am`
crrcjqum.
QC_C AM@
MJEYCJCFM
GJQMYKMAGD
AM@ CYYCJS]M
MJEYCJCFM
MJEYCJCFM GJQMY
GJQMYKMA
KMAGD
GD AM@
AM@ CYYCJ
CYYCJS]M
S]M F]J
F]JQC
QC
Sugtm `c fujtc.
Sugtm m` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am` crrcjqum y `d rmspmntgvd

mfm am `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
MFM
NDJMNQCADY >_ AM@ EMJMYCADY AM GK_]@^D^
AM@ MJNMJAGAD/GJQMYY]_QDY
MJNMJAGAD/GJQMYY]_QDY AM _]JQD K]MYQD
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` (pãegjc 9-9).
Amsndjmntm m` ndjmntcadr >_ am` c`tmrjcadr y m` ndjmntdr >_

am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad/gjtmrruptdr am
pujtd kumrtd.
NDJMNQCADY >_ AM@ C@QMYJCADY
QC_C @CQMYC@ GVS]GMYAC
„ Qcpc am` pgódj
pgódj am trcjsk
trcjskgsgþj
gsgþj (pãegj
(pãegjcc 2->).
„ Nci`m am`
am` gjtmrruptdr
gjtmrruptdr am pujtd
pujtd kumrtd (pãegjc
(pãegjc 37-39).
37-39).
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am`

kdtdr.
a
@c tcpc am` c`tmrjcadr (mstctdr) sm bgfc kcejçtgnckmjtm c`
vd`cjtm am` kdtdr. Qmjec nugacad c` qugtcr`c.
_MYJD
3?-9

\Y9=? C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M

MJEYCJCFM AM YMA]NNGÞJ AM@
F]JQC CYYCJS]M/CYCJAM@C^
Sugtm m` mjercjcfm am rmaunngþj am` crrcjqum y `c crcjam`c.
M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
M^QCQDY _MYJD I]FM AM EDKC
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ M^QCQDY/EMJMYCADY AM
GK_]@^D^ AM@ MJNMJAGAD
Sugtm m` tdrjg``d am` prmjamadr am nci`ms y m` prmjamadr.
Sugtm `ds ads tdrjg``ds y m` dtrd prmjamadr.

Sugtm `ds trms pmrjds am` mstctdr y m` iufm am edkc am`
nci`mcad. Mjsmeugac, qugtm m` mstctdr/emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds
am` mjnmjagad am `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` QDYJG@@D
kdtdr.
QDYJG@@D
EMJMYC
EMJM YCAD
ADY
Y AM GK_]@
GK_]@^D
^D^^ _Y
_YMJ
MJAM
AMAD
ADYY
AM@ MJNMJAGAD/_YMJA
MJNMJAGAD/_YMJAMADY
MADY
_MYJD/CYCJAM@C
AM^KDJQCFM
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr (pãegjc
3?-9).
ûfmtm m` vd`cjtm
mspmngc`. am` kdtdr,
Mjsmeugac, qugtm mùtg`gzcjad
pmrjd am``c lmrrckgmjtc
vd`cjtm am` kdtdr.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
^dpdrtm am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr ?559=-??1????
Sugtm m` pmrjd am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr y `c crcjam`c mspmngc`.

^D_DYQM AM@ RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY
RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY
Sugtm m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr utg`gzcjad `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Mxtrcntdr am` rdtdr ?55>>-??9???3
Icrrc am mxtmjsgþj ?5532-??9?=??
Sugtm `c crcjam`c y m` mjercjcfm am kcjad am` crrcjqum.
M\QYCNQDY AM@ YDQDY
3?->

C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M
M^_CNGCADY YDACKGMJQD AM CE]FC^

Sugtm m` rdackgmjtd am ceufcs, m` mspcngcadr y `c nlcvmtc
Uddarubb am` ngeðmóc`.
NLCRMQC
CYCJAM@C
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr (pãegjc 3?->).
Sugtm m` mjercjcfm kcjacad am` crrcjqum, egrãjad`d mj m`

smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd.
Sugtm `c crcjam`c.
MJEYCJCFM KCJACAD AM@ CYYCJS]M

_MYJD QDY\
ûfmtm m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr, utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc
mspmngc`. Sugtm `ds pmrjds Qdrx am` mkirceum am` crrcjqum.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Sugtm m` ndjfujtd am` mkirceum am` crrcjqum am` vd`cjtm am`

kdtdr.
Sugtm m` mkirceum ujgagrmnngdjc` am `c nckpcjc am`

mkirceum am` crrcjqum.
MJEY
MJEYC
CJC
JCFM
FM GJ
GJQ
QMY
MYK
KMAGD AM@ CYYC
YCJS
JS]M
]M MFM
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Gjspmnngdjm m` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am` crrcjqum y `d
rmspmntgvd mfm ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.
3?-1

Rmrgbgqum m` mjercjcfm am rmaunngþj ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm

d acóds.
MJEYCJCFM AM YMA]NNGÞJ
MKIYCE]M ]JGAGYMNNGDJC@
Rmrgbgqum `c nckpcjc am` mkirceum am` crrcjqum y m`
mkirceum ujgagrmnngdjc` ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm cjdrkc`,
acóds d kdvgkgmjtds grrmeu`crms.
Gjspmnngdjm `c supmrbgngm gjtmrjc am ndjtcntd am `c nckpcjc

am` mkirceum ujgagrmnngdjc` ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm
cjdrkc` d acóds. Ymmkp`ãnm`c, sg jmnmscrgd.
NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M
Gjspmnngdjm `ds agmjtms am` mjercjcfm kcjacad am` crrcjqum

ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.
Kgac m` A.M. am` rmsc`tm am` mjercjcfm kcjacad am crrcjqum.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 1=,2> kk
MKIYCE]M ]JGAGYMNNGDJC@
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Gjstc`m m` mkirceum ujgagrmnngdjc` mj `c nckpcjc am`
mkirceum am` crrcjqum ndj m` `cad am `c irgac drgmjtcad
lcngc m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr.
NCK_CJC AM@ MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M
3?-=

C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M
_MYJD QDY\
@gkpgm y cp`gqum trcic quëkgnc c `cs rdsncs am `ds pmrjds
Qdrx am bgfcngþj am` mkirceum am` crrcjqum. QYCIC
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd am` mkirceum am` crrcjqum mj m` vd`cjtm

am` kdtdr. Gjstc`m `ds pmrjds Qdrx.

mspmngc`. Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds Qdrx.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm kcjacad am` crrcjqum, fujtckmjtm ndj

`c crcjam`c, lcngçjad`d egrcr mj m` smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd.
Nmrngþrmsm am qum m` mjercjcfm kcjacad am` crrcjqum egrm

sucvmkmjtm mj m` smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd y am qum jd egrm mj
m` smjtgad ldrcrgd.
Gjstc`m m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr.
M^_CNGCADY YDACKGMJQD AM CE]FC^

GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY C
N
M
G
Q
M
@uirgqum m` rdackgmjtd am ceufcs ndj cnmgtm.
Gjstc`m m` mspcngcadr y m` rdackgmjtd am ceufcs mj m` ngeðmóc`.
@gkpgm nuc`qugmr rmsgaud am cnmgtm am `cs smnngdjms nþjgncs

am` ngeðmóc` y am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr.
Gjstc`m `c nlcvmtc Uddarubb mj `c rcjurc am` ngeðmóc`.
Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm am kcjad am` crrcjqum.

NLCRMQC @gkpgm
NGEÐMÓC@ RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY
Gjstc`m m` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr mj m` ngeðmóc`, c`gjmcjad `c
rcjurc am` vd`cjtm ndj `c nlcvmtc Uddarubb.
C`gjmm YCJ]YC AM@ RD@CJQM
3?-2

_MYJD/CYCJAM@C M^_MNGC@
Cp`gqum cnmgtm c `c rdsnc y c `c supmrbgngm am csmjtckgmjtd am` C
N
pmrjd am` vd`cjtm am` kdtdr. Mjsmeugac, gjstc`m `c crcjam`c M
G
Q
M
mspmngc` y m` pmrjd.
mspmngc`. Mjsmeugac cprgmtm m` pmrjd c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 3?> J.k (3?,> he.k)
Gjstc`m `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
^D_DYQM AM@ RD@CJQM AM@ KDQDY

M^QCQDY _rmsgdjm I]FM AM EDKC
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ M^QCQDY/EMJMYCADY AM
GK_]@^D^ AM@ MJNMJAGAD
Nd`dqum m` mstctdr/emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad mj QDYJG@@D^
`c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Gjstc`m m` iufm am edkc mj `c rcjurc am `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac
am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr, am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj.
Euëm ndrrmntckmjtm m` nci`mcad m gjstc`m m` tdrjg``d
am` prmjamadr am` nci`m. _rmsgdjm m` prmjamadr ndjtrc `c tcpc
mj m` `dnc` gjagncad, am bdrkc qum gkpdsgig`gtm su egrd.
Mjsmeugac, cprgçtm`c. Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am` emjmrcadr am
gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad fujtckmjtm ndj m` prmjamadr y `ds _MYJD^
trms pmrjds am` mstctdr. EMJMYCADY AM GK_]@^D^ AM@ MJNMJAGAD
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
Qdrjg``d am bgfcngþj am` emjmrcadr
am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad = J.k (?,= he.k)
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` mstctdr 3? J.k (3,? he.k)
Qdrjg``d am` prmjamadr am
nci`ms am` mstctdr 3? J.k (3,? he.k)
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM @C QC_C @CQMYC@ GVS]GMYAC AM
@C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
Cp`gqum cnmgtm c `cs crcjam`cs m gjstã`m`cs mj m` mjercjcfm am
rmaunngþj am` crrcjqum.
C
Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm am rmaunngþj am` crrcjqum. N
M
G
Q
M
MJEYCJCFM AM YMA]NNGÞJ AM@

CYYCJS]M/CYCJAM@C^
F]JQC
J]MRC
M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
3?-5

C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M
CJG@@D QÞYGND
@uirgqum uj jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd ndj cnmgtm am kdtdr m C
N
gjstã`m`d mj `c rcjurc am` kdtdr am crrcjqum. J]MRD M
G
Q
M
Gjstc`m `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
a
@c tcpc am` c`tmrjcadr (mstctdr) sm bgfc kcejçtgnckmjtm c`
vd`cjtm am` kdtdr. Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd prmjamr `ds
amads aurcjtm `c gjstc`cngþj.
QC_C @CQMYC@ GVS]GMYAC

C` gjstc`cr `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr
tmjec nugacad pcrc jd prmjamr m` nci`m am` gjtmrruptdr am
pujtd kumrtd.
Gjstc`m `ds dnld pmrjds y cprgçtm`ds bgrkmkmjtm.
Gjstc`m m` nci`m am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd (pãegjc 37-39).
_MYJD
MJEYCJCFM GJQMYKMAGD AM@ CYYCJS]M
Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am` crrcjqum mj m` mjercjcfm
am rmaunngþj.
MJEYCJCFM AM YMA]NNGÞJ
MJEYCJCFM GJQMYKMAGD AM@ CYYCJS]M
Cp`gqum cnmgtm c` mfm am` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am` crrcjqum m
gjstã`m`d mj m` mjercjcfm.
C
N
M
G
Q
M
MFM
3?-<

CJG@@D QÞYGND
@uirgqum uj jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd ndj cnmgtm am kdtdr m C
gjstã`m`d mj `c tcpc am` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am` crrcjqum. J]MRD N
M
G
Q
M
Gjstc`m `c tcpc am` mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am` crrcjqum y

cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds nuctrd pmrjds.
QC_C AM@ MJEYCJCFM

GJQMYKMAGD AM@ CYYCJS]M
Euëm ndrrmntckmjtm m` nci`mcad am` c`tmrjcadr (pãegjc 3-93).
Mjnlubm `ds ndjmntcadrms am` c`tmrjcadr y am` emjmrcadr am

gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad/gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd.
`ctmrc`
„ Qcpc am` (pãegjc
pgódj am `c 9-9).
trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc 2-2).
NDJMNQCADY >_ AM@ EMJMYCADY AM

GK_]@^D^ AM@ MJNMJAGAD/
GJQMYY]_QDY AM _]JQD K]MYQD
3?-7


^g``ëj icfd).
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M
9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5
Y
Q NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ
W
Y
D
Q MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^
<7
cnumrad ndj su uigncngþj. D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C Y]MAC QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^G
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
L
N
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
AGCEYCKC AM NCI@MCAD
_MYKG^D _DY M^NYGQD
M^QM AM KDQD ^M
LDJAC
LC AC
CKCVÑJGC @QAC. KCJ]C@
9?

\Y9=? 33. QYCJ^KG^GÞJ

GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 33-3 AM^CYKCAD AM
AM @C
@C QY
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33-1
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 33-9 CYKCAD AM @C QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33-<
^M_CYCNGÞJ AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY 33-> CYKC
CYKCAD
AD AM @C NC
NCYN
YNC^
C^C
C AM@
AM@ KD
KDQD
QDY
Y 33-33
33-33
• Mj mstc smnngþj sm amsnrgimj `ds `ds prdnmagkgmjtds am smrvgngd
smrvgngd am `c trcjskgsgþj, gjnùsd
gjnùsd `cs ldrqug``cs, m` tckidr
sm`mntdr y m` lusg``d am` nckigd am kcrnlcs. Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 39 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am `ds
smrvgngds mj m` ngeðmóc` y mqug`gircadr.
• @c ncrncsc am` kdtdr
kdtdr sm amim cpcrtcr sgmkprm qum sm mbmntömj smrvgngds
smrvgngds am rmpcrd y kcjtmjgkgmjtd
kcjtmjgkgmjtd mj `c trcjskgsgþj.
trcjskgsgþj.
_crc msds smrvgngds sm amim qugtcr m` kdtdr am` nlcsgs (^mnngþj 2).
• Sugtm `ds sgeugmjtms
sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms
ndkpdjmjtms cjtms am smpcrcr `c ncrncsc
ncrncsc am` kdtdr6
kdtdr6
„ Nu`
Nu`ctc
ctc (^mn
(^mnng
ngþj
þj 5)5)
„ Ng`g
Ng`gjard
jard y pgstþ
pgstþjj (^mnngþj
(^mnngþj <)
„ Mkirceum, mjercjcfm prgkcrgd am kcjad y sm`mntdr
sm`mntdr am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs (smnngþj 7)
„ Idki
Idkicc am cnmgt
cnmgtmm (^mnngþ
(^mnngþjj 1)
„ Rd`cj
Rd`cjtm
tm am` kdtdr (^mnn
(^mnngþj
gþj 3?)
3?)
• Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `c ncrncsc
ncrncsc am` kdtdr c` mbmntucr
mbmntucr m` smrvgngd.

Qrcjskgsgþj A.G. am` mjercjcfm K= 9?,??? „ 9?,?93 9?,?<
K2 9>,??? „ 9>,?93 9>,?5
N3 9>,??? „ 9>,?93 9>,?5
N9 9=,?9? „ 9=,?13 9=,?7
N> 9=,??? „ 9=,?93 9=,?5
N1 99,??? „ 99,?93 99,?5
A.M. am` iufm am` mjercjcfm N3 99,7=7 „ 99,7<? 99,7?
N9 91,757 „ 9=,??? 91,7?
A.G. am` iufm am` mjercjcfm N3 3<,??? „ 3<,?3< 3<,?<
N9 99,??? „ 99,?93 99,?<
A.M. am` mspcngcadr N> 91,7=7 „ 91,7<? 91,7?
K2 99,7=7 „ 99,7<? 99,79
A.M. am` mfm prgjngpc` c` K= 37,7=7 „ 37,7<? 37,73
A.M. am` ndjtrcmfm c` N3 35,722 „ 35,7<1 35,73
c` N9, N1 93,7=7 „ 93,7<? 93,73
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` iufm ?,?9? „ ?,?29 ?,3?
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` mspcngcadr ?,?9? „ ?,?29 ?,3?
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mfm y m` iufm N3 ?,?32 „ ?,?=9 ?,3?
N9 ?,?9? „ ?,?29 ?,3?
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` c` K= ?,?9? „ ?,?29 ?,3?
mfm prgjngpc`
Ldèurc mjtrm m` mjercjcfm y m` c` N1 ?,?9? „ ?,?29 ?,3?
ndjtrcmfm
33-3

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ \Y9=?
33-?

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ \Y9=?

Ldrqug``c am` A.G. am `c ldrqug``c am` nckigd am kcrnlcs 3>,??? „ 3>,?93 3>,?=
nckigd am Mspmsurc am `c ecrrc am `cs @ 1,7? „ =,?? 1,=
kcrnlcs, mfm ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs Y, N 1,7> „ =,?? 1,=
am `cs
ldrqug``cs y A.M. am` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs 39,722 „ 39,7<1 39,7?
A.M
.M.. am
am`` tc
tck
kid
idrr sm`
m`mn
mntd
tdrr mj `c mx
mxtr
trmk
mkggac
aca
a amr
mrmn
mnlc
lc 37,7
37,7=7
=7 „ 37
37,7
,7<?
<? 37,7
37 ,7??
tckidr
sm`mntdr Kuóþj am` tckidr sm`mntdr (kgtca
amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr) 9?,??? „ 9?,?>> 9?,?5

_mrjd am `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj am` rdackgmjtd am` mfm prgjngpc` 39 J.k (3,9 he.k) Cp`gqum trcic quëkgnc
c `c rdsnc.
_mrjd msp
_mrjd mspgec
gec am` rms
rmsdrt
drtmm am
am rmtd
rmtdrjd
rjd am` tck
tckidr
idr am nck
nckigd
igd am kcr
kcrnlc
nlcss 91 J.k
J.k (9,
(9,11 he.k
he.k))
_mrjd am `c ndjmxgþj gjbmrgdr am` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
LMYYCKGMJQC^
Ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 3= kk ?57>2-HN3?9??
Mfm mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?57>2-HN3?3??
_msd am` mxtrcntdr ?5513-??3?9?3
GCknp
nmus`sddrgrd, >9 x >= kk ?55172-??3??3??
Cnnmsdrgd, 19 x 15 kk ?5512-??3?>??
Cnnmsdrgd, =9 x == kk ?5512-??3?1??
_g`dtd, 3= kk ?5512-??1?>??
_g`dtd, 35 kk ?5512-??1?1??
_g`dtd, 9? kk ?5512-??1?=??
_g`dtd, 99 kk ?5512-??13???
Yugad mxnmsgvd
• Mjercjcfm am `c trcjskgsgþj
trcjskgsgþj amsecstcad, ctcsncad d acócad
• Ydack
Ydackgmjtd
gmjtd am `c trcjskgsg
trcjskgsgþj
þj amsecstcad
amsecstcad d acócad
acócad
Agbgnu`tca c` nckigcr `cs kcrnlcs

• Cfustm gjndrrmntd am`
am` mkirceum8 fumed `girm
`girm am `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum amkcsgcad cjnld
• C`cim
C`cimdd am `c ldrqug``c
ldrqug``c am` nckigd
nckigd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs
• C`cimd am` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs
ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
• Acóds mj `c`c rcjurc am euëc
euëc am` tckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs
• Acóds mj `c`c mspgec am euëc am `c ldrqug``c am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
• Acóds mj
mj m` irczd
irczd `gkgtcadr
`gkgtcadr am`
am` tckidr
tckidr
• C`cim
C`cimdd am` lusg``d
lusg``d am`
am` nckigd
nckigd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs
@cs kcrnlcs msncpcj

• Ymsc`tms d rmicfms am cndp`ckgmjtd am `ds mjercjcfms amsecstcads
amsecstcads
• Acóds mj `c
`c rcjurc am euëc
euëc am` tckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs
• Amsecstm am `c`c mspgec am euëc am `c ldrqug``c am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
• Amsecstm am `cs rcjurcs am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
kcrnlcs mj `ds mjercjcfms
mjercjcfms
33-9

\Y9=? QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
^M_CYCNGÞJ AM @C NCYNC^C AM@

KDQDY
Sugtm m` kdtdr am crrcjqum (pãegjc 3<-1) y `c nu`ctc (pãegjc 5-<).
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms gjbmrgdrms am` tuid am

cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc, `cs crcjam`cs am sm``cad y m` tuid am
cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc.
Q]ID AM CNMGQM _MYJD/CYCJAM@C

AM @C N]@CQC AM ^M@@CAD
_@CNC AM YM^_GYD/_MYJD
Ymkëtcsm c `cs Gjbdrkcngdjms am ^mrvgngd (pãegjc 33-3) pcrc E]ËC AM@
ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am `cs pgmzcs qum sm amimj QMJ^DY/
qugtcr cjtms am` amscrkcad am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr. _MYJD/
CYCJAM@C
Sugtm `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj y m` mjercjcfm am kcjad am
am agstrgiungþj.
Sugtm m` pmrjd, `c euëc am` tmjsdr am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj

y `c crcjam`c. MJEYCJCFM/
NCAMJC
Sugtm m` pmrjd y `c p`cnc am rmspgrd.
Sugtm m` pmrjd am `c kgtca amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.

_MYJD AM @C KGQCA AMYMNLC
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
kdtdr. _MYJD AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
KGQCA AMYMNLC AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY

]igqum m` ndjfujtd am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr ndj m` `cad
gzqugmrad drgmjtcad lcngc cicfd.
Ed`pmm `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr mj agbmrmjtms pujtds, utg`gzcjad

uj kcrtg``d am edkc. Cpcrtm nugacadsckmjtm m` `cad amrmnld
y `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
JDQC
Jujnc utg`gnm uj amstdrjg``cadr d ujc pc`cjnc pcrc smpcrcr
`cs kgtcams am `c ncrncsc.
33->

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ \Y9=?
M^_GEC^ AM E]ËC
F]JQC
AM^CYKCAD AM @C QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
AM^KDJQCFM
ûm`tm `c p`cnc am` sm`mntdr am kcrnlcs am` tckidr am nckigd
am kcrnlcs, smpcrãjad`c am` tckidr y qugtcjad m` lusg``d am`
nckigd am kcrnlcs.
_@CNC AM@ ^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^

QCKIDY AM
MFM
MFM AM
AM @C^
@C^ LDY
LDYS]
S]G@
G@@C
@C^
^ NC
NCKI
KIGD
GD AM
AM KCYN
KCYNLC
LC^
^
Qgrm am` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs, cpcrtãjad`d am `cs ldrqug``cs
am` nckigd am kcrnlcs. LDYS]G@@C^
AM@ NCKIGD
Sugtm m` tckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs y `cs ldrqug``cs. AM KCYNLC^
NDJQYCMFM MFM _YGJNG_C@

Sugtm m` mfm prgjngpc` y m` ndjtrcmfm ndkd uj ndjfujtd.
Amscrkm m` ndjfujtd am` mfm prgjngpc` y ndjtrcmfm.

33-1

\Y9=? QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Mjercjcfms
Gjspmnngdjm `ds rmsc`tms y rmicfms am cndp`ckgmjtd am `ds

mjercjcfms ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm mxnmsgvd d acóds.
Gjspmnngdjm `ds agmjtms am `ds mjercjcfms ndj rmspmntd c
amsecstm mxnmsgvd
Kgac m` A.G. am ncacd mjercjcfm.
acóds.
K= 9?,?< kk
K2 9>,?5 kk
N3 9>,?5 kk
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd
N9 9=,?7 kk
N> 9=,?5 kk
N1 99,?5 kk
Iufms
Gjspmnngdjm `ds iufms ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.

Kgac m` A.M. am ncac iufm.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd Iufm N3 99,7? kk

Iufm N9 91,7? kk
Kgac m` A.G. am ncac iufm.

Iufm N3 3<,?< kk
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd
Iufm N9 99,?< kk
Mfm prgjngpc`/Ndjtrcmfm
Gjspmnngdjm `ds mstrgcads y `cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd

am` mfm prgjngpc` y am` ndjtrcmfm ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm
cjdrkc` d acóds.
Kgac m` A.M. am` mfm y am` ndjtrcmfm mj `cs ãrmcs am `cs
supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `ds iufms y mjercjcfms.
@ëkgtm
am M
Nfdmjptrrcgjmnfmgp(cc`` (icu` fimuNfm3)K=) 3375,,7733 k
kk
k
^mrvgngd Ndjtrcmfm (c` iufm N9 y N1) 93,73 kk
Nc`nu`m `c ldèurc mjtrm ncac mjercjcfm y su rmspmntgvd iufm8
ncac iufm y m` mfm8 y ncac mjercjcfm y m` mfm.
QCKIDY AM NCKIGD AM KCYNLC^
@ëkgtm Ldè
Ldèur
urcc mjt
mjtrm
rm m` mj
mjer
ercj
cjcf
cfmm y m` iu
iufm
fm ?,3?
?,3? kk
am
^mrvgngd Ldè
Ldèur
urcc mjt
mjtrm
rm m`
m` iuf
iufmm y m`
m` mfm
mfm N3
N3/N
/N99 ?,3?
?,3? kk
kk
Qckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs/Kuóþj am` tckidr
Gjspmnngdjm `c mxtrmkgaca am` tckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs ndj

rmspmntd c rcycs, amsecstm d mvgamjngcs am ùirgncngþj gjsubgngmjtm.
Gjspmnngdjm `cs rcjurcs am euëc am` tckidr am nckigd am
kcrnlcs ndjam`
Kgac m` A.M. rmspmntd c amsecstm
mxtrmkd amrmnld cjdrkc` d acóds.
am` tckidr.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 37,7? kk
33-=

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ \Y9=?
Gjspmnngdjm m` kuóþj am` tckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs mj

`c kgtca amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr, ndj rmspmntd c
amsecstm mxnmsgvd d acóds.
Kgac m` A.G. am` kuóþj am` tckidr.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 9?,?5 kk
Mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
Rmrgbgqum m` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am kcrnlcs ndj

rmspmntd c acóds y c`cimd.
Kgac m` A.M. am` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs, am cnumrad ndj `c

gùstrcngþj.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 39,7? kk
Qmjsdr am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj
Ndkpruçim`d ndj rmspmntd c acóds. Ymmkp`ãnm`d, mj ncsd am

qum smc jmnmscrgd.
YM^DYQM AM YMQDYJD
Lusg``d am` nckigd am kcrnlcs
Sugtm `ds cjg``ds am prmsgþj y m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd.

Gjspmnngdjm `c p`cnc am` sm`mntdr am kcrnlcs ndj rmspmntd c
amsecstm d acóds.
Gjspmnngdjm m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd y `ds rmsdrtms am rmpdsgngþj

ndj rmspmntd c bctgec d acóds.
Gjspmnngdjm m` lusg``d am` nckigd am kcrnlcs ndj rmspmntd c

c`cimd, amsecstm mxnmsgvd u dtrds acóds.
_@CNC AM@ ^M@MNQDY CJG@@D^ AM _YM^GÞJ

AM KCYNLC^
33-2

\Y9=? QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
Ydackgmjtds am `c trcjskgsgþj
Egrm `c pgstc gjtmrjc am ncac rdackgmjtd ndj m` amad.
@ds rdackgmjtds amimj egrcr am bdrkc sucvm y sgj rugad.
Ndkprumim tckigçj sg `c pgstc mxtmrjc am ncac rdackgmjtd

mstã bgrkmkmjtm mjncfcac mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Ymmkp`cnm `ds rdackgmjtds, mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd.
YDACKGMJQD
YMMK_@CVD AM @D^ YDACKGMJQD^ AM @C
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
Ydackgmjtds am` mfm prgjngpc` y ndjtrcmfm
Sugtm `ds rmtmjms am cnmgtm am `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc

am` kdtdr.
]tg`gnm `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms pcrc qugtcr `ds

rdackgmjtds am ncac kgtca am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Ydackgmjtd gzqugmrad am` mfm prgjngpc`6
Ncimzc
Nci mzc`` mxt
mxtrcn
rcntdr
tdr am rda
rdackg
ckgmjt
mjtds,
ds, 3= kk ?57>2-HN3?
?57>2-HN3?9??
9?? YMQMJM^ AM CNMGQM
Mfm am` mxtrcntdr ?57>2-HN3?3??
GK_]
_]@^
@^DY
DY CNNM
NM^D
^DY
YGD
_msd am` mxtrcntdr ?5513-??3?9?3
Gjstc`m `ds jumvds rdackgmjtds, utg`gzcjad `cs lmrrckgmjtcs

mspmngc`ms.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Ydackgmjtds am` mfm prgjngpc`6

@cad amrmnld
GCknp
nmus`sddrgrd, 19 x 15 kk ??55551172--????33???>????
_g`dtd, 9? kk ?5512-??1?=?? J]MRD
@cad gzqugmrad
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3???? _G@DQD YDACKGMJQD
Cnnmsdrgd, >9 x >= kk ?5512-??3?3??
_g`dtd, 3= kk ?5512-??1?>??
Ydackgmjtds am` ndjtrcmfm6

@cad amrmnld
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 19 x 15 kk ?5512-??3?>??
_g`dtd, 35 kk ?5512-??1?1??
@cad gzqugmrad
Gknnpmus`sddrgrd, =9 x == kk
C ?55127-??3?1???
_g`dtd, 99 kk ?5512-??13???
_g`dtd, 99 kk ?5512 ??13???
33-5

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ \Y9=?
YDACKGMJQD AM CE]FC^
Gjspmnngdjm m` rdackgmjtd am ceufcs ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm
d acóds. Ymmkp`ãnm`d, mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd.
YDACKGMJQD
Amspuçs am gjstc`cr `ds rdackgmjtds, gjstc`m m` jumvd rmtçj
am cnmgtm mj m` ndjtrcmfm.
Gjspmnngdjm m` rmtçj am cnmgtm am` lusg``d am` nckigd am

kcrnlcs ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds. Ymmkp`ãnm`d, mj
ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd.
J]MRC
YMQMJM^ AM CNMGQM
CYKCAD AM @C QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
@gkpgm tdacs `cs pgmzcs ndj agsd`vmjtm.
@uirgqum tdacs `cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `ds

mjercjcfms, iufms y rcjurcs am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd am
kcrnlcs ndj cnmgtm icscad mj igsu`burd am kd`giamjd, pcrc
ecrcjtgzcr `c ùirgncngþj gjgngc`.
Crkm ncac pgmzc mj su pdsgngþj drgegjc`.
JDQC
• Ndkprumim
Ndkprumim tdadstdads `ds mjercjcfms
mjercjcfms ndj rmspmntd
rmspmntd c `gimrtca
`gimrtca
am kdvgkgmjtds y am rdtcngþj mj ncac mfm.
• Gjstc`
Gjstc`mm `cs crcjam`cs
crcjam`cs am cpdyd y `ds cjg``ds
cjg``ds am
am prmsgþj ndj
ndj
sus idrams cnlcb`cjcads drgmjtcads lcngc m` `cad am `c
ncrec. Jd rmutg`gnm `ds cjg``ds am prmsgþj amsecstcads,
qum pdarëcj egrcr bãng`kmjtm mj `c rcjurc.
• Nmrn
Nmrngþrms
gþrmsmm am qum `ds cjg``ds
cjg``ds am prmsgþj
prmsgþj sm csgmjtmj
csgmjtmj
bgrkmkmjtm mj `cs rmspmntgvcs rcjurcs. C`gjmm sus
mxtrmkgacams cigmrtcs ndj `cs mstrëcs am `ds mfms
(pãegjcs 33-7).
33-<

\Y9=? QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
MFM _YGJNG_C@
MJEYCJCFM
K9 (35A)
MJEYCJCFM
K2 (95A)
MJEYCJCFM
K1 (91A)
MJEYCJCFM
K> (93A)
CYCJAM@C
AM C_DWD
MJEYCJCFM
CJG@@D AM K= (92A)
_YM^GÞJ CYCJAM@C
M^QYGCAC
CJG@@D AM
_YM^GÞJ
CJG@@D AM
_YM^GÞJ
AGYMNNGÞJ AM @C CYCJAM@C AM
CYCJAM@C C_DWD W AM@ CJG@@D AM _YM^GÞJ6
M^QYGCAC
MFM
(K36_YGJNG_C@
3>A)
C
N
M
6 ûpmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `ds
G
Q
M
K
mjercjcfms, iufms y rcjurcs am `cs
d
CYCJAM@C MJEYCJCFM
M^QYGCAC N1 (92A)
NDJQYCMFM MJEYCJCFM
N> (9<A) M^_CNGCADY
N>
CYCJAM@C
M^QYGCAC
MJEYCJCFM
N> (91A)
MJEYCJCFM
N3 (>2A) I]FM N3 CYCJAM@C
AM QYCIC
CYCJAM@C
AM C_DWD
CJG@@D AM
_YM^GÞJ
CYCJAM@C MJEYCJCFM
AM C_DWD N9 (>9A)
AGYMNNGÞJ AM @C CYCJAM@C AM
I]FM N9 C_DWD W AM@ CJG@@D AM _YM^GÞJ6
CYCJAM@C
AM C_DWD MJEYCJCFM
N2 (99A)
NDJQYCMFM
C
N
M
6 ûpmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `ds
G
Q
M
K
mjercjcfms, iufms y rcjurcs am `cs
d
33-7

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ \Y9=?
MFM _YGJNG_C@ W NDJQYCMFM

Mj ncsd am qum m` ngeðmóc` lcyc sgad qugtcad, gjstã`m`d
prgkmrckmjtm, fujtd ndj m` mqug`gircadr (pãegjc 39-=).
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am kdtdr c `ds `cigds am` rmtçj am cnmgtm

c nmgtm am`
ndjtrcmfm.
Gjstc`m m` mfm prgjngpc` y m` ndjtrcmfm ndkd uj ndjfujtd, mj `c

kgtca gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr. Nmrngþrmsm am
gjstc`cr `cs trms crcjam`cs
ckics mxtrmkgacams am prgjngpc`
am` mfm `cs mxtrmkgacams am `ds
y sd`ckmjtm mjmfms
`c (mj
mxtrmkgaca gzqugmrac am` ndjtrcmfm). C
N
M
G
Q
M
YMQÇJ AM CNMGQM
KCYNC^ AM GAMJQGBGNCNGÞJ AM @C^ LDYS]G@@C^
Ncac ldrqug``c am` nckigd am kcrnlcs pdsmm ujc kcrnc am
gamjtgbgncngþj6
‐Y‛ pcrc `c ldrqug``c amrmnlc, ‐N‛ pcrc `c ldrqug``c nmjtrc` y
‐@‛ pcrc `c ldrqug``c gzqugmrac.
Gjstc`m ncac ldrqug``c am` nckigd am kcrnlcs mj `c rmspmntgvc

rcjurc am` mjercjcfm, ndj `c kcrnc am gamjtgbgncngþj
drgmjtcac lcngc crrgic (d smc6 mj agrmnngþj c `c kgtca amrmnlc
am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr).
‐Y‛
Cp`gqum cnmgtm pcrc kdtdr mj `cs rcjurcs am euëc am` tckidr
t ckidr
am nckigd am kcrnlcs. Gjstc`m m` tckidr, c`gjmcjad `cs
mspgecs am euëc am `cs ldrqug``cs ndj `cs rcjurcs am euëc am`
tckidr am nckigd am kcrnlcs.
‐N‛
‐@‛
MFM AM
MFM AM @C
@C^ LDY
LDYS]
S]GG@@
@@C
C^ QCKID
QCK IDY
Y AM
AM NC
NCKIG
IGD
D
AM@@ NCK
AM NCKIG
IGD
D AM
AM KCY
KCYNLNLC^
C^ AM KC
KCYN
YNLC
LC^^
Cp`gqum cnmgtm pcrc kdtdr c` mfm am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd C
N
am kcrnlcs. Gjsçrtm`d c trcvçs am `cs ldrqug``cs am` nckigd M
G
Q
M
am kcrnlcs mj `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
C
N
M
G
Q
M
33-3?

