18h65a0208 Seminar

A
TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT
On
SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the academic
Requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

By
GUGLOTHU LINGAIAH (18H65A0208)
Under the Esteemed Co-ordination of

Dr.T.ANIL KUMAR
Head of the department
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ANURAG GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

Venkatapur(V), Ghatkesar(M), Medchal District
Telangana-500088
2020-2021
ANURAGGROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Venkatapur(V), Ghatkesar(M), Medchal District
Telangana-500088
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the technical seminar "SCADA IN POWER

SYSTEM" that is being submitted by GUGULOTHU
LINGAIAH,(18H65A0208) in partial fulfilment of the academic
requirements for the award of Bachelor of technology in EEE, submitted to
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anurag Group Of
Institutions, Hyderabad during the period 2020-2021.
External Examiner Head of the Department

Dr.T.ANIL KUMAR
Professor & HOD, Dept of EEE
CVSR
DECLARATION
This is to certify that work reported in the present thesis titled “SCADA IN
POWER SYSTEM” done by me.
No part of thesis is copied from books/journals/internet and where the portion

istaken the same has been duly referred in the test. The reported work is based on the
technical seminar presented by me and not copied from the other source.
Signature of candidate
……………………………….
i
Acknowledgment
With great pleasure I want to take this opportunity to express our heartfelt gratitude
to all the people who helped in making this technical seminar work a grand success.
First of all I would like to thank Dr.T.Anil Kumar, Professor &Head of the
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, for being moral support throughout
the period of our study in CVSR.
I am highly indebted to Principalrakesh k.Rakesh, Professor, for giving me the

permission to carry out this technical seminar.
I would like to thank the Teaching & Non- teaching staff of Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering for sharing their knowledge with me.
Last but not the least; I express my sincere thanks to Dr.K.S.Rao , Chairman,
Anurag group of institutions, for his continuous care towards my achievements.
GUGULOTHU LINGAIAH 18H65A0208
ii
ABSTRACT
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. As the name
indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the
supervisory level. It is a computer system for gatheri ng and analyzing real
time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or
equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste
control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. SCADA system can
also be used in power system for supervision, control, operation,
measurement and protection.
SCADA system can be relatively simple, such as one that monitors environmental
conditions of a small office building, or incredible complex,such as a system that
monitors all the activity in a power plant or in a distribution system or of a municipal
water system.
This document describes the SCADA systems in terms of their architecture, their
interface to the process hardware, the functionality and the application development
facilities they provide.
iii
CONTENTS
CH.NO TITLE PAGE NO.
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION 1-4
1.0 WHAT IS SCADA? 1
1.1 SUPERVISORY STATION 1
1.2 WHAT IS DATA ACQUISITION? 1
1.3 WHY OR WHERE WOULD YOU USE SCADA? 1
1.4 HOW SCADA WORKS? 2
1.5 HISTORY OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM 2
1.6 THE EVOLUTION OF SCADA 3
CHAPTER 2:ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENTS OF 5-11

SCADA SYSTEM
2.0 SCADA ARCHITECTURE 5
2.0.0 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 5
2.0.1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE 6
2.1 SCADA SYSTEM COMPONENTS 7
2.1.0 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE(HMI) 7
2.1.1 SUPERVISORY SYSTEM 8
2.1.2 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT(RTU) 8
2.1.3 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER(PLC) 9
2.1.3.0 APPLICATIONS OF PLC 10
2.1.4 MASTER TERMINAL UNIT(MTU) 10
iv
2.1.5 COMMUNICATION NETWOR 11
CHAPTER 3: TYPES/GENERATION OF SCADA 12-15
SYSTEM
3.0 TYPES/GENERATION OF SCADA SYSTEM 12
3.0.0 FIRST GENERATION/MONOLITHIC SCADA SYSTEM 12
3.0.1 SECOND GENERATION/DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM 13
3.0.2 THIRD GENERATION/NETWORK SCADA SYSTEM 14
3.0.3 FOURTH GENERATION/INTERNET OF THINGS 15
CHAPTER 4: WORKING AND SCADA SYSTEM 17-23
4.0 WORKING OF SCADA SYSTEM 17
4.1 FUNCTIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM 17
4.1.0 DATA ACQUISITION 17
4.1.1 DATA COMMUNICATION 18
4.1.2 DATA PRESENTATION 18
4.1.3 CONTROL/MONITORING 19
4.2 SCADA SECURITY SYSTEM 19
4.2.0 EXAMPLES OF SCADA SECURITY 19
4.3 INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES(IED) IN SCADA 20
4.3.0 FUNCTIONS OF IEDs 20
4.4 SCADA SENSORS 20
4.5 SCADA PROGRAMMING 21
4.6 SCADA CONTROL ROOM DATA ANALYSIS 21
v
4.7 SCADA CONTROL ROOM IN POWER SYSTEM 23
CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES 24-25
5.0 APPLICATIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM 24
5.1 ADVANTAGES OF SCADA SYSTEM 24
5.2 APPLICATIONS OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM 24
5.3 DISADVANTAGES OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM 25
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE-SCOPE 26-27
6.0 CONCLUSION 26
6.1 FUTURE-SCOPE 27
SUMMARY 28
REFERRENCE 29
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
Fig 2.0 TYPICAL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 5
Fig 2.1 GENERIC SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE 6
Fig 2.2 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE CONTROL 7
Fig 2.3 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT 9
Fig 2.4 PLC MODULE 9
Fig 2.5 SCADA WITH MTU,COMMUNICATION AND RTU 11
Fig 3.0 MONOLITHIC SCADA SYSTEM 12
Fig 3.1 DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM 13
Fig 3.2 NETWORKED SCADA SYSTEM 14
Fig 3.3 IOT BASED SCADA SYSTEM 15
Fig 4.0 DATA ANALYSIS IN SCADA CONTROL ROOM 22
Fig 4.1 SCADA CONTROL ROOM 23
vii
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 WHAT IS SCADA?

