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KB Document 245
KB Document 245
Common Applications
• Cable, line, station insulation design
o Switching Over-Voltage studies – Arrester ratings
o Power System lightning performance – BIL
o Temporary Overvoltage studies (TOV)
o Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)
• Sub-Synchronous Resonance
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EMT Solution
Wind farm fault ride through Synchronous generator fault ride through
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Example: Closing the breakers has initiated an Transients are initiated due to a change to the
electromagnetic transient.
network topology
• The energy exchange between L-C causes the • Switching Events
oscillatory transient. • Faults and fault clearance
• Resistance in the circuit acts to damp the transient. • Lightning
• Others
1e6
12
Double circuit 12.5
60 km
RL RRL A
H
V
C1 C2 C3
TL 01 60KM TL 04 40KM TL 115KV
120
E1
TL 05 210KM
Tower: 3L1
Single circuit
32 Conductors: chukar
290 km
E2 Ground_Wires: 1/2_HighStrengthSteel
TL 03 180KM
1e6
Double circuit RL
RL RRL A RRL
V 110 km
H
TL 02 110KM
Transmission Line ‘travel time’ (approx.) - 1 ms
EMT and RMS simulation – Main differences
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d
V (ω ) = R ⋅ I (ω ) + j ( Lω ) ⋅ I (ω ) v(t ) = R ⋅ i (t ) + L i (t )
dt
i
• 50 Hz solution on network side
• Good for low frequency electro
mechanical oscillation studies.
• Difficult to represent power electronic
converter response (wind, PV)
• Cannot represent ac system resonances
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RMS
• Assume quasi-steady state
• Network transients neglected
• Fundamental phasor solution
• Positive sequence
• Large network possible
EMT
• Consider differential equations
• Numerical integration substitution
• Upper freq. depends on simulation
time step (0~MHz)
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RL
R1 L1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉 = 𝐿𝐿 + 𝑅𝑅. 𝐼𝐼
E1
B1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
0.1 [mH]
0.1 [mH]
1.0 [uF]
1.0 [uF]
𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉0 𝐿𝐿 𝑅𝑅
= 𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼0 + 𝐼𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼0
2 ∆𝑡𝑡 2 ∆𝑡𝑡
Circuit equations solved at time
2𝐿𝐿 intervals - ∆𝑡𝑡
𝑉𝑉 + 𝑉𝑉0 = 𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼0 + 𝑅𝑅 𝐼𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼0
∆𝑡𝑡
RMS Type Solution
R
Ecap C
#1 #2 RRL
150 Bus_9
66 / 132
Type-IV
Wind turbine #2 #1
10.0
10.8 P = 5.003 B1 B2
Vw
Q = 0.00185
line 7 12 1
V = 66.42
P+jQ
75 [uF]
line POI 8 1 line POI 8 1
A
V
DBlk
B3 B4
TIME line 7 11 1
DBlk
75 [uF]
line POI 8 1 line POI 8 1
BRK1
_ O
s_8
Timed
Fault
ABC->G Logic
Bus 7
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V di
V =L + R.i
R1 L1 dt
L
τ=
R
300 Ea
132 / 275 200
#1 #2 RRL 150
100
50
Voltage
Bus_9
150
66 / 132
0
Type-IV -50
Wind turbine #2 #1
-100
10.0
10.8 P = 5.003
-150
B1 B2
Vw
Q = 0.00185
line 7 12 1
-200
V = 66.42
P+jQ
line POI 8 1 Ia
A 10.0
DBlk
V 8.0
6.0
B3 B4 4.0
Current
TIME
DBlk line 7 11 1 2.0
line POI 8 1 0.0
BRK1
-2.0
_POI -4.0
s_8 Timed
ABC->G
Fault
Logic
-6.0
0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450
Bus 7
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A PI Section
#2
V
#3 #1 3.7e-4
1e6
A
SM
B55298 EDIN
V
100
11.5/66/11.5
Timed
Fault
Logic ABC->G
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R2
E C
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼1
𝐸𝐸 = 𝐼𝐼1 . 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝐿𝐿1 + 𝑉𝑉2 𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉2 −1 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉2
𝑉𝑉2 = 𝐼𝐼2 . 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝐸𝐸
𝑑𝑑𝐼𝐼1 −1 −𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1
𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑉𝑉2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐼3