\Y9=? QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
YM^DYQM AM YMQDYJD
Gjstc`m `ds cjg``ds am prmsgþj, m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd y m`
rmsdrtm am rmpdsgngþj mj m` lusg``d am nckigd am kcrnlcs, am
CJG@@D AM _YM^GÞJ
_MYJD M^_GEC
@uirgqum m` rmtçj am cnmgtm am` lusg``d am nckigd am kcrnlcs
ndj cnmgtm am kdtdr.
Gjstc`m m` lusg``d am nckigd am kcrnlcs c`gjmcjad `cs

mxtrmkgacams am` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd ndj m` pmrjd mspgec,
kgmjtrcs kcjtgmjm cpcrtcac `c p`cnc am` sm`mntdr am kcrnlcs.
_@CNC AM@AM
^M@MNQDY
KCYNLC^ C
N
M
G
Q
M
YMQÇJ AM
AM CN
CNMGQM YM^DYQM AM
AM YM
YMQDYJD
M^_GEC AM E]ËC
CYKCAD AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
@gkpgm ndkp`mtckmjtm `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `cs
kgtcams amrmnlc m gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr,
tmjgmjad nugacad pcrc jd acócr`cs. Gjspmnngdjm `cs
supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd ndj rmspmntd c acóds.
Gjstc`m `cs mspgecs am euëc y ujc fujtc jumvc mj

m j `c kgtca
gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
J]MRC
F]JQC
KGQCA AMYMNLC AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
Nmrngþrmsm am lcimr gjstc`cad ndrrmntckmjtm tdacs `cs pgmzcs
am `cs kgtcams amrmnlc m gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
g
Jd bumrnm `cs kgtcams am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr. ^g sm
jmnmsgtc bumrzc mxnmsgvc c` gjstc`cr ms pdrqum lcy cèujc
bc``c mj m` crkcad. Sugtm `c kgtca amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc y
ndkpruçim`c ndj rmspmntd c pgmzcs kc` c`gjmcacs.
Gjstc`m `cam`
ncrncsc kgtca amrmnlc sdirm `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c
kdtdr.
33-33

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ \Y9=?
_MYJD AM @C NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY

Nmrngþrmsm am qum `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `c ncrncsc
am` kdtdr mstçj cpdycacs am kcjmrc ujgbdrkm.
Gjstc`m `ds pmrjds am `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am`

kdtdr. Cprgçtm`ds mj smnumjngc mjtrmnruzcac, mj vcrgds pcsds.
_@CNC AM YM^_GYD/_@CNC AM
BGFCNGÞJ AM@ YDACKGMJQD/_MY
YDACKGMJQD/_MYJD
JD
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm m` pmrjd am `c kgtca amrmnlc am `c ncrncsc
am` kdtdr.
Gjstc`m `c p`cnc am rmspgrd y `c p`cnc am bgfcngþj am`

rdackgmjtd. Mjsmeugac, cprgmtm m` pmrjd.
_MYJD AM @C KGQCA AMYMNLC AM @C NCYNC^C

E]ËC AM@ QMJ^DY
Gjstc`m `c p`cnc `gkgtcadrc am` rdackgmjtd.
Cp`gqum trcic quëkgnc c `c rdsnc am` pmrjd am `c euëc am`

tmjsdr am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj.
Gjstc`m `c euëc am` tmjsdr am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj ndj m`

rmspmntgvd pmrjd, y cprgçtm`d bgrkmkmjtm.
b grkmkmjtm.
_MYJD QYCIC
_@CNC @GKGQCADYC AM@ YDACKGMJQD

M^QYGCAD CJNLD YCJ]YC CJNLC
Gjstc`m m` mjercjcfm am kcjad am `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj,
c`gjmcjad `c rcjurc cjnlc am` mjercjcfm ndj m` mstrgcad
cjnld am` ngeðmóc`.
MJEYCJCFM AM KCJAD AM @C
33-39

\Y9=? QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
Gjstc`m `c ncamjc am agstrgiungþj mj m` mjercjcfm am kcjad.
_MYJD
„ Rd`cj
Rd`cjtm tm am` kdtdr (pãeg
(pãegjc
jc 3?-2)
3?-2)
„ Idki
Idkicc am cnmgt
cnmgtmm (pãegjc
(pãegjc 1-=)
„ Mkir
Mkirceum
ceum y mjercjcfm
mjercjcfm prgkcrgd
prgkcrgd am kcjad
kcjad (7-3?)
(7-3?)
„ ^m`mn
^m`mntdr
tdr am kcrn
kcrnlcs
lcs (pãegjc
(pãegjc 7-33)
„ _gstþ
_gstþjj y ng`gjar
ng`gjard
d (pãegjc
(pãegjc <-2)
<-2)
„ Nu`
Nu`ctc
ctc (pãe
(pãegjc
gjc 5-37
5-37))
Gjstc`m m` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc fujtckmjtm ndj `ds

rmspmntgvds
crcjam`cs ampmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms gjbmrgdrms y jumvcs
sm``cad.
J]MRC
Cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds pmrjds am `cs ndjmxgdjms gjbmrgdrms

am` tuid am cnmgtm am `c nu`ctc. Q]ID AM CNMGQM CYCJAM@C AM ^M@@CAD
AM @C N]@CQC
Gjstc`m m` kdtdr am crrcjqum (pãegjc 3<-7).

33-3>


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD
>1
AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
ndkpdjmjtms am `c kdtdngn`mtc, cerupcads am D
cnumrad ndj su uigncngþj. Q MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^

D
K
C@QMYJCADY/ 7
3?
Mjsmeugac, dismrvm m` ëjagnm mj `c prgkmrc MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
M@CIDYCAD _CYC _MY^DJC^ S]M QMJECJ GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^
]J NDJDNGKGMJQD
AMIÃ^GND AM
KCJQMJGKGMJQD KDQDNGN@MQC^ LDJAC. 93

\Y9=? 39. NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY

GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 39-3 AM^KDJQCFM AM@ NGEÐMÓC@ 39-9
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 39-3 GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ NGEÐMÓC@ 39-=
• Mj mstc smnngþj sm amsnrgimj `ds prdnmagkgmjtds am smrvgngd mj m` ngeðmóc`
ngeðmóc` y mj m` mqug`gircadr.
mqug`gircadr.
• ^mpcrm `cs ads kgtcams
kgtcams am `c ncrncsc am`
am` kdtdr, c` mbmntucr smrvgngds
smrvgngds am rmpcrd mj m` ngeðmóc` y mj m` mqug`gircadr.
mqug`gircadr.
Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 33 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am `c smpcrcngþj y crkcad am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
• C` mbmntucr smrvgngds,
smrvgngds, tmjec nugacad pcrc jd
jd acócr `cs supmrbgngms
supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `cs kgtcams am `c ncrncsc
ncrncsc am` kdtdr.

Igm`c Ldèurc `ctmrc` am `c ncimzc am `c igm`c ?,?= „ ?,=? ?,2
Ldèurc rcagc` am `c ncimzc am `c igm`c ? „ ?,??< ?,?=
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` ngeðmóc` ‑ ?,?9
LMYYCKGMJQC^
Ndjfujtd mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 39 kk ?57>2-322???3
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, >5 x 1? kk ?5512-??3?9??
Cnnmsdrgd, 59 x 5= kk ?5512-??3?2??
_g`dtd, 39 kk ?5512-??1?9??
_g`dtd, 9< kk ?5512-??133??
Nd``crëj am crkcad am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr ?572=-RK??3??
Mfm am crkcad am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr ?572=-RK??9??
Cacptcadr rdsncad ?572=-RK??>??
Mxtrcntdr ujgvmrsc` am rdackgmjtds ?52>3-??3????
Yugad mxnmsgvd
• Amsecstm am `ds`ds rdackgmjtds am `ds ndfgjmtms
ndfgjmtms prgjngpc`ms
prgjngpc`ms am` ngeðmóc`
ngeðmóc`
• Amse
Amsecstm
cstm d acóds mj `ds`ds rdackgmjtd
rdackgmjtdss am `c igm`c
• Amse
Amsecstm
cstm am` pgm
pgm am `c igm`c
igm`c
• Amse
Amsecstm
cstm am `ds rdackgmjtd
rdackgmjtdss am` mqug`gircad
mqug`gircadrr
• Gjstc
Gjstc`cng
`cngþj
þj gjndrrmntc
gjndrrmntc am` mqug`girc
mqug`gircadr
adr
• C`c
C`cimd
imd am `c`c igm`c
igm`c
Rgircngþj cjdrkc`
• ^gjn
^gjnrdjgz
rdjgzcngþj
cngþj gjndrrmntc
gjndrrmntc am` mqug`gircad
mqug`gircadrr
39-3

NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY \Y9=?
39-?

AM^KDJQCFM
AM^KDJQCFM AM@ NGEÐMÓC@ MS]G@GIYCADY
^mpcrm `cs ads kgtcams am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr y qugtm `c
trcjskgsgþj (^mnngþj 33).
]tg`gnm ujc prmjsc lgarãu`gnc pcrc qugtcr m` ngeðmóc` y m`

mqug`gircadr am `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Cpdym m` ndjfujtd pcrc qum jd sm ncgec.
g
NGEÐMÓC@
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am `c
ncrncsc am` kdtdr y m` ndjfujtd am` ngeðmóc`/mqug`gircadr.
Mj ncsd am qum m` rdackgmjtd am` ngeðmóc` lcyc sgad qugtcad

am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr fujtckmjtm ndj m` ngeðmóc`, quëtm`d
utg`gzcjad m` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds y uj prdtmntdr camnucad.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Mxtrcntdr ujgvmrsc` am rdackgmjtds ?52>3-??3????
Amsncrtm m` rdackgmjtd qugtcad.
g
Ymmkp`cnm sgmkprm m` rdackgmjtd gzqugmrad pdr uj
jumvd, ncsd `d lcyc qugtcad fujtckmjtm ndj m` ngeðmóc`.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ M\QYCNQDY ]JGRMY^C@ AM YDACKGMJQD^
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` Ngeðmóc`
Cpdym m` ngeðmóc` mj uj sdpdrtm d mj uj pcr am i`dqums mj ‐R‛.
Egrm m` ngeðmóc` ads vum`tcs ndkp`mtcs y kgac su

mxnmjtrgngaca, utg`gzcjad uj gjagncadr am nucarcjtm.
Ldèurc @ctmrc` am `c Ncimzc am `c Igm`c ?,?9 kk ?,?9 kk
Kgac `c ldèurc `ctmrc` mj `c ncimzc am `c igm`c utg`gzcjad uj ^D_DYQM ^D_DYQM

nc`gircadr am mspmsdrms.
39-9

\Y9=? NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY
Ldèurc Ycagc` mj `c Ncimzc am `c Igm`c
Kgac `c ldèurc rcagc` mj `c ncimzc am `c igm`c utg`gzcjad uj

gjagncadr am nucarcjtm.
MJEYCJCFM AM@ MS]G@GIYCADY

Mjercjcfm am` Mqug`gircadr
Rmrgbgqum m` mjercjcfm am` mqug`gircadr ndj rmspmntd c

amsecstm d acóds.
Ydackgmjtds am` Ngeðmóc`/Mqug`gircad

Ngeðmóc`/Mqug`gircadrr
Egrm `cs pgstcs gjtmrjcs am ncac rdackgmjtd ndj m` amad.
@ds rdackgmjtds amimj egrcr sucvmkmjtm y sgj rugads.
Nmrngþrmsm am qum `cs pgstcs mxtmrjcs am `ds rdackgmjtds

mstçj bgrkmkmjtm sufmtcs mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Ymmkp`cnm `ds rdackgmjtds, mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd.
YDACKGMJQD AM@ NGEÐMÓC@

YMMK_@CVD AM @D^ YDACKGMJQD^ AM@
]tg`gnm `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms pcrc qugtcr `ds rdackgmjtds
am` ngeðmóc` am `cs kgtcams am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
39->

M\QY
M\QYCN
CNQD
QDY
Y YDAC
YDACKG
KGMJ
MJQD
QD AM@
AM@ MS]G
MS]G@G
@GIY
IYCA
CADY
DY
]tg`gnm `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms pcrc qugtcr `ds
rdackgmjtds am` mqug`gircadr.
MFM AM@
Lmrrckgmjtcs6 M\QYCNQDY
Ydackgmjtd am` `cad amrmnld
Ndjfuj
Ndj fujtd
td mxtrc
mxtrcntd
ntdrr am rdack
rdackgmj
gmjtds
tds,, 39 kk
kk ?57>2-
?57>2-322
322???
???33
Ydackgmjtd am` `cad gzqugmrad

Ndjfuj
Ndjfujtd
td mxtrc
mxtrcntd
ntdrr am rdack
rdackgmj
gmjtds
tds,, 39 kk
kk ?57>2-
?57>2-322
322???
???33
]tg`gnm `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms pcrc gjstc`cr `ds jumvds

rdackgmjtds mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
JDQC _M^D
@ds rdackgmjtds sm amimj gjstc`cr pmrpmjagnu`crms c `c CNNM^DYGD GK_]@^DY
ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Lmrrckgmjtcs
Ydackgmjtds am` ngeðmóc`
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 59 x 5= kk ?5512-??3?2??
_g`dtd, 9< kk ?5512-??133??
Ydackgmjtd amrmnld am` mqug`gircadr

Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, >5 x 1? kk ?5512-??3?9??
_g`dtd, 39 kk ?5512-??1?9?? J]MRD
Ydackgmjtd gzqugmrad am` mqug`gircadr _G@DQD YDACKGMJQD AM@ NGEÐMÓC@

Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3???? CNNM^DYGD GK_]@^DY
Cnnmsdrgd, >5 x 1? kk ?5512-??3?9??
_g`dtd, 39 kk ?5512-??1?9??
Amspuçs am gjstc`cr `ds rdackgmjtds, ùirëqum`ds ndj cnmgtm

am kdtdr jumvd.
J]MRD
_G@DQD
_G@DQD YDA
YDACK
CKGMJ
GMJQD
QD AM
AM@@ MS]
MS]G@G
G@GIY
IYCAD
CADY
Y
39-1

\Y9=? NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ NGEÐMÓC@ KGQCA GVS]GMYAC AM @C
NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY
@gkpgm `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Gjspmnngþjm`cs ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds, cjtms
c jtms am`
crkcad. NGEÐMÓC@
JDQC
Mj ncsd am qum `cs supmrbgngms am ndjtcntd am `c ncrncsc
am` kdtdr prmsmjtmj pmqumócs grrmeu`crgacams d cspmrmzc,
rmntgbëqum`cs ndj ujc pgmarc am cbg`cr ndj cnmgtm.
MS]G@GIYCADY
Cndp`m m` mqug`gircadr y m` ngeðmóc` c`gjmcjad `cs kcrncs am
rmbmrmjngc y `ds drgbgngds am `ds mjercjcfms am` mqug`gircadr,
am cnumrad ndj `c gùstrcngþj. Nd`dqum m` ngeðmóc` y m`
mqug`gircadr, ndkd uj ndjfujtd, mj `c kgtca gzqugmrac am `c
ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
C`gjmm C`gjmm
CAC_QCADY YD^NCAD
Gjstc`m `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms mj m` ngeðmóc`.
Gjstc`m m` ngeðmóc`, utg`gzcjad `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms.
JDQC
C` gjstc`cr m` ngeðmóc`, nmrngþrmsm am qum `c igm`c jd mstç
ndkprgkgac mj m` idram am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Nd``
Nd``cr
crëj
ëj am crk
crkca
cad
d am `c ncrn
ncrncs
cscc am` kdtd
kdtdrr ?572=-
?572=-RK
RK??3
??3??
??
Mfm am crk
crkca
cad
d am
am `c
`c ncr
crnc
ncssc am`
am` kdt
dtdr
dr ?572=-
?572=-R
RK??
??9?
9???
Cacptcadr rdsncad ?572=-RK??>??
ND@@CYËJ AM MFM AM CYKCAD
Amspuçs am gjstc`cr m` ngeðmóc`, nmrngþrmsm am qum `cs kcrncs CYKCAD
am rmbmrmjngc mj `ds ndjtrcpmsds am` ngeðmóc` y am`
mqug`gircadr, igmj ndkd `ds drgbgngds am `ds mjercjcfms am`
mqug`gircadr mstçj c`gjmcads.
Gjstc`m `c trcjskgsgþj y crkm `cs kgtcams am `c ncrncsc am`

kdtdr (pãegjc 33-<).
C`gjmm
39-=

^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

1
AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^ AM^NYG_QC^
MJ @D^ MJ M^QCKÃ^
_]I@GNCNGÞJ ^M IC^CJ
ACQD^ ICQMYËC/^G^QMKC AM NCYEC
32
N
K G
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
\Y9=? 3>. ^]^_MJ^GDJ/AGYMNNGDJ
GJBDYKCNGDJ AM ^MYRGNGD 3>-3 KCJG@@CY 3>-9?
GJRM^QGECNGDJ AM CRMYGC^ 3>-9 ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGDJ 3>-9=
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC 3>-> NDKD CF]^QCY M@ ^G@@GJ 3>->1
LDYS]G@@C 3>-3?
GJBDYKCNGDJ AM ^MYRGNGD
EMJMYC@
a
• Agsnd d pcstg``cs am brmjd ndjtckgjcads rmaunmj `c bumrzc am pcrcac. Amsncrtm `cs pcstg``cs ndjtckgjcacs y `gkpgm
m` agsnd ndj uj cemjtm amsmjercscjtm am brmjd am c`tc nc`gaca.
• ]j rdacfm ndj ``cjtcs d ndj rcyds acócads pmrfuagnc `c smeurgaca am `c dpmrcngþj am` vmlënu`d.
• M` mqug`girgd am `cs rumacs cbmntc agrmntckmjtm `c mstcig`gaca, `c ndjaunngþj y `c smeurgaca tdtc` am `c kdtdngn`mtc.
Ndkprumim nugacadsckmjtm m` mqug`girgd am `c rumac cjtms am gjstc`cr`c jumvckmjtm.
g
_crc mvgtcr acócr `c ``cjtc c` uscr ujc pc`cjnc am mxtrcmr jmukãtgnds, usm sgmkprm prdtmntdrms am ``cjtcs.
• C` mbmntucr smrvgngds mj `c rumac am`cjtmrc, cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtcs bgrkmkmjtm

bgrkmkmjtm mj uj ncic``mtm u dutrd spdrtm cfustci`m.
• Jd cnngdjm `c pc`cjnc am brmjd amspuçs qum lcyc qugtcad `c pgjzc am brmjd y `c rumac am`cjtmrc pcrc jd agbgnu`tcr m`
kdjtcfm pdstmrgdr am` agsnd am brmjd mjtrm `cs pcstg``cs.
• Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 3= pcrc gjbdrkcngþj sdirm m` sgstmkc am brmjd.

_rdbujagaca këjgkc am` surncad am` jmukãtgnd ‑ ctç d gjagncadr
_rmsgþj am
am` jm
jmukãtgnd br
brëd ^d`ckmjtm nd
ndk ndjauntdr 3=? h_
h_c (3
(3,=? he
heb/nk9, 99 psg) ‑
Ndj
Ndj ndj
ndjau
aunt
ntdr
dr y pcs
pcscf
cfmr
mrd
d 3=?? h_c
3= h_c (3
(3,=
,=?? heb
heb/n
/nk
k9, 99 psg) ‑
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` mfm ‑ ?,9
Mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc Y
Ccxagcg`c` ‑
‑ 33,,??
Ldrqug``c @cred `girm am` rmsdrtm =>=,< 1<9,9
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` tuid ‑ ?,9?
Bùgad rmndkmjacad Bùgad am ldrqug``c ‑
Jgvm` am` bùgad 39< ‑
Ncpcngaca am bùgad =<2 ³ 9,= nk> ‑
Ncrec prmvgc am` rdackgmjtd am` ncimzc` am agrmnngþj ?,?< „ ?,39 heb ‑
3>-3

Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
AM@CJQMYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ/AGYMNNGDJ
/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
91 J.k (9,1 he.k)
3?> J.k (3?,> he.k)
93 J.k (9,3 he.k)
>9 J.k (>,9 he.k)
=7 J.k (=,7 he.k)
3>-?

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
Qcpc am `c ldrqug``c 99 J.k (9,9 he.k)
_mrjd c``mj am `c ldrqug``c 9? J.k (9,? he.k)
Qumrnc (supmrgdr) am` sdpdrtm am` kcjg``cr 91 J.k (9,1 he.k)
Qumrnc am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj 3?> J.k (3?,> he.k)
Qumrnc am cfustm am `c agrmnngþj Rmc `c pãegjc 3>->3
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm supmrgdr 93 J.k (9,3 he.k)
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm gjbmrgdr >9 J.k (>,9 he.k)
_mrjd am` mfm am`cjtmrd =7 J.k (=,7 he.k)
Qumrnc am` sdpdrtm am` mfm am`cjtmrd 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
_mrjd am` agsnd am brmjd am`cjtmrd 9? J.k (9,? he.k)
_mrjd am `c tcpc am` nuid am `c rumac am`cjtmrc 9 J.k (?,9 he.k)
Ycyds 1 J.k (?,1 he.k)
LMYYCKGMJQC^
@`cvm am rcyds N, =,<x2,3 kk ?55?3-??9?>??
Ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 3= kk ?5512-??=?1??
Cnnmsdrgd, >9x>= kk ?5512-??3?3??
Cnnmsdrgd, 19x15 kk ?5512-??3?>??
_g`dtd, 3= kk ?5512-??1?>??
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Mfm mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?5512-??=?3??
Numrpd am` gkpu`sdr am` rmtçj am `c ldrqug``c ?5715-HC=?3??
Cnnmsdrgd am` gkpu`sdr am` rmtçj am `c ldrqug``c ?5715-HB??3??
@`cvm ndj sdqumtm am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ?5732-HC=?3??
@`cvm pcrc ndjtrctumrnc am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ?5532-??9?1??
Gkpu`sdr am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ?5712-1>??3?3
Cnnmsdrgd ?57=>-KF3?3??
Gkpu`sdr ?57=>-KF3?9??
GJRM^QGECNGDJ AM CRMYGC^
Agrmnngþj aurc ûspmjsgþj i`cjac
• Qumrnc am cfustm am `c agrmnngþj amkcsgcad cprmtcac • Ymsdrtm am `c ldrqug``c amig`gtcad
• Ydackgmjtds am` ncimzc` am `c agrmnngþj ambmntudsds • Bùgad am `c ldrqug``c ndj jgvm` icfd
• Ydackgmjtds am` ncimzc` am `c agrmnngþj acócads • Bùgad am `c ldrqug``c gjsubgngmjtm
• Jmukãtgnd ambmntudsd • Jmukãtgnd ndj prmsgþj icfc
• Jmukãtgnd ndj prmsgþj gjsubgngmjtm
ûspmjsgþj aurc
Agrmnngþj bdrzcjad lcngc uj `cad d jd sm kcjtgmjm mj • Jmukãtgnd ndj prmsgþj c`tc
•`ëjmc rmntc tdrngac

Ldrqug``c • Ldrqug``c
Bùgad am tdrngac
`c ldrqug``c ndj jgvm` c`td
• Ydackgmjtds am` ncimzc` am `c agrmnngþj ambmntudsds • Amjsgaca am bùgad gjndrrmntc
• Ydackgmjtds am` ncimzc` am `c agrmnngþj acócads • _cscfm am bùgad distrugad
• Icstgadr tdrngad
• Ydackgmjtds am `c rumac amsecstcads ûspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc rugadsc
• Mfm am`cjtmrd adi`cad • _mrjds am bgfcngþj am `c ldrqug``c sum`tds
• Ndkpdjmjtm am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm amsecstcad • Bùgad am `c ldrqug``c gjsubgngmjtm
Yumac am`cjtmrc ickid`mcjad Rgrcfm am `c rumac aurd

• @`cjtc tdrngac • Ydackgmjtds am `c rumac am`cjtmrc ambmntudsds
• Ydackgmjtds am `c rumac amsecstcads • Mfm am`cjtmrd adi`cad
• Jmukãtgnd ambmntudsd • Brmjd cecrrdtcjad
• Jmukãtgnd y rumac amsmqug`gircads • Mjercjcfm am` vm`dnëkmtrd ambmntudsd
3>-9

\Y9=? Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ/

AGYMNNGDJ
NCI@M Q]MYNC^
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC
AM^KDJQCFM
@mvcjtm y cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc utg`gzcjad uj sdpdrtm smeurd
d uj ncic``mtm
Sugtm m` tdrjg``d y m` nci`m am` vm`dnëkmtrd am `c ncfc am`

mjercjcfm am` vm`dnëkmtrd.
Cb`dfm `cs tumrncs am bgfcngþj am` mfm.

Sugtm m` mfm y `c rumac am`cjtmrc.
QDYJG@@D
JDQC
Jd cnngdjm `c pc`cjnc am brmjd am`cjtmrd amspuçs qum
lcyc qugtcad `c rumac am`cjtmrc pcrc agbgnu`tcr m` kdjtcfm
pdstmrgdr am` agsnd am brmjd mjtrm `cs pcstg``cs.
ND@@CYGJ @CQMYC@
Sugtm m` nd``crëj `ctmrc`.
NCFC AM@ MJEYCJCFM

Sugtm `c ncfc am` mjercjcfm am` vm`dnëkmtrd.
3>->

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
GJ^_MNNGDJ
Mfm
Nd`dqum m` mfm mj ads i`dqums mj ‐R‛ y kgac `c

mxnmjtrgngaca.
@c mxnmjtrgngaca rmc` ms `c kgtca am `c `mnturc tdtc` am`

gjagncadr.

MFM
Egrm `c pgstc gjtmrjc am ncac rdackgmjtd ndj su amad.
@ds rdackgmjtds amimj egrcr am bdrkc sucvm y sg`mjngdsc.
Ndkprumim tckigçj qum `c pgstc mxtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd mstç

igmj sufmtc mj m` nuid.
Sugtm y amsncrtm `ds rdackgmjtds mj ncsd am qum mstds jd

egrmj am bdrkc sucvm y sg`mjngdsc, d sg mstãj sum`tds mj m`
nuid.
JDQC
YDACKGMJQD AM @C Y]MAC
^gmkprm rmmkp`cnm `ds rdackgmjtds mj pcrms (pãe. 3>-=).
Ndkprumim `c mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc nd`dncjad `c rumac

mj uj sdpdrtm egrctdrgd.
Egrm `c rumac kcjuc`kmjtm, y `mc `c mxnmjtrgngaca utg`gzcjad

uj gjagncadr am nucarcjtm.

gjagncadr.
Ycagc` 3,? kk
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd
Cxgc` 3,? kk
E]CYAC_D@RD YMQMJMADY
AM^CYKCAD
Sugtm m` eucracpd`vd am` nuid gzqugmrad am `c rumac.
Sugtm m` rmtmjmadr am` mjercjcfm am` vm`dnëkmtrd.
3>-1


AGYMNNGDJ
E]CYAC_D@RD
Sugtm m` eucracpd`vd gzqugmrad am` `cad gzqugmrad am `c rumac
am`cjtmrc.
QC_C
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds y `c tcpc am` nuid am `c rumac.
QDYJG@@D^
_MYJD^
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am kdjtcfm am` agsnd am brmjd y m`
m ` agsnd.
AG^ND AM BYMJD
YDACKGMJQD
Gjstc`m m` ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds mj m` rdackgmjtd.
Amsam m` `cad dpumstd, gjstc`m m` mfm mxtrcntdr am

rdackgmjtds y qugtm m` rdackgmjtd am` nuid am `c rumac.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Ncim
Nc imzc
zc`` mxt
mxtrc
rcnt
ntdr
dr am rd
rdac
ackg
kgmj
mjtd
tds,
s, 3= kk ?5512-
?5512-??
??=?
=?1?
1???
NCIMVC@ M\QYCNQDY MFM M\QYCNQDY
3>-=

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
Sugtm m` kcjeugtd smpcrcadr y qugtm m` dutrd rdackgmjtd.

KCJE]GQD
^M_CYCADY
CYKCAD
YDACKGMJQD
J]MRD
E]CYAC-
J]MRD
EYC^C
_D@RD
EYC^C
YMQMJMADY YDACKGMJQD
J]MRD
KCJE]GQD EYC^C
^M_CYCADY EYC^C
AG^ND AM BYMJD
E]CYAC_D@RD
J]MRD
EYC^C
_MYJD^ QC_C QDYJG@@D^
Nuirc tdacs `cs ncvgacams am rdackgmjtds ndj ercsc.

g CNNM^DYGD GK_]@^DY
Jujnc gjstc`m jumvckmjtm uj rdackgmjtd uscad8 ujc vmz
qum uj rdackgmjtd lcyc sgad qugtcad, çstm sm amim
rmmkp`czcr pdr ujd jumvd.
Gjstc`m uj jumvd rdackgmjtd c msnucarc mj m` `cad amrmnld

ndj su `cad sm``cad drgmjtcad lcngc cbumrc.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, >9x>= kk ?5512-??3?3??
_g`dtd, 3= kk ?5512-??1?>?? J]MRD
EYC^C
YDACKGMJQD _G@DQD
3>-2


AGYMNNGDJ
Cp`gqum ercsc c` kcjeugtd smpcrcadr.
Gjstc`m m` kcjeugtd smpcrcadr pdr m` `cad amrmnld. EYC^C KCJE]GQD

^M_CYCADY
^M_CYCADY
g
Jujnc gjstc`m jumvckmjtm uj rdackgmjtd uscad8 ujc vmz
qum uj rdackgmjtd lcyc sgad qugtcad, çstm sm amim
rmmkp`czcr pdr ujd jumvd.
Gjstc`m uj jumvd rdackgmjtd c msnucarc mj m` `cad amrmnld

ndj su `cad sm``cad drgmjtcad lcngc cbumrc.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, >9x>= kk ?5512-??3?3??
_g`dtd, 3= kk ?5512-??1?>??
Mj ncsd am qum `c rumac lcyc sgad qugtcac gjstã`m`c ndkd

sgeum6
@gkpgm `cs rdsncs am `ds rcyds.
Cfustm `c pdsgngþj am` nuid pcrc qum `c agstcjngc amsam `c

supmrbgngm am` mxtrmkd amrmnld am` nuid lcstc m` b`cjnd am `c
``cjtc qumam ndkd kdstrcad.
_carþj 9> ³ 3,? kk
Cprgmtm `ds rcyds c` pcr mspmngbgncad prdermsgvckmjtm mj 9 þ

> mtcpcs.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
@`cvm am rcyds N, =,<x2,3 kk ?55?3-??9?>??
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 1 J.k(?,1 he.k)
Ndkprumim `c mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc (pãegjc 3>-1).
@@CRM AM YCWD^
Gjstc`m m` agsnd am brmjd ndj m` `cad ercicad ndj `c kcrnc

"KGJ. QL. >,= KK" drgmjtcad lcngc cbumrc.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `ds jumvds pmrjds am` agsnd am brmjd c` pcr

mspmngbgncad.
JDQC
Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds mj smnumjngc mjtrmnruzcac mj 9 þ >
mtcpcs.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 9? J.k (9,? he.k) J]MRD
QDYJG@@D^ AG^ND AM BYMJD
3>-5

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
_MYJD^
Gjstc`m `c tcpc y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds tdrjg``ds.
QC_C
MS]G@GIYGD AM @C Y]MAC
JDQC
• M` mqug`girgd am `c rumac sm ami ndkprdicr nucjad m`
jmukãtgnd sm kdjtm jumvckmjtm.
• _crc uj mqug`girgd þptgkd, `c kcrnc am mqug`girgd am
jmukãtgnd (pujtd pgjtcad mj m` b`cjnd am` jmukãtgnd)
amim mstcr `dnc`gzcac nmrnc am` vãstced am `c vã`vu`c.
Kdjtm jumvckmjtm m` jmukãtgnd sg ms jmnmscrgd.
a KCYNC AM MS]G@GIYGD
M` mqug`girgd am `cs rumacs cbmntc agrmntckmjtm `c
mstcig`gaca, `c ndjaunngþj y `c smeurgaca tdtc` am `c
kdtdngn`mtc. Ndkprumim nugacadsckmjtm m` mqug`girgd am
`c rumac cjtms am gjstc`cr`c jumvckmjtm.
Kdjtm m` ndjfujtd am `c rumac, jmukãtgnd y agsnd am brmjd mj

ujc icjncac pcrc gjspmnngþj.
Egrm `c rumac, açfm`c pcrcr, y kcrqum m` ãrmc qum qumaþ lcngc

cicfd (kãs pmscac) ndk tgzc.
Lcec mstd ads d trms vmnms pcrc ndkprdicr m` ãrmc kãs

pmscac.
Mj ncsd qum `c rumac mstç mqug`gircac, çstc jd sm amtmjarã

sgmkprm am `c kgskc pdsgngþj.
_crc mqug`gircr `c rumac, gjstc`m ndjtrcpmsds mj m` `cad kãs

`gvgcjd am `c ``cjtc, m` `cad dpumstd c `cs kcrncs am tgzc.
Cermeum cpmjcs m` pmsd subgngmjtm pcrc qum `c rumac jd sm

amtmjec kãs mj `c kgskc pdsgngþj c` smr egrcac.
Jd cermeum kãs qum 2? e mj `c rumac am`cjtmrc.
NDJQYC_M^D
3>-<


AGYMNNGDJ
ND@@CYGJ @CQMYC@
Cp`gqum ercsc c` `cigd am` jumvd eucracpd`vd gzqugmrad.
Gjstc`m `ds eucracpd`vds mj m` `cad gzqugmrad am` nuid am `c

rumac.
Gjstc`m m` nd``crëj `ctmrc` mj m` nuid gzqugmrad am `c rumac.
J]MRD
EYC^C
E]CYAC_D@RD
C`gjmm
Gjstc`m m` rmtmjmadr am` mjercjcfm am` vm`dnëkmtrd mj m` nuid
am `c rumac c`gjmcjad `cs `mjeðmtcs am` rmtmjmadr ndj `cs
kumsncs am` nuid.
YMQMJMADY
E]CYAC_D@RD
Cp`gqum ercsc c` `cigd am` jumvd eucracpd`vd amrmnld.
J]MRD
EYC^C
Gjstc`m m` eucracpd`vd mj m` nuid amrmnld am `c rumac.
Gjstc`m `c ncfc am` mjercjcfm am` vm`dnëkmtrd amjtrd am` nuid

gzqugmrad am `c rumac.
NCFC AM@ MJEYCJCFM
3>-7

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
@GKGQCADY W NCFC AM@ NDJF]JQD
MJEYCJCEMJ
MJEYC JCEMJ^ ^ AM@
AM@ RM@DN
RM@DNËKMQ
ËKMQYD
YD AM @C Y]MA
Y]MAC
C
GJ^QC@CNGDJ
@gkpgm `cs sumrbgngms am csgmjtd am `ds sdpdrtms am` mfm y ncac
pgmrjc am `c ldrqug``c.
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd am `c rumac mj `cs pgmrjcs am `c ldrqug``c

pcrc qum m` agsnd am brmjd sm uigqum mjtrm `cs pcstg``cs
tmjgmjad nugacad pcrc acócr`cs.
Nd`dqum `c `gjeðmtc am `c ncfc am` mjercjcfm ndjtrc `c pcrtm

pdstmrgdr am` `gkgtcadr mj `c pgmrjc am `c ldrqug``c.
Csmeörmsm ammfm
gzqugmrad am` qummstçj
m` nd``crëj am sdpdrtm
bgrkmkmjtm y m` mxtrmkd
csmjtcads mj `cs MFM AM@CJQMYD KCYNC ‐]_‛ Q]MYNC^
supmrbgngms am cecrrckgmjtd am `cs pgmrjcs am `c ldrqug``c.
Gjstc`m m` sdpdrtm am` mfm mj `c pgmrjc amrmnlc am `c ldrqug``c

ndj `c kcrnc " ]_ " drgmjtcac lcngc
lcngc crrgic y rdsncjad sgj
sgj
cprmtcr `cs nuctrd tumrncs am` sdpdrtm am` mfm.
Cprgmtm m` mfm am`cjtmrd c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 =7 J.k (=,7 he.k)
Ndj m` brmjd am`cjtmrd cp`gncad, idkimm `c ldrqug``c lcngc

crrgic y lcngc cifd vcrgcs vmnms pcrc csmjtcr m` mfm y
ndkprumim m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` brmjd am`cjtmrd.
Kgmjtrcs kcjtgmjm `c ldrqug``c pcrc`m`c, cprgmtm prgkmrd `cs

tumrncs supmrgdrms am `ds sdpdrtms, ùmed cprgmtm `cs tumrncs NCI@M Q]MYNC^ ^]
^]_MYGDYM^
gjbmrgdrms.
Ndjmntm m` nci`m am` vm`dnëkmtrd mj `c ncfc am` mjercjcfm y

sufçtm`d ndj m` fumed am tdrjg``ds.
QDYJG@@D Q]MYNC^ GJBMYGDYM^

LDYS]G@@C
JDQC
^D_DYQM QDYJG@@D^
• Lã ads tgpds am cfustm am `c c`turc am` sg``ëj8 Qgpd ^g``ëj

C`td y Qgpd ^g``ëj Icfd.
• Rmc mj `cs pãegjcs 3>->> m 3>->1 "Ndkd cfustcr `c c`turc
am` sg``ëj".
YMKDNGÞJ
Sugtm m` pmrjd y `c prmsg``c am bgfcngþj am` nci`m am`
vm`dnëkmtrd.
Sugtm m` tdrjg``d y m` nci`m am` vm`dnëkmtrd.

