A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

on

INTELLIGENT SUBSTATION
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by
T. VENKATESH
16H65A0221

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Anurag Group of Institutions

(Formerly CVSR College of Engineering)

(Autonomous)

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi-Accredited by NBA-New Delhi

Affiliated to JNTUH University, Hyderabad.

Venkatapur(V), Ghatkesar(M), Medchal(D).

2018-2019
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

ANURAG GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

(Formerly CVSR College of Engineering)
(Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE, New-Delhi-Accredited by NBA-New Delhi
Affiliated to JNTU(H) University, Hyderabad.
Venkatapur(V), Ghatkesar(M), Medchal(D).

CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Technical Seminar report work entitled

"INTELLIGENT SUBSTATION"

submitted by

T. VENKATESH

16H65A0221

Under the guidance and supervision in the partial fulfillment for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING from ANURAG GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, Hyderabad during 2018-
2019.

Technical Seminar Coordinator Head of the Department

I.Vijaya Kumar & MD.Yaseen Dr.T.Anil Kumar
Assistant Professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this technical seminar required a lot of
guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have
got this all along the completion of my Technical seminar. Whatever I have done is
all due to only such guidance and assistance and I would not forgot to thank them.

I am thankful to our guide B. Chandrasekhar Reddysir, Associate

professor in EEE department for giving his technical support and cooperation.

I am greatly indebted to thank Dr.T.Anil Kumarsir, Head of department,

EEE for his technical support and cooperation.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement,

support and guidance from all Teaching staff of Department of EEE which helped
us in completing our project work. Also, I would like to extend our sincere regards
to all the non-teaching staff of the department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering and my friends and my family for their entire support.

T. VENKATESH

16H65A0221
 ABSTRACT

Today’s distribution networks face numerous challenges. Fluctuating loads

and increasingpenetration of distributed generation lead to extra voltage variations

and changes in power flows and as result to an increase of uncertainty for planning

and grid operation. The need for new technologies, which can manage these

challenges and still provide a reliable and sustainable power supply, has become

essential. The Dutch DSO Alliander, in consortium with Dutch industries, has

developed and installed the Intelligent Distribution Substation (IntDS) with a goal

to investigate how the combination of power electronics and storage can manage

above stated issues and improve power quality in low voltage (LV) distribution

grids
 INTRODUCTION

Introduction of power electronics and potentially disturbing loads in

distribution grids can result in the decreasing of power quality (PQ). Moreover
distributed generation leads to extra voltage variations and changes in power flows.
At the same time the growing life standards and the increasing sensibility of a
number of devices cause higher expectations towards PQ levels. The need for new
technologies that can manage these challenges has become apparent. In order to
investigate the benefits of the combination of power electronics and storage
devices in managing the above stated issues, the Dutch DSO Alliander, in
consortium with Dutch industries, has developed and installed the Intelligent
Distribution Substation.
The goals to be achieved by the IntDS are:
▪ Limiting of slow voltage variations in the LV grid by means of the smart
transformer
▪ Reducing/compensating harmonic voltage distortion by means of the
inverter control
▪ Obtaining information about power flows in the LV gridwith distributed
generation.
THE INTELLIGENT DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION
The intelligent distribution substation is based on a standard MV/LV
substation. It is extended with intelligent components, in order to improve the
performance of the LV grid.

INTELLIGENT SUBSTATION COMPONENTS

The “intelligent” components of the IntDS are:
▪ The Smart Transformer: a distribution transformer (10kV/400V) with a coupled
power electronic voltageregulation and control;
▪ The electricity storage system, connected to LV bus-bar by means of a
bidirectional inverter (ESI)
▪The measurement system: all ingoing, outgoing and internal feeders are equipped
with voltage and current monitoring devices. This measuring system is based on
the SASensor philosophy.
The IntDS is placed in a district, where a large amount of domestic
customers have installed micro Combined Heat and Power (µCHP) installations.
In order to monitor the effect of the control actions on the point of common
coupling (PCC) of the LV customers, a number of the houses is equipped with
remotely readPQ measuring devices.

Possibilities for Power Quality improving

The IntDS has possibilities to improve PQ aspects in the LV grid such as:
▪ Voltage control
▪ Reduction of harmonic distortion
▪ Compensation of voltage dips
▪ Compensation of flicker
Voltage control
For the voltage control the electronic tap changer of the Smart Transformer is
activated. This ensures a constant voltage level on the LV rail of the IntDS.
The set-point for the voltage control has to be determined in such way that
the optimal voltage level will be achieved at all PCC’s of the LV customers.