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. As the name
indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the supervisory level. It is
a software package that is positioned on the top of hardware to which it is interfaced, in
general via Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), or other commercial hardware
modules. Systems similar to SCADA systems are routinely seen in factories, treatment
plants etc. These are often referred to as Distributed Control Systems (DCS). They have
similar functions to SCADA systems, but the field data gathering or control units are
usually located within a more confined area. Communications may be via a local area
network (LAN), and will normally be reliable and high speed. Basically, SCADA is a
computer system for gathering and analyzing real time data.
1.1 SUPERVISORY STATION:

Supervisory Station is used to refer to the software and severs responsible for
communication with field equipment (PLCs, RTUs etc), and after that to HMI software
which runs on the work stations in control room, are somewhere else.
Master Station could be composed of only one PC in small SCADA systems. Master
Station cloud have multiple servers, disaster recovery sites and distributed software
applications in larger SCADA systems.
1.2 WHAT IS DATA ACQUISITION?

Data Acquisition the process of retrieving control information from the equipment
which is out of order or may lead to some problem or when decisions are need to be
taken according to the situation in the equipment. So, this Acquisition is done by
continuous monitoring of the equipment to which it is employed. The data accessed are
then forwarded on to a telemetry system ready for transfer to different sites. They can be
analog and digital information gathered by sensors, such as flow meter, ammeter, etc. It
can also be data to control equipment such as actuators, relays, valves, motors, etc.
1.3 WHY OR WHERE WOULD YOU USE SCADA ?

SCADA can be used to monitor and control plant or equipment. The control may be
automatic, or initiated by operator commands. The data acquisition is accomplished
firstly by the RTU's (remote Terminal Units) scanning the field inputs connected to the
Dept of EEE CVSR Page1

RTU (RTU’s may also be called a PLC - programmable logic controller). This is
usually at a fast rate. The central host will scan the RTU's (usually at a slower rate.) The
data is processed to detect alarm conditions, and if an alarm is present, it will be
displayed on special alarm lists. Data can be of three main types. Analogue data (i.e.
real numbers) will be trended (i.e. placed in graphs).
Digital data(on/off) may have alarms attached to one state or the other. Pulse data
(e.g. Counting revolutions of a meter) is normally accumulated or counted.
These systems are used not only in industrial processes. For
example,Manufacturing, steel making, power generation both in conventional,nuclear
and its distribution, chemistry, but also in some experimental facilities such as
laboratories research, testing and evaluation centers,nuclear fusion. The size of such
plants can range from as few as 10 to several 10 thousands input/output (I/O) channels.
However, SCADA systems evolve rapidly and are now penetrating the market of plants
with a number of I/O channels of several 100K.
The primary interface to the operator is a graphical display (mimic)usually via a PC
Screen which shows a representation of the plant or equipment in graphical form. Live
data is shown as graphical shapes(foreground) over a static background. As the data
changes in the field, therefore ground is updated. E.g. a valve may be shown as open or
closed. Analog data can be shown either as a number, or graphically. The system may
have many such displays, and the operator can select from the relevant ones at any
time.SCADA systems were first used in the 1960s.SCADA systems have made
substantial progress over the recent years in terms of functionality,scalability,
performance and openness such that they are an alternative to in house development
even for very demanding and complex control systems as those of physics experiments.
1.4 HOW SCADA WORKS?

The measurement and control system of SCADA has one master terminal unit
(MTU) which could be called the brain of the system and one or more remote terminal
units (RTU). The RTUs gather the data locally and send them to the MTU which then
issues suitable commands to be executed onsite. A system of either standard or
customized software is used to collate,interpret and manage the data.
SCADA as of now uses predominantly open-loop control systems, though some
closed-loop characteristics are often built in. As this is an open loop system, it means
that SCADA system cannot use feedback to check what results its inputs have
produced.
1.5 HISTORYOF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM:

In the early years when electric power systems began developing, electricity
generation plants were only associated with their respective local loads. If anything

failed in the whole linearly connected system, which could include subsystems like
generating plant, power lines, connections, then the lights would be out. Customers had
not yet adapted to depend on electricity. Outages, whether routine or emergency, were
taken as a matter of course. As reliance on electricity grew, so did the need to find ways
to improve reliability.Generating stations and power lines were interconnected to
provide redundancy.
As the system expanded and began to scale out in size, it became harder to manage.
Solutions were needed to face the challenges of controlling equipment over long
distances. To overcome this, operating personnel were often stationed at the important
points in this grid system so that they could monitor and quickly respond to any
problems that might arise due to any fault or failure.They would communicate with
central electricity dispatchers, often employing telephone, to keep them informed about
the condition of the system.
Many manufacturing floors, remote sites, and industrial plants relied on personnel to
monitor equipment and manually control through mechanical push buttons and analog
dials. As the demand for reliable electricity grew even more and as labor became a
significant part of the cost of providing electricity, technologies such as SCADA were
developed which allow remote monitoring and control of the system's key parameters.
1.6 THE EVOLUTION OF SCADA:

The first iteration of SCADA started off with mainframe computers. Networks as
we know them today were not available and each SCADA system stood on its own.
These systems were what would now be referred to as monolithic SCADA systems.
In the 80s and 90s, SCADA continued to evolve thanks to smaller computer
systems, Local Area Networking (LAN) technology, and PC-based HMI software.
SCADA systems soon were able to be connected to other similar systems. Many of the
LAN protocols used in these systems were proprietary, which gave vendors control of
how to optimize data transfer. Unfortunately, these systems were incapable of
communicating with systems from other vendors. These systems were called distributed
SCADA systems.
In the 1990s and early 2000s, building upon the distributed system model, SCADA
adopted an incremental change by embracing an open system architecture and
communications protocols that were not vendor-specific. This iteration of SCADA,
called a networked SCADA system, took advantage of communications technologies
such as Ethernet. Networked SCADA systems allowed systems from other vendors to
communicate with each other, alleviating the limitations imposed by older SCADA
systems, and allowed organizations to connect more devices to the network.

While SCADA systems have undergone substantial evolutionary changes, many

industrial organizations continued to struggle with industrial data access from the
enterprise level. By the late 1990s to the early 2000s, a technological boom occurred
and personal computing and IT technologies accelerated in development. Structured
query language (SQL) databases became the standard for IT databases but were not
adopted by SCADA developers. This resulted in a rift between the fields of controls and
IT, and SCADA technology became antiquated over time.
Traditional SCADA systems still use proprietary technology to handle data.
Whether it is a data historian, a data connector, or other means of data transfer, the
solution is messy and incredibly expensive. Modern SCADA systems aim to solve this
problem by leveraging the best of controls and IT technology.

CHAPTER 2
ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENTS OF SCADA
2.0 SCADA ARCHITECTURE

Most often, this system consists of the following components: operating equipment,
local processors,instruments, PLCs, RTUs, master terminal, intelligent electronic
devices and a PC with HMI. However, for ease of understanding, SCADA architecture
may be divided in two categories:
⚫ Hardware Architecture
⚫ Software Architecture
2.0.0 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE:
Figure 2.0: Typical Hardware Architecture
The Hardware architecture of this system is classified into two parts:

➢ Client Layer: For man machine interface
➢ Data Server Layer: For data processing

The basic hardware of the SCADA system is distinguished into two basic layers: the
"client layer" which caters for the man machine interaction and the "data server layer"
which handles most of the process data control activities. The data servers communicate
with devices in the field through process controllers. Process controllers, e.g. PLCs, are
connected to the data servers either directly or via networks or field buses that are
proprietary (e.g.Siemens H1), or non-proprietary (e.g. Profibus). Data servers are
connected to each other and to client stations via Ethernet LAN. Fig1. shows typical
hardware architecture.
2.0.1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE:
Figure 2.1: Generic Software Architecture

The SCADA products are multi-tasking and are based upon a real-time database
(RTDB) located in one or more servers. Servers are responsible for data acquisition and
handling like polling controllers, alarm checking, calculations, logging and archiving)
on a set of parameters,typically to which those are connected.

However, it is possible to have dedicated servers for particular tasks,e.g. historian,

data logger, alarm handler. Fig.2 shows a SCADA architecture that is generic for the
product.
2.1 SCADA SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A SCADA as a system consists of following subsystems/Components:
➢ Human-Machine Interface(HMI)
➢ Supervisory System
➢ Remote Terminal Units(RTUs)
➢ Programmable Logic Controller(PLCs)
➢ Master Terminal Unit(MTU)
➢ Communication Network
2.1.0 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE(HMI):
Figure 2.2: Human-Machine Interface Control

A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to
a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process.
A HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system's databases and software programs,
to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled
maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor
or machine, and expert-system trouble shooting guides.The HMI system usually
presents the information to the operating personnel graphically, in the form of a mimic
diagram. This means that the operator can see a schematic representation of the plant
being controlled. For example, a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show the

operator that the pump is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at
the moment. The operator can then switch the pump off. The HMI software will show
the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time. Mimic diagrams may consist
of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process elements, or may consist of
digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with animated symbols.
The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing program that
the operators or system maintenance personnel use to change the way these points are
represented in the interface. These representations can be as simple as an on-screen
traffic light, which represents the state of an actual traffic light in the field, or as
complex as a multi-projector display representing the position of all of the elevators in a
skyscraper or all of the trains on a railway.An important part of most SCADA
implementations is alarm handling. The system monitors whether certain alarm
conditions are satisfied, to determine when an alarm event has occurred. Once an alarm
event has been detected,one or more actions are taken (such as the activation of one or
more alarm indicators, and perhaps the generation of email or text messages so that
management or remote SCADA operators are informed). In many cases, a SCADA
operator may have to acknowledge the alarm event; this may deactivate some alarm
indicators, whereas other indicators remain active until the alarm conditions are cleared.
2.1.1 SUPERVISORY SYSTEM:

This system acts as a communication server between the HMI software in control
room workstations and its equipment like PLCs, RTUs, sensors etc.
Smaller Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems have only a single PC
that serves as a supervisory or master system. Larger Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition systems have multiple servers, sites for disaster recovery and distributed
software applications. The servers are configured as dual-redundant or hot-standby
formation for continuously monitoring server failure.
2.1.2 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT(RTU):

RTU stands for Remote Terminal Unit, sometimes also called Remote Telemetry
Unit or Remote Telecontrol Unit.
A RTU is a microprocessor based device that monitors and controls field devices,
that then connects to plant control or SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition)
systems.
An RTU monitors the field digital and analog parameters and transmits data to a
SCADA Master Station. It runs setup software to connect data input streams to data
output streams, define communication protocols, and troubleshoot installation problems
in the field.