NCI@M
3>-3?


AGYMNNGDJ
_MYJD^
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am kdjtcfm am `c pgjzc am brmjd
b rmjd y `c pgjzc.
Sugtm `c rumac am`cjtmrc (pãegjc 3>->).
JDQC
Jd cnngdjm `c pc`cjnc am brmjd am`cjtmrd amspuçs qum
lcyc qugtcad `c rumac am`cjtmrc pcrc jd agbgnu`tcr m`
kdjtcfm pdstmrgdr am` agsnd am brmjd mjtrm `cs pcstg``cs.
_MYJD ^]_MYGDY
Cb`dfm `c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c, pmrd sgj qugtcr`c.
Cb`dfm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm supmrgdr.
Sugtm m` cjg``d `gkgtcadr am `c ldrqug``c.
g
• Jd `mvcjtm `c pgjzc am` brmjd am `c kcjeumrc am brmjd.
• Jd rmtumrzc `c kcjeumrc am brmjd.
CJG@@D @GKGQCADY _ MYJ_]MJQM

AM@ D^ AM B^]_MYGDY
GFC
FCN
NGÞJ
_MYJD^ AM BGFCNGÞJ AM@ _]MJQM GJBMYGDY
Sugtm m` pcrcbcjed am`cjtmrd (pãegjc 9-1).
Cb`dfm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm gjbmrgdr kgmjtrcs

sufmtc `c ldrqug`c.
Sugtm `c ldrqug``c am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj.
_YDQMNQDY
AM^CYKCAD
ûm`tm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc y qugtm `d prdtmntdr am `c
ldrqug``c.
_MYJD
3>-33

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
QC_C AM @C LDYS]G@@C/
CJG@@D QDYGND M^_CNGCADY
Sugtm `c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c y m` cjg``d tþrgnd am` tuid am `c
ldrqug``c.
Sugtm m` mspcngcadr y m` csgmjtd am` rmsdrtm.
a
@c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c sm mjnumjtrc icfd `c prmsgþj am`
rmsdrtm. Qmjec nugacad c` qugtcr`c y utg`gnm ujc prdtmnngþj
pcrc `ds dfds y m` rdstrd.
C^GMJQD AM@ YM^DYQM

YM^DYQM
Sugtm m` rmsdrtm am `c ldrqug``c.
Rgmrtc m` cnmgtm am `c pgmrjc am `c ldrqug``c idkimcjad `c

ldrqug``c am < c 3? vmnms.
_MYJD C@@MJ/CYCJAM@C QDYGNC

_rmjac `c ndrrmamrc mj uj tdrjg``d kmnãjgnd ndj uj pmaczd
am kcamrc d ndj kdraczcs am kctmrgc` i`cjad pcrc mvgtcr
acóds.
Cb`dfm y qugtm m` pmrjd c``mj am `c ldrqug``c y `c crcjam`c

tþrgnc am `c ndrrmamrc am `c ldrqug``c.
Mj ncsd am qum m` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c egrm fujtd ndj m`

pmrjd c``mj, gjstc`m tmkpdrc`kmjtm m` rmsdrtm am `c ldrqug``c,
`c crcjam`c, m` mspcngcadr am` rmsdrtm y `c tcpc
t cpc am `c ldrqug``c.
Q]ID AM
AM @C LDYS]G
LDYS]G@@C
@@C _G^Q
_G^QDJ
DJ AM @C
@C LDYS]G@@
LDYS]G@@C
C
Sugtm m` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c y m` rmsdrtm am rmnlczd am` tuid
am `c ldrqug``c.
JDQC
Jd qugtm m` cjg``d am` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c, mxnmptd sg ms
jmnmscrgd rmmkp`czcr`d pdr ujd jumvd.
YM^DYQM AM YMNLCVD
3>-39


AGYMNNGDJ
E]CYAC_D@RD
Sugtm m` eucracpd`vd am `c ndrrmamrc am `c ldrqug``c.
CJG@@D @GKGQCADY
Sugtm m` cjg``d `gkgtcadr am `c rcjurc am `c ndrrmamrc am `c
ldrqug``c.
g
Jd crcóm `c supmrbgngm am ams`gzckgmjtd am` tuid am `c
ldrqug``c.
JDQC
Ndkprumim qum m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c sm kumvc
sucvmkmjtm mj `c ndrrmamrc am `c ldrqug``c. ^g mstd jd
dnurrm, ndkprumim sg m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c jd sm lc
adi`cad d acócad, y ndkprumim tckigçj `ds iufms ndj
rmspmntd c amsecstm d c acóds.
C trcvçs am rãpgads kdvgkgmjtds sunmsgvds, tgrm m` tuid bumrc

am `c ndrrmamrc am `c ldrqug``c.
Sugtm m` rmtçj am cnmgtm am `c ndrrmamrc am `c ldrqug``c.
YMQMJ AM CNMGQM CJG@@D AM C_DWD

Sugtm m` rmtçj am cnmgtm, m` cjg``d am cpdyd y m` iufm ams`gzcjtm
am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c.
I]FM
I]FM AM^
M^@G
@GV
VCJ
CJQM
QM YMQM
YMQMJ
J AM CN
CNMG
MGQM
QM
3>-3>

Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
JDQC
Jd qugtm m` iufm am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c, mxnmptd sg ms

jmnmscrgd rmmkp`czcr`d pdr ujd jumvd.
Sugtm nugacadsckmjtm m` iufm am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c

tdrngmjad `c rcjurc c trcvçs am uj amsctdrjg``cadr lcstc qum
m` iufm sm pumac scncr ndj `c kcjd.
I]FM AM@ Q]ID AM @C LDYS]G@@C
GJ^_MNNGDJ
Ymsdrtm am `c ldrqug``c
Kgac m` `cred `girm am`

am` rmsdrtm am `c ldrqug``c nd`dnãjad`d mj
ujc supmrbgngm p`cjc.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 1<9,9 kk
Quid am `c ldrqug``c/Ndrrmamrc/_gstdj am `c ldrqug``c
Ndkprumim m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c, `c ndrrmamrc y m` pgstþj am `c Q]ID AM @C LDYS]G@@C

ldrqug``c ndj rmspmntd c rcycs y c amsecstm mxnmsgvd d cjdrkc`.
Ndkprumim m` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm

d c acóds.
Ndkprumim m` rmsdrtm am rmnlczd ndj rmspmntd c bctgec d c

acóds.
Ymmkp`cnm m` ndkpdjmjtm mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd.
Nd`dqum m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c sdirm ads i`dqums mj " R " y

kgac `c mxnmjtrgngaca am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c egrãjad`d ndj
m` gjagncadr am nucarcjtm.
@c mxnmjtrgngaca rmc` ms `c kgtca am `c `mnturc tdtc` am` NDYYMAMYC _G^QDJ AM @C LDYS]G@@C

gjagncadr.
Ymmkp`cnm sg sm lã mxnmagad m` `ëkgtm am smrvgngd, d sg

prmsmjtc crcócads d ndrtms qum pumacj pmrkgtgr `c buec am
cnmgtm c trcvçs am `ds rmtçjms.
JDQC
Jd utg`gnm jumvckmjtm m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c mj ncsd am

qum çstm jd qugmam pmrbmntckmjtm rmntd amspuçs qum sm `m
lcyc cp`gncad uj msbumrzd këjgkd am mjamrmzcad.
3>-31


AGYMNNGDJ
Gjspmnngdjm vgsuc`kmjtm
vgsuc`kmjtm `c ndrrmamrc y `ds iufms am` tuid
t uid am
I]FM CJG@@D AM C_DWD
`c ldrqug``c.
Ymmkp`cnm `ds iufms sg çstds prmsmjtcj crcócads d rcycs

mxnmsgvcs, d mj ncsd am qum m` tmb`þj mstç amsecstcad am tc`
bdrkc qum `cs supmrbgngms am ndirm cpcrmzncj mj kãs qum >/1
am` tdtc` am su supmrbgngm.
Ndkprumim m` cjg``d am cpdyd8 rmmkp`ãnm`d mj ncsd am qum

prmsmjtm cèujc agstdrsgþj mj `ds pujtds kdstrcads.
_]JQD^ AM
^]_MYBGNGM^ AM NDIYM NDK_YDICNGD
CYKCAD
Cjtms am` crkcad, `cvm tdacs `cs pgmzcs ndj uj agsd`vmjtm am
c`td pujtd am gjb`ckcngþj d ndj ujd jd gjb`ckci`m y M^_CNGCADY
sçqum`cs ndkp`mtckmjtm.
E]CYAC- Q]ID AM @C
J]MRD
CIYCVCAMYC AM@ _D@RD LDYS]G@@C _G^QDJ AM @C QC_C AM @C

_YDQMQDY AM @C LDYS]G@@C LDYS]G@@C
LDYS]G@@C CJG@@D
AM C_DWD
_YDQMQDY AM
@C LDYS]G@@C
J]MRD
YMQMJ AM CJG@@D
CNMGQM J]MRD
QDYGND
CJG@@D AM YM^DYQM AM
YMQMJNGÞJ @C LDYS]G@@C
YMQMJ AM CNMGQM
YM^DYQM AM
I]FM NDYYMAMYC YMNLCVD
AM^@GVCJQM
_MYJD C@@MJ AM
@C LDYS]G@@C
Gjstc`m ujd jumvd iufm mj m` tuid am ldrqug``c sg mstç buç

qugtcad.
JDQC
• Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr m` rmnuirgkgmjtd am `ds
iufms am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c.
• Jd circ `ds iufms am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c kãs qum `d
subgngmjtm.
• Sugtm `cs rmicrics am `c supmrbgngm am ndjtcntd am `ds
iufms, tmjec nugacad pcrc jd amsncsncrcr m`
rmnuirgkgmjtd. J]MRC
I]FM
3>-3=

\Y9=?
/AGYMNNGDJ
YMQMJ AM CNMGQM
Gjstc`m m` iufm ams`gzcjtm y m` cjg``d am cpdyd mj m` tuid am `c
ldrqug``c. J]MRD CQB
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am ldrqug``c c` `cigd am` jumvd rmtçj am cnmgtm.
Gjtc`m m` jumvd rmtçj am cnmgtm mj m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c ndj

m` `cad am `c kcrnc drgmjtcad lcngc crrgic.
I]FM AM^@GVCJQM CJG@@D AM C_DWD
Q]ID _G^QDJ AM @C LDYS]G@@C
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am rmnlczd mj m` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c.
Gjstc`m m` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c amjtrd am` tuid am `c

ldrqug``c.
YM^DYQM AM YMNLMVD
LDY
DYS
S]G
]G@@
@@C
C _G^
_G^QD
QDJ
J AM
AM @C
@C LDY
LDYS]
S]G@
G@@C
@C
Gjstc`m `c trcic am` rmtçj am cnmgtm mj m` mxtrmkd am` pgstþj am
`c ldrqug``c.
Icóm m` iufm am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c ndj cnmgtm am ldrqug``c m

gjstc`m `c ldrqug``c amjtrd am `c ndrrmamrc.
g
Jd cprgmtm amkcsgcad `c ndrrmamrc am `c ldrqug``c.
ûfmtm m` sdpdrtm am` mfm am `c ndrrmamrc am `c ldrqug``c mj uj CQB
tdrjg``d kmnãjgnd ndj uj pmaczd am kcamrc d ndj kdraczcs

am kctmrgc` i`cjad pcrc mvgtcr acóds. YMQMJ
YMQMJ AM CNMGQM
CNMGQM I]FM AM@
AM@ Q]ID
Q]ID AM @C LDYS]G@
LDYS]G@@C
@C
Ymmkp`cnm `c crcjam`c tþrgnc pdr ujc jumvc. CYCJAM@C QDYGNC _MYJD C@@MJ
J]MRD
CQB
@gkpgm y cp`gqum cemjtm bgfcadr c `cs rdsncs am` pmrjd c``mj
am `c ldrqug``c m gjstã`m`d ndj `c jumvc crcjam`c tþrgnc amjtrd
am` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c.
Cprgmtm m` pmrjd c``mj am `c ldrqug``c c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Mj ncsd qum m` pgstþj am `c ldrqug``c egrm fujtd ndj m` pmrjd

c``mj, gjstc`m tmkpdrc`kmjtm m` rmsdrtm am `c ldrqug``c, `c
crcjam`c, m` mspcngcadr am` rmsdrtm y `c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c.
3>-32


AGYMNNGDJ
CJG@@D @GKGQCADY
Gjstc`m m` cjg``d `gkgtcadr amjtrd am `c rcjurc mj `c ndrrmamrc
am `c ldrqug``c.
N]MY_D AM@ GK_]@^DY
Mkpufm m` jumvd rmtçj am cnmgtm amjtrd am` tuid am `c E]CYAC_D@RD
ldrqug``c lcstc qum `c rcjurc am` cjg``d `gkgtcadr smc vgsgi`m,
utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`. J]MRD
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Numrpd
Numrpd am`
am` gkpu`
gkpu`sdr
sdr am`
am` rmtçj
rmtçj am
am `c ldrqu
ldrqug``
g``cc ?5715-HC=?3??
?5715-HC=?3??
Cnnmsdrgd ?5715-HB??3??
CJG@@D
@GKGQCADY
J]MRD
CJG@@D AM C_DWD
E]CY
E]CYA
AC_D
_D@R
@RD
D CNN
NNM^
M^DY
DYGGD
Rgmrtc `c kgtca am` bùgad am ldrqug``c jmnmscrgd

rmndkmjacad mj m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c.
Cnmgtm am ldrqug``c rmndkmjacad6 Bùgad am ldrqug``c

JGRM@
Ncpcngaca
Ncpcngaca am cnmgtm6
cnmgtm6 =<2³ 9,= nk9 M^_MNGBGNCAD
Idkimm sucvmkmjtm m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c vcrgcs vmnms pcrc
purecr m` cgrm rmtmjgad.
Nd`dqum cnmgtm cagngdjc` c `c ncpcngaca mspmngbgncac y rmpgtc

m` pcsd crrgic.
Ndkprgkc tdtc`kmjtm `c pgmrjc am `c ldrqug``c.
Kgac m` jgvm` am cnmgtm c pcrtgr am `c mxtrmkgaca supmrgdr am`

tuid am `c ldrqug``c.
Jgvm` am cnmgtm6 39< kk
3>-35

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
YM^DYQM AM @C LDYS]G@@C
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am `c ldrqug``c ndj `c mxtrmkgaca am `cs
mspgrcs kãs fujtcs drgmjtcac lcngc cicfd amjtrd am` tuid am
`c ldrqug``c.
CJG@@D QDYGND _CYCB]^D ^]_MYGDY
Cp`gqum cnmgtm am ldrqug``c c` jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd m gjstã`m`d CQB
mj `c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c.
J]MRD
Gjstc`m `c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c amjtrd am` tuid

t uid am `c ldrqug``c.
JDQC
Cprgmtm `c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c amspuçs am `c gjstc`cngþj
am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c amjtrd am` pumjtm am `c ldrqug``c.
QC_C AM @C LDYS]G@@C
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr mjngkc am `c ldrqug``c y mjncfm `c
mxtrmkgaca gjbmrgdr mj `c rcjurc.
GJ^QC@CNGDJ _CYCB]^D
Gjstc`m m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c amjtrd am `c pumjtm gjbmrgdr. QG_D ^G@@GJ C@QD6 ^]_MYBGNGM ^]_MYGDY
Gjstc`m m` cjg``d `gkgtcadr y m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c amjtrd am `c
pumjtm supmrgdr.
C`gjmm `c mxtrmkgaca supmrgdr am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c ndj `c

supmrbgngm supmrgdr am` pumjtm supmrgdr ndkd sm kumstrc
(^d`ckgmjtm pcrc m` tgpd ^g``gj c`td. _crc m` tgpd sg``gj icgxd,
vmc `c pãegjc 3>->=)
JDQC
Rmc mj `c pãegjc 3>->= `ds prdnmagkgmjtds pcrc c`tmrcr `c
c`turc am` sg``ëj.
CJG@@D @GKGQCADY
3>-3<


AGYMNNGDJ
_MYJD^ AM BGFCNGÞJ AM@ _]MJQM GJBMYGDY

Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm gjbmrgdr c` pcr
mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 >9 J.k(>,9 he.k)
Qgrm `ds prdtmntdrms ndjtrc pd`vd lcstc `c pcrtm gjbmrgdr am `c

ndùkjc am agrmnngþj y cprgmtm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc.
Gjstc`m m` pcrcbcjed am`cjtmrd (pãegjc 9-1).
Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am` pumjtm supmrgdr c` pcr mspmngbgncad.

_CYCBCJED AM@CJQMYD
QG_D ^G@@GJ C@QD QC_C AM @C LDYS]G@@C
JDQC
Rmc mj `c pãegjc 3>->= `ds prdnmagkgmjtds pcrc c`tmrcr `c
c`turc am` sg``ëj.
Cprgmtm `c tcpc am `c ldrqug``c c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 99J.k (9,9 he.k)
_MYJD^ AM BGFCNGÞJ AM@ _]MJQM ^]_MYGDY

_MYJD^
Gjstc`m `c pgjzc am brmjd mj `c pcrtm am`cjtmrc gzqugmrac am `c
ldrqug``c.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `ds jumvds pmrjds am kdjtcfm am `c pgjzc

am`cjtmrc c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Gjstc`m `c rumac am`cjtmrc (pãegjc 3>-3?).
Gjstc`m `c circzcamrc am` nci`m am` vm`dnëkmtrd mj m` `cad CIYCVCAMYC QDYJG@@D^

amrmnld am `c ldrqug``c c`gjmcjad m` rmsc`tm am `c ldrqug``c
ndj m` drgbgngd am `c circzcamrc.
Cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc am` nci`m.
Gjstc`m m` nci`m am` vm`dnëkmtrd mj `c ncfc am mjercjcemjs.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `d tdrjg``d am `c ncfc am

mjercjcemjs am` vm`dnëkmtrd.
NCI@M
3>-37

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
CIYCVCAMYC^ AM ICJAC
KCJG@@CY
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `cs circzcamrcs am icjac am `ds nci`ms.
Sugtm `ds mspmfds rmtrdvgsdrms amrmnld m gzqugmrad.
M^_MFD^ YMQYDRG^DYM^
Amsndjmntm `ds ndjmntdrms am` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd
am`cjtmrd am` gjtmrruptdr.
NDJMNQDYM^ AM@ GJQMYY]_QDY

AM @C @]V AM@ BYMJD AM@CJQMYD
NG@GJAYD KCM^QYD _MYJD^
Sugtm `ds pmrjds, m` sdpdrtm am` ng`gjard kcmstrd y m` ng`gjard
kcmstrd.
^D_DYQM
_MYJD^ NCYN
_MYJD^ NCYNCVC
CVC GJBMYGDY
GJBMYGDY AM@ CNM@MYCAD
CNM@MYCADY
Y
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj y `c ncrnczc supmrgdr am`
cnm`mrcadr.
Sugtm `ds nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr y `c ncrnczc gjbmrgdr am`

cnm`mrcadr.
NCYNCV
NCYN CVC
C ^]_M
^]_MYG
YGDY
DY NCI@
NCI@M^
M^ AM@
AM@ CNM
CNM@M
@MYC
YCAD
ADY
Y
AM@ CNM@MYCADY
3>-9?


AGYMNNGDJ
GJQMY]_QDY
GJQMY]_QDYM^
M^ AM@
AM@ KCJG@@C
KCJG@@CY
Y QDYJG
QDYJG@@D^
@@D^
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds am` gjtmrruptdr am` kcjg``cr amrmnld.
Sugtm m` gjtmrruptdr am` kcjg``cr amrmnld.

_C@CJNC/
_C@CJNC/^D_DY
^D_DYQM
QM AM @C MKIYCE]M
MKIYCE]M QDYJG
QDYJG@@D^
@@D^
Amsndjmntm `ds ndjmntdrms am` gjtmrruptdr am` mkirceum.
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds, m` sdpdrtm am `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum y m`

sdpdrtm.
NDJMNQDYM^ AM@ GJQMYY]_QDY AM@ MKIYCE]M
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds y m` gjtmrruptdr am` kcjg``cr gzqugmrad. GJQMY]_QDY AM@ KCJG@@CY
QDYJG@@D^
MK_]ÓCA]YC AM@ CNM@MYCADY
Sugtm `c mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr am` kcjg``cr.
3>-93

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
MK_]ÓCA]YC AM@ KCJG@@CY

Sugtm `c mkpuócaurc am` kcjg``cr gzqugmrad.
_MYJD^
Sugtm `ds pmrjds, `ds sdpdrtms supmrgdrms y m` kcjg``cr.
YMMK_@CVD AM @C MK_]ÓCA]YC
Sugtm `c mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr am` kcjg``cr (pãe. 3>-9?).
Sugtm `c mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr.
Cp`gqum calmsgvd Ldjac Idja C c `c supmrbgngm gjtmrjc am `c

mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr y c `c supmrbgngm `gkpgc am` tuid
am` cnm`mrcadr.
Mspmrm am > c = kgjutds m gjstc`m `c mkpuócaurc. ^D_DYQM^ ^]_MYGDYM^ KCJG@@CY
Eërm`c pcrc qum `c cp`gncngþj am` calmsgvd smc ujgbdrkm.

AMYMNLC6 CALM^GRD
JDQC LDJAC IDJA C
• Amfm m` calmsgvd smncjad aurcjtm ujc ldrc cjtms am `c MK_]ÓCA]YC
utg`gzcngþj am `c mkpuócaurc. AM@ CNM@MYCADY
• Ndkprumim qum m` cnm`mrcadr bujngdjm sucvmkmjtm
amspuçs am gjstc`cr `c mkpuócaurc amrmnlc.
Gjstc`m `c mkpuócaurc am cnm`mrcadr mj m` kcjg``cr (pãe.

3>-9>).
Sugtm `c mkpuócaurc am` kcjg``cr gzqugmrad am` kcjg``cr (pãe.

3>-93).
Cp`gqum calmsgvd Ldjac Idja C c `c supmrbgngm gjtmrjc am `c

mkpuócaurc am` kcjg``cr y c `c supmrbgngm `gkpgc am` kcjg``cr. GVS]GMYAC6
Mspmrm am > c = kgjutds m gjstc`m `c mkpuócaurc.
Eërm`c pcrc qum `c cp`gncngþj am` calmsgvd smc ujgbdrkm.
CALM^GRD
LDJAC IDJA C
JDQC
MK_]ÓCA]YC AM@
Amfm m` calmsgvd smncjad aurcjtm ujc ldrc cjtms am `c KCJG@@CY GVS]GMYAD
utg`gzcngþj am `c mkpuócaurc.
3>-99


AGYMNNGDJ
KCYNC^ AM _]JVDJ
Gjstc`m m` kcjg``cr y `ds sdpdrtms supmrgdrms ndj sus kcrncs
am pujzþj drgmjtcacs lcngc cam`cjtm.
Cprgmtm tmkpdrc`kmjtm `ds pmrjds c``mj am` sdpdrtm supmrgdr.
Cb`dfm `ds pmrjds c``mj am` sdpdrtm supmrgdr y c`gjmm `cs

kcrncs am pujzþj mj m` kcjg``cr ndj `cs lmjagaurcs am `ds
sdpdrtms am` kcjg``cr.
Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am cam`cjtm prgkmrd, ùmed cprgmtm `ds

pmrjds trcsmrds.

_MYJD^ C`gjmm
Gjstc`m `c ncfc am` gjtmrruptdr am` kcjg``cr amrmnld/sdpdrtm am`

cnm`mrcadr mj m` kcjg``cr, c`gjmcjad m` pcscadr am
`dnc`gzcngþj ndj m` drgbgngd mj m` kcjg``cr.
Gjstc`m `ds tdrjg``ds am bgfcngþj y cprgmtm m` tdrjg``ds am

cam`cjtm prgkmrd, ùmed cprgmtm m` tdrjg``d trcsmrd
_C^CAD
_C^CADY
Y W DY
DYGB
GBGN
GNGD
GD QD
QDYJ
YJG@
G@@D
@D^
^
MK_]ÓCA]YC AM@ CNM@MYCADY
Cp`gqum ercsc c `c supmrbgngm gjtmrjc am `c mkpuócaurc am`
cnm`mrcadr y c `ds pujtds am ndjtcntd am nci`m.
Gjstc`m `c mkpuócaurc am` cnm`mrcadr mj m` kcjg``cr.
EYC^C
Gjstc`m `c ncfc gjbmrgdr am` cnm`mrcadr.
Cp`gqum ercsc mj `cs mxtrmkgacams am `ds nci`ms am` QDYJG@@D^

cnm`mrcadr.
Ndjmntm `ds nci`ms am` cnm`mrcadr mj `c mkpuócaurc.
Gjstc`m `c ncrnczc supmrgdr am` cnm`mrcadr y cprgmtm `ds tdrjg``ds.
EYC^C
M\QYMK
M\QY MKGA
GACA
CAM^
M^ NCYNCV
NCYN CVC
C ^]_
^]_MY
MYGD
GDY
Y
AM @D
@D^^ NCI
NCI@M
@M^
^ AM@@ CNM
AM CNM@M
@MYC
YCAD
ADYY
3>-9>

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
NG@GJAYD KCM^QYD ^D_DYQM

Gjstc`m m` ng`gjard kcmstrd y m` sdpdrtm ndj `c kcrnc " ]_ "
drgmjtcac lcngc crrgic.
C`gjmm `c mxtrmkgaca am` ng`gjard kcmstrd ndj `c kcrnc am`

pujzþj mj m` kcjg``cr cprmtcjad prgkmrd m` pmrjd supmrgdr,
ùmed cprgmtm m` pmrjd gjbmrgdr c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
m spmngbgncad.
C@GJMM KCYNC " ]_ " _MYJD^
Ndjmntm `ds ndjmntdrms am` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am brmjd

am`cjtmrd mj m` gjtmrruptdr.
NDJMNQDY AM@ GJQMYY]_QDY AM
@C @]V AM BYMJD AM@CJQMYD
MK_]ÓCA]YC AM@ KCJG@@CY
Gjstc`m `c mkpuócaurc am` kcjg``cr gzqugmrad mj m` kcjg``cr
(rmkëtcsm c `c pãegjc 3>-99).
Gjstc`m `c c`gjmcjad
kcjg``cr, ncfc am` gjtmrruptdr
m` pcscadram`
amkcjg``cr gzqugmrad
`dnc`gzcngþj ndj m`mjdrgbgngd
m`
am` kcjg``cr.
_C^CADY W DYGBGNGD
3>-91


AGYMNNGDJ
GJQMYY]_QDY
Gjstc`m `ds tdrjg``ds am bgfcngþj y cprgmtm m` tdrjg``d am cam`cjtm
prgkmrd y ùmed m` tdrjg``d trcsmrd.
QDYJG@@D^
Gjstc`m m` sdpdrtm am `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum y m` sdpdrtm mj ^D_DYQM QDYJG@@D^

m` kcjg``cr.
C`gjmm `c mxtrmkgaca am` sdpdrtm am `c pc`cjnc am` mkirceum
ndj `c kcrnc am` pujzþj mj m` kcjg``cr y cprgmtm m` tdrjg``d
supmrgdr, ùmed cprgmtm m` tdrjg``d gjbmrgdr.
Ndjmntm `ds ndjmntdrms am` gjtmrruptdr am` mkirceum mj m`

gjtmrruptdr am` mkirceum.
C@GJMM ^D_DYQM NDJMNQDYM^ AM@

GJQMYY]_QDY AM@ MKIYCE]M
M^_MFD^ YMQYDRG^DYM^
Mjnckgjm m` nci`mcad camnucackmjtm (pãegjc 3-37).
Gjstc`m `cs circzcamrcs am icjac.
Gjstc`m `ds mspmfds rmtrdvgsdrms.
CIYCVCAMYC^ AM ICJAC
CIYCVCAMYC AM @C KCJE]MYC AM@ BYMJD
ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGDJ
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `c rumac am`cjtmrc (pãegjc 3>->).
Sugtm m` pcrcbcjed am`cjtmrd (pãegjc 9-1).
Sugtm m` kcjg``cr (pãegjc 3>-99).

Sugtm `c ldrqug``c am`cjtmrc (pãegjc 3>-3?).
Sugtm m` pmrjd y `c circzcamrc am `c kcjeumrc am brmjd

am`cjtmrc.
KCJE]MYC AM@ BYMJD
3>-9=

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
GJ^QY]KMJQD NDKIGJCAD
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `c kmsc supmrgdr y `ds gjtmrkgtmjtms
am`cjtmrds.
Sugtm `ds ndjmntcadrms am `ds gjtmrkgtmjtms.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y m` gjstrukmjtd ndkigjcad (pãegjc 37-2).
_MYJD^
_MYJD^ NDJMN
NDJMNQCAD
QCADYM^
YM^ AM @D^ GJQMYK
GJQMYKGQMJQ
GQMJQM^
M^
QC_C
Sugtm `c tcpc.
^DS]MQM AM @C ND@]KJC
Sugtm `c tumrnc am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj utg`gzcjad `c
lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
@`cvm
@`cvm ndj
ndj sdqum
sdqumtm
tm am `c
`c ndùk
ndùkjc
jc am agrm
agrmnn
nngþj
gþj ?5532-
?5532-??9?1??
??9?1??
Q]MYNC AM @C ND@]KJC
Sugtm `c tumrnc y crcjam`c am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj.
Sugtm `c ldrqug``c am`cjtmrc (pãegjc 3>-3?).
CYCJAM@C
3>-92


AGYMNNGDJ
Sucgtm `c pumjtm supmrgdr. KM^C ^]_MYGDY
@@CRM NDJ ^DS]MQM AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGÞJ

Sugtm `c tumrnc am cfustm am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj
utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
@`cvm ndj sdqu
sdqumtm
mtm am
am `c ndù
ndùkjc
kjc am agrmn
agrmnngþj
ngþj ?5732 HC=?3??
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
E]CYAC_D@RD
Sugtm m` eucracpd`vd supmrgdr.
_G^QC GJQMYJC AM@ YDACKGMJQD ^]_MYGDY

ûfmtm `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ndj `c kcjd y qugtm `c pgstc
gjtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd supmrgdr y m` rdackgmjtd supmrgdr.
YDACKGMJQD ^]_MYGDY
3>-95

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
YDACKGMJQD GJBMYGDY
Sugtm `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj am` ncimzc` am `c agrmnngþj.
Ndkprumim m` rdackgmjtd gjbmrgdr, `cs pgstcs gjtmrjcs y

mxtmrjcs ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d c acóds.
ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGDJ
GK_]@^DY CNNM^DYGD
YMMK_@CVD AM @C _G^QC AM@ YDACKGMJQD
JDQC
^gmkprm rmmkp`cnm `ds
`ds rdackgmjtds y `cs
`cs pgstcs ndkd uj _G^QC
fumed. _G^QC M\QMYJC AM@
M\QMYJC AM@ YDACKGMJQD
YDACKGMJQD ^]_MYGDY
Sugtm `c pgstc mxtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd gjbmrgdr utg`gzcjad `cs GJBMYGDY
sgeugmjtms lmrrckgmjtcs.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
CNNM^DYGD GK_]@^DY
Sugtm `c pgstc mxtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd supmrgdr utg`gzcjad `cs _G^QC GJQMYJC AM@ YDACKGMJQD
sgeugmjtms lmrrckgmjtcs6 GJBMYGDY/E]CYAC_D@RD/CYCJAM@C
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gjstc`m `c tumrnc am `c ndùkjc mj `c ndùkjc pcrc mvgtcr qum

`cs rdsncs sm acómj c` qugtcr `c pgstc gjtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd
gjbmrgdr am `c ndùkjc.
Sugtm `c pgstc gjtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd gjbmrgdr ndj uj ngjnm` d

ndj ujc lmrrckgmjtc mqugvc`mjtm tmjgmjad nugacad pcrc jd
acócr `c ndùkjc.
Sugtm m` eucracpd`vd y `c crcjam`c. Q]MYNC AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGDJ

GK_]@^DY AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGDJ
Cp`gqum ercsc c` `cigd am` jumvd eucracpd`vd.
Gjstc`m m` jumvd eucracpd`vd y `c crcjam`c.
Gjstc`m `c jumvc pgstc gjtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd gjbmrgdr

J]MRD
EYC^C _G^QC GJQMYJC
utg`gzcjad `c sgeugmjtm lmrrckgmjtc y ujc prmjsc lgarãu`gnc. AM@ YDACKGMJQD
E]CYAC_D@RD/ GJBMYGDY
CYCJAM@C J]MRD
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Gkpu
Gkpu`s
`sdr
dr am `c nd
ndù
ùkj
kjcc am
am ag
agrm
rmnn
nngþ
gþj
j ?571
?5712-
2-1>
1>??
??3?
3?33
3>-9<


AGYMNNGDJ
GK_]@^DY CNNM^DYGD
_rmjsm `c jumvc pgstc mxtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd supmrgdr amjtrd
am` tuid am` ncimzc` utg`gzcjad `cs sgeugmjtms lmrrckgmjtcs.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 19 x 15 kk ?5512-??3?>??
J]MRD
_G^QC
M\QMYJC AM@
YDACKGMJQD
^]_MYGDY
_G^QC M\QMYJC AM@ YDACKGMJQD GJBMYGDY

_rmjsm `c jumvc pgstc mxtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd gjbmrgdr amjtrd
am` tuid am` ncimzc` utg`gzcjad `cs sgeugmjtms lmrrckgmjtcs. J]MRD
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 19 x 15 kk ?5512-??3?>??
CNNM^DYGD
GK_]@^DY
GJ^QC@CNGDJ
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
AM @C AGYMNNGDJ
YDACKGMJQD
EYC^C
J]MRD
GJBMYGDY E]CYAC_D@RD
^]_MYGDY
_G^QC GJQMYJC _G^QC M\QMYJC
J]MRC AM@ YDACKGMJQD J]MRC AM@ YDACKGMJQD
GJBMYGDY ^]_MYGDY
J]MRD
YDACKGMJQD
^]_MYGDY
E]CYAC_D@RD EYC^C
GJBMYGDY
_G^QC GJQMYJC
J]MRC AD YDACKGMJQD
^]_MYGDY
ND@]KJC AM
AGYMNNGDJ
J]MRC
_G^QC M\QMYJC AM@
YDACKGMJQD GJBMYGDY
3>-97

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
YDACKGMJQD GJBMYGDY
Cp`gqum ercsc c` jumvd rdackgmjtd gjbmrgdr am `c ndùkjc am
agrmnngþj. EYC^C
Gjstc`m m` jumvd rdackgmjtd gjbmrgdr mj `c ndùkjc am J]MRD
agrmnngþj.
Gjstc`m `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj mj m` tuid am` ncimzc`.
ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGÞJ
YDACKGMJQD ^]_MYGDY
Cp`gqum ercsc c` jumvd rdackgmjtd supmrgdr am `c ndùkjc
am agrmnngþj. J]MRD
Gjstc`m m` rdackgmjtd supmrgdr. EYC^C

_G^QC GJQMYJC AM@ YDACKGMJQD ^]_MYGDY
Gjstc`m `c pgstc gjtmrjc
gjtmrjc am` rdackgmjtd
rdackgmjtd supmrgdr.
J]MRC
Gjstc`m m` eucracpd`vd supmrgdr.
J]MRD
E]CYAC_D@RD
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
Cp`gqum ercsc c `c tumrnc am cfustm am` rdackgmjtd am `c
ndùkjc am agrmnngþj. EYC^C
Gjstc`m `c tumrnc am cfustm am `c agrmnngþj.
3>->?


