MAPUA UNIVERSITY SY20212022 11/18/2021

Problem Solving
• Engr. Leonardo Valiente, Jr.
• School of EECE

Example 1
• Consider the anaIog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 200π𝑡
• (a) Determine the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing.
• (b) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs= 400 Hz. What is the
discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?
• (c) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs = 150 Hz. What is
the discrete- time signal obtained after sampling?
• (d) What is the frequency 0 < F < Fs/2 of a sinusoid that yields samples
identical to those obtained in part (c)?

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MAPUA UNIVERSITY SY20212022 11/18/2021

Consider the anaIog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 200π𝑡
(a) Determine the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing.

• 𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos (2π x100 t )

• fmax = 100 Hz
• Fs ≥ 2 fmax
• Fs ≥ 2(100Hz)
• ≥ 200 Hz

Consider the anaIog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 200π𝑡
(b) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs= 400 Hz. What is the
discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 2π ( )𝑛

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 2π ( )𝑛

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos ( )𝑛

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Consider the anaIog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 200π𝑡
(c) Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate Fs = 150 Hz. What is
the discrete- time signal obtained after sampling?

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 2π ( )𝑛
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 2π( )𝑛
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos ( )π𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 𝑛 2π
𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos ( ) 𝑛
3
𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 2π − ( ) 𝑛 1
𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos 2π( ) 𝑛
3
𝑥 𝑛 = 5 cos − ( ) 𝑛

• Consider the anaIog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 200π𝑡

(d) What is the frequency 0 < F < Fs/2 of a sinusoid that yields samples
identical to those obtained in part (c)?

• F = f * Fs
= ( )*150
• F= 50 Hz

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Example 2
Consider the analog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 20𝜋𝑡 + 2 sin 400𝜋𝑡 − cos(200π𝑡)

What is the Nyquist rate for this signal?

• 𝑥 𝑡 = 5 cos 2𝜋 10 𝑡 + 2 sin 2𝜋 (200) 𝑡 − cos(2π (100) 𝑡)

• F1 = 10 Hz ; F2 = 200 Hz ; F3 = 100 Hz
• F2 is the highest frequency
• Fmax = F2
• Fs ≥ 2 fmax ; Fs ≥ 2 (200 Hz)
• Fs ≥ 400 Hz

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Example 3

Consider the analog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 10 cos 3000𝜋𝑡 + 5 sin 8000𝜋𝑡 + cos(15000π𝑡)

• (a) What is the Nyquist frequency for this signal?

• (b) Using a sampling rate Fs = 5000 samples. What is the discrete-time
signal obtained after sampling?

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Consider the analog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 10 cos 3000𝜋𝑡 + 5 sin 8000𝜋𝑡 + cos(15000π𝑡)

(a) What is the Nyquist frequency for this signal?

• 𝑥 𝑡 = 10 cos 2𝜋 (1500)𝑡 + 5 sin 2𝜋 4000 𝑡 + cos(2π 7500 𝑡)

• F1= 1500 Hz F2= 4000 Hz F3= 7500 Hz
• Fs ≥ 2 fmax ; F3 is the highest
• Fs ≥ 2 fmax = 2*7500 Hz
• Fs ≥ 15000Hz

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Consider the analog signal

𝑥 𝑡 = 10 cos 3000𝜋𝑡 + 5 sin 8000𝜋𝑡 + cos(15000π𝑡)

(b) Using a sampling rate Fs = 5000 samples. What is the discrete-time
signal obtained after sampling?

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 10 cos 2𝜋 1500/5000 𝑛 + 5 sin 2𝜋 4000/5000 𝑛 + cos(2π 7500/5000 𝑛)

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 10 cos 2𝜋 3/10 𝑛 + 5 sin 2𝜋 4/5 𝑛 + cos(2π 3/2 𝑛)
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 10 cos 𝜋 3/5 𝑛 + 5 sin 𝜋 8/5 𝑛 + cos(π 3 𝑛)

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 10 cos 𝜋 3/5 𝑛 + 5 sin 𝑛 + cos(π 𝑛)

• 𝑥 𝑛 = 10 cos 𝜋 3/5 𝑛 + 5 sin 𝑛 + cos(π 𝑛)

𝟐𝝅
• 𝒙𝒂 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑/𝟓 𝝅 𝒏 − 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝅 𝒏)
𝟓

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Example 4

Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case a

signal is periodic, specify its fundamental period.
• (a) 𝑥 (t) = 3 cos(5t + π/6)
• (b) x(n) = 3 cos(5n + π/6)
• (c) x(n) = 2exp[j(n/6 - π)]
• (d) x(n) = cos(n/8) cos(π n/8)
• (e) x(n) = cos(π n/2) - sin(π n/8) + 3cos(π n/4 + π/3)