𝑋𝑋̇ = 𝐴𝐴 𝑋𝑋 + 𝐵𝐵 𝑈𝑈
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gL
IL,hys 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖𝐿𝐿,ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔𝐿𝐿 . 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
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i(t) G
IC,history(t)
where,
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑮𝑮 =
∆𝒕𝒕
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪,𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒕𝒕 = −𝒊𝒊 𝒕𝒕 − ∆𝒕𝒕 − 𝑮𝑮𝑮𝑮 𝒕𝒕 − ∆𝒕𝒕
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A B C A IL1 B Ic1
C
L1 C1 GL1 Gc 1
IL2
R3 Rt L2 G1 G3 Gt GL2
R1 L4 IL4 GL4
E D E D
R2 E/R1
GL3 R2
L3 IL3 E/R2
E1 E2
A IL1 B Ic1
C
GL1 Gc 1
G1 G3 IL4
Gt GL2
IL2 𝐼𝐼 𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑥1 = [𝑌𝑌]𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑉𝑉 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
GL4
E D
E/R1
IL3 GL3 R2
E/R2 [V]=[Y]-1[I]
𝐸𝐸1
0 −1 − 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿1
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 (𝐺𝐺1 + 𝐺𝐺3 + 𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿1 � −𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿1 0 0 𝑅𝑅1
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 (𝐺𝐺 + 𝐺𝐺 + 𝐺𝐺 � −𝐺𝐺 𝐶𝐶1 0 0 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿1 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶1 −𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿4
−𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿1 𝐿𝐿4 𝐶𝐶1
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0 −𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶1 (𝐺𝐺 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐺𝐺𝑡𝑡 + 𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿2 � −𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿2 −𝐺𝐺 𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶1 −𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿2
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 0 0 −𝐺𝐺𝐶𝐶1 𝐺𝐺2 + 𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿2 0 𝐸𝐸2
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 0 𝐺𝐺𝑡𝑡 + 𝐺𝐺3 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿2 −
0 0 −𝐺𝐺 𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅2
−𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿3
System Y Matrix
• Algebraic equation
• Note the large number of zero elements in the Y matrix
• If L,R and C elements are constant, elements of the Y matrix does not change
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t=0 DSDYN
• Solves the electrical component
DSDYN models and control systems models
• Compute the history current terms
before the network solution is solved
System Network
[I] = [Y] . [V]
dynamics Solution
DSOUT
DSOUT
• Output quantities after network
solution is solved
o Example: Compute RMS voltage,
t = t + ∆t power……
Some Points to Remember……
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#2 #1
T_Line
A
#2 #1
A B
• The networks at the two ends are eclectically ‘de-coupled’ due to the delay introduced by the line (over the
duration of the calculation time step)
o Ability to solve circuits A and B as independent circuits
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Voltage
0
V
-50
-100
-150
-200
Ia
8.0
6.0
4.0
L1 2.0
Current
0.0
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
di
0.1750 0.1800 0.1850 0.1900 0.1950 0.2000 0.2050 0.2100 0.2150 0.2200
1
V =L
dt
i=
L ∫ V .dt
200
150
Ea
100
50
Voltage
0
-50
Area = ∫ V .dt
6.0
Current
4.0
2.0
0.0
-2.0
0.1750 0.1800 0.1850 0.1900 0.1950 0.2000 0.2050 0.2100 0.2150 0.2200
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Opening
0.001 [H]
3
Main : Graphs
Dominant frequencies in the transient 300
Eb
resonance points
100
0
y
-100
-200
-300
0.170 0.190 0.210 0.230 0.250 0.270
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𝜆𝜆 = �𝑉𝑉 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
I (Current)
I1 I2
I1 I2 I1 I2