AGYMNNGDJ
@@CRM NDJ ^DS]MQM AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGDJ

Cprgmtm `c tumrnc am cfustm am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj c` pcr
mspmngbgncad.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
@`cvm ndj sdqu
sdqumtm
mtm am
am `c ndù
ndùkjc
kjc am agrmn
agrmnngþj
ngþj ?5732-HC=?3??
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
Egrm `c ndùkjc
gzqugmrac, am uj am agrmnngþj
mxtrmkd lcngcc``ckmjds
c dutrd, amrmnlc y lcngc
= vmnms `c qum
lcstc
`ds rdackgmjtds sm csmjtmj.
Csmeörmsm qum `c ndùkjc am `c agrmnngþj sm kumvc

sucvmkmjtm, sgj fumed d msbumrzd.
Cb`dfm `c tumrnc am cfustm ndkp`mtckmjtm.

@@CRM NDJ ^DS]MQM AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGDJ
Cprgmtm jumvckmjtm `c tumrnc am cfustm c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
@`cvm ndj sdqu
sdqumtm
mtm am
am `c ndù
ndùkjc
kjc am agrmn
agrmnngþj
ngþj ?5732-HC=?3??
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 3 J.k (?,3 he.k)
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM
_]MJQM ^]_MYGDY
Gjstc`m m` pumjtm supmrgdr am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj.
3>->3

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
Q]MYNC AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGÞJ

Gjstc`m
Gjstc`m tmkpdrc`kmjtm `c ldrqug``c
`c crcjam`c y `c ndùkjc am brdjtc`.
agrmnngþj.
Cprgmtm `c tumrnc am `c ndùkjc c` pcr mspmngbgncad utg`gzcjad

`c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
@`cvm ndj sdqumtm am `c ndjtrctumrnc
am `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj ?5532-??9?1??
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 3?> J.k (3?,> he.k)
Csmeörmsm am qum `c ndùkjc am `c agrmnngþj sm kumvc

sucvmkmjtm, sgj fumed d msbumrzd. CYCJAM@C
@@CRM NDJ ^DS]MQM AM @C
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ NDJQYCQ]MYNC AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGÞJ
Gjstc`m `ds gjtmrkgtmjtms y `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am `c pumjtm

supmrgdr.
Gjstc`m `c circzcamrc am` nci`m y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm m` pmrjd

am bgfcngþj am `c ùz am` gjtmrkgtmjtm am`cjtmrd.
Cndp`m `ds ndjmntcadrms am `ds gjtmrkgtmjtms.

Gjstc`m `c circzcamrc am `c kcjeumrc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd y
cprgmtm m` pmrjd am bgfcngþj am `c pumjtm gjbmrgdr.
Gjstc`m `c ldrqug``c am`cjtmrc (pãegjc 3>-3<).

Q]MYNC AM @C ND@]KJC AM AGYMNNGÞJ
Gjstc`m `ds smeugjtms ndkpdjmjtms6
„ Nucard am gjstrukmjtds (pãegjc 37-2).
„ _crcbcjed am`cjtmrd
Kcjg``cr (pãegjc (pãegjc 9-1).
3>-9>).
„ Yumac am`cjtmrc (pãegjc 3>-3?).
NCYEC _YMRGC AM@ YDACKGMJQD AM @C AGYMNNGDJ

@mvcjtm `c rumac am`cjtmrc am` sum`d.
Nd`dqum `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj mj `c pdsgngþj rmntc lcngc
cam`cjtm.
Mjecjnlm uj agjckþkmtrd mj m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c mjtrm

`ds pumjtms supmrgdr m gjbmrgdr.
Csmeörmsm am qum jd lcyc gjtmrbmrmjngc am nci`ms d am

ndjauntdrms.
Qgrm am` agjckþkmtrd kcjtmjgmjad `c msnc`c mj ãjeu`d rmntd

ndj `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj.
@mc `c msnc`c mj m` pujtd adjam `c ndùkjc am agrmnngþj sm

ndkgmjzc c kdvmr.
Ncrec prmvgc am` rdackgmjtd am `c agrmnngþj6 ?,?< „ ?,39 heb
Mj ncsd qum `cs kmagngdjms jd mstçj amjtrd am `ds `ëkgtms,

rmcfustm `c tumrnc am cfustm am `c agrmnngþj.
3>->9


AGYMNNGDJ
_MYJD^ QC_C YM^DYQM

CF]^QM
YMKDNGDJ
AM @C C@Q]YC AM@ ^G@@GJ
JDQC
• ^m pumam cfustc
cfustcrr `c c`turc
c`turc am` sg``ëj
sg``ëj c trcvçs
trcvçs am`
prdnmagkgmjtd cicfd6
• @c c`turc am` sg``ëj
sg``ëj pumam smr
smr cfustcac mj `cs pdsgngd
pdsgngdjms
jms
C`tc (tgpd L^) d Icfc (tgpd @^). _MYJD^
• Lcy ads tgpds
tgpds am sdpdrtm
sdpdrtm `ctmrc`
`ctmrc` pcrc `cs pdsgngd
pdsgngdjms
jms am GJQMYY]_QDY AM@ _MYJD AM@
cfustm C`tc (tgpd L^) y Icfc (tgpd @^), rmspmntgvckmjtm. ^D_DYQM @CQMYC@ _GRDQM
• Nmrng
Nmrngþrmsm
þrmsm am utg`gzcr
utg`gzcr m` sdpdrtm
sdpdrtm `ctmrc` cprdpgcad
cprdpgcad..
• Csmeö
Csmeörmsm
rmsm am cfustcr
cfustcr `cs suspmjsgd
suspmjsgdjmsjms am`cjtmrc
am`cjtmrc y
trcsmrc am cnumrad c `c kgskc mspmngbgncngþj.
_MYJD^ AM
NCKIGD
(QG_D @^)AM @C _D^GNGDJ C@QC (QG_D L^) _CYC ICFC BGFCNGDJ
3. @mvcjtm `c kdtdngn`mtc y cpþym`c bgrkmkmjtm, utg`gzcjad AM@ _]MJQM
^]_MYGDY
uj sdpdrtm cprdpgcad.
9. Sugtm m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd y m` pmrjd am` pgvdtm am` _MYJD^ AM
sdpdrtm `ctmrc`. Mjsmeugac, qugtm m` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`. BGFCNGDJ
>. Gjstc`m m` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` cprdpgcad y cprgmtm m` pmrjd am` AM@ _]MJQM
GJBMYGDY
pgvdtm.
1. Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd y m` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm
`ctmrc`.
=. Cb`dfm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc am` prdtmntdr am ncac
ldrqug``c. Mjsmeugac, tgrm am` prdtmntdr lcngc cicfd. CJG@@D AM YMQMJNGDJ
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c am `c
suspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc, `ds nci`ms y `c kcjeumrc am` brmjd _MYJD/Q]MYNC MJQYM
am`cjtmrd. M@ IYCVD AM@DY W M@
CKDYQGE]CADY
CKDYQGE]CA
2. Cpdym `c rumac am`cjtmrc y cb`dfm
cb `dfm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
am `ds pumjtms supmrgdr m gjbmrgdr.
5. @mvcjtm m` ndjfujtd am `c ldrqug``c am`cjtmrc lcstc qum m`
cjg``d am rmtmjngþj am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c sm qumam
uigncad fujtd c m` pumjtm supmrgdr.
<. Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am `ds pumjtms supmrgdr m _MYJD/Q]MYNC
_MYJD AM MJQYM M@
gjbmrgdr c` pcr mspmngbgncad. BGFCNGDJ RC^QCED AM@
GJBMYGDY AM@ CKDYQGE]CADY
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 CKDYQGE]CADY W M@ IYCVD AM@
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm supmrgdr 93 J.k (9,3 he.k) CKDYQGE]CADY
7. Cfustm m` prdtmntdr am `c ldrqug``c lcstc qum sm qumam
uigncad fujtd c m` pumjtm gjbmrgdr.
Mjsmeugac, cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc
3?. am` tuid

Sugtm am `c ldrqug``c.
`c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31->). Sugtm `c p`cnc am`
eucracicrrds (pãegjc 31-3>).
33. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc uigncad mjtrm m` irczd am`
ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd dsng`cjtm, y m` pmrjd/tumrnc
uigncad mjtrm `c crtgnu`cngþj am` ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd
am` ckdrtgeucadr (pãegjc 31-32).
39. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr _D^GNGDJ ‐ICFC‛
m gjstã`m`d mj `c pdsgngþj ‐icfc‛ am` sg``ëj, d smc, mj m` AM@ ^G@@GJ
drgbgngd supmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr.
3>->>

/AGYMNNGDJ \Y9=?
3>. Gjstc`m `cs pgmzcs rmkdvgacs. _MYJD/Q]MYNC

MJQYM M@ IYCVD AM@
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
Qumrnc mjtrm m` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr CKDYQGE]CADY W M@
y m` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr 11 J.k (1,1 he.k) IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
Qumrnc mjtrm m` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr
y m` irczd dsng`cjtm 5< J.k (5,< he.k)
_mrjd am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr
gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)
Amspuçs am mstc dpmrcngþj, ndkprumim `d sgeugmjtm6 _MYJD/Q]MYNC
• Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-3>). MJQYM M@
• ^gstmkc am brmjds (pãegjc >-37). RC^QCED AM@
_MYJD AM BGFCNGDJ CKDYQGE]CADY
NCKIGD AM @C _D^GNGDJ ICFC (QG_D @^) _CYC C@QC GJBMYGDY AM@ W M@ IYCVD AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY CKDYQGE]CADY
(QG_D L^)
JDQC
@ds pcsds am 3 c 1 sdj `ds kgskds am` prdnmagkgmjtd
prdnmagkgmjtd
amsnrgtd mj `c pãegjc 3>->>. _MYJD^ AM
BGFCNGDJ AM@
=. Cb`dfm m` pmrjd am` prdtmntdr am ncac ldrqug``c.
ldrqug``c. _]MJQM ^]_MYGDY
2. Cpdym `c rumac am`cjtmrc y qugtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am
`ds pumjtms supmrgdr m gjbmrgdr. _MYJD^ AM
5. Kumvc m` ndjfujtd am `c ldrqug``c am`cjtmrc lcngc cicfd lcstc BGFCNGDJ
qum `c mxtrmkgaca supmrgdr am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c sm qumam AM@ _]MJQM
GJBMYGDY
c`gjmcac ndj `c supmrbgngm supmrgdr am` pumjtm supmrgdr.
JDQC ^]_MYBGNGM
^]_MYGDY AM@
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c am `c Q]ID AM @C
suspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc, `ds nci`ms y `c kcjeumrc am` brmjd LDYS]G@@C
am`cjtmrd.
<. Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am `ds pumjtms supmrgdr m

gjbmrgdr c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_MYJD/Q]MYNC
_CY
_mrj
_mrjddAMamC_YGMQM6
bgfc
bg fcng
ngþj
þj am
am`` pu
pumj
mjtm
tm su
supm
pmrg
rgdr
dr 93 J.
J.k
k (9
(9,3
,3 he
he.k
.k)) MJQYM M@ IYCVD W
CKDYQGE]CADY AM@
M@
_mrj
_mrjdd am bg
bgffcn
cnggþj am
am`` pu
pumj
mjtm
tm gj
gjbm
bmrg
rgdr
dr >9 J.
J.k
k (>
(>,9
,9 he
he.k
.k)) IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c. _MYJD/Q]MYNC
3?. Sugtm `c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31->). Sugtm `c p`cnc am` MJQYM M@
eucracicrrds (pãegjc 31-3>). RC^QCED AM@
_MYJD AM BGFCNGDJ CKDYQGE]CADY
33. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc uigncad mjtrm m` irczd am` GJBMYGDY AM@ W M@ IYCVD AM@
ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd dsng`cjtm, y m` pmrjd/tumrnc CKDYQGE]CADY CKDYQGE]CADY
uigncad mjtrm m` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd am`
ckdrtgeucadr (pãegjc 31-32).
39. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr
m gjstã`m`d mj `c pdsgngþj ‐c`tc‛ am` sg``ëj, d smc, mj m`
drgbgngd gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr.
3>. Gjstc`m `cs pgmzcs rmkdvgacs.

_CY AM C_YGMQM6
y m` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)
y m` irczd dsng`cjtm 5< J.k (5,< he.k)
_mrjd
_mr jd am bgfcn
bgfcngþj
gþj gjbm
gjbmrgd
rgdrr am` ckdrt
ckdrtgeu
geucad
cadrr 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)
Amspuçs am mstc dpmrcngþj, ndkprumim `d sgeugmjtm6 _D^GNGDJ ‐C@QC‛
• Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-3>). AM@ ^Ë@@GJ
• ^gstmkc am brmjds (pãegjc >-37).
3>->1


AGYMNNGDJ
JDQC^
3>->=

NDKD ]QG@GVCY M^QM KCJ]C@ ËJAGNM GJBDYKCNGÞJ

EMJMYC@ EMJMYC@
3
^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9

AM^KDJQCFM/
J
@cs ^mnngdjms@c3^mnngþj
y > sdj cp`gnci`ms
9 prmsmjtccprdnmagkgmjtds
tdac `c
kdtdngn`mtc.
Þ
G
^
G
K
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ AM@ KDQDY
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^
25
pumamj smr jmnmscrgds pcrc mbmntucr `ds smrvgngds ^
J

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
3?
Mjsmeugac, dismrvm m` ëjagnm mj `c prgkmrc MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M 3?

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
K G
AMYMNLD AM LCNMY KDAGBGNCNGDJM^ MJ M Y
Q Q
N
@C^ NCYCNQMYË^QGNC^ AM @C KDQDNGN@MQC ^
G
Ç
^ @
C N]C@S]GMY KDKMJQD, ^GJ _YMRGD CRG^D M @]NM^/GJ^QY]KMJQD^/
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37

\Y9=? 31. Y]MAC QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ

GJBDYKCNGDJ AM ^MYRGNGD 31-3 CKDYQGE]CADY 31-3>
GJRM^QGECNGDJ AM CRMYGC^ 31-9 ^]^_MJ^GÞJ 31-3=
Y]MAC QYC^MYC 31-> IYCVD D^NG@CJQM 31-3<
BYMJD QYC^MYD 31-7 NDKD CF]^QCY M@ ^G@@GJ 31-91
EMJMYC@
a
• Agsnd am brmjd d pcstg``cs ndjtckgjcads rmaunmj `c bumrzc am brmjcad. Amsncrtm `cs pcstg``cs ndjtckgjcacs y `gkpgm
• ]j rdacfm ndj ``cjtcs d ndj rcyds acócads pmrfuagnc `c smeurgaca am `c dpmrcngþj am` vmlënu`d.
• M` mqug`girgd am `cs rumacs cbmntc agrmntckmjtm `c mstcig`gaca, `c ndjaunngþj y `c smeurgaca tdtc` am `c kdtdngn`mtc.
• C` mbmntucr smrvgngds mj `c rumac trcsmrc, mj m` irczd dsng`cjtm d mj m` ckdrtgeucadr, cpdym `c kdtdngn`mtc
bgrkmkmjtm utg`gzcjad ujc eröc d cèd smkmfcjtm.
• ]tg`gnm sd`ckmjtm pmrjds y tumrncs am rmmkp`czd drgegjc`ms Ldjac mj tdads `ds pgvdtms am `c suspmjsgþj y mj `ds
pujtds am kdjtcfm.
_rdbujagaca këjgkc am` surncad am` jmukãtgnd ‑ Lcstc m` gjagncadr
_rmsgþj am` jmukãtgnd brëd ^d`ckmjtm ndj ndjauntdr 3=? h_c (3,=? heb/nk9, 99 psg) ‑
9
Ndj ndjauntdr y pcscfmrd 3=? h_c (3,=? heb/nk , 99 psg) ‑
Mxnmjtrgngaca am` mfm ‑ ?,9
Mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc Ycagc` ‑ 3,?
Cxgc` ‑ 3,?
Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj Qckcód/Ms`cidjms =9?/3?1 ‑
Ldèurc 9? „ >? ‑
Brmjd Ldèurc am` pmac` am` brmjd 9? „ >? ‑
A.G. am` tckidr am` brmjd trcsmrd 3>? 3>3
Mspmsdr am` bdrrd am `c zcpctc am` ‑ Lcstc m` gjagncadr
brmjd trcsmrd am amsecstm

Qumrnc am` mfm trcsmrd << J.k (<,< he.k)
Q
_u
mrmjrndcaamm` i`crcrzudmacmàbmrmjjtcdatcrck
smcrjdacac >3? J.k (>3,? he.k)
Qumrnc am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr =1 J.k (=,1 he.k)
Qumrnc am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)
_mrjd/Qumrnc am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm << J.k (<,< he.k)
Qumr
Qu mrncnc am
am`` irirczczdd ds
dsng
ng`c`cjt
jtmm c `c
`c crt
crtgn
gnu`
u`cn
cngþ
gþj
j am
am`` ck
ckdr
drtg
tgeu
euca
cadr
dr 5< J.
J.k
k (5
(5,<
,< he
he.k
.k))
Qumrnc am` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr c` nlcssg 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)
Ycyds am `c rumac 1 J.k (?,1 he.k)
31-3

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
=1 J.k (=,1 he.k)
<< J.k (<,< he.k)
11 J.k (1,1 he.k) 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)

5< J.k (5,< he.k)
<< J.k (<,< he.k)
31-?

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
LMYYCKGMJQC^
Ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 35 kk ?5512-??=?=??
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
_g`dtd, 35 kk ?5512-??1?1??
Cnnmsdrgd, 19x15 kk ?5512-??3?>??
Cnmssdrgd, 91x92 kk ?5512-??3?5??
_g`dtd, 9? kk ?5512-??1?=??
@`cvm am rcgds N, =.<x2.3 kk ?55?3-??9?>??
Mfm mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds, 9? kk ?57>2->53?2??
Ncid am` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?57>2->53?3??
_msd am` mxtrcntdr am rdackgmjtds ?5513-??3?9?3
Ickid`mds d vgircngdjms mj `c kdtdngn`mtc
• @`cjtc tdrngac
• Ydackgmjtd(s) am `c rumac sum`td(s)
• Jmukãtgnd acócad
• Mfm jd cprmtcad camnucackmjtm
• Ydackgmjtd am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm amsecstcad
• Cfustcadrms am `c ncamjc jd cfustcads pdr geuc`
ûspmjsgþj i`cjac
• Ymsdrtm amig`gtcad
• Ncrec prmvgc am` rmsdrtm am` ckdrtgeucadr gjcamnucac
ûspmjsgþj aurc
• Ncrec prmvgc am` rmsdrtm am` ckdrtgeucadr gjcamnucac
• Rãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr adi`cad
• Ydackgmjtd am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm acócad
• Icstgadr d irczd dsng`cjtm tdrngads
ûspmjsgþj rugadsc
• Ckdrtgeucadr ambmntudsd
• Bgfcadrms sum`tds
• Ydackgmjtd(s) am` pgvdtm am `c crtgnu`cngþj am `c suspmjsgþj amsecstcad(s)
31-9

\Y9=? Y]MAC QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^G

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
Y]MAC QYC^MYC
AM^KDJQCFM
Cpdym bgrkmkmjtm `c kdtdngn`mtc utg`gzcjad ujc eröc d cèd
smkmfcjtm.
Ymkumnc `c tumrnc am cfustm am` brmjd trcsmrd y sum`tm `c

lcstm am` irczd am` brmjd.
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM LC^QM AM@ BYMJD

Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM/NDJQYCQ]
CF]^QM/NDJQYCQ]MYNC
MYNC
Cb`dfm `ds cfustcadrms amrmnld y gzqugmrad am `c ncamjc am
trcjskgsgþj.
Sugtm `c tumrnc y `c p`cnc am` mfm trcsmrd.
_@CNC Q]MYNC AM@ MFM /_@CNC

_MYJD^/KCJE]GQD^
_MYJD^/KCJE]G QD^ ^M_CYCADYM^
^M_CYCADYM^/_@CNC
/_@CNC
Mkpufm `c rumac trcsmrc lcngc cam`cjtm.
Sugtm `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
Sugtm m` mfm trcsmrd pdr m` `cad gzqugmrad.
Sugtm `c rumac trcsmrc.
NCAMJC AM QYCJ^KG^GDJ _@CNC
GJ^_MNNGDJ
Mfm
Nd`dqum m` mfm mj ads i`dqums mj ‐R‛ y kgac `c

mxnmjtrgngaca.

gjagncadr.
31->

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
Mxnmjtrgngaca am ``cjtc am `c rumac
Ndkprumim `c mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc nd`dncjad `c rumac

mj uj sdpdrtm egrctdrgd.
Egrm `c rumac `mjtckmjtm, y `mc `c mxnmjtrgngaca utg`gzcjad uj

gjagncadr am nucarcjtm.

gjagncadr.
Ycagc` 3,? kk
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd
Cxgc` 3,? kk
Ndkprumim `ds rcyds y cprgmtm `ds qum mstçj sum`tds.
Ydackgmjtd am `c rumac
Egrm `c pgstc gjtmrjc am ncac rdackgmjtd ndj su amad.
@ds rdackgmjtds amimj egrcr am bdrkc sucvm y sg`mjngdsc.

Qckigçj ndkprumim qum `c pgstc mxtmrjc mstç igmj sufmtc mj
m` nuid.
Sugtm y amsncrtm `ds rdackgmjtds sg sus pgstcs jd egrcj am

bdrkc sucvm y sg`mjngdsc, d sg mstãj sum`tds mj m` nuid.
YDACKGMJQD AM @C Y]MAC
JDQC
Ymmkp`cnm `ds rdackgmjtds mj pcrms.
Yumac amjtcac kcjacac
Ndkprumim `c ndjagngþj am `ds agmjtms am `c rumac amjtcac

kcjacac bgjc`. I]MJD KC@D
Ymmkp`cnm `c rumac amjtcac mj ncsd am qum mstç amsecstcac

d acócac.
JDQC
• ^g sm tgmjm qum rmmkp`czcr `c rumac amjtcac kcjacac,
gjspmnngdjm `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj y `c rumac amjtcac
am kcjad.
• Jujnc gjstc`m ujc ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj jumvc mj ujc
rumac amjtcac amsecstcac d ujc ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj KCJE]GQD ^M_CYCADY
amsecstcac mj rumacs amjtcacs jumvcs. @cs ads amimj
mstcr mj iumjcs ndjagngdjms d `c ncamjc d `c rumac
amjtcac am suistgtungþj sm amsecstcrãj rãpgackmjtm.
AM^CYKCAD
Sugtm m` nd``crëj y m` eucracpd`vd.
E]CYAC_D@RD
31-1


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
MFM
MFM M\
M\QY
QYCN
CNQD
QDY
Y NCIM
NCIMVC
VC@@ M\
M\QY
QYCN
CNQD
QDY
Y
Amskdjtcfm am` rdackgmjtd am `c rumac
Gjstc`m m` ncimzc` mxtrcntdr am` rdackgmjtd amjtrd am`

rdackgmjtd.
_dr m` `cad dpumstd, gjstc`m m` mfm am` mxtrcntdr am`

rdackgmjtd y mkpufm m` rdackgmjtd lcngc cbumrc am` nuid am
`c rumac.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Ncimzc` mxtrcntdr, 35 kk ?5512-??=?=??
YDACKGMJQD
Sugtm m` kcjeugtd smpcrcadr y mkpufm lcngc cbumrc m` dtrd

rdackgmjtd. KCJE]GQD ^M_CYCADY
CYKCAD
CYCJAM@C 1= J.k (1,= he.k)
KCJE]GQD
EYC^C
^M_CYCADY
YDACKGMJQD
J]MRD
EYC^C YDACKGMJQD
J]MRD
EYC^C
Y]MAC AMJQCAC
KCJACAC
E]CYAC_D@RD
_MYJD J]MRD
EYC^C
31-=

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
GK_]@^DY
Gjstc`cngþj am` rdackgmjtd am `c rumac
Nuirc ndj ercsc tdacs `cs ncvgacams am` rdackgmjtd.

g CNNM^DYGD
Jujnc gjstc`m jumvckmjtm uj rdackgmjtd yc uscad8 ujc
vmz qugtcad, çstm sm amim rmmkp`czcr pdr ujd jumvd.
Gjstc`m uj rdackgmjtd gzqugmrad jumvd c msnucarc ndj `c J]MRD

EYC^C
rumac y ndj su `cad sm``cad drgmjtcad lcngc cbumrc.
YDACKGMJQD E]GC
Lmrrckgmjtcs
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 19x15 kk ?5512-??3?>??
_g`dtd, 35 kk ?5512-??1?1??
KCJE]GQD
Gjstc`m m` kcjeugtd smpcrcadr, ùmed gjstc`m m` rdackgmjtd EYC^C
^M_CYCADY
am` `cad amrmnld ndj su `cad sm``cad drgmjtcad lcngc cbumrc.
Mj ncsd am qum `c rumac lcyc sgad amscrkcac, ãrkm`c ndkd

sgeum6 99 ³ 3,? kk
@gkpgm `cs rdsncs am `ds rcyds.
Cfustm `c pdsgngþj am` nuid pcrc qum `c agstcjngc amsam `c
supmrbgngm am` mxtrmkd amrmnld am` nuid c` b`cjnd am `c ``cjtc
qumam ndkd sm kumstrc.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 99 ³ 3,
3,? kk
@@CRM AM YCWD^
Cprgmtm `ds rcyds c` pcr mspmngbgncad mj 9 þ > mtcpcs
prdermsgvcs.
Lmrrck
Lmrrckgmj
gmjtc6
tc6 @`c
@`cvm
vm am rcy
rcyds
ds N, =,<
=,<x2,
x2,33 kk
kk ?55?3-
?55?3-??9?
??9?>??
>??
Ndkprumim `c mxnmjtrgngaca am `c ``cjtc (pãegjc 31->).
31-2

\Y9=? Y]MAC QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
_MYJD^/Q]MYNC^/CYCJAM@C^
Mj ncsd am qum sm lcyc qugtcad `c rumac amjtcac kcjacac,
`gkpgm y cp`gqum cemjtm bgfcadr c `cs rdsncs am `ds pmrjds am
`c irgac kcjacac.
QYCIC
Gjstc`m `c rumac amjtcac kcjacac y cprgmtm `ds
pmrjds/tumrncs y crcjam`cs.
Cp`gqum ercsc mj `ds `cigds am `ds jumvds eucracpd`vds,

ùmed gjstã`m`ds amjtrd am `c irgac kcjacac.
J]MRD
EYC^C
E]CYAC_D@RD
MS]G@GIYGD AM @C^ Y]MAC^
a
M` mqug`girgd am `cs rumacs cbmntc agrmntckmjtm `c
mstcig`gaca, `c ndjaunngþj y `c smeurgaca tdtc` am `c
kdtdngn`mtc. Ndkprumim nugacadsckmjtm m` mqug`girgd am
`c rumac cjtms am gjstc`cr`c jumvckmjtm.
JDQC
• M` mqug`girgd am `c rumac sm amim ndkprdicr nucjad m`

jmukãtgnd sm kdjtc jumvckmjtm. KCYNC AM MS]G@GIYGD
• _crc uj mqug`girgd þptgkd, `c kcrnc am mqug`girgd am`
jmukãtgnd(pujtd pgjtcad mj m` b`cjnd am` jmukãtgnd)
amim mstcr `dnc`gzcac nmrnc am` vãstced am `c vã`vu`c.
Kdjtm jumvckmjtm m` jmukãtgnd sg ms jmnmscrgd.
Kdjtm m` ndjfujtd am `c rumac, jmukãtgnd y irgac kcjacac
mj ujc icjncac pcrc gjspmnngþj.
Egrm `c rumac, açfm`c pcrcr, y kcrqum m` ãrmc qum qumaþ lcngc

cicfd (kãs pmscac) ndj tgzc.
Lcec mstd ads d trms vmnms pcrc ndkprdicr m` ãrmc kãs

pmscac.
Mj ncsd qum `c rumac mstç mqug`gircac, çstc jd sm amtmjarã

sgmkprm mj `c kgskc pdsgngþj.
_crc mqug`gircr `c rumac, gjstc`m ndjtrcpmsds mj m`

m ` `cad kãs
`gvgcjd am `c ``cjtc, m` `cad dpumstd c `cs kcrncs am tgzc.
Cermeum m` pmsd subgngmjtm pcrc qum `c rumac jd sm amtmjec

kãs mj `c kgskc pdsgngþj c` smr egrcac.
Jd cermeum kãs qum 2? e mj `c rumac am`cjtmrc.
NDJQYC_M^D
31-5

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
ND@@CYËJ
Gjstc`m m` nd``crëj am` `cad gzqugmrad am` nuid am `c rumac.
_CJM@ AM@ BYMJD

Gjstc`m m` pcjm` am` brmjd mj `cad amrmnld am` nuid am `c
rumac.
YM^C@QM /YCJ]YC
GJ^QC@CNGDJ
]igqum `c rumac trcsmrc mjtrm m` irczd dsng`cjtm, c`gjmcjad `c
rcjurc am` pcjm` am` brmjd ndj m` rmsc`tm am` irczd dsng`cjtm.
Q]MYNC AM@ MFM QYC^MYD/_@CNC

Nd`dqum `c rumac trcsmrc amjtrd am` icstgadr c`gjmcjad m`
drgbgngd am ckids `cads am` nd``crëj y `cs tumrncs am cfustm am
`c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
Gjsmrtm m` mfm trcsmrd c trcvçs am` cfustcadr gzqugmrad am `c

ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj, m` nd``crëj am` `cad gzqugmrad, `c rumac
trcsmrc, m` nd``crëj am` `cad amrmnld y m` cfustcadr amrmnld am
`c ncamjc.
Gjstc`m `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj mj `c rumac kcjacac.

Gjstc`m `c p`cnc y `c tumrnc am` mfm
m fm trcsmrd.
Cfustm `c ldèurc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-3>).
31-<


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
Gjstc`m `c tumrnc am cfustm am` brmjd trcsmrd y ndjmntm m`

vãstced am` brmjd.
Cfustm m` brmjd trcsmrd.
Q]MYNC AM CF]^QM RÃ^QCED AM@ BYMJD

_CJM@ AM@ BYMJD
BYMJD QYC^MYD
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm `c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31->).
Sugtm m` pcjm` am` brmjd trcsmrd.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Kgac m` A.G. am` tckidr am` brmjd trcsmrd.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 3>3,? kk
YM^DYQM^
AM^CYKCAD
JDQC
• Cjtms am qugtcr `cs zcpctcs, kãrqum`cs pcrc amspuçs
crkã`cs mj su pdsgngþj drgegjc`.
• ^gmkprm rmmkp`cnm `cs zcpctcs am brmjd c pcrms.
Cpcrtm `cs zcpctcs y quëtm`cs am` pcjm` am` brmjd.
^C_CQC^ AM@ BYMJD
31-7

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
IYCVD CNNGDJCADY AM@ BYMJD

Sugtm m` pmrjd am bgfcngþj am` irczd cnngdjcadr am` brmjd, `c
tumrnc y, mjsmeugac, m` irczd cnngdjcadr am` brmjd.
Sugtm `c p`cnc gjagncadrc am amsecstm am` brmjd.
_MYJD Q]MYNC _@CNC GJ

GJAGNCADYC
AM AMÊC^QM
CYCJAM@C
Sugtm m` nckm am` brmjd y crcjam`c.
NCKM AM@ BYMJD
Sugtm `ds iufms am` pcjm` am` brmjd.

I]FM
31-3?


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
CYKCAD
EYC^C NCKM AM@ BYMJD
YM^DYQM
_@CNC GJAGNCADYC
AM AMÊC^QM
IYCVD CNNGDJCADY
AM@ BYMJD _@CNC
VC_CQC^
AM@ BYMJD
Q]MYNC
_CJM@ AM@ BYMJD
_MYJD
Gjstc`m `ds jumvds iufms mj m` pcjm` am` brmjd.