Figure 2.3: Remote Terminal Unit

Remote Terminal Unit or RTUs connecting to sensors in the process, converting
sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to supervisory system.The RTU
connects to physical equipment. Typically, an RTU converts the electrical signals from
the equipment to digital values such as the open/closed status from a switch or a valve,
or measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current. By converting and sending
these electrical signals out to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as
opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump. It can also
control the flow of a liquid.
2.1.3 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER(PLC):
Figure 2.4: PLC Module

PLC stands for “Programmable Logic Controller”. A PLC is a computer specially

designed to operate reliably under harsh industrial environments – such as extreme
temperatures, wet, dry, and/or dusty conditions. PLCs are used to automate industrial
processes such as a manufacturing plant’s assembly line, an ore processing plant, or a
wastewater treatment plant.
PLCs share many features of the personal computer you have at home. They both
have a power supply, a CPU (Central Processing Unit), inputs and outputs (I/O),
memory, and operating software (although it’s a different operating software).
The biggest differences are that a PLC can perform discrete and continuous
functions that a PC cannot do, and a PLC is much better suited to rough industrial
environments. A PLC can be thought of as a ‘ruggedized’ digital computer that
manages the electro-mechanical processes of an industrial environment.
PLCs play a crucial role in the field of automation, using forming part of a larger
SCADA system. A PLC can be programmed according to the operational requirement
of the process. In the manufacturing industry, there will be a need for reprogramming
due to the change in the nature of production. To overcome this difficulty, PLC-based
control systems were introduced. We’ll first discuss PLC basics before looking at
various applications of PLCs.
2.1.3.0 APPLICATIONS OF PLC:
⚫ Process Auto-machine Plants
⚫ Glass Industry
⚫ Paper Industry
⚫ Cement Manufacturing
⚫ In Boilers-Thermal Power Plants
2.1.4 MASTER TERMINAL UNIT(MTU):

It is the heart of the SCADA system, which can be a dedicated computer, a
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), or a network server that communicates with
remote field side RTUs. It initiates all communication, collects the data, stores the data
in database, provides interfaces to operators and sends the information to other systems.
It allows the users to perform controlling functions on field devices such as
breakers, switches and other actuators depending on the gathered data. It continuously
communicates with other devices in master station so as to facilitate data logging, alarm
processing, trending and reporting, graphical interface and security system.
Communication between the MTU and RTU is bidirectional, however, the major
differences is RTU cannot initiate the conversation, an RTU simply collects the data
Dept of EEE CVSR P a g e 10

from the field and stores the data. Communication between the MTU and RTUs are
initiated by the programs within the MTU which are triggered either by operator
instructions or automatically triggered.
When MTU asks the desired information RTU sends it. So, MTU is considered as
Master and RTU is the Slave. After receiving the data required MTU communicates to
the printers and CRTs which are operator interface through necessary protocols. At this
level of communication, it will be of the form peer-to-peer communication rather than
master-slave communication unlike communication between MTUs and RTUs. Thus in
SCADA system, MTU acts as the heart of the system.
Figure 2.5: SCADA with MTU, Communication and RTU
2.1.5 COMMUNICATION NETWORK:

It provides the link between RTUs (in the field) to MTU (in the control center). The
communication can be wired or wireless or through internet which provides
bidirectional and uninterrupted communication between RTU and MTU.
SCADA systems can be connected using various communication mediums
including twisted pair cables, coaxial metal cables, fiber optic cables, satellites, high
frequency radio, telephone lines, and microwave radio.
The topology of the SCADA system network depends on the type of system or
application it is intended for. Mostly redundant topology is recommended for critical
control applications.

CHAPTER3
TYPES/GENERATIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM
3.0 TYPES/GENERATIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM:

There are four types/generations of SCADA system. They are:
➢ First Generation/Monolithic
➢ Second Generation/Distributed
➢ Third Generation/Networked
➢ Fourth Generation/IOT
3.0.0 FIRST GENERATION/MONOLITHIC SCADA SYSTEM:
Figure 3.0: Monolithic SCADA System

When SCADA systems were first developed, the concept of computing in
general centered on “mainframe” systems. Networks were generally non-existent, and
each centralized system stood alone. As a result, SCADA systems were standalone
systems with virtually no connectivity to other systems. The communication protocols
in use on SCADA networks were developed by vendors of RTU equipment and were
often proprietary.
In addition, these protocols were generally very “lean”, supporting virtually no

functionality beyond that required scanning and controlling points within the remote
device. Also, it was generally not feasible to intermingle other types of data traffic
with RTU communications on the network.