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• Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case

a signal is periodic, specify its fundamental period.
• (a) 𝑥 (t) = 3 cos(5t + π/6)

• 𝑥 (t) = A cos(2π f t)
• cos(2π f t) = cos(5t)
• 2π f t = 5t
• 2π f = 5
• f = 5 / 2π
• Non-periodic

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• Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case

a signal is periodic, specify its fundamental period.
• (b) x(n) = 3 cos(5n + π/6)

• 𝑥 (n) = A cos(2π f n)
• cos(2π f n) = cos(5n)
• 2π f n = 5n
• 2π f = 5
• f = 5 / 2π
• Non-periodic

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• Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case

a signal is periodic, specify its fundamental period.
• (c) x(n) = 2exp[j(n/6 - π)]

𝑥 (n) = A cos(2π f n)
2π f n = n/6
2π f = 1/6
f = 1 / (12π)
• Non-periodic

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• Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case

a signal is periodic, specify its fundamental period.
• (d) x(n) = cos(π n/8) cos(n/8)

𝑥 (n) = A cos(2π f n) 𝑥 (n) = A cos(2π f n)

2π f n = πn/8 2π f n = n/8
2 f = 1/8 2π f = 1/8
f = 1 / (16) > Periodic f = 1 / (16π) > Non-periodic

• The combined signals result to Non-periodic

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• Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. In case

a signal is periodic, specify its fundamental period.
• (e) x(n) = cos(π n/2) - sin(π n/8) + 3cos(π n/4 + π/3)

• Separate the terms.

𝑥 (n) = cos(π n/2) 𝑥 (n) = sin(π n/8) 𝑥 (n) = 3 cos(π n/4)
2π f n = πn/2 2π f n = πn/8 2π f n = πn/4
2 f = 1/2 2 f = 1/8 2 f = 1/4
f = 1 / 4 > Periodic f = 1 / 16 > Periodic f = 1 / 8 > Periodic
N=4 N=16 N=8

The combined signals result to Periodic, with N=16

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Example 5
• Calculate the fundamental period and the fundamental frequency of
x(t) = sin(6πt) + cos(5πt)

x(t) = sin(6πt) T1 / T2 =(1/3) / (2/5)

1 = 6π = = 5 / 6 ( Rational Number)
= 2π (3)
T1 = 1/3 To = LCM (T1 , T2)
= LCM (1/3 , 2/5)
= LCM( 1, 2) / GCF (3, 5)
x(t) = cos(5πt) =2/1
2 = 5π = 2 sec
= 2π (5/2)
T2 = 2/5 fo = 1 / To
= 0.5 Hz

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Example 6
• An analog signal contains frequencies up to 10 kHz.
• (a) What range of sampling frequencies allows exact reconstruction of this
signal from its samples?
• (b) Suppose that we sample this signal with a sampling frequency Fs= 8
kHz. Examine what happens to the frequency 𝐹 = 5 kHz.
• (c) Repeat part (b) for a frequency 𝐹 = 9 kHz.

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• An analog signal contains frequencies up to 10 kHz.

• (a) What range of sampling frequencies allows exact reconstruction of this
signal from its samples?

Fs ≥ 2 fmax
Fs ≥ 2(10kHz)
= 20 kHz

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• An analog signal contains frequencies up to 10 kHz.

• (b) Suppose that we sample this signal with a sampling frequency
Fs=8kHz. Examine what happens to the frequency 𝐹 = 5 kHz.

Fs ≥ 2 fmax
F fold = Fs/2
= 8kHz / 2
= 4kHz
Alias will occur then, 8kHz – 5 kHz
= 3 kHz

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• An analog signal contains frequencies up to 10 kHz.

• (c) Repeat part (b) for a frequency 𝐹 = 9 kHz.

Fs ≥ 2 fmax
F fold = Fs/2
= 8kHz / 2
= 4kHz
The signal will be, 9kHz – 8 kHz
= 1 kHz

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Example 7
• Determine the bit rate and the resolution in the sampling of a seismic
signal with dynamic range of 1 volt if the sampling rate is Fs = 20 samples
and we use an 8-bit AD converter. What is the maximum frequency that
can be present in the resulting digital seismic signal?

Bit rate = no. bits x sampling rate

= 8 bits x 20 samples/sec Fs ≥ 2 fmax
= 160 bits/sec
20 Hz ≥ 2 (fmax)

Resolution = 1V / (2n - 1) fmax = 20 Hz /2

= 0.00392 fmax = 10 Hz

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