I]FM
CYCJAM@C
Gjstc`m `c crcjam`c, c`gjmcjad m` rmsc`tm am` pcjm` am` brmjd
ndj m` mjtc``m.
C`gjmm
31-33

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
NCKM AM@ BYMJD

Cp`gqum ercsc c `cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am` nckm am`
brmjd. EYC^C
Gjstc`m m` nckm mj m` pcjm` am` brmjd.
_@CNC GJAGNCADYC AM AMÊC^QM

Gjstc`m `c p`cnc gjagncadrc am amsecstm mj m` nckm, c`gjmcjad
su mstrgcad kãs cjnld ndj `c rcjurc cjnlc am` nckm am`
brmjd.
C`gjmm
Gjstc`m m` irczd am cnngdjckgmjtd am` brmjd, c`gjmcjad `cs

kcrncs am pujzþj mj m` irczd m mj m` nckm am` brmjd.
Gjstc`m m` pmrjd y `c tumrnc mj m` irczd am cnngdjckgmjtd am`

brmjd. Cprgçtm`ds c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 3? J.k (3,? he.k) IYCVD
CNNGDJCADY
AM@ BYMJD
Q]MYNC
Cp`gqum ercsc c `cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am` nckm am`
brmjd.
_MYJD C`gjmm
_dsgngdjm `cs zcpctcs mj m` pcjm` am` brmjd y, mjsmeugac,
gjstc`m `ds rmsdrtms. _GJD AM CJNDYCEMK M NCKM AD BYMGD
g EYC^C
Jd pmrkgtc qum `c ercsc c`ncjnm `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd.
JDQC
Ncsd gjtmjtm rmutg`gzcr `cs pcstg``cs, nmrngþrmsm am
rmgjstc`cr`cs mj su pdsgngþj drgegjc`.
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd am` pcjm` am` brmjd mj `c rumac trcsmrc

(pãegjc 31-7). Mjsmeugac, gjstc`m `c rumac (pãegjc 31-3?).
YM^DYQM^ VC_CQC^ AM@ BYMJD
31-39


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
_MYJD^
CKDYQGE]CADY
JDQC
• Lã ads tgpds am cfustm am `c c`turc am` sg``ëj8 Qgpd ^g``ëj
C`td y Qgpd ^g``ëj Icfd.
• Rmc mj `cs pãegjcs 31-9> m 31-91 "Ndkd cfustcr `c c`turc
am` sg``ëj".
AM^KDJQCFM
@mvcjtm `c rumac trcsmrc am` sum`d y nd`dqum uj ncic``mtm d
ujc icjncac amicfd am` kdtdr. _@CNC AM@ E]CYACICYYD^
Sugtm m` sg``ëj (pãegjc 9-9).
Sugtm `c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31->).
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `c p`cnc am` eucracicrrds.
Sugtm `c tumrncs/pmrjds am` irczd dsng`cjtm c` irczd am`

ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr c` vãstced am` CKDYQGE]CADY
ckdrtgeucadr.
_MYJD AM
BGFCNGÞJ GJBMYGDY
Sugtm m` pmrjd am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr. _MYJD/Q]MYNC AM@
IYCVD AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY C@
IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
_MYJD/Q]MYNC AM@ IYCVD
AM@ CKDYQGE]CADY C@
RÃ^QCED AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY
_MYJD/Q]MYNC AM BGFCNGÞJ ^]_MYGDY

Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr.
Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr am

`c crtgnu`cngþj.
31-3>

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
GJ^_MNNGDJ
Gjspmnngdjm vgsuc`kmjtm m` ckdrtgeucadr ndj rmspmntd c
acóds.
„ ^g `c ujgaca ckdrtgeucadrc prmsmjtc ambdrkcngdjms d
buecs am cnmgtm.
„ ^g `c edkc am ujgþj supmrgdr y m` iufm/edkc am ujgþj
gjbmrgdr sm lcj amsecstcad d acócad.
CKDYQGE]CADY I]FM/EDKC
_MYJD W Q]MYNC AM BGFCNGÞJ ^]_MYGDY
GJ^QC@CNGDJ
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm m` pmrjd y `c tumrnc am bgfcngþj supmrgdr am`
ckdrtgeucadr c` pcr am cprgmtm.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 =1 J.k (=,1 he.k)
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm m` pmrjd am bgfcngþj gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr

c` pcr am cprgmtm.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm m` pmrjd y `c tumrnc am` irczd am`

ckdrtgeucadr c` irczd dsng`cjtm c` pcr am cprgmtm.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm m` pmrjd y `c tumrnc am` irczd am` CKDYQGE]CADY

ckdrtgeucadr c` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr c` pcr am cprgmtm.
_MYJD AM BGFCNGÞJ
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 11 J.k (1,1 he.k) GJBMYGDY _MYJD W Q]MYNC
AM@ IYCVD AM@
Ndkprumim m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` ckdrtgeucadr (pãegjc >- CKDYQGE]CADY
CKDYQGE]CAD Y C@
99). IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
_MYJD W Q]MYNC AM@
Gjstc`m `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc (pãegjc 9-9). IYCVD AM@ CKDYQGE]CADY
C@ RÃ^QCED AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY
_MYJD^
Gjstc`m `c p`cnc am` eucracicrrds.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am `c p`cnc am` eucracicrrds.
Gjstc`m `c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31-3?).
Gjstc`m m` sg``ëj (pcegjc 9-9).
_@CNC AM@ E]CYACICYYD^
31-31


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
AM^NCYQM AM@ CKDYQGE]CADY

Lcec uj kcrnc ndj uj pujtd nmjtrd mj `c ncrncsc am`
ckdrtgeucadr pcrc gjagncr m` nmjtrd am tc`carcad.
_ujtd am tc`carcad6 >?,? kk amsam `c supmrbgngm supmrgdr.
Nd`dqum m` ckdrtgeucadr mj uj scnd am p`ãstgnd.

_rmjac m` ckdrtgeucadr vum`td lcngc crrgic mj uj tdrjg``d
kmnãjgnd ndkd sm kumstrc.
C trcvçs am `c idnc am` scnd, gjtrdauznc uj tc`card jmukãtgnd
ndj ujc irdnc igmj cbg`cac am 9 „ > kk (=/21‛ 3/<‛).
a
• Jd utg`gnm ujc irdnc sgj bg`d am ndrtm yc qum çstc pdarëc
emjmrcr nc`dr y prmsgþj mxnmsgvds amjtrd am`
ckdrtgeucadr, `d qum pumam ncuscr ujc mxp`dsgþj y
smrgcs `msgdjms pmrsdjc`ms.
• M` ckdrtgeucadr ndjtgmjm ecs jgtrþemjd y cnmgtm c c`tc
prmsgþj. Jd pmrbdrm
ckdrtgeucadr c ujckãs c``ã kcydr
kmagac am `c ncrncsc am`
qum `c gjagncac
crrgic, d pdarã pmrbdrcr `c nãkcrc am cnmgtm8 `c buec am
cnmgtm c c`tc prmsgþj pumam ncuscr smrgds acóds y smrgcs
`msgdjms pmrsdjc`ms.
• ]sm sgmkprm cjtmdfds am smeurgaca pcrc mvgtcr `c
pmjmtrcngþj am pcrtënu`cs am kmtc` mj sus dfds nucjad
sm `gimrm m` ecs c prmsgþj. M` scnd am p`ãstgnd sd`ckmjtm
sm usc pcrc prdtmemr`d am `cs mkcjcngdjms am ecs.
Ckcrrm m` scnd c`rmamadr am` tc`card jmukãtgnd y lcec

bujngdjcr m` tc`card amjtrd am` scnd8 çstm sm gjb`crã ndj m` cgrm
prdvmjgmjtm am` tc`card jmukãtgnd y cyuacrã c kcjtmjmr m`
scnd cpcrtcad am `c irdnc c` lcnmr bujngdjcr m` tc`card.
t c`card.
CYQGN]@CNGDJ AM@ CKDYQGE]CADY
CKDYQGE]CADY
AM^KDJQCFM
@mvcjtm `c rumac trcsmrc am` sum`d y nd`dqum uj sdpdrtm am
trcicfd d uj ncic``mtm amicfd am` kdtdr.
Sugtm `d ckdrtgeucadr (pãegjc 31-31). _MYJD W Q]MYNC
AM@ RÃ^QCED AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY/
Sugtm `cs tumrncs/pmrjds am` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr am` NLC^^G^
nlcssgs.
31-3=

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
IYCVD AM@ CKDYQGE]CA

CKDYQGE]CADY6
DY6
GJ^_MNNGDJ
Gjspmnngdjm `ds eucracpd`vds, `ds kcjeugtds y `ds
rdackgmjtds am ceufcs.
Ymmkp`ãnm`ds sg çstds mstãj rcycads, crcócads d ndj

amsecstm cjdrkc` d mxnmsgvd. YDACKGMJQD
AM CE]FC^
KCJE]GQD^
E]CYAC_D@RD^
CYQGN]@CNGDJ AM
AM@ YDACKGMJQD^
CKDYQGE]CADY6 AM CE]FC^
JDQC
• Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd sd`tcr `cs ceufcs am `ds
rdackgmjtds am` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr y am` pgvdtm am
`c crtgnu`cngþj am` ckdrtgeucadr.
• Mj ncsd am qum `cs ceufcs mstçj bumrc am ùecr,
gjspmnngþjm`cs ndj rmspmntd c acóds d c amsecstm m
gjstã`m`cs mj su sgtgd utg`gzcjad ercsc am igsu`burd am
kd`giamjd.
E]CYAC_D@RD^
KCJE]GQD^ E]CYAC_D@RD^
GK_]@^DY CNNM^DYGD
YMMK_@CVD AM @D^ YDACKGMJQD^ AM CE]FC^
Rãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr
Cp`gqum ercsc ku`tgusd c `ds jumvds rdackgmjtds am ceufcs.
J]MRD
EYC^C _G@DQD
YDACKGMJQD^ AM CE]FC^
_rmjsm `ds rdackgmjtds am ceufcs amjtrd am` vãstced am`

ckdrtgeucadr lcstc qum `cs mxtrmkgacams mxtmrjcs am `ds
rdackgmjtds mstçj jgvm`cacs ndj `ds idrams gjtmrjds am`
vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr. 2 ³ ?,
?,99 kk
kk
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 91x92 kk ?5512-??3?5??
_g`dtd, 35 kk ?5512-??1?1??
31-32


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
GK_]@^DY
IYCVD AM@ CKDYQGE]CADY
CNNM^DYGD
_G@DQD
J]MRD
EYC^C
_rmjsm `ds rdackgmjtds am ceufcs amjtrd am` irczd am`

ckdrtgeucadr lcstc qum `cs mxtrmkgacams mxtmrjcs am `ds
rdackgmjtds mstçj jgvm`cacs ndj `ds idrams gjtmrjds am`
irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr. 2 ³ ?,
?,99 kk
kk
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 91x92 kk ?5512-??3?5??
_g`dtd, 9? kk ?5512-??1?1??
GJ^QC@CNGDJ
JDQC
Csmeörmsm am qum `cs ceufcs am `ds rdackgmjtds mstçj mj
su pdsgngþj cjtms am gjstc`cr `ds kcjeugtds am `ds pgvdtms.
EYC^C
Cp`gqum ercsc ku`tgusd c `cs supmrbgngms am `ds kcjeugtds am

`ds pgvdtms am` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr y c `ds `cigds am `ds
jumvds eucracpd`vds. J]MRD
Gjstc`m `ds kcjeugtds y `ds eucracpd`vds amjtrd am` irczd am` EYC^C
ckdrtgeucadr.
Cp`gqum ercsc ku`tgusd c `cs supmrbgngms am `ds kcjeugtds am`

pgvdtm am `c crtgnu`cngþj y c `ds `cigds am `ds jumvds
eucracpd`vds.
Gjstc`m `ds kcjeugtds y `ds eucracpd`vds amjtrd am `c

crtgnu`cngþj am` ckdrtgeucadr.
J]MRD J]MRD
EYC^C EYC^C
EYC^C
31-35

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
Gjstc`m m` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr y `c crtgnu`cngþj, m gjstc`m

ncac pmrjd y ncac tumrnc sgj cprmtcr`ds tdtc`kmjtm.
CKDYQGE]CADY
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
cQumrnc
rtgnu`cam`
ngþjirczd dsng`cjtm
am` ck drtgeucacd`c
r 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)
Gjstc`m m` ckdrtgeucadr (pãegjc 31-31). _MYJD/Q]MYNC

AM@ RÃ^QCED AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY/
NLC^^G^
_MYJD^/KCJE]GQD^/_@CNC
IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm
irczd `ds pmrjds y `c tcpc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj am`
dsng`cjtm.
Sugtm `c rumac trcsmrc(pãegjc 31->).
Sugtm `ds cfustcadrms am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj.
Sugtm `cs tumrncs /pmrjds y `c ndrrmamrc am `c euëc am `c

ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj. NCAMJC AM _@CNC E]ËC
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
Sugtm `c ncamjc am `c euëc.
Sugtm m` pmrjd y `c tumrnc

t umrnc am bgfcngþj am` irczd am` _MYJD W Q]MYNC
AM@ IYCVD AM@
ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd dsng`cjtm. CKDYQGE]CADY C@
IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
t umrnc am bgfcngþj am` irczd ad
ckdrtgeucadr y m` vãstced. _MYJD W Q]MYNC AM@

IYCVD AM@ CKDYQGE]CAD
CKDYQGE]CADY
Y
C@ RÃ^QCED AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY
_MYJD/Q]MYNC AM CYQGN]@CNGÞJ
t umrnc am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm y m`
irczd dsng`cjtm.
31-3<


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
NDYYMAMYC AM @C NCAMJC
Ndkprumim `c ndrrmamrc y `c euëc am `c ncamjc ndj rmspmntd
c amsecstm d c acóds (pãegjc >-39).
AM^CYKCAD
Sugtm `ds pmrjds y `c euëc am `c ncamjc.
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds, m` kcjeugtd y `c ndrrmamrc am `c ncamjc.
_MYJD/KCJE]GQD
YDACKGMJQD^
„ Qcpcs
„ Ydackgmjtds am ceufcs am cpdyd
„ Kcjeugtds am crtgnu`cngþj
Ndkprumim `ds kcjeugtds ndj rmspmntd c acóds, c amsecstm

d c bctgec.
Ndkprumim `ds rdackgmjtds am ceufcs ndj rmspmntd c acóds

c sg sm lcj sd`tcad.
Ndkprumim m` irczd dsng`cjtm ndj rmspmntd c ergmtcs d c acóds.
Ymmkp`ãnm`ds mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd. QC_C^ KCJE]GQD AM CYQGN]@CNGÞJ
YMMK_@CVD AM@ YDACKGMJQD

_rmsgdjm m` rdackgmjtd am ceufcs lcngc cbumrc am` irczd
dsng`cjtm utg`gzcjad `cs lmrrckgmjtcs mspmngc`ms y ujc prmjsc
lgarãu`gnc.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Mfmm mxtr
Mf mxtrcn
cntdtdrr am rda
rdackckgm
gmjt
jtds
ds,, 9? kk
kk ?57>2-
?57>2->5
>53?
3?2?
2???
Nci
cid d am
am`` mx
mxtr
trcn
cntd
tdrr am rd
rdac
ack
kgm
gmj jtd
tdss ?57>
?57>2-
2->5
>53?
3?3?
3???
_msd amam` mx
mxtrcntdr am am rd
rdackgmjtds ?5513-??3?9?3

JDQC
_rmjsm `ds rdackgmjtds am ceufcs amjtrd am` irczd CNNM^DYGD GK_]@^DY
dsng`cjtm, ndj m` `cad kcrncad drgmjtcad lcngc cbumrc.
_rmjsm `ds jumvds rdackgmjtds am ceufcs amjtrd am` irczd

dsng`cjtm utg`gzcjad `cs lmrrckgmtcs mspmngc`ms ndkd sm
kumstrc.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 91x92 kk ?5512-??3?5??
_g`dtd, 9? kk ?5512-??1?=??
EYC^C J]MRD
YDACK
YDACKGMJ
GMJQD^
QD^ AM CE]
CE]FC^
FC^ E]Ë
E]ËC
C
31-37

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
_rmjsm `ds rdackgmjtds am ceufcs amjtrd am` irczd dsng`cjtm

lcstc qum `cs mxtrmkgacams mxtmrjcs am `ds rdackgmjtds <,? „ <,= kk
mstçj jgvm`cacs ndj `ds idrams gjtmrjds am` irczd am`.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
Gkpu`sdr ?5517-??3????
Cnnmsdrgd, 91x92 kk ?5512-??3?5??
_g`dtd, 9? kk ?5512-??1?1??
YDACKGMJQD
AM CE]FC^
CYKCAD
YDACKGMJQD J]MRD
AM CE]FC^ EYC^C
QC_C
KCJE]GQD AM
CYQGN]@CNGÞJ
CF]^QCADY AM
@C NCAMJC AM
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
NDYYMAMYC AM
@C NCAMJC AM
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
_MYJD^
KCJE]GQD
E]ËC AM @C NCAMJC
AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
„ Kcjeugtds am crtgnu`cngþj
„ Qcpcs
QC_C^ KCJE]GQD^ AM CYQGN]@CNGÞJ
31-9?


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
C`gjmm
Gjstc`m `c ndrrmamrc am `c ncamjc ndj sus rmsc`tms mj `ds
drgbgngds am` irczd dsng`cjtm.
NDYYMAMYC AM @C NCAMJC AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ

NDYYMAMYC AM @C NCAMJC AM QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
@gkpgm y cp`gqum cemjtm bgfcadr c `cs rdsncs am `ds tdrjg``ds.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds tdrjg``ds y kcjeugtd.
_MYJD/KCJE]GQD
_MYJD/Q]MYNC AM CYQGN]@CNGÞJ
GJ^QC@CNGDJ
Cp`gqum ujc ncpc bgjc am ercsc c `c supmrbgngm ams`gzcjtm am`
pmrjd am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm.
Gjstc`m m` irczd dsng`cjtm mj m` icstgadr.
Gjstc`m m` pmrjd am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm c` icstgadr y m`

pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `c tumrnc am` pgvdtm am` irczd dsng`cjtm c` pcr

mspmngbgncad.

Gjstc`m m` pmrjd y `c tumrnc am` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr c`
irczd dsng`cjtm. _MYJD W Q]MYNC
AM@ IYCVD AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY C@
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 5< J.k (5,< he.k) IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
Gjstc`m m` pmrjd y `c tumrnc am` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr c`

vãstced. _MYJD W
IYCVD AM@
Q]MYNC
CKDYQGE]CADY
AM@
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 11 J.k (1,1 he.k) C@ RÃ^QCED AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY
31-93

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
_MYJD^/KCJE]GQD^/_@CNC
Gjstc`m `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj y `c ndrrmamrc mj `c euëc.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `ds pmrjds y `c pdrnc.
Gjstc`m `c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31-3?).
Gjstc`m `c tcpc am `c ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj y cprgmtm `ds

pmrjds.
_@CNC E]ËC
31-99


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
CF]^QM AM @C C@Q]YC AM@ ^G@@GJ _MYJD^ QC_C YM^DYQM

YMKDNGDJ
JDQC
• ^m pumam cfustc
cfustcrr `c c`turc
c`turc am` sg``ëj
sg``ëj c trcvçs
trcvçs am`
prdnmagkgmjtd cicfd6
• @c c`turc am` sg``ëj
sg``ëj pumam smr
smr cfustcac
cfustcac mj `cs pdsgngdjms
pdsgngdjms
C`tc (tgpd L^) d Icfc (tgpd @^). _MYJD^
• Lcy ads tgpds
tgpds am sdpdrtm
sdpdrtm `ctmrc`
`ctmrc` pcrc `cs pdsgngd
pdsgngdjms
jms am GJQMYY]_QDY AM@ _MYJD AM@
cfustm C`tc (tgpd L^) y Icfc (tgpd @^), rmspmntgvckmjtm. ^D_DYQM @CQMYC@ _GRDQM
• Nmrng
Nmrngþrmsm
þrmsm am utg`gzcr
utg`gzcr m` sdpdrtm
sdpdrtm `ctmrc` cprdpgcad
cprdpgcad..
• Csme
Csmeörmsm
örmsm am cfustcr
cfustcr `cs suspmjsgd
suspmjsgdjmsjms am`cjtmrc
am`cjtmrc y
trcsmrc am cnumrad c `c kgskc mspmngbgncngþj.
NCKIGD AM @C _D^GNGDJ C@QC (QG_D L^) _CYC ICFC _MYJD^ AM

(QG_D @^) BGFCNGDJ
3. @mvcjtm `c kdtdngn`mtc y cpþym`c bgrkmkmjtm, utg`gzcjad AM@ _]MJQM
^]_MYGDY
uj sdpdrtm cprdpgcad.
9. Sugtm m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd y m` pmrjd am` pgvdtm am` _MYJD^ AM
BGFCNGDJ
sdpdrtmm``ctmrc`.
>. Gjstc`m sdpdrtmMjsmeugac, qugtm m` sdpdrtm
`ctmrc` cprdpgcad y cprgmtm`ctmrc`.
m` pmrjd am` AM@ _]MJQM
GJBMYGDY
pgvdtm.
1. Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am rmtdrjd y m` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm
`ctmrc`.
=. Cb`dfm m` tdrjg``d am `c circzcamrc am` prdtmntdr am ncac
ldrqug``c. Mjsmeugac, tgrm am` prdtmntdr lcngc cicfd. CJG@@D AM YMQMJNGDJ
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c am `c
suspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc, `ds nci`ms y `c kcjeumrc am` brmjd _MYJD/Q]MYNC MJQYM
am`cjtmrd. M@ IYCVD AM@
CKDYQGE]CADY W M@
2. Cpdym `c rumac am`cjtmrc y cb`dfm
cb `dfm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
am `ds pumjtms supmrgdr m gjbmrgdr.
5. @mvcjtm m` ndjfujtd am `c ldrqug``c am`cjtmrc lcstc qum m`
cjg``d
uigncadamfujtd
rmtmjngþj am` tuid
c m` pumjtm am `c ldrqug``c sm qumam
supmrgdr.
<. Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am `ds pumjtms supmrgdr m _MYJD/Q]MYNC
_MYJD AM MJQYM M@
gjbmrgdr c` pcr mspmngbgncad. BGFCNGDJ RC^QCED AM@
GJBMYGDY AM@ CKDYQGE]CADY
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 CKDYQGE]CADY W M@ IYCVD AM@
_mrjd am bgfcngþj am` pumjtm supmrgdr 93 J.k (9,3 he.k) CKDYQGE]CADY
am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c.
3?. Sugtm `c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31->). Sugtm `c p`cnc am`
eucracicrrds (pãegjc 31-3>).
33. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc uigncad mjtrm m` irczd am`
ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd dsng`cjtm, y m` pmrjd/tumrnc
uigncad mjtrm `c crtgnu`cngþj am` ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd
am` ckdrtgeucadr (pãegjc 31-32).
_D^GNGDJ ‐ICFC‛
m gjstã`m`d mj `c pdsgngþj ‐icfc‛ am` sg``ëj, d smc, mj m` AM@ ^G@@GJ
drgbgngd supmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr.
31-9>

QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ \Y9=?
3>. Gjstc`m `cs pgmzcs rmkdvgacs. _MYJD/Q]MYNC

_CY AM C_YGMQM6 MJQYM M@ IYCVD AM@
Qumrnc mjtrm m` irczd am` ckdrtgeucadr CKDYQGE]CADY
CKDYQGE]CAD Y W M@
y m` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr 11 J.k (1,1 he.k) IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
y m` ircam
_mrjd zdbgfcngþj
dsng`cjtgjbmrgdr
mbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr 11
gj 5< J.k (1,1
J.k (5,< hhe.k)
e.k)
Amspuçs am mstc dpmrcngþj, ndkprumim `d sgeugmjtm6 _MYJD/Q]MYNC
• Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-3>). MJQYM M@
RC^QCED AM@
• ^gstmkc am brmjds (pãegjc >-37). _MYJD AM BGFCNGDJ CKDYQGE]CADY
GJBMYGDY AM@ W M@ IYCVD AM@
NCKIGD AM @C _D^GNGDJ ICFC (QG_D @^) _CYC C@QC CKDYQGE]CADY CKDYQGE]CADY
(QG_D L^)
JDQC
@ds pcsds am 3 c 1 sdj `ds kgskds am` prdnmagkgmjtd
prdnmagkgmjtd
amsnrgtd mj `c pãegjc 31-9>. _MYJD^ AM
BGFCNGDJ AM@
_]MJQM ^]_MYGDY
=. Cb`dfm m` pmrjd am` prdtmntdr am ncac ldrqug``c.
ldrqug``c.
2. Cpdym `c rumac am`cjtmrc y qugtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am
`ds pumjtms supmrgdr m gjbmrgdr. _MYJD^ AM
BGFCNGDJ
5. qum
Kumvc m` ndjfujtdsupmrgdr
`c mxtrmkgaca am `c ldrqug``c
am` tuidam`cjtmrc lcngc cicfd
am `c ldrqug``c lcstc
sm qumam AM@ _]MJQM
GJBMYGDY
c`gjmcac ndj `c supmrbgngm supmrgdr am` pumjtm supmrgdr.
JDQC ^]_MYBGNGM
^]_MYGDY AM@
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr m` tuid am `c ldrqug``c am `c Q]ID AM @C
suspmjsgþj am`cjtmrc, `ds nci`ms y `c kcjeumrc am` brmjd LDYS]G@@C
am`cjtmrd.
<. Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am `ds pumjtms supmrgdr m

gjbmrgdr c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_MYJD/Q]MYNC
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 MJQYM M@ IYCVD AM@
_mrj
_mrjdd am bg
bgfc
fcng
ngþj
þj am
am`` pu
pumj
mjtm
tm su
supm
pmrg
rgdr
dr 93 J.
J.k
k (9
(9,3
,3 he
he.k
.k)) CKDYQGE]CADY W M@
_mrj
_mrjdd am bg
bgffcn
cnggþj am
am`` pum
umjt
jtmm gj
gjbm
bmrg
rgdr
dr >9 J.
J.k
k (>
(>,9
,9 he
he.k
.k)) IYCVD D^NG@CJQM
am` tuid am `c ldrqug``c. _MYJD/Q]MYNC
3?. Sugtm `c rumac trcsmrc (pãegjc 31->). Sugtm `c p`cnc am` MJQYM M@
RC^QCED AM@
eucracicrrds (pãegjc 31-3>). _MYJD AM BGFCNGDJ CKDYQGE]CADY
33. Sugtm m` pmrjd/tumrnc uigncad mjtrm m` irczd am` GJBMYGDY AM@ W M@ IYCVD AM@
ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd dsng`cjtm, y m` pmrjd/tumrnc CKDYQGE]CADY CKDYQGE]CADY
uigncad mjtrm m` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr y m` irczd am`
ckdrtgeucadr (pãegjc 31-32).
m gjstã`m`d mj `c pdsgngþj ‐c`tc‛ am` sg``ëj, d smc, mj m`
drgbgngd gjbmrgdr am` ckdrtgeucadr.
3>. Gjstc`m `cs pgmzcs rmkdvgacs.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
y m` vãstced am` ckdrtgeucadr 11 J.k (1,1 he.k)
y_mr
m`jd
_mrjdircam
zdbgfcn
bgdfcngþj
sngþj
g`cjgjbm
gtjbmrgd
m rgdrr am` ckdrt
ckdrtgeucadrr 511< J.k
geucad J.k (1,1
(5,< he.k)
he.k)
Amspuçs am mstc dpmrcngþj, ndkprumim `d sgeugmjtm6 _D^GNGDJ ‐C@QC‛
• Ncamjc am trcjskgsgþj (pãegjc >-3>). AM@ ^Ë@@GJ
• ^gstmkc am brmjds (pãegjc >-37).
31-91


QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GDJ
DJ
JDQC^
31-9=


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^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M
9

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Y
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W
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QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
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^
c `c ^mnngþj 93, Gjvmstgecngþj am Cvmrëcs. C Y]MAC QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^G
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ
L
N
31
N
K G
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GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
_MYKG^D _DY M^NYGQD AM KDQD LDJAC AC
CKCVÑJGC @QAC. M^QM KCJ]C@ ^M LC AGCEYCKC AM NCI@MCAD
9?

\Y9=? 3=. ^G^QMKC AM BYMJD

GJBDYKCNGDJ AM ^MYRGNGD 3=-3 _C^QG@@C^/AG^ND AM BYMJD 3=-1
GJRM^QGECNGDJ AM CRMYGC^ 3=-9 NG@GJAYD KCM^QYD 3=-5
YMMK_@CVD
_]YEC AM@ CAM@
GYM B@]GAD AM BYMJD/ 3=-> _GJVC AM@ BYMJD 3=-39
EMJMYC@
Jd amfm qum `cs pcstg``cs jg m` agsnd am brmjd mjtrmj mj ndjtcntd ndj `c ercsc.
a
Agsnd d pcstg``cs am brmjd ndjtckgjcads rmaunmj `c bumrzc am brmjcad. Amsncrtm `cs pcstg``cs ndjtckgjcacs y `gkpgm
• Jujnc amfm qum cemjtms ndjtckgjcadrms (sungmaca, ceuc, mtn.) pmjmtrmj mj uj ampþsgtd am bùgad cigmrtd.
• ]jc vmz qum m` sgstmkc lgarãu`gnd lcyc sgad cigmrtd, d sg m` brmjd mstã i`cjad, m` sgstmkc amim smr purecad.
• ^gmkprm utg`gnm bùgad am brmjd ADQ 1 jumvd am uj rmngpgmjtm sm``cad c` mbmntucr smrvgngds mj m` sgstmkc. Jd kmzn`m
tgpds agbmrmjtms am bùgad, mstds pdarãj jd smr ndkpctgi`ms mjtrm së.
g
M` amrrckckgmjtd am bùgad am brmjd sdirm `mjtms am gjstrukmjtds y supmrbgngms pgjtcacs prdvdncrã smrgds acóds c
`cs kgskcs. Mstm tckigçj prdvdncrã acóds c cèujcs pgmzcs am edkc. ^gmkprm tmjec nugacad nucjad qugtm `c tcpc
am` ampþsgtd am bùgad8 csmeörmsm prgkmrd qum m` ampþsgtd am bùgad mstç mj pdsgngþj ldrgzdjtc`.
• ^gmkprm ndkprumim m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` brmjd cjtms am ndjaungr `c kdtdngn`mtc.
Bùgad am brmjd mspmngbgncad Gtmk _AcDaQrþ1j @ëkgtm a‑

m ^mrvgngd
Gjagncadr am amsecstm am `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd ‑ Lcstc `c rcjurc
Mspmsdr am` agsnd am brmjd >,> „ >,5 >,?
C`cimd am` agsnd am brmjd ‑ ?,9=
Agãkmtrd gjtmrjd am` ng`gjard kcmstrd 39,5?? „ 39,51> 39,5==
Agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am` pgstþj am` ng`gjard kcmstrd 39,2=5 „ 39,2<1 39,21=
Agãkmtrd gjtmrjd am` ng`gjard am `c pgjzc 95,??? „ 95,?=? 95,?2?
Agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am` pgstþj am `c pgjzc 92,73< „ 92,72< 92,73
3=-3

^G^QMKC AM BYMJD \Y9=?
39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
>1 J.k (>,1 he.k)
>1 J.k (>,1 he.k)
35 J.k (3,5 he.k)

9 J.k (?,9 he.k)
>? J.k (>,? he.k)
3=-?


_mrjd icjfd am` brmjd am`cjtmrd >1 J.k (>,1 he.k)
_mrjd am` sdpdrtm am` ng`gjard kcmstrd am`cjtmrd 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
Qdrjg``d am `c tcpc am ng`gjard kcmstrd am`cjtmrd 9 J.k (?,9 he.k)
Qdrjg``d am` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd am`cjtmrd 3 J.k (?,3 he.k)
Qmurmjrd
_ ncaamm` `ppgvgvddtmtmaamm`c`cppcc`c`cjjnnccaammb`rmbrjmdjd 22 J
J..k
k ((??,,22 hhe
e..k
k))
_mrjd am kdjtcfm supmrgdr am `c pgjzc am` brmjd am`cjtmrd >? J.k (>,? he.k) _mrjd C@DN
_mrj
_m rjd d am kdj djtc tcffm gjb
jbmr
mrggdr am `c pg pgjz
jzcc am am`` br
brmj
mjd
d am
am``cj
cjtm
tmrd
rd >? J.
J.kk (>
(>,,? he. e.kk) _mr
mrjd
jd C@D
@DN
N
_mrjd am` pcscadr am `c pgjzc am`cjtmrc (prgjngpc`) 99 J.k (9,9 he.k)
_mrjd am` pcscadr am `c pgjzc am`cjtmrc (cuxg`gcr) 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
_cscadr am `cs pcstg``cs am `c pgjzc am`cjtmrc 35 J.k (3,5 he.k)
Qcpþj am` pcscadr am `cs pcstg``cs am `c pgjzc am`cjtmrc 9 J.k (?,9 he.k)
Rã`vu`c am purec = J.k (?,= he.k)
LMYYCKGMJQC
C`gnctms pcrc cjg``ds am prmsgþj ?5731-^C=???3
_c`cjnc/pmac` am` brmjd i`cjad d m`ãstgnd _c`cjnc/ pmac` am` brmjd aurd
• _rmsmjngc am cgrm mj m` sgstmkc lgarãu`gnd • ^gstmkc am brmjd rmstrgjegad/ distrugad
• Buec am bùgad mj m` sgstmkc lgarãu`gnd • _gstþj am `c pgjzc am brmjd trcicad/
t rcicad/ amsecstcad
• _cstg``cs/ agsnd am brmjd ndjtckgjcads • _gjzc jd ams`gzcjad camnucackmjtm
• Cjg``d am sm``cad am` pgstþj am `c pgjzc amsecstcads • Ndjauntds am pcscfm am` bùgad distrugads/ rmstrgjegads
• Ymtmjms am` pgstþj am` ng`gjard kcmstrd amsecstcads • Cjg``ds am sm``cad am` pgstþj am `c pgjzc amsecstcads
• _cstg``cs/ agsnd am brmjd amsecstcads • _gstþj am` ng`gjard kcmstrd trcicad/ amsecstcad
• _gjzc ndjtckgjcac • _c`cjnc/ pmac` am brmjd adi`cad
• _gjzc jd ams`gzcjad camnucackmjtm
• Jgvm` icfd am` bùgad am brmjd Brmjd cecrrdtcjad
• Ndjauntds am pcscfm am` bùgad distrugads • _cstg``cs/ agsnd am brmjd ndjtckgjcads
• Agsnd am brmjd acócad d c`cimcad • Yumac kc` c`gjmcac
• _gstþj am `c pgjzc am brmjd trcicad/ amsecstcad • ]jgdjms am `cs kcjeumrcs distrugacs/ rmstrgjegacs
• _gstþj am` ng`gjard kcmstrd trcicad/ amsecstcad • Agsnd am brmjd acócad d c`cimcad
• Ng`gjard kcmstrd ndjtckgjcad • _gjzc jd ams`gzcjad camnucackmjtm
• _c`cjnc/ pmac` am brmjd adi`cad • ^gstmkc lgarãu`gnd am` brmjd distrugad/ rmstrgjegad
•• Mjtrcac
_gstþj amam`
`c ng`gjard
pgjzc amkcmstrd
brmjd trcicad/
t rcicad/ amsecstcad
distrugac
3=-9

\Y9=? ^G^QMKC AM BYMJD
YMMK_@CVD AM@ B@]GAD AM BYMJD/

_]YEC AM@ CGYM
JDQC
• Amspuçs am cirgr m` sgstmkc am` brmjd lgarãu`gnd, d sg m`
brmjd mstã i`cjad, sm amim purecr m` sgstmkc.
• C` utg`gzcr uj sgstmkc am purec ndkmrngc`kmjtm
agspdjgi`m, sgec `cs gjstrunngdjms am` bcirgncjtm.
• Jd amfm qum jgjeöj kctmrgc` mxtrcód pmjmtrm mj m`
sgstmkc nucjad mstç ``mjcjad m` ampþsgtd am bùgad.
• Mvgtm qum m` bùgad sc`pgqum mj pgmzcs pgjtcacs, p`ãstgncs
d am edkc. Nd`dqum uj trcpd sdirm mscs pgmzcs nucjad
mbmntöm smrvgngds mj m` sgstmkc.
AYMJCFM AM@ B@]GAD AM BYMJD

QDYJG@@D^
Csmeörmsm am qum m` ng`gjard kcmstrd mstç pcrc`m`d c` sum`d _@CNC AM QC_C
cjtms am qugtcr `c tcpc am` ampþsgtd am bùgad. CF]^QM
Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds, `c tcpc am` ampþsgtd am bùgad, `c p`cnc am
AGCBYCEKC
cfustm y m` agcbrcekc.
Ndjmntm uj tuid d ujc kcjeumrc am armjcfm mj `c vã`vu`c am

purec.
Q]ID D
KCJE]MYC
Cb`dfm `c vã`vu`c am purec y idkimm `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd.
_crm am idkimcr m` sgstmkc am brmjd nucjad jd scèc kãs

bùgad pdr `c `ëjmc am `c vã`vu`c am purec.
RC@R]@C
AM _]YEC
3=->

JGRM@ ^]_MYGDY
@@MJCAD/_]YEC AM@ B@]GAD AM BYMJD
g
Jd kmzn`m tgpds agbmrmjtms am bùgad, mstds pdarãj jd smr
ndkpctgi`ms mjtrm së.
@`mjm m` ng`gjard kcmstrd ndj bùgad am brmjd ADQ 1 lcstc `c

kcrnc am jgvm` supmrgdr.
Ndjmntm uj sgstmkc am purec ndkmrngc`kmjtm agspdjgi`m

agspdjgi`m mj
`c vã`vu`c am purec.
Idkimm m` sgstmkc am purec y cb`dfm `c vã`vu`c am purec.