Connectivity to the SCADA master station itself was very limited by the system
vendor. Connections to the master typically were done at the bus level via a
proprietary adapter or controller plugged into the Central Processing
Unit(CPU) backplane.
“Redundancy in these first generation systems was accomplished by the use of

two identically equipped mainframe systems, a primary and a backup, connected at
the bus level”.
The standby system’s primary function was to monitor the primary and take over
in the event of a detected failure. This type of standby operation meant that little or
no processing was done on the standby system. Fig7. shows a typical first
generation SCADA architecture.
3.0.1 SECOND GENERATION/DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM:
Figure3.1: Distributed SCADA System
The next generation of SCADA systems took advantage of developments

and improvement in system miniaturization and Local Area Networking
(LAN)technology to distribute the processing across multiple systems. Multiple
stations, each with a specific function, were connected to a LAN and shared
information with each other in real-time.
Some of these distributed stations served as communications processors,

primarily communicating with field devices such as RTUs. Some served as operator
interfaces, providing the HMI for system operators. Still others served as calculation
processors or database servers.

The distribution of individual SCADA system functions across multiple systems

provided more processing power for the system as a whole than would have been
available in a single processor. The networks that connected these individual systems
were generally based on LAN protocols and were not capable of reaching beyond the
limits of the local environment.
Some of the LAN protocols that were used were of a proprietary nature, where the
vendor created its own network protocolor version there of rather than pulling an
existing one off the shelf. This allowed a vendor to optimize its LAN protocol for
real-time traffic, but it limited (or effectively eliminated) the connection of network
from other vendors to the SCADA LAN.
Distribution of system functionality across network-connected systems served not

only to increase processing power, but also to improve the redundancy andreliabilityof
the system as a whole. Rather than the simple primary/standby fail over scheme that
was utilized in many first generation systems, the distributed architecture often kept
all stations on the LAN in an online state all of the time. Fig8. shows typical second
generation SCADA architecture.
3.0.2 THIRD GENERATION/NETWORKED SCADA SYSTEM:
Figure 3.2: Networked SCADA System
The current generation of SCADA master station architecture is closely related to

that of the second generation, with the primary difference being that of an open
system architecture rather than a vendor controlled, proprietary environment.
There are still multiple networked systems, sharing master station functions. There
are still RTUs utilizing protocols that are vendor-proprietary.These systems use
Ethernet or Fiber Optic Connections for transmitting data between the nodes frequently.
These third generation SCADA systems use Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) for
monitoring and adjusting the routine flagging operators only in case of major decisions
requirement.

Open standards eliminate a number of the limitations of previous generations of

SCADA systems. The utilization of off-the-shelf systems makes it easier for the user
to connect third party peripheral devices (such as monitors, printers, disk drives, tape
drives, etc.) to the system and/or the network.
The major improvement in third generation SCADA systems comes from the use
of WAN protocols such as the Internet Protocol (IP) for Communication between the
master station and communications equipment. This allows the portion of the master
station that is responsible for communications with the field devices to be separated
from the master station “proper” across a WAN. Fig9. shows typical third generation
SCADA architecture.
“Vendors are now producing RTUs that can communicate with the master station
using an Ethernet connection”. The first and second generation SCADA systems are
limited to single site networks or single building called as sealed systems. In these
systems, we can not have any risk compared to the third generation SCADA system
which are connected to the internet causing the security risks. There will be several
parallel working distributed SCADA systems under a single supervisor in network
architecture.
3.0.3 FOURTH GENERATION/INTERNET OF THINGS:
Figure 3.3 : IOT Based SCADA System
In fourth generation, the infrastructure cost of the SCADA systems is reduced by

adopting the internet of things technology with the commercially available cloud
computing. The maintenance and integration is also very easy for the fourth generation
compared to the earlier SCADA systems.

These SCADA systems are able to report state in real time by using the horizontal
scale from the cloud computing facility; thus, more complex control algorithms can be
implemented which are practically sufficient to implement on traditional PLCs.
The security risks in case of decentralized SCADA implementations such as a

heterogonous mix of proprietary network protocols can be surpassed using the open
network protocols such as TLS inherent in the internet of things which will provide
comprehendible and manageable security boundary. Fig10. shows the typical fourth
generation SCADA System.

CHAPTER4
WORKING AND FUNCTIONS OF SCADA
4.0 WORKING OF SCADA SYSTEM:

A SCADA system consists of a master station that communicates with remote
terminal units(RTUs) for the purpose of allowing operators to observe and control
physical plants. Generating plants and transmission substations certainly justify RTUs,
and their installation becoming more common in distribution substations as costs
decrease. RTUs transmit device status and measurements to, and receive control
commands and set point data from, the master station. Communication is generally via
dedicated circuits operating in the range of 600 to 4800bits/sec.
4.1 FUNCTIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM:

The SCADA system performs the following functions:
➢ Data Acquisition
➢ Data Communication
➢ Data presentation
➢ Control/Monitoring
These functions are performed by sensors, RTUs, controllers, a communication

network. The sensors are used to collect the important information and RTUs are used
to send this information to the controller and display the status of the system. According
to the status of the system, the user can give the command to other system components.
This operation is done by the communication network.
4.1.0 DATA ACQUISITION:

The collection of SCADA data frequently involves some kind of analog to digital
conversion. Instead of collecting and filing data by hand, SCADA automatically
compiles and delivers information about your facility’s production processes to a central
hub. This system sends digitized information in real time, and it also automatically
compiles backlogs of all collected data for easy analysis later.
PLCs and RTUs communicate with objects like machines and sensors within your
factory and send gathered information to central processing hubs. These central
processors analyze the data and distribute it to the appropriate parties.
The real-time system consists of thousands of components and sensors. It is very
important to know the status of particular components and sensors. For example, some

sensors measure the water flow from the reservoir to the water tank and some sensors
measure the value pressure as the water is released from the reservoir.
4.1.1 DATA COMMUNICATION:

The SCADA system uses a wired network to communicate between users and
devices. Real-time applications use a lot of sensors and components which should be
controlled remotely. The SCADA system uses internet communications. All
information is transmitted through the internet using specific protocols. Sensors and
relays are not able to communicate with the network protocols so RTUs used to
communicate sensors and network interfaces.
The collected data is transmitted either spontaneously or in response to a request for
data to some kind of upstream consolidator or master. The communication channel can
be analog (T202, POTS) or digital (RS485, TCP/IP). SCADA network topology
typically also includes some kind of transport validation independent of any content
validation.
SCADA systems may use wired or wireless communication technologies, as well as
different communication protocols to transmit data between machines and operators.
Common non-proprietary communication protocols include distributed network
protocol (DNP3), Modbus, and IEC 60870-5. There are also numerous proprietary
protocols specific to certain SCADA vendors. Additionally, SCADA systems typically
utilize either closed local area networks (LANs) for local geographical areas, or wide
area networks (WANs) for systems that need to connect multiple local area networks
that are spread across different regions.
4.1.2 DATA PRESENTATION:

The normal circuit networks have some indicators which can be visible to control
but in the real-time SCADA system, there are thousands of sensors and alarm which are
impossible to be handled simultaneously. The SCADA system uses the Human-
Machine interface(HMI) to provide all of the information gathered from the various
sensors.
The collected data is processed, organized and presented for system operators to
make appropriate response and control decisions. The presentation can vary from
tabular presentation of logged events to graphical presentation against mapping or
image backgrounds.
The master station receives data from the devices that report to it. It then translates
that data into a human-readable and meaningful format. This is why the system is
sometimes also referred to as mentioned HMI.

4.1.3 CONTROL/MONITORING:
The SCADA system uses different switches to operate each device and displays the
status of the control area. Any part of the process can be turned ON/OFF from the
control station using these switches. SCADA system is implemented to work
automatically without human intervention but in critical situations, it is handled by
manpower.
If control decisions are warranted and the system supports output, appropriate
commands can be dispatched to affect specific operational or configuration changes.
Most control actions are performed by RTUs and PLCs.
The SCADA system automatically controls the overall system with minimum
human interference. In case of sophisticated master station, these controls can run
completely automatically without the need of human intervention.Controls allow you to
set variables and remotely control automated operations such as opening a door, turning
a valve, running a generator when the power goes out. They are essential features for
remote sites and save you valuable windshield time by limiting how often you must
send a tech to your site. So let's add one. Let's say the human operator also has a button
on his control panel.
4.2 SCADA SECURITY SYSTEM

At present, SCADA networks are used extensively in current industries to check &
examine real-time data, industrial processes can be controlled, communicate with
devices. So SCADA systems are essential for industrial organizations because these
systems include hardware & software. So, SCADA security is also essential in
industries.
The term SCADA security is used to protect the SCADA networks which are
fabricated with computer hardware. SCADA networks used by some of the systems
are electricity, natural gas, etc. The private and government organizations have taken
the measures of these networks because of the valuable role to make sure the security of
the SCADA systems.
4.2.0 EXAMPLES OF SCADA SECURITY

The threats that occur in SCADA systems include the following:
⚫ Hackers
⚫ Terrorists
⚫ Malware
⚫ Error Inside
The weakness of SCADA security mainly occurs because of the following reasons:

⚫ Poor Training
⚫ Loopholes Development of App
⚫ Issues while Monitoring
⚫ Less Maintenance
The SCADA system can be protected by mapping all present systems, monitoring,
and detecting the institute, and create processes for the security of the network.
4.3 INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES(IED) IN SCADA:

Intelligent Electronic Devices abbreviated as IED is defined as devices that have
single or multiple microprocessors integrated within it.In most simple terms, devices
like microprocessor-based voltage regulators, protection relays, circuit breaker
controllers, etc. that can serially communicate with other devices in the network are
known as Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED).
Its main purpose involves the transmission or reception of data or control signals to
or from an external device. The external device in consideration with the whole system
can be transducers, relays, control units, etc.
IEDs are regarded as a key part of industrial control systems used for the purpose of
advanced powerautomation. Thus, is useful in Supervisory Control And Data
Acquisition (SCADA System).
4.3.0 FUNCTIONS OF IEDs:

Some auxiliary functions are also offered by IEDs which are as follows:
➢ Monitoring: It monitors self and external circuits along with checking the real-time
synchronization of the events that are occurring.
➢ Data Accessing: IEDs can access the data present locally as well as the one which is
present at distant substations.
➢ Testing and Analysis: It has certain software tools used for the purpose of testing,
reporting, and fault analysis. Also, it offers the programmable logic controller
functionality.
4.4 SCADA SENSORS
Almost any sensor may be used with the measurement and control system,allowing
customization for each operation. Each of our control units features a variety of channel
types for flexibility in measuring many different types of sensors.
For example, magnetic flow meters can be measured using pulse counting channels
instead of being measured as a 4-20mA signal. Likewise, ultrasonic level transmitters

can be measured using SDI-12 protocol on digital ports instead of as a 4-20mA signal.
Our control units also provide extensive signal conditioning and are easily expandable.
4.5 SCADA PROGRAMMING
SCADA Programming in HMI or master station is used for creating diagrams and
maps that provide vital information during process or event failure. Most of the
commercial Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems use standardized
interfaces in programming.
C-Language or derived programming language is generally used for such

programming.
4.6 SCADA CONTROL ROOM DATA ANALYSIS:

Designing a control room for your specialty SCADA & DCS systems takes critical
knowledge of the importance of human/machine interaction monitoring critical system.
Furthermore, our designers have a high-level of understanding working within the
critical monitoring environment.
The Supervisory control and data acquisitions (SCADA) control system uses
computers and user interfaces for superior supervisory management. Generally used in
process plants or machinery, operator engagement and alertness is critical when using
the monitoring system. In particular, our experts establish standards and bring potential
critical issues to attention. We solve control room problems by utilizing an integrated
control room design approach.
This system was developed as a universal way to remotely access various control
modules and control processes at multiple sites. When you start getting into larger scale
SCADA systems, they can look a lot like DCS (Distributed Control Systems) as far as
function goes. However, SCADA systems use a variety of different approaches of
interfacing with your mission-critical facility. Here are some things to know about this
process.
➢ The process of data acquisition will typically begin at the PLC or RTU level,
utilizing equipment status reports and instrumentation readings.
➢ Status reports on the equipment are sent to the SCADA level 2 as it is required to.
➢ Data gets compiled as to allow the control room operator using the Human Machine
Interface (HMI) can make to adjust or even override the PLC/RTU controls as
needed.
➢ Data may also be sent out in order to be analyzed for auditing purposes.

Figure 4.0: Data Analysis in SCADA Control Room

4.7 SCADA CONTROL ROOM IN POWER SYSTEM:
Fig:4.3 Scada control room

CHAPTER 5
APLLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES
5.0 APPLICATIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM:
SCADA systems are used for monitoring a variety of data like flows, currents,
voltages, pressures, temperatures, water levels, and etc., in various industries. If the
system detects any abnormal conditions from any monitoring data, then the alarms at
the central or remote sites will be triggered for alerting the operators through HMI.
There are numerous applications of SCADA systems, but a few most frequently
used SCADA applications include:
1. Manufacturing Industries
2. Waste Water Treatment and Distribution Plants
3. SCADA in Power System
5.1 ADVANTAGES OF SCADA SYSTEM:

The advantages of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system include:
➢ Improvement in Service Quality
➢ Improvement in Reliability
➢ Reduction in operation and maintenance costs
➢ Easy to monitor large system parameters
➢ Real time information on demand
➢ Reduction in Manpower
➢ Value added services
➢ Ease in Fault Detection and Fault Localization (FDFL)
➢ Reduction in Repair Time (System Down Time)
5.2 APPLICATIONS OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM:

Commonly SCADA systems are used when a need arises to automate complex
processes where human control is not feasible. In power system specifically, this can
include:
➢ The system needs an uninterrupted power supply and a protected environment
➢ We would need to know the status of a complex power system in real-time
➢ We would need to monitor and control system that are in remote areas

The power generation, transmission and distribution sectors, supervision,

monitoring, and control are the main aspects in all these areas. Therefore, the SCADA
implementation of power system improves the overall efficiency of the system for
optimizing, supervising, and controlling the generation, transmission & distribution
systems. SCADA function in the power system network offers greater system reliability
and stability for integrated grid operation.
5.3 DISADVANTAGES OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM:
➢ As the system is complex, it requires skilled operators, analysts andprogrammers to

maintain SCADA system.
➢ Installation costs are higher.
➢ The system increases unemployment rates.
➢ The system supports use of restricted softwares and hardware equipments.
➢ SCADA system needs maintenance. If you are the end user- it means more yearly
recurring cost.
➢ SCADA systems are updated quite frequently to add or change tags, units of
measure, scripts, alarm thresholds, and synoptic.

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE-SCOPE
6.0 CONCLUSION
SCADA system can be implemented on a large scale in power systems so as to
increase their performance, reliability, and durability. Data acquisition and monitoring
can be very convenient and accurate if power systems are upgraded to SCADA.
Now, electrical systems are extremely efficient and intelligent to monitor and control all
of the involved operations and procedures and it has become possible only because of
technological advancements. So we can conclude that it's essential for the power sector
to optimize their systems as per the requirements of the technical changes.
The SCADA system helps in monitoring and controlling of the overall electricity
network which provides uninterrupted electricity supply to the consumer. It keeps
record of the system operation which is helpful for getting a clear picture of the overall
status of the system. Since the status of the overall system network can be understood
within few seconds therefore it becomes easy for DPDC to manage the load demand
during abundant and shortage of electricity. The application of SCADA has simplified
the managing of the electricity network of with minimum human interference. From this
study it can be said that in order to improve the overall system performance, reliability
and stability it is necessary to implement the SCADA system for controlling the whole
electricity network. The manual operation of power system requires huge manpower
which increases the overall system cost. Moreover quick decision making becomes
difficult in manual system during system failure or unbalanced situation. For proper
operation, control and monitoring of the overall power system it is necessary to
implement the SCADA system.

