2Q 

SY20212022 11/11/2021

ECEA108
Compiled by:
Engr. Leonardo Valiente Jr.

Topics
• Signal
• System
• Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
• Basic Elements of a DSP System
• Classification of Signals

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Signal

• A signal can be defined as

• - Any physical quantity that varies with time, space or
any other independent variable or variables.
- A pattern of variations of a physical quantity that can be
manipulated, stored, or transmitted by physical process.
- An information variable represented by physical quantity.
• For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete
values.

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System

• A system may also be defined as a physical device that

performs an operation on a signal.
• For example, a filter used to reduce the noise and
interference corrupting a desired information-bearing
signal is called a system.

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(Digital) Signal Processing

Signal Processing deals with the enhancement, extraction, and
representation of information for communication or analysis
• Many different fields of engineering rely upon signal processing
technology
• Examples: Acoustics, telephony, radio, television,
seismology, and radar
• Digital Signal Processing is a field of numerical mathematics
that is concerned with the processing of discrete signals
• This area of mathematics deals with the principles that underlie
all digital systems

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Basic Elements of a Digital Signal Processing

System

Analog Digital D/A Analog

A/D Output
Input Converter signal Converter
Signal processor Signal

Digital Digital
input output
signal signal

• Block diagram of a digital signal

processing system.

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Practical, Inexpensive DSP System

Computer
“Cool Edit”
Waveform Editor
Stereo
Record Player Amplifier
D Sound
Sound
Left Channel Card
Card S D/A
A/D
P
Tape Deck Right Channel
Multichannel (Stereo) Signals

Digital/
Digital Signal Processing:
Analog/ 1) Noise Reduction
Continuous- Discrete-
Radio -Digital Filtering, etc.
Time Time
2) Signal Compression
Signals Signals
-MP3, JPEG/MPEG Image, etc.
3) Spectral Analysis (e.g., FFT)

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Electronic “Fax” via Portable Document Format

Digital Signal:
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DSP
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CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

• > Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals vs Single

Channel
• > Continuous-Time vs Discrete-Time Signals
• > Discrete-Valued vs Continuous-Valued
• > Random vs Deterministic

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Continuous-Time Sinusoidal Signals

A simple harmonic oscillation is mathematically described by the

following continuous-time sinusoidal signal:
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 cos Ω𝑡 𝜃 , ∞ 𝑡 ∞
or
𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 𝜃 , ∞ 𝑡 ∞

This signal is completely characterized by the parameters:

A is the amplitude of the sinusoid, Ω is the frequency in radians
per second (Ω = 2𝜋𝐹) and 𝜽 is the phase in radians.

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𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 𝜃
The analog sinusoidal signal is characterized by
the following properties:
Al. For every fixed value of the frequency F, xa(t) is
periodic and where T = 1/F is the fundamental
period of the sinusoidal signal.
A2. Continuous-time sinusoidal signals with distinct
(different) frequencies are themselves distinct.
A3. Increasing the frequency F results in an
increase in the rate of oscillation of the signal, in
the sense that more periods are included in a
given time interval.
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• The relationships we have described for sinusoidal signals

carry over to the class of complex exponential signals
•𝑥 𝑡 𝐴𝑒 Ω

Ω Ω
•𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 cos Ω𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑒 + 𝑒

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TUNING FORK EXAMPLE

“A” is at 440 Hertz (Hz)

Waveform is a SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
Computer plot looks like a sine wave
This should be the mathematical formula:

𝑥 𝑡 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝐹𝑡 𝜃

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TUNING FORK A-440 Waveform

T  8.15  5.85
 2.3 ms

Time (sec)
f  1/ T
 1000 / 2.3
 435 Hz

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Discrete-Time Sinusoidat Signals

• A discrete-time sinusoidal signal may be expressed as

𝑥 𝑛 𝐴 cos ω𝑛 𝜃 , ∞ 𝑛 ∞

where n is an integer variable (called the sample number). A is

the amplitude of the sinusoid. 𝝎 is the frequency in radians per
sample. and 𝜽 is the phase in radians

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ω 2πf
𝑥 𝑛 𝐴 cos 2π𝑓𝑛 𝜃 , ∞ 𝑛 ∞

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The discrete-time sinusoids are characterized by the following

properties:
B1. A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f is a rational
number.
A discrete-time signal x(n) is periodic with period N (N > 0) if and only if
x(n + N) = x(n) for all n
• The smallest value of N for which is true is caIled the fundamental
period.
• For a sinusoid with frequency 𝑓 to be periodic, we should have
cos(2π 𝑓 (N + n )+ θ] = cos(2π 𝑓 n + θ)
𝑘
𝑓
𝑁

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• B2. Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an

integer multiple of 2π are identical.

Consider the sinusoid cos(ω 𝑛 θ),

cos[(ω + 2π)n + θ] = cos[ω n + 2πn + θ] = cos(ω 𝑛 θ).

• As a result, all sinusoidal sequences

𝑥 𝑛 𝐴 cos ω 𝑛 𝜃 , 𝑘 0, 1, 2, …
ω 2𝑘π , π ω π

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• B3. The highest rate of oscillation in a discrete-time sinusoid is attained when

ω= π (or ω = -π) or, equivalently, f = ½ (or f = -½ ).

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