Cagngdjm bùgad am brmjd nucjad m` jgvm` am` ampþsgtd am
bùgad icfm.
JDQC
• Ndkprumim brmnumjtmkmjtm m` jgvm` am` bùgad kgmjtrcs
mstç purecjad m` sgstmkc pcrc mvgtcr qum sm idkimm cgrm
amjtrd am` sgstmkc.
• C` utg`gzcr uj mqugpd am purec, sgec `cs gjstrunngdjms am`
bcirgncjtm.
MS]G
MS]G_D
_D AM _]Y
_]YE
EC RC@R
RC@R]
]@C AM _]Y
_]YEC
EC
Ympgtc m` prdnmagkgmjtd amsnrgtd crrgic lcstc qum pcrmj am

sc`gr iuriufcs am cgrm pdr m` tuid am purec. Q]ID D
KCJE]MYC
JDQC
Mj ncsd am qum m` cgrm pmjmtrm mj m` mqugpd am purec c
trcvçs am `c rdsnc am `c vã`vu`c am purec, sm``m `cs rdsncs
ndj ngjtc am tmb`þj.
Ngmrrm `c vã`vu`c am purec y cnngdjm `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd.
Mj ncsd am qum çstm qumam i`cjad, pureum tdad m` cgrm am` RC@R]@C AM
_]YEC
sgstmkc jumvckmjtm.
^g jd agspdjm am uj mqugpd am purec, utg`gnm m` sgeugmjtm

prdnmagkgmjtd6
Idkimm m` sgstmkc
sgstmkc ndj `c pc`cjnc lcstc qum sgmjtc ujc
rmsgstmjngc mj `c pc`cjnc.
3. Idkimm `c pc`cjnc
pc`cjnc vcrgcs vmnms, ùmed cnngdjm
cnngdjm `c pc`cjnc
tdac su ncrrmrc y sum`tm `c vã`vu`c am purec 3/9 vum`tc.
Mspmrm vãrgds smeujads y ngmrrm `c vã`vu`c am purec.
JDQC
Jd sum`tm `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd lcstc qum `c vã`vu`c am _C@CJNC AM@ BYMJD
purec mstç nmrrcac.
3=-1

JGRM@ ^]_MYGDY
9. ûm`tm `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd `mjtckmjtm lcstc qum `c vã`vu`c
am purec sm ngmrrm.
>. Ympgtc `ds pcsds 3 y 9 lcstc qum jd lcycj kãs iuriufcs mj

`c kcjeumrc am purec.
Amspuçs am purecr tdtc`kmjtm, cprgmtm `c vã`vu`c am purec c`

pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 = J.k (?,= he.k)
@`mjm m` ampþsgtd am bùgad lcstc `c kcrnc bujagac am` jgvm`

supmrgdr ndj bùgad am brmjd ADQ 1.
Gjstc`m m` agcbrcekc y `c tcpc am` ampþsgtd am bùgad.

QDYJG@@D^
Cprgmtm `ds tdrjg``ds am `c tcpc am` ampþsgtd am bùgad c` pcr QC_C
mspmngbgncad. _@CNC AM
CF]^QM
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 9 J.k (?,9 he.k) AGCBYCEKC
_C^QG@@C^/AG^ND AM BYMJD
YMMK_@CVD AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^ AM BYMJD
a
• Agsnd d pcstg``cs am brmjd
b rmjd ndjtckgjcads rmaunmj `c
bumrzc am brmjcad. Amsncrtm `cs pcstg``cs ndjtckgjcacs y
`gkpgm m` agsnd ndj uj cemjtm amsmjercscjtm am brmjd am
c`tc nc`gaca.
Mkpufm `ds pgstdjms am `c pgjzc lcngc camjtrd tdac su ncrrmrc

pcrc pmrkgtgr `c gjstc`cngþj am `cs jumvcs pcstg``cs am brmjd.
JDQC
• Ndkprumim m` jgvm` am` bùgad am brmjd mj m` ampþsgtd am
bùgad am` ng`gjard kcmstrd, pums mstc dpmrcngþj pumam
lcnmr qum m` jgvm` am` bùgad suic.
• ^gmkprm rmmkp`cnm `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd mj pcrms pcrc
ecrcjtgzcr ujc prmsgþj ujgbdrkm mj m` agsnd.
Sugtm m` tcpþj am` pcscadr am `cs pcstg``cs.

QC_DJ AM@ _C^CADY AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^
3=-=

_C^CADY AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^

Sugtm m` pcscadr am `cs pcstg``cs.
Sugtm `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd.
_C^QG@@C^ AM@ BYMJD

_C^CADY AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^
Mkpufm `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd ndjtrc m` rmsdrtm am `cs pcstg``cs,
ùmed gjstc`m m` tcpþj am` pcscadr am `cs pcstg``cs.
Cprgmtm m` pcscadr am `cs pcstg``cs c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 35 J.k(3,5 he.k)
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm m` tcpþj am` pcscadr am `cs pcstg``cs am

brmjd.

QC_DJ AM@ _C^CADY AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^
3=-2

AG^ND AM BYMJD
GJ^_MNNGDJ AM@ AG^ND AM BYMJD
Gjspmnngdjm vgsuc`kmjtm m` agsnd am brmjd ndj rmspmntd c
acóds d c ergmtcs.
Kgac m` mspmsdr am` agsnd am brmjd ndj uj kgnrþkmtrd.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd >,? kk
Ymmkp`cnm m` agsnd am brmjd mj ncsd am qum `c `mnturc kmjdr

smc kmjdr qum m` `ëkgtm am smrvgngd.
Kgac m` c`cimd am` agsnd am brmjd ndj uj gjagncadr am

nucarcjtm.
Mj ncsd qum m` c`cimd mxnmac m` `ëkgtm am smrvgngd,

ndkprumim `ds rdackgmjtds am `c rumac ndj rmspmntd c fumed
mxnmsgvd.
Ymmkp`cnm m` agsnd
`c rumac mstçj am brmjd
mj iumj mj ncsd qum `ds rdackgmjtds am
mstcad.
KCJE]MYC
NG@GJAYD KCM^QYD
AM^KDJQCFM
_MYJD
g
Mvgtm qum m` bùgad sc`pgqum mj pgmzcs pgjtcacs, p`ãstgncs d
am edkc. Nd`dqum uj trcpd sdirm mscs pgmzcs nucjad
mbmntöm smrvgngds mj m` sgstmkc.
Armjm m` bùgad am brmjd (pãegjc 3=->).
Sugtm m` pmrjd icjfd, `cs crcjam`cs tþrgncs y amsndjmntm `c

kcjeumrc am brmjd. CYCJAM@C^
Q]MYNC
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am` sdpdrtm am` ng`gjard kcmstrd, m` sdpdrtm
y m` ng`gjard kcmstrd (pãegjc 3>-9?).
Sugtm `c tumrnc am` pgvdtm, m` pmrjd y `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd.

_MYJD _C@CJNC
3=-5

_MYJD GJQMYY]_QDY
Sugtm m` tdrjg``d y m` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd am`cjtmrd.
Sugtm m` prdtmntdr am` am` ng`gjard kcmstrd, y m` ng`gjard

kcmstrd.
JDQC
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr m` prdtmntdr.
_YDQMNQDY
CJG@@D AM _YM^GDJ
Sugtm m` cjg``d am prmsgþj utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
NG@GJAYD KC
KCM^QYD _G^QDJ
Sugtm m` cjg``d am prmsgþj, m` pgstþj kcmstrd y m` rmsdrtm am`
ng`gjard kcmstrd.
@gkpgm m` ng`gjard kcmstrd, m` ampþsgtd am bùgad y m` pgstþj

kcmstrd mj bùgad am brmjd `gkpgd.
YM^DYQM CJG@@D AM _YM^GDJ
3=-<

GJ^_MNNGDJ
Ndkprumim m` ng`gjard kcmstrd y m` pgstþj ndj rmspmntd c
rcycs, crcócads d c dtrds acóds.
Kgac m` agãkmtrd gjtmrjd am` ng`gjard kcmstrd.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 39,5== kk
Kgac m` agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am` pgstþj kcmstrd.
@ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd 39,21= kk
CYKCAD
QDYJG@@D^
_@CNC AM BGFCNGÞJ
AGCBYCEKC
QDYJG@@D
_C@CJNC
_YDQMNQDY QDYJG@@D
AM EDKC QC_C
GJQMYY]_QDY AM @C @]V
AM@ BYMJD AM@CJQMYD
3=-7

NG@GJAYD KCM^QYD _G^QDJ

Icóm m` pgstþj kcmstrd y `ds rmtmjms am` pgstþj ndj bùgad am
brmjd `gkpgd.
CQB
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm y m` pgstþj kcmstrd amjtrd am` ng`gjard

kcmstrd.
Gjstc`m `c crcjam`c y m` cjg``d am prmsgþj.
g
Jd amfm qum `ds `cigds am` rmtçj am` pgstþj qumamj vum`tds
lcngc cbumrc.
YM^DYQM
YM^DYQ M CJG
CJG@@D
@@D AM _YM
_YM^GD
^GDJ
J
CJG@@D AM _YM^GDJ
Gjstc`m m` cjg``d am prmsgþj amjtrd am `c rcjurc mj m` ng`gjard
kcmstrd utg`gzcjad `c lmrrckgmjtc mspmngc`.
Lmrrckgmjtc6
g
Csmeörmsm am qum m` cjg``d qumam bgrkmkmjtm csmjtcad mj
`c rcjurc.
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr mj m` pgstþj y amjtrd am` ng`gjard kcmstrd.
Cp`gqum ercsc c icsm am sg`gndjc c` ãrmc am ndjtcntd am`

pgstþj kcmstrd ndj `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd.
_YDQMNQDY
C`gjmm GJQMYY]_QDY
Gjstc`m m` gjtmrruptdr am `c ùz am` brmjd am`cjtmrd mj m`
ng`gjard kcmstrd c`gjmcjad m` rmsc`tm am` gjtmrruptdr ndj m`
drgbgngd am` ng`gjard kcmstrd.
3=-3?

_MYJD GJQMYY]_QDY
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm m` tdrjg``d am` gjtmrruptdr am `c
ùz am` brmjd am`cjtmrd.
Q]MYNC
Cp`gqum ercsc c icsm am sg`gndjc c `c supmrbgngm am
ams`gzckgmjtd am` pmrjd am` pgvdtm.
Gjstc`m `c pc`cjnc am` brmjd y m` pmrjd am` pgvdtm.
Gjstc`m y cprgmtm `c tumrnc am` pgvdtm c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6
_mrjd am` pgvdtm 2 J.k(?,2 he.k)
Qumrnc am` pgvdtm 2 J.k(?,2 he.k)
_MYJD _C@CJNC AM@ BYMJD

KCJE]MYC
Gjstc`m m` ng`gjard kcmstrd y m` sdpdrtm (pãegjc 3>-91).
Ndjmntm `c kcjeumrc am brmjd mj m` ng`gjard kcmstrd ndj m`

pmrjd icjfd y `cs jumvcs crcjam`cs tþrgncs.
_MYJD
Cfustm m` ãjeu`d am `c kcjeumrc am brmjd y cprgmtm m` pmrjd
icjfd c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 >1 J.k (>,1 he.k)
@`mjm y pureum tdad m` cgrm am` sgstmkc lgarãu`gnd am brmjd

(pãegjc 3=-1). J]MRD
CYCJAM@C^ QDYGNC^
3=-33

_MYJD^
_GJVC AM@ BYMJD
AM^KDJQCFM
Armjm m` bùgad am` sgstmkc lgarãu`gnd am brmjd (pãegjc 3=->).
Sugtm `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd (pãegjc 3=-=).
Sugtm m` pmrjd icjfd, `cs crcjam`cs tþrgncs y m` dfmtm am `c

ndjmxgþj am `c kcjeumrc am brmjd.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am kdjtcfm am `c pgjzc y ùmed qugtm `c pgjzc

y m` sdpdrtm ndkd sgmjad uj ndjfujtd.
CYCJ
CYCJAM
AM@C
@C^
^ _M
_MYJ
YJD
D IC
ICJF
JFD
D
AM^CYKCAD ^D_DYQM
Sugtm m` sdpdrtm am `c pgjzc am` numrpd am `c pgjzc.
N]MY_D AM @C _GJVC
_YDQMNQDY YM^DYQM AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^
Sugtm m` rmsdrtm am `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd am` numrpd am `c
pgjzc.
Sugtm m` prdtmntdr.
_YDQMNQDY ^D_DYQM
Sugtm m` rmtmjmadr am `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd am` sdpdrtm am `c
pgjzc.
Sugtm m` prdtmntdr.
YMQMJMADY
3=-39

Mj ncsd qum smc jmnmscrgd, cp`gqum cgrm ndkprgkgad

sucvmkmjtm pdr `c mjtrcac am bùgad am `c pgjzc pcrc qugtcr
`ds pgstdjms.
Nd`dqum uj trcpd amicfd am `c pgjzc pcrc ckdrtgeucr `c ncëac

am` pgstþj nucjad çstm smc mxpm`gad.
]tg`gnm nldrrds am cgrm ndrtds.
a
Jd nd`dqum `c idqug``c am cgrm amkcsgcad nmrnc am `c
mjtrcac am bùgad d `ds pgstdjms pdarãj smr bdrzcads lcngc
cbumrc ndj tcjtc bumrzc qum pumamj prdvdncr `msgdjms.
CJG@@D^ AM ^M@@CAD AM@ _G^QDJ
Mkpufm `ds eucracpd`vds y `ds cjg``ds am sm``cad am `ds
pgstdjms y `mvãjtm`ds pcrc qugtcr`ds.
g
Qmjec nugacad pcrc jd acócr `cs supmrbgngms ams`gzcjtms
am `ds pgstdjms.
@gkpgm `cs rcjurcs am `ds cjg``ds am sm``cad, `cs supmrbgngms

ams`gzcjtms am `ds pgstdjms y `c pgjzc ndj bùgad am brmjd
`gkpgd.
E]CYAC_D@RD^
GJ^_MNNGDJ
Ndkprumim `ds ng`gjards am `c pgjzc y `ds pgstdjms ndj
rmspmntd c rcycs, crcócads d c dtrds acóds.
Kgac m` agãkmtrd gjtmrjd am `ds ng`gjards am `c pgjzc.
Kgac m` agãkmtrd mxtmrjd am `ds pgstdjms am `c pgjzc.

3=-3>

CYKCAD _YDQMNQDY AM@

YM^DYQM AM _C^CADY AM @C _GJVC ^
^D_DYQM @C^ _C^QG@@C^

AM @C _GJVC
CJG@@D AM ^M@@CAD
AM@ _G^QDJ
E]CYAC_D@RD
_G^QDJ
_YDQMNQDY AM@
_C^CADY AM@ ^D_DYQM
N]MY_D AM
@C _GJVC
_G^QDJ
_C^QG@@C^ QC_DJ AM@
AM BYMJD YM^DYQM AM _C^CADY
@C^ AM
_C^QG@@C^
@C^ _C^QG@@C^ _C^CADY AM
@C^ _C^QG@@C^
Gjstc`m jumvds eucracpd`vds y jumvds cjg``ds am sm``cad am

`ds pgstdjms mj `cs rcjurcs am sm``cad mj `c pgjzc. J]MRD
Cp`gqum ercsc c icsm am sg`gndjc c `ds pgstdjms am `c pgjzc m

gjstã`m`ds amjtrd am `ds ng`gjards am `c pgjzc ndj sus `cads
nþjncvds drgmjtcads dpumstds c `cs pcstg``cs.
CJG@@D AM ^M@
CJG@@D ^M@@CA
@CAD
D E]CYAC
E]CYAC_D@
_D@RD
RD _G^
_G^QDJ
QDJ
AM@ _G^QDJ
_YDQMNQDY YM^DYQM AM @C^ _C^QG@@C^
Gjstc`m m` rmsdrtm am `cs pcstg``cs mj m` numrpd am `c pgjzc.
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr.
3=-31

^D_DYQM ^D_DYQM
Gjstc`m m` rmtmjmadr mj m` sdpdrtm am `c pgjzc.
^
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr.
N]MY_D AM @C _GJVC
Gjspmnngdjm `ds prdtmntdrms am edkc am `c pgjzc y am`

sdpdrtm y sustgtöyc`ds pdr dtrds jumvds mj ncsd am qum mstçj
mjaurmngads d amtmrgdrcads.
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr am` pcscadr am` sdpdrtm mj m` numrpd am `c

pgjzc.
Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr am` pcscadr am `c pgjzc mj m` sdpdrtm.
Cp`gqum ercsc
am` sdpdrtm c icsmmàmsdpdrtm
m gjstc`m sg`gndjcmjc m`
`dsnumrpd
pcscadrms
am `cam `c pgjzc y
pgjzc.
Csmeörmsm qum `ds prdtmntdrms mstçj ndrrmntckmjtm

csmjtcads mj `cs rcjurcs am `ds pcscadrms.
GJ^QC@CNGDJ _MYJD^
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd pgjzc/sdpdrtm mj m` ckdrtgeucadr

gzqugmrad.
@gkpgm y cp`gqum cemjtm bgfcadr c `cs rdsncs am `ds pmrjds am`

ndjfujtd am `c pgjzc.
Cprgmtm `ds pmrjds am kdjtcfm c` pcr mspmngbgncad.

Gjstc`m `c kcjeumrc am brmjd mj `c pgjzc ndj m` pmrjd icjfd y J]MRC
`cs jumvcs crcjam`cs tþrgncs.

CYCJAM
CYCJAM@C^
@C^ _MY
_MYJD
JD ICJF
ICJFD
D
Mkpufm m` dfmtm am `c ndjmxgþj am `c kcjeumrc am brmjd mj `c
agrmnngþj am` `gkgtcadr am `c pgjzc y mj smeugac, cprgmtm m`
pmrjd icjfd c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 >1 J.k(>,1 he.k)
Gjstc`m `cs pcstg``cs am brmjd (pãegjc 3=-=).
@`mjm y pureum tdad m` cgrm am` sgstmkc lgarãu`gnd am` brmjd

am`cjtmrd (pãegjc 3=->).
3=-3=


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD
bujngdjckgmjtd am` vmlënu`d, sgec
am `c Qci`c am Kcjtmjgkgmjtd `cs rmndkmjacngdjms
(^mnngþj >).
>1
AM^KDJQCFM/
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^
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QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
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GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37
M@CIDYCAD _CYC _MY^DJC^ S]M QMJECJ GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^
]J NDJDNGKGMJQD
AMIÃ^GND AM
KCJQMJGKGMJQD KDQDNGN@MQC^ LDJAC. 93

\Y9=? 32. ICQMYËC/^G^QMKC AM NCYEC

AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QM
QMK
KC AM NCYEC 32-? ICQMYËC 32-1
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 32-3 GJ^_
GJ^_MN
MNNG
NGÞJ
ÞJ AM
AM@@ ^G
^G^Q
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32-2
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 32-> YME]@CADY/YMNQGBGNCADY 32-5
a
• @c ictmrëc prdaunm ecsms mxp`dsgvds. Kcjtçjec`c `mfds am nlgspcs, ``ckcs y ngecrrg``ds mjnmjagads. _rdvmc ujc
vmjtg`cngþj camnucac c` rmncrecr d utg`gzcr `c ictmrëc mj uj `dnc` nmrrcad.
• @c ictmrëc ndjtgmjm ãngad su`börgnd (m`mntrd`gtd). ^g mjtrc mj ndjtcntd ndj `c pgm` d ndj `ds dfds pdarã ncuscr smrgcs
qumkcaurcs. ]tg`gnm rdpcs prdtmntdrcs y kãsncrc am prdtmnngþj.
„ Mj ncsd am qum m` m`mntrd`gtd mjtrm mj ndjtcntd ndj `c pgm`, `ãvmsm ndj ceuc y iusqum cuxg`gd kçagnd
gjkmagctckmjtm.
„ Mj ncsd am qum m` m`mntrd`gtd mjtrm mj ndjtcntd ndk `ds dfds, `ãvmsm ndj kunlc ceuc pdr `d kmjds aurcjtm qugjnm
kgjutds y iusqum cuxg`gd kçagnd.
• M` m`mntrd`gtd ms vmjmjdsd.
„ Mj ncsd am gjemstgþj imic ujc ercjam ncjtgaca am ceuc d `mnlm. Mjsmeugac imic `mnlm am kcejmsgc d cnmgtm
vmemtc` y iusqum cuxg`gd kçagnd. KCJQÇJEC@D B]MYC AM@ C@NCJNM AM @D^ JGÓD^.
• Amscntgvm sgmkprm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad cjtms am amsndjmntcr nuc`qugmr ndkpdjmjtm m`çntrgnd.
g
Cèujds ndkpdjmjtms m`çntrgnds sm pumamj acócr mj ncsd am qum `ds tmrkgjc`ms d ndjmntcadrms sm ndjmntmj d
amsndjmntmj kgmjtrcs m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad mstç cnngdjcad y lcyc ngrnu`cngþj am ndrrgmjtm m`çntrgnc.
• Mj ncsd am qum `c kdtdngn`mtc vcyc c pmrkcjmnmr c`kcnmjcac aurcjtm uj pmrëdad prd`djecad, qugtm `c ictmrëc,
nãreum`c tdtc`kmjtm y kcjtçjec`c mj uj `dnc` smnd y vmjtg`cad. _crc cukmjtcr su vgac ötg`, ncreum `c ictmrëc
c`kcnmjcac ncac ads smkcjcs.
• Mj ncsd am qum `c ictmrëc vcyc c pmrkcjmnmr ndjmntcac mj `c kdtdngn`mtc c`kcnmjcac, sum`tm m` nci`m am` tmrkgjc`
jmectgvd.
• @c ictmrëc sm pumam acócr mj ncsd am qum rmngic ncrec gjsubgngmjtm d mj mxnmsd, d sg pmrkcjmnm amsncrecac aurcjtm uj
`cred pmrëdadamam`ctgmkpd.
amsmkpmód Mscs ndjagngdjms
ictmrëc agskgjugrã amspuçstckigçj
am 9 þ agskgjuymj
> códs. su vgac ötg`. Cöj mj ndjagngdjms jdrkc`ms am usd, m`
• @c tmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc sm pumam rmnupmrcr amspuçs am `c ncrec. _mrd mj ncsd am qum m` ndjsukd smc kuy ercjam, `c
tmjsgþj agskgjugrã rãpgackmjtm y mvmjtuc`kmjtm cncicrã. _dr msm kdtgvd, m` sgstmkc am ncrec sm ndjsgamrc
brmnumjtmkmjtm ndkd `c ncusc am` prdi`mkc. ]jc sdirmncrec mj `c ictmrëc, qum pumam cpcrmjtcr smr uj sëjtdkc am
sdirmncrec, rmsu`tc jdrkc`kmjtm am prdi`mkcs mj `c prdpgc ictmrëc. Mj ncsd am qum ujc am `cs nmàcs mstç mj
ndrtdngrnugtd y `c tmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc jd cukmjtm, m` rmeu`cadr/rmntgbgncadr sukgjgstrcrã
sukgjgstrcrã tmjsgþj mj mxnmsd pcrc `c
ictmrëc. Icfd tc`ms ndjagngdjms, m` jgvm` am` m`mntrd`gtd agskgjugrã rãpgackmjtm.
• Cjtms am mbmntucr `c gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrëcs am` sgstmkc am ncrec, vmrgbgqum sg m` kcjtmjgkgmjtd am `c ictmrëc sm lc
mbmntucad ndrrmntckmjtm y sg `c ictmrëc lc sgad utg`gzcac camnucackmjtm. Rmrgbgqum sg `c ictmrëc sm sdkmtm
ndjstcjtmkmjtm c ndjsukd mxnmsgvd, tc` ndkd m` usd prd`djecad am` bcrd y am `c ùz trcsmrc ndj `c kdtdngn`mtc
mstcngdjcac.
• @c ictmrëc sm amsncrecrã, mj ncsd am qum `c kdtdngn`mtc jd mstç mj usd. _dr msc rczþj, ncreum `c ictmrëc ncac ads
smkcjcs pcrc mvgtcr `c su`bctcngþj.
32-3

ICQMYËC/^G^QMKC AM NCYEC \Y9=?
AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QMKC AM NCYEC
ICQMYËC
C@QMYJCADY
W6 Ckcr
crg`
g``d
`d
E6 Rmram
Y6 Ydfd
U6 I`cj
I`cjnd
nd
32-?

• M` cicstmngkgmjtd am ujc ictmrëc jumvc ndj m`mntrd`gtd prdaungrã ujc ngmrtc tmjsgþj. Jd distcjtm, pcrc qum `c ictmrëc
c`ncjnm su amsmkpmód kãxgkd, sm amim sgmkprm ncrec`c. Camkãs, `c vgac ötg` am `c ictmrëc cukmjtc nucjad sm `m
cp`gnc ujc ncrec gjgngc`.
• C` vmrgbgncr m` sgstmkc am ncrec am `c ictmrëc, sgec sgmkprm `ds pcsds amsnrgtds mj m` agcerckc am gjvmstgecngþj am
cvmrëcs (pãegjc 32->).
• @ds smrvgngds mj m` c`tmrjcadr sm pumamj mbmntucr ndj m` kdtdr gjstc`cad mj m` nlcsgs.
• Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 3? pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am` kcjtmjgkgmjtd am` c`tmrjcadr.
NCYEC AM @C ICQMYËC
• Mstm kdam`d vgmjm mqugpcad ndj ujc ictmrëc `girm am kcjtmjgkgmjtd (KB). Ymnumram `d sgeugmjtm cnmrnc am `cs ictmrëcs
KB6
„ ]tg`gnm sd`ckmjtm m` m`mntrd`gtd qum vgmjm ndj `c ictmrëc8
„ ]tg`gnm tdad m` m`mntrd`gtd8
„ ^m``m ndrrmntckmjtm `c ictmrëc8
„ Jujnc circ jumvckmjtm `ds sm``ds.
_Y]MIC AM @C ICQMYËC
Ymkëtcsm c` Kcjuc` am Dpmrcngþj am` prdicadr am ictmrëc pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms y amtc``ms c rmspmntd am `c
prumic.
M` prdicadr am ictmrëc rmndkmjacad cp`gnc ujc "ncrec" c `c ictmrëc, am kcjmrc qum sm pumac kmagr `c ndjagngþj rmc` am
`c ictmrëc, icfd ncrec.
g
C` ncrecr
pumam `c ictmrëc, jd sdirmpcsm `c ndrrgmjtm jg m` tgmkpd mspmngbgncads mj `c kgskc. Mj ncsd ndjtrcrgd, `c ictmrëc sm
acócr.
M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^
Ictmrëc Ncpcngaca 39 R „ 2 Cl
Buec am ndrrgmjtm ?,3 kC kãxgkd
Qmjsgþj (9?¿ N) Qdtc`kmjtm ncrecac ûpmrgdr c 39,< R
Ndrrgmjtm am ncrec Jdrkc` ?,2 C x = „ 3? l
Yãpgac >,? C x 3,? l kãxgkd
C`tmrjcadr Ncpcngaca ?,9?1 hU/=.??? rpk
Ymsgstmjngc am `c idigjc am ncrec (9?¿ N) ?,3 „ 3,? ™
32-9

\Y9=? ICQMYËC/^G^QMKC AM NCYEC
Ictmrëc acócac d ndj ncrec gjsubgngmjtm
Sugtm `c ictmrëc (pãegjc 32-1). Gjndrrmntc

Rmrgbgqum `cs ndjagngdjms am `c ictmrëc, • Ictmrëc ndj ambmntd.
utg`gzcjad m` prdicadr rmndkmjacad.
Ndrrmntc
Gjstc`m `c ictmrëc (pãegjc 32-1).

Rmrgbgqum `c buec am ndrrgmjtm am `c ictmrëc
(_rumic am buec am ndrrgmjtm6 pãegjc 32-2). Gjndrrmntc
Amsndjmntm m` ndjmntcadr =_ am` rmeu`cadr/
Buec am ndrrgmjtm mspmngbgncac6 rmntgbgncadr y vmrgbgqum jumvckmjtm `c buec
?,3 kC kãxgkd am ndrrgmjtm am `c ictmrëc.
Gjndrrmntc Ndrrmntc
• Nci`mcad mj • Ymeu`cadr/
Ndrrmntc ndrtdngrnugtd. rmntgbgncadr ndj
• Gjtmrruptdr am` ambmntd
mjnmjagad ndj
ambmntd.
Rmrgbgqum `c idigjc am ncrec am` c`tmrjcadr Gjndrrmntc

(pãegjc 32-<). • Idigjc am ncrec ndj ambmntd.
_carþj6 ?,3 „ 3,? ™ (9?¿N)
Ndrrmntc
Kgac y cjdtm `c tmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc,

utg`gzcjad uj ku`tgtmstmr agegtc` (pãegjc 32-=).
Cnngdjm m` kdtdr.
Kgac `c tmjsgþj am ncrec am `c ictmrëc
(pãegjc 32-2). Ndrrmntc
Ndkpcrm `cs kmagngdjms c` rmsu`tcad am` • Ictmrëc ndj ambmntd.
sgeugmjtm nã`nu`d6
Qmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc kmagac 0 Qmjsgþj am

ncrec am `c ictmrëc 0 3=,= R
Gjndrrmntc
Gjspmnngdjm m` nci`mcad am` rmeu`cadr/ Gjndrrmntc

rmntgbgncadr (_ãegjc 32-5). • Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`mcad.
• Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad mj m` tmrkgjc`.
• Nci`mcad mj ndrtdngrnugtd.
Ndrrmntc
• Ymeu`cadr/rmntgbgncadr ndj ambmntd.
32->

_MYJD/ _MYJD/
QMYKG
QMYKGJC@
JC@ JME
JMECQG
CQGRD
RD („) QMYKG
QMYKGJC@
JC@ _D^
_D^GQG
GQGRD
RD (+)
ICQMYGC
AM^KDJQCFM
JDQC _MYJD
• ^gmkprm amsndjmntm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad, cjtms
am qugtcr d gjstc`cr `c ictmrëc.
• ûm`tm prgkmrd m` nci`m jmectgvd („) y, mjsmeugac, m`
nci`m pdsgtgvd (+) am `c ictmrëc.
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac (pãegjc 9-9).
Sugtm m` pmrjd y amsndjmntm m` tmrkgjc` jmectgvd („) am `c ICQM

ICQMYË
YËC
C IC
ICJA
JAC
C AM BGF
BGFCN
CNGÞ
GÞJ
J
ictmrëc.
Sugtm m` prdtmntdr am` tmrkgjc` pdsgtgvd

pdsgtgvd (+) am `c ictmrëc.
Sugtm m` pmrjd y amsndjmntm m` tmrkgjc` pdsgtgvd (+) am `c

ictmrëc.
Sugtm m` pmrjd y `c icjac am bgfcngþj am `c ictmrëc.
Sugtm `c ictmrëc am su c`dfckgmjtd.
_MYJD/ _MYJD/
QMYKG
QMYKGJC@
JC@ JME
JMECQG
CQGRD
RD („) QMYKG
QMYKGJC@
JC@ _D^
_D^GQG
GQGRD
RD (+)
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Gjstc`m `c ictmrëc mj su c`dfckgmjtd. EYC^C
Nuirc `ds tmrkgjc`ms am `c ictmrëc ndj ercsc `gkpgc.