6.1 FUTURE-SCOPE
Every engineer has good scope in future it entirely depends of the company and
your performance.The Future of SCADA engineers has very good opportunities .
because the corporate needs only automation support to reduce their employees for
many reasons. Some may ask why they are going to PLC it's expensive when compared
to micro-controllers . The only reason is that PLC has huge no of I/O pins, Trouble
shooting is easy Can be easily programmed it can withstand in robust environment.If
you are PLC and SCADA engineers get and grab the experience from beginning
company and then go for MNCS .

SUMMARY
Nowadays, computer control is one of the most cost effective solutions for
improving reliability, optimum operation, intelligent control and protection of a power
system network. Having advanced data collection capabilities, SCADAsystem plays a
significant role in power system operation.
Typically, at distribution side SCADA does more than simply collecting data by
automating entire distribution network and facilitating remote monitoring, coordinate,
control and operating distribution components just like in smart grid system.
SCADA systems are mainly used for the implementation of monitoring

and control system of an equipment or a plant in several industries like
power plants, oil and gas refining, water and waste control,
telecommunications, etc.
In this system, measurements are made under field or process level in a

plant by number of remote terminal units and then data are transferred to the
SCADA central host computer so that more complete process or
manufacturing information can be provided remotely.
This system displays the received data on number of operator screens and
conveys back the necessary control actions to the remote terminal units in
process plant.

REFERENCES
1. IEEE Std C37.1TM-2007,”IEEE Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems”
IEEE Power and Energy Society,IEEE,USA,2008,PP.19-21.
2. Boyer, Stuart A. (2010). SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. USA:
ISA - International Society of Automation. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-936007-09-7.
3. Jeff Hieb (2008). Security Hardened Remote Terminal Units for SCADA Networks.
University of Louisville.
4. OFFICE OF THE MANAGER NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMctober
2004. "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems" (PDF).
NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14
July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
5. R. J. Robles and T. H. Kim, “Architecture for SCADA with Mobile Remote
Components”, Proceedings of the 12th WSEAS International Conference on Automatic
Control, Modelling & Simulation.
6. "SCADA Systems april 2014".
7. J. Russel. "A Brief History of SCADA/EMS (2015)". Archived from the original on
11 August 2015.
8. Abbas, H.A. (2014). Future SCADA challenges and the promising solution: the
agent-based SCADA. IJCIS, 10, 307-333.
9. Security Hardened Remote Terminal Units for SCADA Networks. 2008. pp. 12–
ISBN 978-0-549-54831-7.


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TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GUGLOTHU LINGAIAH (18H65A0208)

Under the Esteemed Co-ordination of

Head of the department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ANURAG GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

This is to certify that the technical seminar "SCADA IN POWER

External Examiner Head of the Department

No part of thesis is copied from books/journals/internet and where the portion

I am highly indebted to Principalrakesh k.Rakesh, Professor, for giving me the

GUGULOTHU LINGAIAH 18H65A0208

CH.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION 1-4

1.0 WHAT IS SCADA? 1

1.1 SUPERVISORY STATION 1

1.2 WHAT IS DATA ACQUISITION? 1

1.3 WHY OR WHERE WOULD YOU USE SCADA? 1

1.4 HOW SCADA WORKS? 2

1.5 HISTORY OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM 2

1.6 THE EVOLUTION OF SCADA 3

CHAPTER 2:ARCHITECTURE AND COMPONENTS OF 5-11

2.0 SCADA ARCHITECTURE 5

2.0.0 HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 5

2.0.1 SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE 6

2.1 SCADA SYSTEM COMPONENTS 7

2.1.0 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE(HMI) 7

2.1.1 SUPERVISORY SYSTEM 8

2.1.2 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT(RTU) 8

2.1.3 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER(PLC) 9

2.1.3.0 APPLICATIONS OF PLC 10

2.1.4 MASTER TERMINAL UNIT(MTU) 10

CHAPTER 3: TYPES/GENERATION OF SCADA 12-15

3.0 TYPES/GENERATION OF SCADA SYSTEM 12

3.0.0 FIRST GENERATION/MONOLITHIC SCADA SYSTEM 12

3.0.1 SECOND GENERATION/DISTRIBUTED SCADA SYSTEM 13

3.0.2 THIRD GENERATION/NETWORK SCADA SYSTEM 14

3.0.3 FOURTH GENERATION/INTERNET OF THINGS 15

CHAPTER 4: WORKING AND SCADA SYSTEM 17-23

4.0 WORKING OF SCADA SYSTEM 17

4.1 FUNCTIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM 17

4.1.0 DATA ACQUISITION 17

4.1.1 DATA COMMUNICATION 18

4.1.2 DATA PRESENTATION 18

4.2 SCADA SECURITY SYSTEM 19

4.2.0 EXAMPLES OF SCADA SECURITY 19

4.3 INTELLIGENT ELECTRONIC DEVICES(IED) IN SCADA 20

4.3.0 FUNCTIONS OF IEDs 20

4.4 SCADA SENSORS 20

4.5 SCADA PROGRAMMING 21

4.6 SCADA CONTROL ROOM DATA ANALYSIS 21

CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS AND ADVANTAGES 24-25

5.0 APPLICATIONS OF SCADA SYSTEM 24

5.1 ADVANTAGES OF SCADA SYSTEM 24

5.2 APPLICATIONS OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM 24

5.3 DISADVANTAGES OF SCADA IN POWER SYSTEM 25

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE-SCOPE 26-27

FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Fig 2.0 TYPICAL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 5

Fig 2.1 GENERIC SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE 6

Fig 2.2 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE CONTROL 7