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1 ECEA108
2.0 Introduction
Signal: something conveys information,
represented mathematically as
functions of one or more independent
variables. Classified as:
Continuous-time (analog) signals,
discrete-time signals, digital signals
Signal-processing systems are classified
along the same lines as signals:
Continuous-time (analog) systems,
discrete-time systems, digital systems
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x[ n] xa (t ) |t nT xa ( nT )
EXAMPLE Sampling the analog waveform
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Basic sequences
Unit sample sequence 0 n 0
(discrete-time impulse, n
1 n 0
impulse, Unit impulse)
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Basic sequences
arbitrary
sequence
x[n] x[k ] [n k ]
k
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Basic sequences
1 n 0
Unit step sequence u[n]
0 n 0
k
n
0, when n 0
k 1, when n 0 ,
u[n] k
k since k 0 k 0
1 k 0
u[n] [n] [n 1] [n 2] [n k ]
k 0
[n] u[n] u[n 1] First backward difference
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Basic Sequences
Exponential sequences x[n] A n
A and α are real: x[n] is real
A is positive and 0<α<1, x[n] is positive and
decrease with increasing n
-1<α<0, x[n] alternate in sign, but decrease
in magnitude with increasing n
1: x[n] grows in magnitude as n increases
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A n n 0
x[n] Cumbersome
0 n0
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Basic sequences
Sinusoidal sequence
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Exponential Sequences
A A e j e jw 0
x[n] A n A e j e jw0 n A e j w0 n
n n
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Periodic Sequences
A cosw0 n A cosw0 n w0 N
w0 N 2 k , where k is integer
N 2 k / w0 , where k is integer
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x2 [n] x2 [n N ]
cos n cos(n N )
for n 2 k n N , k : integer,
there is no integer N
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(d) w0 =
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x[n] y[n]
T{‧}
Discrete-Time System
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y[n] x[n nd ], n
If nd is a positive integer: the delay of the
system, Shift the input sequence to the
right by nd samples to form the output .
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n-5
n m
dummy
index m
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yn x[n]
2
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12 12 1 1
2
counterexample
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