_MYJD
]igqum `c ictmrëc mj `c ncfc y ndjmntm prgkmrckmjtm m` nci`m
pdsgtgvd (+). Gjstc`m m` prdtmntdr am` tmrkgjc` pdsgtgvd (+) y,
mjsmeugac, m` nci`m jmectgvd („).
JDQC
_ufm m` prdtmntdr sdirm m` tmrkgjc` pdsgtgvd.
ICQM
ICQMYË
YËC
C IC
ICJA
JAC
C AM BGF
BGFCN
CNGÞ
GÞJ
J
_ufm m` prdtmntdr sdirm m` tmrkgjc` pdsgtgvd.
Gjstc`m `c icjac am bgfcngþj am `c ictmrëc y cprgmtm m` pmrjd.
Gjstc`m `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac (pãegjc 9-9).
32-1

ICQMYËC
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C QMJ^GÞJ
Kgac `c tmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc, utg`gzcjad uj ku`tgtmstmr agegtc`
ndkmrngc`kmjtm agspdjgi`m.
Qmjsgþj (c 9?¿
Qmjsgþj 9?¿ N)6
Qdtc`kmjtm ncrecac ûpmrgdr c 39,< R
Lmrrckgmjtc6
Ku`tgtmstmr agegtc` ndkmrngc`kmjt
ndkmrngc`kmjtmm agspdjgi`m
NCYEC AM @C ICQMYËC
a
• @c ictmrëc prdaunm ecsms mxp`dsgvds. Kcjtçjec`c `mfds
am nlgspcs, ``ckcs y ngecrrg``ds mjnmjagads. _rdvmc ujc
vmjtg`cngþj camnucac c` rmncrecr d utg`gzcr `c ictmrëc mj
uj `dnc` nmrrcad.
• @c ictmrëc ndjtgmjm ãngad su`börgnd (m`mntrd`gtd). ^g mjtrc
mj ndjtcntd ndk `c pgm` d ndj `ds dfds pdarã ncuscr
smrgcs qumkcaurcs. ]tg`gnm rdpcs prdtmntdrcs y kãsncrc
am prdtmnngþj.
„ Mj ncsd am qum m` m`mntrd`gtd mjtrm mj ndjtcntd ndj `c
pgm`, `ãvmsm ndj kunlc ceuc y iusqum cuxg`gd kmagnd
gjkmagctckmjtm.
„ Mj ncsd am qum m` m`mntrd`gtd mjtrm mj ndjtcntd ndk `ds
dfds, `ãvmsm ndj ceuc pdr `d kmjds aurcjtm qugjnm
kgjutds y iusqum cuxg`gd kçagnd.
• M` m`mntrd`gtd ms vmjmjdsd.
„ Mj ncsd am gjemstgþj imic ujc ercjam ncjtgaca am
ceuc d `mnlm. Mjsmeugac imic `mnlm am kcejmsgc d
cnmgtm vmemtc` y iusqum cuxg`gd kçagnd.
KCJQÇJEC@D B]MYC AM@ C@NCJNM AM @D^ JGÓD^.
• Ndjmntm y amsndjmntm `c c`gkmjtcngþj mj m` ncrecadr y
jd mj `ds tmrkgjc`ms am `c ictmrëc.
Sugtm `c ictmrëc (pãegjc 32-1).
Ndjmntm m` nci`m pdsgtgvd (+) am` ncrecadr c` tmrkgjc` pdsgtgvd

(+) am `c ictmrëc.
Ndjmntm m` nci`m jmectgvd („) am` ncrecadr c` tmrkgjc`

jmectgvd („) am `c ictmrëc.
Ndrrgmjtm/Qgmkpd am ncrec6
Jdrkc` ?,2 C x = - 3? l
Yãpgac >,? C x 3,? l kãxgkd
g
• @c ncrec rãpgac sm amim cp`gncr sd`ckmjtm mj ncsd am
mkmremjngc. Ymndkmjacsm `c cp`gncngþj am ncrec `mjtc
sgmkprm qum smc pdsgi`m.
• C` ncrecr `c ictmrëc, jd sdirmpcsm `c ndrrgmjtm jg m`
tgmkpd mspmngbgncads mj `c kgskc. Mj ncsd ndjtrcrgd, `c
ictmrëc sm pumam acócr.
32-=

GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM@ ^G^QMKC AM NCYEC

JDQC
• C` gjspmnngdjcr m` sgstmkc am ncrec, vmrgbgqum `ds
ndkpdjmjtms y `cs `ëjmcs am` sgstmkc pcsd c pcsd, am
cnumrad ndj `c gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrëcs prmsmjtcac mj `c
pãegjc 32->.
• Mj ncsd am qum `c ncpcngaca am` ngrnugtd kmagac smc
supmrgdr c `c ncpcngaca am kmagngþj am` ku`tgtmstmr, mstm
sm pdarã acócr.
gjgngc`kmjtm Cjtms am mkpmzcr
m` ku`tgtmstmr `c prumickãxgkc.
mj su ncpcngaca cfustm
^d`ckmjtm mjtdjnms agskgjuyc ercauc`kmjtm `c
ncpcngaca, pcrc csmeurcr ujc bcfc am kmagngþj ndrrmntc y
mvgtcr acóds c` ku`tgtmstmr.
• C` kmagr ngrnugtds am pmqumóc ncpcngaca, kcjtmjec m`
gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad amscntgvcad. Mj ncsd am qum m` QMYKGJC@ JMECQGRD
gjtmrruptdr sm cnngdjm rmpmjtgjckmjtm aurcjtm `c prumic, („) AM @C ICQMYËC
m` busgi`m am` prdicadr pdarã qumkcrsm.
_Y]MIC AM B]EC AM NDYYGMJQM

Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` gzqugmrac (pãegjc 9-9).
Nd`dqum m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad mj `c pdsgngþj DBB y
amsndjmntm m` nci`m jmectgvd („) am `c ictmrëc.
Ndjmntm `c pujtc am prumic (+) am` ckpmrëkmtrd mj m` nci`m
jmectgvd („) y `c pujtc am prumic („) am` ckpmrëkmtrd mj m`
tmrkgjc` jmectgvd („) am `c ictmrëc. NCI@M JMECQGRD
(„) AM @C ICQMYËC
Ndj m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad amscntgvcad, vmrgbgqum sg lcy
buec am ndrrgmjtm.
JDQC
• C` kmagr `c ndrrgmjtm ndj m` ckpmrëkmtrd, cföstm`d
gjgngc`kmjtm c su ncpcngaca kãxgkc. ^d`ckmjtm
mjtdjnms cföstm`d c uj jgvm` kãs icfd. Mj ncsd am qum m`
bùfd am ndrrgmjtm smc supmrgdr c` vc`dr cfustcad, m`
busgi`m am` ckpmrëkmtrd sm qumkcrã.
• C` kmagr `c ndrrgmjtm, jd cnngdjm m` gjtmrruptdr am
mjnmjagad. ]jc dsng`cngþj söigtc am ndrrgmjtm pdarã
qumkcr m` busgi`m am` ku`tgtmstmr.
Buec am ndrrgmjtm mspmngbgncac6 ?,3 kC kãxgkd

^g `c buec am ndrrgmjtm sdirmpcsc m` vc`dr mspmngbgncad, mstd
prdici`mkmjtm gjagnc `c dnurrmjngc am uj ndrtdngrnugtd.
_crc `dnc`gzcr m` ndrtdngrnugtd, amsndjmntm ncac ndjmxgþj
pcsd c pcsd y kgac `c buec am ndrrgmjtm.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C QMJ^GÞJ AM NCYEC
a
Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd mbmntucr smrvgngds ndj m` kdtdr
mj bujngdjckgmjtd, nmrngþrmsm am qum m` `dnc` am trcicfd mstç
igmj vmjtg`cad. Jujnc pdjec m` kdtdr mj bujngdjckgmjtd mj
ãrmcs nmrrcacs. @ds ecsms am` msncpm ndjtgmjmj kdjþxgad
am ncridjd vmjmjdsd, qum pumam ncuscr `c pçragac am
ndjngmjngc m gjnùsd `c kumrtm. Cnngdjm m` kdtdr mj uj `dnc`
cigmrtd, d mj uj `dnc` nmrrcad qum mstç mqugpcad ndj uj
sgstmkc am vmjtg`cngþj y mxtrcnngþj am ecsms.
32-2


Cnngdjm m` kdtdr y nc`gçjtm`d, lcstc qum c`ncjnm su
tmkpmrcturc jdrkc` am bujngdjckgmjtd.
_crm m` kdtdr y ndjmntm m` ku`tgtmstmr mjtrm `ds tmrkgjc`ms

pdsgtgvd (+) y jmectgvd („) am `c ictmrëc.
JDQC
Nmrngþrmsm am qum `c ictmrëc sm mjnumjtrm mj iumj mstcad,
cjtms am mbmntucr mstc prumic.
g
• _crc mvgtcr ndrtdngrnugtd, gamjtgbgqum ndrrmntckmjtm `ds
nci`ms d tmrkgjc`ms pdsgtgvds y jmectgvds. ICQMYËC
• Jujnc amsndjmntm `c ictmrëc, d nuc`qugmr nci`m am`
sgstmkc am ncrec, sgj cjtms amscntgvcr m` gjtmrruptdr am
mjnmjagad. Mj ncsd ndjtrcrgd, m` ku`tgtmstmr d `ds
ndkpdjmjtms m`çntrgnds subrgrãj acóds.
Ndj m` bcrd mj `c pdsgngþj C`td, cnngdjm jumvckmjtm m` kdtdr.

Kgac `c tmjsgþj mj m` ku`tgtmstmr, nucjad m` kdtdr c`ncjnm
=.??? rpk.
_carþj6
Qmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc kmagac (pãegjc 32-=) 0
Qmjsgþj am `c ncrec am `c ictmrëc (vmc crrgic) 0 3=,= R
Mj ncsd am qum m` ku`tgtmstmr gjagqum `c tmjsgþj rmeu`cac

mspmngbgncac, `c ictmrëc mstcrã jdrkc`.
g
^g `c ictmrëc sm amsncrec ndj brmnumjngc, mstd gjagnc qum
mstã amtmrgdrcac, cöj prmsçjtmsm jdrkc` aurcjtm `c
gjspmnngþj am `c tmjsgþj rmeu`cac.
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM@ ^G^QMKC
ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr =_ am` rmeu`cadr/rmntgbgncadr.
Rmrgbgqum
tmrkgjc`msm`ndrrdgad.
ndjmntcadr ndj rmspmntd c ndjtcntd gjcamnucad d
NDJMNQCADY
Ngrnugtd am `c ictmrëc
Rmrgbgqum sg lcy tmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc mjtrm `ds tmrkgjc`ms

Ydfd/I`cjnd (+) y Rmram („).
^g jd lcy tmjsgþj, kgac `ds tmrkgjc`ms am` ndjmntcadr, am`

sgeugmjtm kdad6
Ëtmk Qmrkgjc`ms Mspmngbgncngþj

Ngrn
Ng rnug
ugtd
td am nc
ncre
recc Ydfd
Ydfd/I
/I`c
`cjn
jndd (+)
(+) Amim
Am imrã
rã gj
gjag
agnc
ncrs
rsmm `c
`c
am `c ictmrëc y Qgmrrc („) tmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc
Ngrnugtd am` Rmram y Qgmrrc Amimrã lcimr
tgmrrc ndjtgjugaca
32-5


NDJMNQCADY >_
Ngrnugtd am ncrec
JDQC
Jd sm jmnmsgtc qugtcr `c idigjc am` mstctdr, pcrc qum sm
mbmntöm mstc prumic.
Kgac `c rmsgstmjngc mjtrm `ds tmrkgjc`ms am` ndjmntcadr >_.
Ndjmxgþj6 Ckcrg``d y Ckcrg``d
_carþj6 ?,3 „ 3,? ! (9?¿)
Mj ncsd am qum `c rmsgstmjngc am `c idigjc mstç bumrc am `cs

mspmngbgncngdjms, rmmkp`cnm
rmmkp`cnm m` mstctdr (pãegjc 3?->).
Rmrgbgqum `c ndjtgjugaca mjtrm ncac tmrkgjc` am` ndjmntcadr

>_ y m` tgmrrc.
Jd amimrã lcimr ndjtgjugaca.
Mj ncsd am qum lcyc ndjtgjugaca mjtrm cèöj tmrkgjc` am`

ndjmntcadr >_ y m` tgmrrc, rmmkp`cnm m` mstctdr am` c`tmrjcadr
(pãegjc 3?->).
NDJMNQCADY >_
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` (pãegjc 9-9).
ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr =_ am` rmeu`cadr/rmntgbgncadr.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj y `c ujgaca am`

rmeu`cadr/rmntgbgncadr.
JDQC
Gjstc`m m` nci`mcad ndrrmntckmjtm (pãegjc 3-99).
_MYJD^
32-<


JDQC^
32-7

^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

1
AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
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3?
QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
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_]I@GNCNGÞJ ^M IC^CJ MJ @D^ ACQD^ KÃ^
32
N
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GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37

\Y9=? 35. ^G^QMKC AM MJNMJAGAD

AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QMKC 35-? IDIGJC AM MJNMJAGAD 35-5
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 35-3 _]JQD AM MJNMJAGAD 35-5
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 35-> KÞA]@D AM NDJQYD@ AM@
MJNMJAGAD (GNK) 35-<
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM@ ^G^QMKC AM
MJNMJAGAD 35-1
• C` mbmntucr smrvgngds mj m` sgstmkc am mjnmjagad, sgec sgmkprm `ds prdnmagkgmjtds amsnrgtds mj "Gjvmstgecngþj am
Cvmrëcs" (pãegjc 35->), mj `c smnumjngc qum sm prmsmjtcj.
• M` sgstmkc am mjnmjagad
m jnmjagad trcjsgstdrgzcad utg`gzc uj sgstmkc am ndjtrd` m`mntrþjgnd am` pujtd am mjnmjagad. Camkãs, ms
prmvgckmjtm cfustcad mj `c bcirgnc. _dr `d tcjtd, jd sm jmnmsgtc mbmntucr jgjeöj tgpd am cfustm mj m` pujtd am
mjnmjagad.
• M` kþau`d am ndjtrd` am` mjnmjagad (GNK) c`tmrc m` pujtd am mjnmjagad am cnumrad ndj `cs rdtcngdjms am` kdtdr. M`
smjsdr am` cnm`mrcadr mjvëc ujd smóc` c` GNK pcrc ndkpmjscr m` pujtd am mjnmjagad am cnumrad ndj `c cimrturc am`
cnm`mrcadr.
• M` kþau`d am ndjtrd` am` mjnmjagad (GNK) sm pumam acócr, sg sm `m amfc ncmr. ^g sm amsndjmntc m` ndjmntcadr kgmjtrcs
lcyc bùfd am ndrrgmjtm, m` mxnmsd am ndrrgmjtm tckigçj pdarã acócr m` GNK. _dr `d tcjtd, cjtms am mbmntucr smrvgngds am
rmpcrd y kcjtmjgkgmjtd, amscntgvm sgmkprm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad.
• @ds ambmntds mj m` sgstmkc am mjnmjagad brmnumjtmkmjtm mstãj rm`cngdjcads ndj ndjmxgdjms gjcamnucacs. Gjspmnngdjm
`cs ndjmxgdjms, cjtms am mkpmzcr `ds smrvgngds.
• Nmrngþrmsm am qum `c ictmrëc mstç tdtc`kmjtm ncrecac. ^g sm cnngdjc m` kdtdr am crrcjqum ndj `c ictmrëc amsncrecac, m`
kdtdr jd pdarã egrcr ndj vm`dngaca subgngmjtm. Ndjsmnumjtmkmjtm, jd lcirã nlgspcs mj `ds m`mntrdads am `c iufëc am
mjnmjagad.
• ]tg`gnm ujc iufëc am mjnmjagad ndj m` ercad tçrkgnd camnucad. @c utg`gzcngþj am ujc iufëc am mjnmjagad ndj
mspmngbgncngdjms gjndrrmntcs pdarã ncuscr acóds c` kdtdr.
• Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj > pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am `c gjspmnngþj mj `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
• Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 37 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am `ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms6
„ Gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`
„ Gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad
„ Gjtmrruptdr am mkmremjngc
• Ymkëtcsm c `c ^mnngþj 3? pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am` amskdjtcfm/gjstc`cngþj am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds
am` mjnmjagad.
35-3

^G^QMKC AM MJNMJAGAD \Y9=?
AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QMKC

IDIGJC AM
MJNMJAGAD
I]FËC AM KÞA]@D AM NDJQYD@

MJNMJAGAD AM@ MJNMJAGAD (GNK)
I`6 Jmerd
W6 Ckcrg``d
E6 Rmram
Y6 Ydfd
U6 IÌ`cj
cjnnd
Iu66 Cz
Iu Czu`
u`
@e6 Rmr
Rmram
am n`c
n`crd
rd
35-?

M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^
Iufëc am mjnmjagad _carþj NY<ML-7 (JEH)
Cpmrturc am `ds m`mntrdads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad ?,< „ ?,7 kk
Qmjsgþj am pgnd am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad 3?? R këjgkd
Qmjsgþj am pgnd am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad ?,5 R këjgkd
Kcrnc "B" am` pujtd am mjnmjagad <¿ C_K^ (mj rc`mjtë)

Qcpc am` drgbgngd am sgjnrdjgzcngþj 2 J.k (?,2 he.k) Cp`gqum ercsc c `c rdsnc
Lmrrckgmjtcs6 _rdicadr Gkrgm (kdam`d 29=) d Cacptcadr am `c tmjsgþj

tmjsgþj am pgnd ?5LEF-??9?3?? ndj ku`tgtmstmr
mqugvc`mjtm ndkmrngc`kmjtm agspdjgi`m (gkpmacjngc këjgkc6 3? K ™/Rnn)
35-9

\Y9=? ^G^QMKC AM MJNMJAGAD
• Cjtms am mbmntucr m` agcejþstgnd am cvmrëcs am` sgstmkc, gjspmnngdjm `d sgeugmjtm6
Ambmntd mj `c iufëc am mjnmjagad
„ Ndjmxgþj gjcamnucac am `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads d am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad
„ _mjmtrcngþj am ceuc mj `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads (buec am ndrrgmjtm am` mjrd``ckgmjtd smnujacrgd am `c idigjc am
mjnmjagad)
„ Mj ncsd am qum jd lcyc nlgspcs mj m` ng`gjard, rmmkp`cnm `c idigjc am mjnmjagad prdvgsdrgckmjtm pdr dtrc qum mstç
mj iumj mstcad. Mbmntöm `c prumic am nlgspc. ^g lcy nlgspc, `c idigjc am mjnmjagad drgegjc` mstã ndj ambmntd.
„ @c "tmjsgþj gjgngc`" am` mjrd``ckgmjtd prgkcrgd am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad ms `c tmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc, ndj m` gjtmrruptdr
am mjnmjagad mj `c pdsgngþj DJ y m` gjtmrruptdr am mkmremjngc mj `c pdsgngþj Y]J. M` kdtdr am `c kdtdngn`mtc jd sm
cnngdjc ndj m` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
@c iufëc am mjnmjagad jd prdaunm nlgspcs.
Ndjagngþj Cjdrkc` Ncuscs _rdici`ms (^gec m` dramj jukçrgnd c` vmrgbgncr)
Qmjsgþj am` @c tmjsgþj am pgnd ms 3. Ndjmxgdjms gjndrrmntcs
gjndrrmntcs am` cacptcadr am `c tmjsgþj
tmjsgþj am pgnd.
mjrd``ckgmjtd gjbmrgdr c` vc`dr pcarþj. 9. Gkpmacjngc am` ku`tgtmstmr
ku`tgtmstmr amkcsgcad icfc6 gjbmrgdr c 3? K™ /Rnn.
prgkcrgd am `c >. Rm`dngaca am cnngdjckgmjtd am` kdtdr amkcsgcad icfc (ictmrëc amsncrecac).
idigjc am 1. M` tgmkpd am kumstrc
kumstrc am` prdicadr y m` pu`sd
pu`sd kmagad jd mstãj
mjnmjagad sgjnrdjgzcads (m` sgstmkc mstcrã jdrkc` mj ncsd am qum pdr `d kmjds
ujc am `cs tmjsgdjms
t mjsgdjms kmagacs smc supmrgdr c `cs mspmngbgncngdjms
mspmngbgncngdjms).).
=. Ndjmxgþj sum`tc d gjcamnucac
gjcamnucac mj m` tmrkgjc` d ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad
gjtmrrukpgad mj
m` sgstmkc am mjnmjagad.
2. Ambmntd mj m` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` d mj m` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd
kumrtd.
5. Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad
gjtmrrukpgad d ndjmxgþj gjcamnucac
gjcamnucac mj `ds nci`ms rm`cngdjcads
c` ëtmk j¶ 2.
„ Ngrnugtd am` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`6 nci`m Rmram/I`cjnd
„ Ngrnugtd am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd6 nci`m Rmram N`crd/Ydfd
<. Kþau`d am ndjtrd`
ndjtrd` am` mjnmjagad (GNK)
(GNK) ndj ambmntd (nucjad `ds ëtmks
j¶ 3 c 5 mstãj jdrkc`ms).
@c tmjsgþj gjgngc` mstã 3. Ndjmxgdjms gjndrrmntcs
gjndrrmntcs am` cacptcadr
cacptcadr am tmjsgþj am pgnd.
jdrkc`, pmrd jd dnurrm 9. Gkpmacjngc am` ku`tgtmstmr
ku`tgtmstmr amkcsgcad icfc6 gjbmrgdr c 3? K™ /Rnn
pgnd am tmjsgþj aurcjtm >. Ambmntd mj m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad d mj m` gjtmrruptdr am mkmremjngc.
m` cnngdjckgmjtd am` 1. Ndjmxgþj sum`tc d gjcamnucac
gjcamnucac mj m` tmrkgjc` d ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad
gjtmrrukpgad mj
kdtdr. m` ndjmntcadr am` GNK.
=. Jd lcy tmjsgþj mj m` nci`m Jmerd/I`cjnd am` GNK.
2. Ndjmxgþj gjcamnucac d ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad
gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`m Rmram
Rmram (tgmrrc)
am` GNK.
5. Ambmntd mj m` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` d mj m` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd
kumrtd.
<. Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad
gjtmrrukpgad d ndjmxgþj gjcamnucac
gjcamnucac mj `ds nci`ms rm`cngdjcads
c` ëtmk j¶ 5.
„ Ngrnugtd am` gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`6 nci`m Rmram/I`cjnd
„ Ngrnugtd am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd6 nci`m Rmram N`crd/Ydfd
7. Ambmntd mj m` cacptcadr am tmjsgþj am pgnd.
3?. Ambmntd mj m` emjmrcadr am am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad (kgac `c `c tmjsgþj am
33. pgnd).
Kþau`d am ndjtrd`
ndjtrd` am` mjnmjagad (GNK)
(GNK) ndj ambmntd (nucjad `ds ëtmks
j¶ 3 c 3? mstãj jdrkc`ms).
@c tmjsgþj gjgngc` y `c 3. Iufëc am mjnmjagad ndj ambmntd d buec am ndrrgmjtm
ndrrgmjtm mj m` mjrd``ckgmjtd
mjrd``ckgmjtd
tmjsgþj am pgnd mstãj smnujacrgd am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad.
jdrkc`ms, pmrd `c iufëc 9. Idigjc am mjnmjagad
mjnmjagad ndj ambmntd.
am mjnmjagad jd
prdaunm nlgspcs.
Emjmrcadr am @c tmjsgþj am pgnd ç 3. Gkpmacjngc am` ku`tgtmstmr
ku`tgtmstmr amkcsgcad icfc6 gjbmrgdr c 3? K™ /Rnn.
gkpu`sds am` gjbmrgdr c` vc`dr pcarþj. 9. Rm`dngaca am cnngdjckgmjtd am` kdtdr amkcsgcad icfc (ictmrëc amsncrecac).
mjnmjagad >. M` tgmkpd am kumstrc
kumstrc am` prdicadr y m` pu`sd
pu`sd kmagad jd mstãj
sgjnrdjgzcads (m` sgstmkc mstcrã jdrkc` mj ncsd am qum pdr `d kmjds
ujc am `cs tmjsgdjms
t mjsgdjms kmagacs smc supmrgdr c `cs mspmngbgncngdjms
mspmngbgncngdjms).
).
1. Emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds
gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad ndj
ndj ambmntd (nucjad `ds ëtmks j¶
3 c > mstãj jdrkc`ms).
Jd lcy tmjsgþj am pgnd. 3. Cacptcadr am `c`c tmjsgþj am pgnd ndj ambmntd.
9. Emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds
gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad ndj ambmntd.
35->

GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM@ ^G^QMKC AM K]@QGQM^QMY AGEGQC@

MJNMJAGAD
JDQC
• ^g jd lcy nlgspcs mj `c iufëc, vmrgbgqum tdacs `cs
ndjmxgdjms ndj rmspmntd c ndjtcntds sum`tds d
gjcamnucads, cjtms am kmagr `c tmjsgþj am pgnd.
• ]tg`gnm uj ku`tgtmstmr agegtc` rmndkmjacad,
ndkmrngc`kmjtm agspdjgi`m, ndj ujc gkpmacjngc këjgkc
am 3? K™ /Rnn.
• @ds vc`drms prmsmjtcads
gkpmacjngc agbgmrmj, am cnumrad ndj `c
gjtmrjc am` ku`tgtmstmr. CAC_QCADY AM @C QMJ^GÞJ AM _GND
• ^g utg`gzcr uj prdicadr am agcejþstgnd Gkrgm (kdam`d
29=), sgec `cs gjstrunngdjms am` bcirgncjtm.
Ndjmntm m` cacptcadr am `c tmjsgþj am pgnd mj m` ku`tgtmstmr d

utg`gnm m` prdicadr am agcejþstgnd Gkrgm.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
_rdicadr Gkrgm (kdam`d 29=) d
Cacptcadr am `c tmjsgþj am pgnd ?5LEF-??9?3?? ndj uj
ku`tgtmstmr agegtc` ndkmrngc`kmjtm agspdjgi`m (gkpmacjngc
këjgkc 3? K™/Rnn).
I]FËC AM MJNMJAGAD MJ I]MJ M^QCAD

QMJ^GÞJ AM _GND AM@ MJYD@@CKGMJQD _YGKCYGD
AM @C IDIGJC AM MJNMJAGAD
JDQC
• Rmrgbgqum tdacs `cs ndjmxgdjms am` sgstmkc, cjtms am
mbmntucr `c gjspmnngþj. Ndjmxgdjms gjcamnucacs pumamj
rmsu`tcr mj `mnturcs gjndrrmntcs.
• Rmrgbgqum `c ndkprmsgþj am` ng`gjard. Ndkprumim sg `c
iufëc am mjnmjagad mstã ndrrmntckmjtm gjstc`cac.
Sugtm `c p`cnc amb`mntdrc `ctmrc` amrmnlc (pãegjc 9->).
Nd`dqum `c trcjskgsgþj mj pujtd kumrtd y amsndjmntm `c

ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
Ndjmntm ujc iufëc am mjnmjagad mj iumj mstcad mj `c ncpc

suprmsdrc am rugads y lcec `c ndjmxgþj c tgmrrc am `c iufëc mj
`c nu`ctc, tc` ndkd mj `c prumic am nlgspc.
35-1

Ndj m` mjrd``ckgmjtd prgkcrgd am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad

ndjmntcad, ndjmntm m` cacptcadr am `c tmjsgþj am pgnd d `cs IDIGJC AM
MJNMJAGAD
pujtcs am prumic am` tmstcadr Gkrgm c` tgmrrc y mj m` tmrkgjc` CAC_QCADY AM @C
am` mjrd``ckgmjtd prgkcrgd am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad. QMJ^GÞJ AM _GND
JDQC
Jd amsndjmntm `ds nci`ms am` mjrd``ckgmjtd prgkcrgd am `c
idigjc am mjnmjagad.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
_rdicadr Gkrgm (kdam`d 29=) d QMYKGJC@ (+)
JMEYD/CKCYG@@D
ku`tgtmstmr agegtc` ndkmrngc`kmjtm agspdjgi`m (gkpmacjngc
këjgkc am 3? K™/Rnn).
Ndjmxgþj6
Qmrkgjc` am` nci`m Jmerd/Ckcrg``d (+) „ Qgmrrc am` nlcsgs („)
Cnngdjm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad y nd`dqum m` gjtmrruptdr

am mkmremjngc mj `c pdsgngþj Y]J.
Rmrgbgqum `c tmjsgþj gjgngc` icfd msc ndjagngþj. @c tmjsgþj am

`c ictmrëc sm amim gjagncr.
Mj ncsd am qum `c tmjsgþj gjgngc` jd sm pumac kmagr, rmkëtcsm

c "Gjvmstgecngþj am Cvmrëcs" (pãegjc 35->).
Ymndfc m` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`.

Cnngdjm m` kdtdr am `c kdtdngn`mtc c trcvçs am` kdtdr am
crrcjqum y kgac `c tmjsgþj am pgnd mj m` mjrd``ckgmjtd
prgkcrgd am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad.
Qmjsgþj am pgnd6 3?? R këjgkd
a
Jd tdqum `c iufëc am mjnmjagad d `cs pujtcs am prumic am`
ku`tgtmstmr, pcrc mvgtcr uj nldqum m`çntrgnd.
Mj ncsd am qum `c tmjsgþj am pgnd smc gjbmrgdr c` vc`dr pcarþj,

sgec `ds prdnmagkgmjtds amsnrgptds mj `c tci`c am
Gjvmstgecngþj am Cvmrëcs (pãegjc 35->).
35-=

NDJMNQCADY <_
GJ^_MNNGÞJ AM @C QMJ^GÞJ AM _GND AM@
EMJMYCADY AM GK_]@^D^ AM@ MJNMJAGAD
JDQC
Rmrgbgqum `c ndkprmsgþj mj m` ng`gjard y nmrngþrmsm am qum
`c iufëc am mjnmjagad mstç gjstc`cac ndrrmntckmjtm.
`c iufëc am mjnmjagad mstç gjstc`cac ndrrmntckmjtm.
ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr <_ am` Kþau`d am Ndjtrd` am` Mjnmjagad

(GNK).
Ndjmntm m` cacptcadr am `c tmjsgþj am pgnd d `cs pujtcs am

prumic am` prdicadr Gkrgm mj `ds tmrkgjc`ms.
Lmrrckgmjtcs6
_rdicadr Gkrgm (kdam`d 29=) d
ku`tgtmstmr ndkmrngc`kmjtm agspdjgi`m (gkpmacjngc këjgkc
am 3? K™/Rnn)
Ndjmxgþj6
Qmrkgjc` Czu`/Ckcrg``d
Czu`/Ckcrg``d (+) „ Qgmrrc am` nlcsgs („)
Ymndfc m` sdpdrtm `ctmrc`.
Cnngdjm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad y nd`dqum m` gjtmrruptdr

am mkmremjngc mj `c pdsgngþj Y]J.
Nd`dqum `c trcjskgsgþj mj pujtd kumrtd.

Cnngdjm m` kdtdr c trcvçs am` kmncjgskd am crrcjqum y kgac
`c tmjsgþj am pgnd.
Qmjsgþj am pgnd6 ?,5 R këjgkd
Mj ncsd am qum `c tmjsgþj am pgnd kmagac mj `ds

ndjmntcadrms am` GNK mstç cjdrkc`, kgac `c tmjsgþj am pgnd
mj m` ndjmntcadr >_ am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am`
mjnmjagad.
ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr >_ (jmerd) am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds

am` mjnmjagad. Ndjmntm m` cacptcadr am `c tmjsgþj am pgnd d
`cs pujtcs am prumic am` prdicadr Gkrgm c `ds tmrkgjc`ms am` NDJMNQCADY >_
ndjmntcadr, am` `cad am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am
mjnmjagad.
Kgac `c tmjsgþj am pgnd ndj m` kgskd prdnmagkgmjtd utg`gzcad

pcrc kmagr `c tmjsgþj mj m` ndjmntcadr <_ am` GNK. Ndkpcrm
`c `mnturc ndj `c ditmjgac mj m` ndjmntcadr <_ am` GNK.
• Mj ncsd am qum `c tmjsgþj am pgnd kmagac mj m` ndjmntcadr

am` GNK mstç bumrc am `cs mspmngbgncngdjms y `c tmjsgþj am
pgnd kmagac mj m` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad
mstç jdrkc`, mstd gjagnc qum lcy uj ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad, d
ndjmxgdjms gjndrrmntcs mj m` nci`mcad m`çntrgnd.
• Mj ncsd am qum ckics kmagngdjms mstçj cicfd am` vc`dr
pcarþj, gjspmnngdjm ncac ëtmk am cnumrad ndj `ds
prdnmagkgmjtds amsnrgptds mj `c tci`c am Gjvmstgecngþj am
Cvmrëcs (pãegjc 35->).
35-2

IDIGJC AM MJNMJAGAD
AM^KDJQCFM/GJ^QC@CNGÞJ IDIGJC AM
MJNMJAGAD
Sugtm m` tcjqum am ndkiustgi`m (pãegjc 9->).
_MYJD^
ûm`tm `c ncpc suprmsdrc am rugads am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
Amsndjmntm `ds nci`ms am `c idigjc am mjnmjagad.
Sugtm `ds ads pmrjds, `cs crcjam`cs m` tmrkgjc` tgmrrc y `c

idigjc am mjnmjagad.
Gjstc`m `cs pgmzcs mj m` dramj gjvmrsd c` amskdjtcfm.
JDQC
Gjstc`m ndrrmntckmjtm m` nci`m am `c iufëc am mjnmjagad.
CYCJAM@C
NDJMNQCADY
QMYKGJC@
QGMYYC
_]JQD AM MJNMJAGAD QC_C AM@ DYGBGNGD

AM ^GJNYDJGVCNGÞ
^GJNYDJGVCNGÞJ J
JDQC
@mc `cs gjstrunngdjms am bujngdjckgmjtd am `c `ãkpcrc
mstrdidsnþpgnc.
Cnngdjm m` kdtdr y nc`gçjtm`d lcstc `c tmkpmrcturc jdrkc` am

bujngdjckgmjtd.
_crm m` kdtdr. Sugtm `c tcpc am` drgbgngd am sgjnrdjgzcngþj y m`

cjg``d tþrgnd. CJG@@D QÞYGND
Ndjmntm `c `ãkpcrc mstrdidsnþpgnc mj m` nci`m am `c iufëc am

mjnmjagad.
Cnngdjm m` kdtdr, açfm`d bujngdjcr mj rc`mjtë y vmrgbgqum m`

pujtd am mjnmjagad.
Ydtcngþj am` rc`mjtë6 3.>?? ³ 3?? rpk
@ÃK_CYC M^QYDID^NÞ_GNC
35-5

M` pujtd am mjnmjagad mstã ndrrmntd sg `c kcrnc "B" mj m` K]M^NC AM

rdtdr am` emjmrcadr am gkpu`sds am` mjnmjagad sm c`gjmc ndj YMBMYMJNGC
`c kumsnc am rmbmrmjngc mj `c tcpc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr, am
KCYNC ‐B‛
Icóm uj jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd ndj cnmgtm am kdtdr m gjstã`m`d QC_C AM@
mj `c tcpc am` drgbgngd am sgjnrdjgzcngþj. DYGBGNGD AM
^GJNYDJGVCNGÞJ
Amspuçs am `c vmrgbgncngþj, gjstc`m y cprgmtm `c tcpc am` drgbgngd
am sgjnrdjgzcngþj c` pcr mspmngbgncad.
_CY AM C_YGMQM6 2 J.k (?,2 he.k)
C
CJG@@D N
M
QÞYGND J]MRD G

Q
M
KÞA]@D AM NDJQYD@
NDJMNQCADY <_ AM@ MJNMJAGAD (GNK)
KÞA]@D AM NDJQYD@ AM@ MJNMJAGAD
(GNK)
Sugtm m` pcrcbcjed trcsmrd (pãegjc 9-1).
ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr <_ am` kþau`d am ndjtrd` am` mjnmjagad

(GNK).
Sugtm m` kþau`d am ndjtrd` am` mjnmjagad (GNK) am` nlcsgs.
35-<

JDQC^
35-7


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

prderckcad
qum grãmsndkpmjscr
mxtrmkckmjtm gkpdrtcjtm,
pumstd m` amsecstm
gjgngc` qum ^G^QMKC AM NDKI]^QGI@M
=
AM^KDJQCFM/
Þ
G
G
K
^
J
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ
33
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
N
G
^G^QMKC AM MJNMJAGAD
35
K
M Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37

Ampcrtckmjtd am ^mrvgngds
^mntdr am _ui`gncngdjms am _dsvmjtc
Qçnjgncs
^G^QMKC AM
CYYCJS]M M@ÇNQYGND
3<.
\Y9=?
AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QMKC 3<-? GJQMYY]_QDY KCEJÇQGND

AM CYYCJS]M 3<-7
GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 3<-3
AGDAD AM@ MKIYCE]M 3<-3?
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 3<-9
AGDAD AM _]JQD K]MYQD 3<-33
KDQDY AM CYYCJS]M 3<-1
g
Cjtms am mbmntucr smrvgngds mj m` kdtdr am crrcjqum, amscntgvm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad. Mj ncsd ndjtrcrgd, m`
kdtdr sm pumam cnngdjcr rmpmjtgjckmjtm, prdvdncjad smrgcs `msgdjms.
• M` kdtdr am crrcjqum sm pumam qugtcr ndj m` kdtdr am `c kdtdngn`mtc gjstc`cad mj m` nlcsgs.
• C` gjspmnngdjcr m` sgstmkc am crrcjqum, sgec sgmkprm `ds prdnmagkgmjtds amsnrgtds mj `c tci`c am Gjvmstgecngþj am
Cvmrë cs
cs (pãegjc 3<-9).
• ]jc ictmrë c ndj icfc tmjsgþj pumam smr gjncpcz am cnngdjcr m` kdtdr am crrcjqum ndj vm`dngaca subgngmjtm, d am
sukgjgstrcr `c ncjtgaca am ndrrgmjtm jmnmscrgc c` sgstmkc am mjnmjagad.
• ^g m` bùfd am `c ndrrgmjtm sm kcjtgmjm c trcvçs am` kdtdr am crrcjqum, kgmjtrcs m` kdtdr am `c kdtdngn`mtc mstã pcrcad,
m` kdtdr am crrcjqum pdarã subrgr acóds.
• Ymkë tcsm
tcsm c `c ^mnng þj 3? pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am smrvgngds mj m` mkirceum am crrcjqum.
• Ymkë tcsm
tcsm c `c ^mnng þj 37 pcrc ditmjmr gjbdrkcngdjms c rmspmntd am `ds sgeugmjtms ndkpdjmjtms6
„ Gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad
„ Gjtmrruptdr am crrcjqum
„ Gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd
„ Gjtmrruptdr am` mkirceum
Ë tmk _carþj @ë kgtm

kgtm am ^mrvgngd
@cred am `cs msndig``cs am` kdtdr am crrcjqum 39,= <,=
3<-3

\Y9=?
AGCEYCKC AM@ ^G^QMKC
KDQDY AM
CYYCJS]M
GJQMYY]_QDY KCEJÇQGND
AM CYYCJS]M
GJQMYY]_QDY KCEJÇQGND GJQMYY]_QDY @]V QYC^MYC,
AM CYYCJS]M AM MJNMJAGAD N]CAYD AM
GJ^QY]KMJQD^, 3= C
Y I` I`/Ir I`
B]^Ë RM@
RM@
_YGJNG_C@
ICQMYË C _CYC M@ GJAGNCADY AM@
YME]@CADY / ^D_DYQM @CQMYC@ @MA
39R „ 2CL Y/U
YMNQGBGNCADY 3?C
YMNDEGAD ICFCAD
W/I`
GJQMYY]_QDY
KDQDY AM GJQMYY]_QDY GJQMYY]_QDY AM@ ^D_DYQM
CYYCJS]M E/Y W/Y AM CYYCJS]M AM MKMYEMJNGC @CQMYC@
GJAGNCADY AM@
I`/U I`/Y E _]JQD K]MYQD @MA
W/Y I`/U E/U
AGDAD
AGDAD E/U
KDA]@D AM
NDJQYD@ AM@
E/Y MJNMJAGAD (GNK) E/U @e/Y
I`6 Jmerd
W6 Ckcrg``d
GJQMYY]_QDY GJQMYY]_QDY AM
AM@ MKIYCE]M _]JQD K]MYQD E6 Rmram
E/Y Y6 Ydfd
U6 I`cjnd
E/Y
@e66
@e Rmra
Rm ram
m n`c
n`crd
rd
Ir6 Kcrrþj
3<-?

