Adjunct, Conjunct and disjunct

:Syntactic and Semantic Features of Adjuncts

Adjuncts are adverbs which gives us extra information about the verb and answers-
where, when, why and sometimes what. It is an optional element of a situation
.expressed by a clause

-.It's common to find a number of adjuncts in one clause

Ex: ( if at all possible) I'll see you (tomorrow) ( after the show) ( outside the main
.entrance)

.many adjuncts are characterized by their flexibility as regards position -

.Ex: hastily she hid the letter. She hastily hid the letter

.She hid the letter hastily

While the great majority can occur at the end of the clause, they also occur -
.frequently in initial and medial position

Adverbs

Part of the clause

Outside the clause

Adjunct Non- connective connective

Disjunct Conjunct

Adjunct, disjunct and conjunct adverbs are often placed in several -

.places in a sentence

An adverb is an adjunct if it's neatly placed within a sentence, a disjunct -

if it is set off from the rest of the sentence and acts as a kind of evaluator
 for it and a conjunct if it is set off from a sentence, usually with a comma
.which serves as a connection between two ideas

Adjuncts are integrated into the sentence, but their removal leaves a -
well-formed and understandable sentence although we lose some
.information

.Ex: I saw him yesterday afternoon

Disjunct are used to evaluate the form of the content of what is said. -
They occur outside the clause structure itself. Removing them leaves a
.well formed sentence\ clause, but we lose the speaker's viewpoint

.Ex: Obviously, he did not seem happy

Conjuncts are also outside the clause structure and connect ideas in -
.sentences or between sentences

.Ex: He is not happy yet he gets on with life

Sometimes the adverb is obligatory and we have an adverbial adjunct. -

.Ex: He ran to the door. He ran off. He ran

.I put my laptop on my desk. I put my laptop away. I put my laptop

It's a semantic rather than grammatical distinction, because some verbs -

.require adverbial complement called PP complement transitive verbs

Exercise: Decide if the underlined words in the next sentences

.are adjuncts, disjuncts or conjuncts

.Frankly, Martha is a bit scary -1

.If she starts singing again, then I am not staying -2

.She often plays the piano alone -3

.I love chocolate, however I'm allergic to it -4

.She told him the instructions repeatedly, yet he just sat there -5

.His mom told him to come home before dark -6

.Although he was an actor, he could sing well, too -7

.She yelled his name loudly -8

.Fortunately, no one was hurt -9

:Forms of adverbials

Adverbial phrases 2) Prepositional phrases )1

Noun phrases 4) Finite clauses )3

Non-finite clauses )5

:Examples about Adverbial phrases

.She came immediately

.He flew very considerably

.He left accordingly

.Mother came back

:Examples about prepositional phrases

.We spoke in French. They were delayed by the snow

.I arrived on time. He drove over the hill

:Examples about the noun phrases

.I spoke a great deal. She went last week

.My father went that night

:Examples about finite clauses

.They explained better than I would explain

.She left after she had eaten. She came because her brother asked

.I walked where I liked

:Examples about non-finite clauses

.ing: smiling happily she left. They left laughing-

.Going up to him, she asked her a question

.ed\en: seated, they ordered their mail-

.Undecided, he re-checked his figures

.to+ inf: I hoped to see her. I forgot to mention it-

:Main classes of adjuncts

a) circumstantial. B) stance c) connective

.d) operator-related adjuncts

Circumstantial adjuncts provide experiential details about the action\

state. It answers why, when, how, where and occasionally what. They
.provide information concerning time, place, manner, means etc

.Ex: She called me yesterday. She called me too late

Stance adjuncts express the speaker's evaluation or comment on the

content of the message, or the viewpoint adopted. They are usually found
.before the clause or after it

.Ex: Naturally, he spoke to me when he saw me

.He spoke to me when he saw me, naturally

.He naturally spoke to me when he saw me

.He spoke to me, naturally, when he saw me

:Types of stance adjuncts

Epistemic: It expresses the speaker's opinion regarding the validity of -

the content, commenting on the certainty, doubt, possibility and
.obviousness of the proposition

.Ex: Undoubtedly, he is the finest pianist alive today

.Obviously, he'll rely on you even more now

Evidential: It signals the source of knowledge or information. Sources -

.range from the speaker's own experience or belief

.Ex: according to the weather forecast, there's a hurricane on the way

Evaluative: these are attitudinal, reflecting the subjective or objective -
.attitude of the speaker towards the content or the addressee

!Ex: Surely you can make up your own mind

.Unfortunately, our team didn't win

style and domain: Style are the speaker's comment on the way s\he is -
speaking, while domain signal from what viewpoint the message is
.oriented

.Ex: Quite frankly, it seems to me a lot of bullshit

.Medically, the project has little to recommend it

Connective adjuncts tell us how the speaker or writer understand the

semantic connection between two utterances, or parts of an utterance.
They are not therefore elements of structure, but connectors of structure.
.It usually occurs between groups, clauses, sentences or paragraphs

Ex: The students are on strike; nevertheless, the examinations will not be
.cancelled

Types of connective adjuncts: Additive, contrast, casual and

.temporal

Ex: Beside, in the same way, instead, on the contrary, for, because, first,
.then, etc

Operator-related adjuncts: usuality, frequency, degree, modality and

.aspectuality

.Ex: usually, sometimes, never, just, probably, still, yet, etc

:Key answers

disjunct 2- conjunct 3- adjunct n 4- conjunct 5- disjunct 6- adjunct -1

.disjunct 8- adjunct 9- disjunct -7

BY: Anwaar Rajab El-Shaari