Harmonic distortion reduction

The voltage harmonic distortion at the LV side of the IntDS can be reduced by:
▪ Resistive harmonic damping (RHD) by the ESI. The harmonics are absorbed by
means of a virtual impedance, created by de ESI. This control has effect up to
the 13th harmonics;
▪ Passive harmonic damping by the ESI. The filter capacitors of the ESI take part
in the filtering ofharmonics.

Harmonic voltages are caused both by the backgroundharmonic voltages

from the feeding MV grid and by the harmonic currents in the LV-cables and the
feeding MV/LV transformer.

Because the harmonic controller is located on the LV busbar, the IntDS is

only able to reduce the harmonic voltage caused by the MV-grid. In LV grids the
3th, 5th and 7th harmonic voltages are the most dominant. The main target for the
harmonic control is reducing these dominant harmonics. As the 3th harmonic
voltage is hardly present at the MV level, the effect of the control will be noticed
mostly on the 5th and 7th harmonic voltages.
Voltage dips compensation
Compensation of voltage dips at the LV side of the IntDS is performed by
means of the Smart Transformer and the ESI. Voltage dips however only occur a
few times per year on an LV bus-bar of a distribution substation. So, this
functionality is hard to test.

Flicker compensation (LV side)

The flicker level at the LV side of the IntDS can be improved by:
▪ The electronic tap changer of the Smart Transformer;
▪ The flicker compensation control of the bidirectional inverter (ESI) of the
storage system.

Substation Automation System Functional Architecture :-

The functional architecture includes three functional data paths from the
substation to the utility enterprise, as well as the SCADA system and the data
warehouse - Data Concentrator, SCADA interface, Router. The operational data
path to the SCADA system utilizes the communication protocol presently
supported by the SCADA system. The non-operational data path to the data
warehouse conveys the IED non-operational data from the substation automation
(SA) system to the data warehouse, either being pulled by a data warehouse
application from the SA system or being pushed from the SA system to the data
warehouse based on an event trigger or time. The remote access path to the
substation utilizes a dial-in telephoneor network connection.

New vs. existing Substations - The design of new substations has the advantage of
starting with a blank sheet of paper. The new substation will typically have many
 IEDs for different functions, and the majority of operational data for the SCADA
system will come from these IEDs. The IEDs will be integrated with digital two-
way communications. Typically, there are no conventional remote terminal units
(RTUs) in new substations. The RTU functionality is addressed using IEDs, PLCs,
and an integration network using digital communications.

In existing substations, there are several alternative approaches, depending

on whether or not the substation has a conventional RTU installed. The utility has
three choices for their existing conventional substation RTUs: integrate RTU with
IEDs; integrate RTU as another IED; retire RTU and use IEDs and PLCs as with
new substation.

Equipment Condition Monitoring - Many electric utilities have employed

ECM to maintain electric equipment in top operating condition while minimizing
the number of interruptions. With ECM, equipment-operating parameters are
automatically tracked to detect the emergence of various abnormal operating
conditions. This allows substation operations personnel to take timely action when
needed to improve reliability and extend equipment life. This approach is applied
most frequently to substation transformers and high voltage electric supply circuit
breakers to minimize the maintenance costs of these devices, as well as improve
their availability.

Substation Automation System Key Benefits

 Automatic supervision of interlocks

 Graphical presentations of safety procedures
 Local & global alarm & warnings
 Detect fault location - useful for distribution systems
 Equipment diagnostics
 Intelligent interlocking system
 Diagnostics of disturbances
 Automation with supervisory & advisory control
 IEC 61850 Substation Automation
 Substation Control & Monitoring System (SCMS)
 Enforce complex logic for device protection & coordination
 Security control with multiple access levels
 Supporting third party SCADA technology
 Minimizes outages
 Reduces operating & maintenance costs

Components in Intelligent Distribution Substation

 Smart Transformer
 Measurement systems
 Bidirectional Inverter
 Electricity storage System
 Smart
Transforme
r