^G^QMKC AM CYYCJS]M M@ÇNQYGND \Y9=?
M` kdtdr am crrcjqum jd sm egrc.
• Rmrgbgqum sg m` busgi`m prgjngpc` (3? C) mstã qumkcad.
• Csmeörmsm am qum `c ictmrë c mstç tdtc`kmjtm ncrecac y mj iumj mstcad.
Gjspmnngdjm m` nci`m am `c ictmrë c ndj Cjdrkc`

rmspmntd c ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad d ndjtcntd • Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad am` nci`m am `c ictmrë c.
c.
gjcamnucad. • Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`m am `c
ictmrë c.
c.
Jdrkc`
Gjspmnngdjm `ds tmrkgjc`ms y ndjmntcadrms

am` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum ndj Cjdrkc`
rmspmntd c ndjmxgdjms sum`tcs d ndjtcntd
• Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad am `ds tmrkgjc`ms d
ndjmntcadrms.
gjcamnucad.
Jdrkc`
Gjspmnngdjm m` nci`m am` kdtdr am crrcjqum Cjdrkc`

ndj rmspmntd c ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad d • Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad am` nci`m am` kdtdr am
ndjtcntd gjcamnucad. crrcjqum.
• Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`m am` kdtdr
Jdrkc` am crrcjqum.
Rmrgbgqum m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` gjtmrruptdr

kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum ndj m` gjtmrruptdr am
mjnmjagad cntgvcad (pdsgngþj DJ). C` smr Yugad
prmsgdjcad, m` idtþj am` gjtmrruptdr am Ndjmntm m` tmrkgjc` am` kdtdr am crrcjqum

crrcjqum amimrã mkgtgr uj sdjgad agrmntckmjtm mj m` tmrkgjc` pdsgtgvd (+) am `c
ncrcntmrë stgnd
stgnd (‐n`gn‛). ictmrë c.
c. (Amigad c `c ercj ncjtgaca
n cjtgaca am bùfd
am ndrrgmjtm, jd utg`gnm uj nci`m amkcsgcad
bgjd.)
M` kdtdr
M` kdtdr am am
crrcjqum egrc crrcjqum
jd egrc
^gj sdjgad • Nci`m am` kdtdr am • Kdtdr am crrcjqum

am "n`gn") crrcjqum ndj ambmntudsd.
ndjtcntd gjcamnucad.
• Gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd
am crrcjqum
ambmntudsd.
Gjspmnngdjm m` ngrnugtd am` tgmrrc am `c idigjc Cjdrkc`

am` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum ndj • Gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd ambmntudsd.
rmspmntd c ndjtgjugaca (pãegjc 3<-7). • Agdad am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd
ambmntudsd.
Jdrkc` • Gjtmrruptdr am` mkirceum ambmntudsd.
• Agdad am` gjtmrruptdr am` mkirceum
Ymkë tcsm
tcsm c `c pãegjc 3<->. ambmntudsd.
• Gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` ambmntudsd.
• Ndjmntcadr sum`td d ndjtcntd gjcamnucad.
• Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`mcad.
3<-9

\Y9=? ^G^QMKC AM CYYCJS]M M@ÇNQYGND
Rgmjm am `c p ãegjc 3<-9
Kgac `c tmjsgþj am` gjtmrruptdr kcej çtgnd am Cjdrkc`

crrcjqum (pãegjc 3<-3?).
• Gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad ambmntudsd.
• Busgi`m qumkcad.
• Gjtmrruptdr am mkmremjngc ambmntudsd.
• Gjtmrruptdr am crrcjqum ambmntudsd.
• Ndjmntcadr sum`td d ndjtcntd gjcamnucad.
Jdrkc`
• Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`mcad.
Cjdrkc`
Rmrgbgqum m` bujngdjckgmjtd am` gjtmrruptdr
kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum (pãegjc 3<-3?). • Gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum
ambmntudsd.
M` kdtdr am crrcjqum egrc kuy amspcngd

• Ictmrë c amsncrecac d ndj icfc tmjsgþj.
• Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad am `ds nci`ms am `c ictmrë c.
c.
• Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad am` nci`m am` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
• Kdtdr am crrcjqum ambmntudsd.
M` kdtdr am crrcjqum egrc, pmrd m` kdtdr am `c kdtdngn`mtc jd.

• Mkirceum am` crrcjqum ambmntudsd (^mnngþj 3?).
M` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum mkgtm uj sdjgad ncrcntmrëstgnd ( "n`gn"), pmrd m` kdtdr am `c kdtdngn`mtc jd egrc.
• M` ngeðmóc` jd egrc amigad c prdi`mkcs mj m` kdtdr.
• Mjercjcfm am rmaunngþj am` crrcjqum ambmntudsd (^mnngþj 3?).
• Mjercjcfm gjtmrkmagd am` crrcjqum ambmntudsd (^mnng þj 3?).
3<->

KDQDY AM CYYCJS]M Q]MYNC AM@

QMYKGJC@/NCI@M
AM^KDJQCFM
a
Cjtms am mbmntucr smrvgngds mj m` kdtdr am crrcjqum,
amscntgvm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad. Mj ncsd ndjtrcrgd,
m` kdtdr sm pumam cnngdjcr rmpmjtgjckmjtm, prdvdncjad
smrgcs `msgdjms. CIYCVCAMYC
NCI@M QGMYYC
Sugtm m` sg`mjngcadr (p ãegjc 9-=).
Sugtm `c tumrnc am` tmrkgjc` y m` nci`m am` kdtdr am crrcjqum. KDQDY AM CYYCJS]M
Sugtm `ds ads pmrjds am bgfcngþj am` kdtdr am crrcjqum y m`
nci`m tgmrrc.
Sugtm m` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
Mkpufm m` kdtdr am crrcjqum lcngc ctrãs.
CJG@@D QÞYGND
AM^CYKCAD
Sugtm m` cjg``d tþrgnd am` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
Sugtm `ds pmrjds am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr am crrcjqum, `cs

p`cncs am bgfcngþj y `ds cjg``ds t þrgnds.
_MYJD^ / _@CNC^ AM BGFCNGÞJ/CJG@@D^ QÞYGND
QC_C BYDJQC@
Sugtm `c tcpc brdjtc`, `cs crcjam`cs am cpdyd, `c crcjam`c am
trcic y m` cjg``d tþrgnd.
CJG@@D QÞYG
YGND
ND CYCJ
CYCJAM
AM@C
@C^
^ CY
CYCJ
CJAM
AM@C
@C AM QY
QYCI
CIC
C
3<-1

GJA]NGAD NCYNC^C
Sugtm `c tcpc trcsmrc, `ds nc`nms y m` cjg``d tþrgnd.
Sugtm m` gjaungad am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
JDQC
Cjdtm m` jökmrd am nc`nms y sus rmspmntgvcs pdsgngdjms.
CJG@@D QÞYGND NC@NM^ QC_C QYC^MYC

YDACKGMJQD
Gjspmnngdjm m` rdackgmjtd y m` rmt çj am cnmgtm mj `c tcpc
brdjtc`, ndj rmspmntd c amsecstm d acóds.
QC_C BYDJQC@ YMQÇJ AM CNMGQM
ICYYC AM@ ND@MNQDY

Gjspmnngdjm `cs icrrcs am` nd`mntdr am` gjaungad ndj rmspmntd
c amsnd`drgkgmjtd.
_crms am icrrcs amsnd`drgacs gjagncj idigjcs mj ndrtdngrnugtd

ndj m` tgmrrc. Mj mstm ncsd sm amim rmmkp`czcr m` kdtdr am
crrcjqum.
JDQC
Jd usm `gfc d mskmrg` mj m` nd`mntdr.
Rmrgbgqum sg lcy ndjtgjugaca mjtrm `cs icrrcs am` nd`mntdr,

gjagvgauc`kmjtm.
Amim lcimr ndjtgjugaca.
3<-=

Rmrgbgqum sg lcy ndjtgjugaca mjtrm ncac icrrc am` nd`mntdr y m`

mfm am` gjaungad.
Jd amim lcimr ndjtgjugaca.

Rmrgbgqum sg lcy ndjtgjugaca mjtrm ncac msndig``c
msn dig``c cgs`cac y m`
tmrkgjc` am` nci`m am` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
Amim lcimr ndjtgjugaca.
Q]MYNC CYCJAM@C _DYQC M^NDIG@@C^

„ Qumrnc
„ Crcjam`c
„ Nc`nms
„ Cjg``d tþrgnd
„ Ndjfujtd am` pdrtc msndig``cs
NC@NM^
CJG@@D QÞYGND
Sugtm `cs msndig``cs am` pdrtc msndig``cs.

msn dig``cs.
Kgac m` `cred am ncac msndig``c.

ms ndig``c.
@ë kgtm am ^mrvgngd <,= kk
3<-2

CYKCAD
CYCJAM@C
QC_C CJG@@D
QYC^MYC QÞYGND
NC@NM^
Q]MYNC
YM^DYQM
_DYQC M^NDIG@@C^
CJG@@D QÞYGND
GJA]NGAD
_MYJD
NC@NM^
QMYKGJC@ QC_C
NCYNC^C AM@ KDQDY BYDJQC@
AM CYYCJS]M CJM@ AM
NC@NM^
RMACÅÎD
CYCJAM@C AM QYCIC
E]CYAC_D@RD
YDACKGMJQD AM CE]FC^
CJG@@D QÞYGND
_DYQC M^NDIG@@C^
Gjstc`m `cs msndig``cs mj m` pdrtc msndig``cs.
M^NDIG@@C
Q]MYNC CYCJAM@C _DYQC M^NDIG@@C^
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd am` pdrtc msndig``cs mj `c tcpc trcsmrc,
c`gjmcjad su `mjeðmtc ndj `c rcjurc mj `c tcpc trcsmrc.

„ Jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd
„ Nc`nms
„ Crcjam`c
„ Qumrnc
NC@NM^
J]MRD
CJG@@D QÞYGND
3<-5

GJA]NGAD NCYNC^C
AM CYYCJAM@
S]MKDQDYC`gjmm
Kcjtmjec `cs msndig``cs prmsgdjcacs mj m` gjtmrgdr am` pdrtc
msndig``cs. Mjsmeugac, gjstc`m m` gjaungad mj `c ncrncsc am`
kdtdr am crrcjqum, c trcvçs am` pdrtc msndig``cs.
C` gjstc`cr m` gjaungad mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr am crrcjqum,

sufçtm`d bgrkmkmjtm, ndj m` difmtd am mvgtcr qum m` gkãj am `c
ncrncsc d ctrcmec.
g
• @c idigjc sm pumam acócr mj
m j ncsd am qum m` gkãj
ctrcmec m` gjaungad am mjnumjtrd c `c ncrncsc. J]MRD
• @cs supmrbgngms am ams`gzckgmjtd am `cs msndig``cs sm
acócrãj, mj ncsd am qum smcj gjstc`cacs am kcjmrc
CJG@@D QÞYGND NC@ÅM^ QC_C QYC^MYC
gjndrrmntc.
QC_C BYDJQC@
Gjstc`m m` kgskd jökmrd am nc`nms trcsmrds mj `cs kgskcs
pdsgngdjms qum lcj sgad dismrvcacs y cjdtcacs aurcjtm m`
amscrkcad.
Gjstc`m uj jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr am

crrcjqum.
Gjstc`m `c tcpc trcsmrc, c`gjmcjad su rcjurc ndj `c `mjeðmtc

am` ndjfujtd am` pdrtc msndig``cs.
Gjstc`m m` kgskd jökmrd am nc`nms am`cjtmrds mj `cs kgskcs

J]MRD
pdsgngdjms qum lcj sgad dismrvcacs y cjdtcacs aurcjtm m`
amscrkcad.
CJG@@D QÞYGND NC@NM^ CYCJAM@C AM
AM QY
QYCIC
Gjstc`m `c crcjam`c am cpdyd y ujd jumvd cjg``d tþrgnd mj `c CJG@@D QÞYGND/_@CNC AM BGFCNGÞJ/_MYJD
ncrncsc am` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
J]MRD
Cp`gqum ercsc c` `cigd am` rmt çj am cnmgtm y c` rdackgmjtd am

ceufcs am `c tcpc brdjtc`.
Gjstc`m `c crcjam`c am trcic mj `c tcpc brdjtc`.
Gjstc`m `c tcpc brdjtc`.
C`gjmm `cs kcrncs am rmbmrmjngc am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr am

crrcjqum y am `cs tcpcs brdjtc` y trcsmrc.
Gjstc`m `cs p`cncs am bgfcngþj y `ds jumvds cjg``ds tþrgnds mj

`ds pmrjds am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
C`gjmm
Gjstc`m `ds pmrjds am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr am crrcjqum, pmrd CJG@@D QÞYGND
tdacvë c jd `ds cprgmtm.
J]MRD
Gjstc`m m` jumvd cjg``d t þrgnd.
Cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm `ds pmrjds am `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr am

crrcjqum.
3<-<

KDQDY AM CYYCJS]M
GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Gjstc`m m` kdtdr am crrcjqum mj `c ncrncsc am` kdtdr.
Gjstc`m `c circzcamrc y ndjmntm m` nci`m tgmrrc y cprgmtm

bgrkmkmjtm `ds pmrjds am bgfcngþj am` kdtdr am crrcjqum.
Gjstc`m m` nci`m am` kdtdr am crrcjqum y cprgmtm bgrkmkmjtm

`c tumrnc am` tmrkgjc`.
Gjstc`m bgrkmkmjtm m` prdtmntdr am edkc sdirm m` tmrkgjc` am`

kdtdr am crrcjqum.
Q]MYNC AM@
QMYKGJC@/NCI@M
GJQMYY]_QDY KCEJÇQGND AM CYYCJS]M

GJ^_MNNGÞJ
JDQC CIYCVCAMYC
NCI@M QGMYYC
Cjtms am gjspmnngdjcr m` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am
crrcjqum, vmrgbgqum m` mstcad am `c ictmrë c.
c.
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc (pãegjc 9-9).

Nd`dqum m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad mj `c pdsgng þj DJ y m`

gjtmrruptdr am mkmremjngc mj `c pdsgng þj Y]J.
_rmsgdjm m` idtþj am` gjtmrruptdr am crrcjqum.
@c idigjc mstcrã jdrkc` sg m` gjtmrruptdr am` gjtmrruptdr

kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum mkgtgr uj sdjgad ncrcntmrë stgnd
stgnd
("n`gn").
Mj ncsd am qum jd sm msnunlm m` sdjgad, gjspmnngdjm m`

gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum am cnumrad ndj `ds GJQMYY]_QDY KCEJÇQGND AM CYYCJS]M
sgeugmjtms prdnmagkgmjtds.
Ngrnugtd am` tmrrc

ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr 1_ am` gjtmrruptdr kcej çtgnd am
crrcjqum.
Rmrgbgqum sg lcy ndjtgjugaca mjtrm m` tmrkgjc` am` nci`m

n ci`m
Rmram/Ydfd (ngrnugtd am` tgmrrc) y m` tgmrrc.
^g lcy ndjtgjugaca nucjad `c trcjskgsg þj mstã mj pujtd

kumrtd d nucjad m` mkirceum mstã amscndp`cad y m`
gjtmrruptdr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` mst ã rmndegad, mstd gjagnc qum
m` ngrnugtd am` tgmrrc mstã jdrkc` (mj pujtd kumrtd mxgstm ujc
pmqumóc rmsgstmjngc, amigad c` agdad).
3<-7

NDJMNQCADY 1_
Qmjsgþj am` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum
Mjnlubm m` ndjmntcadr 1_ am` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am

crrcjqum.
Kgac `c tmjsgþj mjtrm m` tmrkgjc` am` nci`m

n ci`m Ckcrg``d / Ydfd (+),
mj m` ndjmntcadr 1_ am` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum, y
m` tgmrrc (-).
@c tmjsgþj am `c ictmrë c sm amim gjagncr sd`ckmjtm nucjad sm

prmsgdjc m` gjtmrruptdr am crrcjqum, ndj m` gjtmrruptdr am
mjnmjagad cntgvcad (pdsgngþj DJ).
NDJMNQCADY 1_
AM^KDJQCFM / GJ^QC@CNGÞJ
Sugtm `c tcpc `ctmrc` amrmnlc (pãegjc 9-9).
ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr 1_ am` gjtmrruptdr kcej çtgnd am
crrcjqum.
GJQMYY]_QDY KCEJÇQGND AM CYYCJS]M
Cpcrtm `ds prdtmntdrms am edkc8 mjsmeugac qugtm `cs tumrncs

y `ds nci`ms.
Sugtm m` gjtmrruptdr kcejçtgnd am crrcjqum am am`

c`dfckgmjtd am `c ictmr ë c.
c.
Gjstc`m `ds ndkpdjmjtms mj m` dramj gjvmrsd c` amskdjtcfm.
Q]MYNC^/NCI@M^
AGDAD
AGDAD AM@ MKIYCE]M

AM^KDJQCFM
Sugtm m` sg``ë j (pãegjc 9-9).
Circ `c tcpc am `c ncfc am busgi`ms y qugtm m` agdad am`

mkirceum.
3<-3?

GJ^_MNNGÞJ
AGDAD
Rmrgbgqum `c ndjtgjugaca mjtrm `ds tmrkgjc`ms am` agdad.
Mj ncsd am qum lcyc ndjtgjugaca, sm rmegstrcrã uj pmqumód

vc`dr am rmsgstmjngc.
Agrmnngþj jdrkc`6 Amim lcimr ndjtgjugaca.
Agrmnngþj gjvmrsc6 Jd amim lcimr ndjtgjugaca.
Mj ncsd am qum lcyc ndjtgjugaca sd`ckmjtm mj ujc

agrmnngþj, mstd gjagnc qum m` agdad mst ã jdrkc`.
AGDAD AM _]JQD K]MYQD AGDAD

GJ^_MNNGÞJ
Sugtm m` pcrcbcjed trcsmrd (pãegjc 9-1).
Sugtm m` agdad am pujtd kumrtd.
Rmrgbgqum `c ndjtgjugaca mjtrm `ds tmrkgjc`ms am` agdad.
Mj ncsd am qum lcyc ndjtgjugaca, sm rmegstrcrã uj pmqumód AGDAD

vc`dr am rmsgstmjngc.
Agrmnngþj jdrkc`6 Amim lcimr ndjtgjugaca.
Agrmnngþj gjvmrsc6 Jd amim lcimr ndjtgjugaca.
Mj ncsd am qum lcyc ndjtgjugaca sd`ckmjtm mj ujc

agrmnngþj, mstd gjagnc qum m` agdad mst ã jdrkc`.
3<-33


^g``ëj icfd).
NLC^G^/NCYMJCAD/
^G^QMKC AM M^NC_M 9
KCJQMJGKGMJQD >

Þ
G
AM^KDJQCFM/
G
K
^
N]@CQC/RÃ@R]@C^ 5
J

Y
Q
W
NG@GJAYD/_G^QÞJ <
Y
D
Q
D
K
C@QMYJCADY/

QYCJ^KG^GÞJ 33
am smrvgngd m gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrëcs. @cs
NGEÐMÓC@/MS]G@GIYCADY 39
Y]MAC AM@CJQMYC/
kãs amtc``cads.
G
C
L
QYC^MYC/^]^_MJ^GÞJ
ÞJ 31
N
C D
N
LDJAC ACAMCKCVÑJGC @QAC. ^M YM^MYRC
MJ M@
AMYMNLD LCNMY KDAGBGNCNGDJM^
K
M G
Y
Q Q
^ N
G Ç
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ 37

\Y9=? 37. @]NM^/GJAGNCADYM^/

GJQMYY]_QDYM^
]IGNCNGÞJ AM @D^ ^G^QMKC^ 37-? GJQMYY]_QDYM^ AM@ KCJG@@CY 37-5

GJBDYKCNGDJM^ AM ^MYRGNGD 37-3 GJQMYY]_QDY AM @C @]V AM BYMJD 37-<
GJRM^QGECNGÞJ AM CRMYËC^ 37-9 GJQMYY]_QDY AM@ MKIYCE]M 37-7
YMMK_@CVD AM @C^ @ÃK_CYC^ 37-1 GJQMYY]_QDY AM _]JQD K]MYQD 37-7
N]CAYD AM GJ^QY]KMJQD^ 37-= GJQM
GJQMYY
YY]_
]_QD
QDY
Y AM
AM@@ ^D
^D_D
_DYQ
YQM
M @C
@CQMY
QMYC@
C@ 37-77
37-
^MJ^DY AM RM@DNGACA 37-2 YM@Ç
YM@Ç AM@ GJQMY
GJQMYKGQ
KGQMJQ
MJQM
M AM AGYMNN
AGYMNNGÞJ
GÞJ 37-
37-3>
3>
GJQMYY]_QDY AM MJNMJAGAD 37-5 IDNGJC 37-33
a
@c `ãkpcrc lc`deçjgnc am` bcrd sm nc`gmjtc amkcsgcad kgmjtrcs m` bcrd mstã mjnmjagad y pmrkcjmnm nc`gmjtm aurcjtm
cèöj tgmkpd, amspuçs qum sm amscntgvc m` bcrd. Nmrngþrmsm am qum `c `ãkpcrc lcyc mjbrgcad, cjtms am mbmntucr
smrvgngds.
• C` rmmkp`czcr `c `ãkpcrc lc`deçjgnc am` bcrd, dismrvm `d sgeugmjtm6

„ ]tg`gnm eucjtms `gkpgds aurcjtm m` rmmkp`czd. Jd amfm gkprmsgdjms agegtc`ms mj `c `ãkpcrc, pums mstcs pdarãj bdrkcr
pujtds nc`gmjtms, `d qum ncuscrã `c qumkc am `c `ãkpcrc.
„ Mj ncsd am qum tdqum `c `ãkpcrc ndj `cs kcjds sgj prdtmnngþj, `ëkpgm`c
`ëkpgm`c ndj uj pcód lukmamngad ndj c`ndld`, pcrc
mvgtcr su bc``c prmkcturc.
„ Csmeörmsm am gjstc`cr `c ncpc am edkc amspuçs am rmmkp`czcr `c `ãkpcrc.
• Rmrgbgqum m` mstcad am `c ictmrëc cjtms am mbmntucr nuc`qugmr tgpd am gjspmnngþj qum jmnmsgtm tmjsgþj ndrrmntc am `c
ictmrëc.
• @c prumic am ndjtgjugaca sm pumam mbmntucr ndj `ds gjtmrruptdrms gjstc`cads mj `c kdtdngn`mtc.
• Mj mstc smnngþj sm utg`gzcj `ds sgeugmjtms nþageds am nd`dr6
Iu ; Czu` E ; Rmram @e ; Rmram n`crd Y ; Ydfd

I` ; Jmerd Er ; Ergs D ; Cjcrcjfcad U ; I`cjnd
Ir ; Kcrrþj @i ; Czu` n`crd _ ; Ydscad W ; Ckcrg``d
37-3

@]NM^/GJAGNCADYM^/GJQMYY]_QDYM^ \Y9=?
@]NM^/GJAGNCADYM^/GJQMYY]_QDYM^
GJQMYY]_QDY
AM MJNMJAGAD
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ AM@ @CAD

AMYMNLD AM@ KCJG@@CY
GJQMYY]_QDY AM @C @]V
AM@ BYMJD QYC^MYD
GJQMYY]_QDY AM
@C @]V AM@ BYMJD
AM@CJQMYD
GJQMYY]_QDYM^ AM@ @CAD
GVS]GMYAD AM@ KCJG@@CY
GJQMYY]_QDY
AM@ MKIYCE]M
GJQMYY]_QDY AM
_]JQD K]MYQD
GJQMYY]_QDY AM@
^D_DYQM @CQMYC@
37-?

M^_MNGBGNCNGDJM^
Idkig``cs Bcrd C`td 39 R „ >= U
Icfd 39 R „ >= U
@uz trcsmrc/@uz am brmjd 39 R „ =/93 U
Gjtmrkgtmjtm am agrmnngþj am`cjtmrd 39 R „ 3= U x 9
Gjtmrkgtmjtm am agrmnngþj trcsmrd 39 R „ 3= U x 9
@uz am `ds gjstrukmjtds @MA
Gjagncadr am` gjtmrkgtmjtm @MA
Gjagncadr am` bcrd c`td @MA
Gjagncadr am pujtd kumrtd @MA
Gjagncadr am` sdpdrtm `ctmrc` @MA
Busgi`ms Busgi`m prgjngpc` 9? C
Busgi`m cuxg`gcr 3? C x >, 3= C x 3

Numrpd am` gjtmrruptdr am pujtd kumrtd 39 J.k (3,9 he.k)
Nucard am Gjstrukmjtds
• Cjtms am gjspmnngdjcr m` nucard am gjstrukmjtds, nmrngþrmsm am qum `c ictmrëc, m` busgi`m cuxg`gcr (3= C), m` busgi`m am`
rm`df/ldaþkmtrd (3? C) y m` ndjmntcadr 32_ am` vm`dnëkmtrd mstçj mj iumj mstcad y bgrkmkmjtm ndjmntcads.
• Egrm m` gjtmrruptdr am mjnmjagad lcngc `c pdsgngþj DJ m gjspmnngdjm `d sgeugmjtm6
„ Rmrgbgqum sg `ds gjagncadrms am` vm`dnëkmtrd y am` tcnþkmtrd vum`vmj c` pujtd am drgemj.
N]CAYD AM
GJ^QY]KMJQD^
37-9

\Y9=? @]NM^/GJAGNCADYM^/GJQMYY]_QDYM^
M` nucard am gjstrukmjtds jd bujngdjc
Rmrgbgqum m` busgi`m cuxg`gcr (3= C) y m` busgi`m

b usgi`m Busgi`m qumkcad
am` rm`df/ldaþkmtrd (3? C) mj `c ncfc am • Ymmkp`cnm m` busgi`m.
busgi`ms.
Jdrkc`
Sugtm m` ndjmntcadr 32_ am` nucard am

gjstrukmjtds y kgac `c tmjsgþj mjtrm m`
ndjmntcadr am` nci`m Jmerd/Kcrrþj y m` Cjdrkc`
ndjmntcadr am` nci`m Rmram, amsam m` `cad • Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`mcad.
am` nci`mcad. • Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad mj m` tmrkgjc` am`
ndjmntcadr.
Qmjsgþj mspmngbgncac6 Qmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc • Nci`mcad mj ndrtdngrnugtd.
• Busgi`m cuxg`gcr (3= C) qumkcad.
Jdrkc`
Sugtm m` ndjmntcadr 32_ am` nucard am

gjstrukmjtds y kgac `c tmjsgþj mjtrm m`
ndjmntcadr am` nci`m Ydfd/Ckcrg``d y m` Cjdrkc`
ndjmntcadr am` nci`m Rmram, amsam m` `cad • Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`mcad.
am` nci`mcad. • Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad mj m` tmrkgjc` am`
ndjmntcadr.
Qmjsgþj mspmngbgncac6 Qmjsgþj am `c ictmrëc • Nci`mcad mj ndrtdngrnugtd.
• Busgi`m am` rm`df/ldaþkmtrd qumkcad (3? C).
Jdrkc` • Busgi`m prgjngpc`.
Sugtm m` ndjmntcadr 32_ am` nucard am Jd lcy

gjstrukmjtds y vmrgbgqum sg lcy ndjtgjugaca ndjtgjugaca
mjtrm m` ndjmntcadr am` nci`m Rmram, amsam m` • Ngrnugtd gjtmrrukpgad mj m` nci`mcad.
`cad am` nci`mcad, y m` nci`m tgmrrc. • Ndjtcntd gjcamnucad mj m` tmrkgjc` am`
ndjmntcadr.
• Nci`mcad mj ndrtdngrnugtd.
Lcy ndjtgjugaca
Amsndjmntm m` nci`m pdsgtgvd (+) am `c

ictmrëc. Mspmrm cèujds smeujads, vum`vc c Cjdrkc`
ndjmntcr`d y ndkprumim m` bujngdjckgmjtd • Nucard am gjstrukmjtds ambmntudsd.
am` nucard am gjstrukmjtds.
37->

YMMK_@CVD AM @C^ @ÃK_CYC^ YMQMJMADY

BCYD
a @ÃK_CYC
• @c `ãkpcrc lc`deçjgnc am` bcrd sm nc`gmjtc amkcsgcad
kgmjtrcs m` bcrd mstã mjnmjagad y pmrkcjmnm nc`gmjtm NDJMNQCADY
aurcjtm cèöj tgmkpd, amspuçs qum sm amscntgvc m` bcrd.
• Nmrngþrmsm am qum `c `ãkpcrc lcyc mjbrgcad, cjtms am
mbmntucr smrvgngds.
NC_C AM EDKC
Sugtm m` ncrmjcad supmrgdr (pãegjc 9-<).
ûm`tm m` ndjmntcadr am` sdqumtm am` bcrd.
Sugtm `c ncpc am edkc.
ûm`tm m` rmtmjmadr y qugtm m` ndjfujtd sdqumtm/`ãkpcrc am`
bcrd.
g
Mvgtm tdncr `c `ãkpcrc lc`deçjgnc. @cs gkprmsgdjms
agegtc`ms qum sm qumacrãj mj `c `ãkpcrc pdarãj bdrkcr
pujtds nc`gmjtms y ncuscr su qumkc.
Mj ncsd am qum tdqum `c `ãkpcrc ndj `cs kcjds sgj
prdtmnngþj, `ëkpgm`c ndj uj pcód lukmamngad ndj c`ndld`,
pcrc mvgtcr su bc``c prmkcturc.
Sugtm `c `ãkpcrc am` sdqumtm.
Gjstc`m `c jumvc `ãkpcrc mj m` sdqumtm.
Gjstc`m m` ndjfujtd sdqumtm/`ãkpcrc, c`gjmcjad sus `mjeðmtcs
ndj `cs rcjurcs am `c ujgaca am` bcrd.
GJQMYKGQMJQM AM AGYMNNGÞJ @ÃK_CYC

Sugtm m` tdrjg``d y `c `mjtm am` gjtmrkgtmjtm.
Egrm m` sdqumtm am `c idkig``c mj smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd y
quëtm`d.
Ymmkp`cnm `c idkig``c pdr ujc jumvc.
JDQC
C` gjstc`cr `c `mjtm, c`gjmm su `mjeðmtc ndj `c rcjurc mj `c @MJQM
ncrncsc am` gjtmrkgtmjtm. QDYJG@@D
@]V QYC^MYC/@]V AM BYMJD

Sugtm `ds tdrjg``ds y `c `mjtm am `c ùz trcsmrc/ùz am brmjd. F]JQC AM
_rmsgdjm `c idkig``c, eërm`c mj smjtgad ndjtrc ldrcrgd y quëtm`c @C @MJQM
am `c ùz trcsmrc/ùz am brmjd. Ymmkp`ãnm`c pdr ujc jumvc.
Gjstc`m `c jumvc idkig``c, prmsgdjãjad`c y egrãjad`c mj
smjtgad ldrcrgd.
JDQC
Nmrngþrmsm am qum `c fujtc am `c `mjtm mstç mj iumj mstcad
m gjstc`cac ndrrmntckmjtm. Mj ncsd am qum smc jmnmscrgd, @ÃK_CYC
rmmkp`ãnm`c pdr ujc jumvc. @MJQM
QDYJG@@D^
37-1

\Y9=? @]NM^/GJAGNCADYM^/GJQMYY]_QDYM^
N]CAYD AM GJ^QY]KMJQD^
Sugtm m` vgsdr am`cjtmrd (pãegjc 9-=).
Sugtm `c circzcamrc.
Amsndjmntm m` nci`m am` vm`dnëkmtrd.
NCI@M AM@ RM@DNËKMQYD CIYCVCAMYC

NDJM
ND JMNQ
NQCA
CAD
DY N]C
]CAAYD AM GJ^
GJ^QY
QY]K
]KMJ
MJQ
QD^
Amsndjmntm m` ndjmntcadr 32_ am` nucard am gjstrukmjtds.
Sugtm `cs tumrncs, `cs crcjam`cs y m` nucard am gjstrukmjtds

am` sdpdrtm.
JDQC
Rmc mj `c pãegjc 37-9 `c gjvmstgecngþj am cvmrgcs am`

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NDKD ]QG@GVCY M^QM KCJ]C@ ËJAGNM EMJMYC@

@c rmc`gzcngþj am` prgkmr kcjtmjgkgmjtd

Mj `cs ^mnngdjms am 1 c 9? sm amsnrgimj `ds

@c kcydrëc am `cs smnngdjms mkpgmzcj ndj ujc

KDQD LDJAC AC CKCVÑJGC @QAC.

]tg`gnm ercsc am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd (ndjtmjgmjad kãs am >% am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd,

]tg`gnm pcstc c icsm am igsu`burd am kd`giamjd (ndjtmjgmjad kãs am 1?% am igsu`burd am

]tg`gnm ercsc c icsm am sg`gndjc.

Cp`gqum `ëqugad am sm``cad (sm``cadr).

CQB ]tg`gnm b`ugad pcrc ldrqug``c d am suspmjsgþj.

GAMJQGBGNCNGÞJ AM@ KDAM@D

J]KMYD AM GAMJQGBGNCNGÞJ AM@ NCYI]YCADY

Kdtdr Agspdsgngþj am` ng`gjard Kdjdng`ëjargnd, n(vmrtgnc`)

GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ \Y9=?

\Y9=? GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@

Ëtmk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ \Y9=?

Ëtmk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

32>,2 psg) c 1?? rpk ‑

\Y9=? GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@

Ëtmk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

MKIYCE]M/^M@MNQDY AM KCYNLC^ ]jgaca6 kk

GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ \Y9=?

C@QMYJCADY/MKIYCE]M AM@ CYYCJS]M ]jgaca6 kk

Ë t mk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

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Ëtmk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

Gtmk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

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BYMJD LGAYÃ]@GND ]jgaca6 kk

G t mk _carþj @ëkgtm am ^mrvgngd

\Y9=? GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@

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GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ \Y9=?

RC@DYM^ AM _CY AM C_YGMQM

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Ëtmk Ncjtgaca Agãkmt

GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ \Y9=?

\Y9=? GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@

_]JQD^ AM @]IYGNCNGÞJ W AM ^M@@CAD

Euëc am cnngdjckgmjtd am` mkirceum

GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@ \Y9=?

\Y9=? GJBDYKCNGÞJ EMJMYC@

_C^CAC AM @D^ NCI@M^

NDJMNQDY >_ AM@ BCYD

NCI@M AM@ RM@DNGKMQYD

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^G^QMKC^ AM NDJQYD@ AM MKG^GÞJ

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