Electricity storage
system
with bidirectional
inverter
Measurement
system
Bi directional Inverter
A bidirectional inverter, in a DC-distribution system, is a device that is used
to regulate and monitor the flow of power between a DC bus and an AC grid and to
restrict the voltage expanse at the former to only a certain permissible range of
voltages. In other words, a bi-directional inverter is the one that not only performs
the DC to AC conversion, but also performs the conversion of AC power to DC.
The major advantage of using a bidirectional inverter is that their use provides
users—typically homeowners and business owners—with additional flexibility in
terms of the ability to decide when to buy power from an electrical grid and when
to sell so as to make the maximum profit based on the price of electricity at a
particular point in time.
Smart Transformer
In order to reduce the communication data for controlling the power, the
ST concept is presented. ST is a devicewhich is the controlled online tap
changing transformer thatis connected at the point of common coupling of
the microgrid, as depicted in fig.1. It is smart in the sense that its control strategy
is able to control its microgrid side voltage .In medium-voltage networks,
basically on load tap changer transformers (OLTCs) are already in the place
so STs require only little modification. But in the low voltage networks, mostly
manual tap changer transformers are used, therefore voltage control is offline
and not automatically.this will increase the system load which makes the
system unreliable and less accurate. Therefore many tap changing transformers at
the beginnings of the low-voltage lines. By increasing demand of DG units
and risk of overvoltage also increased. Therefore ability of automatically tap
changing transformer is more interesting and is more effective,faster and cheaper.
Hence all manual transformers are upgraded to OLTCs. The OLTCs with
smart control strategy, i.e., the ST, controls the PCC power by controlling the
micro grid side voltage. If grid is equipped with voltage droop control than
these elements automatically change their input/output power. The VBD
control strategy, illustrated in Fig. 2, has originally been introduced for a
stable operation of low voltage islanded microgrids . For the active power
control of the DG units, Vg/Vdc droop controller and P/Vg droop controller
combination is consisted in VBD with Vdc the dc-link
voltage, where the power of the dc link is provided by the available renewable
energy and Vg the terminal voltage of the DG unit. The former enables power
balancing of the DG units‟ ac and dc side and an effective usage of the allowed
tolerance on the variations of terminal voltage from its nominal value for
grid control. By using P/Vg droop controller voltage limit violations are
avoided by changing input power of the unit. It is combined with constant-power
bands that delay the active power changes of the renewable (wide constant-
power band) compared to those of the dispatchable DG units to more extreme
voltages.

Measuring Equipment in Substation

Instrument Transformers:

The current and voltage transformers are together called as the

Instrument transformers.

Current Transformer
Current transformer is used for the measurement of the alternating current by
taking samples of the higher currents of the system. These reduced samples are in
accurate proportions with the actual high currents of the system. These are used for
installation and maintenance of the current relays in substations for protection
purpose which are normally have low-current ratings for their operation.

Potential Transformer
Potential transformer is quite similar to the current transformer, but it is used
for taking samples of high voltages of a system for providing low-voltage to the
relays of protection system and also to the low-rating meters for voltage
measurement. From this low-voltage measurement, the actual system’s high
voltage can be calculated without measuring high voltages directly to avoid the
cost of the measurement system.

OTHER EQUIPMENT IN SUBSTATION.

Isolators

Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty

section or the section of a conductor or a part of a circuit of substation meant for
repair from a healthy section in order to avoid occurrence of more severe faults.
Hence, it is also called as a disconnector or disconnecting switch. There are
different types of isolators used for different applications such as single-break
isolator, double-break isolator, bus isolator, line isolator, etc.
Bus Bars

The conductor carrying current and having multiple numbers of incoming

and outgoing line connections can be called as bus bar, which is commonly used in
substations. These are classified into different types like single bus, double bus and
ring bus.
Lightening Arresters

The substation equipments such as conductors, transformers, etc., are always

erected outdoor. Whenever light surges occur then, a high-voltage pass through
these electrical components causing damage to them (either temporary or
permanent damage based on the amount of voltage surge). Therefore, to avoid this
difficulty, lightening arresters are placed to pass the entire lightening surges to
earth. There are other arresters which are used to ground the switching surges
called as surge arresters.

Circuit Breakers

For the protection of substation and its components from the over currents or
over load due to short circuit or any other fault the faulty section is disconnected
from the healthy section either manually or automatically. If once the fault is
rectified, then again the original circuit can be rebuilt by manually or
automatically. Different types of circuit breakers are designed based on different
criteria and usage. But in general mostly used circuit breakers are Oil circuit
breaker, Air circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker, Vacuum Circuit Breaker, and so
on.
Relays

Relays are used for disconnecting the circuits by manual or automatic

operation. Relay consists of the coil which is excited or energized and such that
making the contacts of relay closed activates the relay to break or make the circuit
connection. There are different types of relays such as over current relays, definite
time over current relays, voltage relays, auxiliary relays, reclosing relays, solid
state relays, directional relays,inverse time over current
relays, microcontroller relays, etc. The above figure shows some basic relays and
their operation.

Capacitor banks
A Capacitor bank is a set of many identical capacitors connected in series or
parallel within a enclosure and is used for the power factor correction and basic
protection of substation.These capacitor banks are acts as a source of reactive
power, and thus, the phase difference between voltage and current can be reduced
by the capacitor banks. They will increase the ripple current capacity of the supply.
It avoids undesirable characteristics in the power system. It is the most economical
method for maintaining power factor and of correction of the power lag problems.
 Emerging trends in technological development have created advancement in
the substation installation and maintenance. For example, SCADA, supervisory
control and data acquisition technique made it possible to control a substation
automatically from a remote location. For more data regarding miscellaneous
components and technologies in substations, post your queries in the comments
section below.

FLICKER COMPENSATION
There may be many reasons for these voltage dips so the individual
consumers must be reviewed separately taking the particular grid situation into
consideration. In order to assess the cause of the fault and the impact of remedial
measures, consideration needs to be given to the loads, timing and grid parameters
in the least favorable operating case.
The amount of flicker is directly dependent on the level, form and repeat rate
of the change in voltage. For its part, the change in voltage depends on the grid
impedance and the power characteristics of the consumers.
 In accordance with EN 50160, the long-term flicker level Plt on the low
voltage side must not exceed 1 for 95% of the measurement period. The
measurement must be taken over a week with an averaging time of 10 min.
Cause:
  Activating and deactivating large loads
  Reciprocating saws, stone crushers, elevators
  Starting engines, eccentric drives
  Electric arc furnaces
  Pulsed power levels (oscillation package control)
  Wind turbines, magnetic resonance tomography
  Welding machines and systems, inverters
Effect:
 Light density fluctuations and as a result impacts on the human body ranging
from lack of concentration and general feelings of discomfort to epileptic fits
 Reduction in quality (e.g. of welded connections)
Flicker compensation is fundamentally different from standard reactive power
compensation. The aim is not a particular target power factor but to keep the
voltage constant during rapid changes in load. The drop in voltage during a change
in load can be split into two components; a "drop in actual voltage" and a "drop in
reactive voltage". The influence of these components is stated using the ratio of
active resistance to reactive resistance of the grid impedance R/X. Capacitive
reactive power results in increases in voltage and inductive reactive power results
in decreases in voltage (i.e. Kapp's triangle). The total drop in voltage is calculated
as follows:
∆U=(R*∆P)/U+(X*∆Q)/U
 The goal of flicker compensation is to compensate for the mostly inductive
ΔQ such that ΔV=0. This requires slight overcompensation to eliminate the
summand of active power ΔP from the equation (making ΔQcomp a negative
value).
0=R*∆P+X*(∆Q+∆Qkomp)
Depending on how dynamic the load fluctuations are, the compensation
power can either be fed in via dynamic compensation systems and/or active mains
power filters. Alternatively changes to the operating behaviour of the load or
increases in the short-circuit capacity can also reduce the flicker value. The short-
term load behaviour needs measuring in each case in order to configure flicker
compensation.

CONCLUSIONS
 The Intelligent substation has proved to be safe in operation.
 The first field test results demonstrate a significant reduction of voltage
variations, harmonic and THD levels both at the LV bus-bar of the IntDS
and at the LV customers.
 Further metering and test programs will be performed to set optimal set-
points for control equipments.
 The proved principles can be used for area’s with high levels of PQ
distortions.

REFERENCES
1. https://www.wikipedia.org

2. https://www.researchgate.net
3. Intelligent Substation Automation Systems for Robust Operation of Smart Grids,
2014
IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT ASIA).
4.Intelligent Transformer Substations In Modern Medium Voltage Networks As Part Of
“Smart Grid” , 21st International Conference on Electricity Distribution.