TOUCHLESS SWITCHBOARD FOR POST COVID WORLD BY

USING ARDUINO & RELAYS

A social Relevant Project Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the
Award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

PALLETI SUBHASH REDDY (209Y5A0417)

Under the guidance of

Sri.MD.MAHABOOB PASHA , M.Tech.
Assistant professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

K.S.R.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICITE,New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA,Ananatapur)

(Accredited by NAAC, New Delhi)

(An ISO 9001:2018,14001:2004 Certified Institution)

KADAPA – 516003(A.P) 2020-2021

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 K.S.R.M. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICITE,New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA,Ananatapur)

(Accredited by NAAC, New Delhi)

(An ISO 9001:2018,14001:2004 Certified Institution)

KADAPA – 516003(A.P)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the social relevant project report entitled “(TOUCHLESS
SWITCHBOARD FOR POST COVID WORLD BY USING ARDUINO & RELAYS)”,is
being submitted by PALLETI SUBHASH REDDY-209Y5A0417 to K.S.R.M
college of Engineering (AUTONOMOUS) ,Kadapa in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of “BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY” in
“ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING“
is a Bonafide record of the social relavant project work carried out by them under
ourSupervision during the period 2021-2022.

Project guide: Head of the Department:

Sri.MD.MAHABOOB PASHA , M.Tech., Dr.G.HEMALATHA,M.Tech.,Ph.D.

Asst.professor, Professor &HOD,

Dept.Of E.C.E. Dept.Of E.C.E.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to all those
encouraged me for successful completion of technical seminar.

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. V.S.S. MURTHY, Ph.D., Principal of K.S.R.M college
of engineering, Kadapa for their consistent and encouragement to complete the Social Relevant
Project.

I am very much thankful to Dr. G.HEMALATHA, M.Tech., Ph.D., Head of the Department,
Electronics and Communication Engineering, K.S.R.M College of Engineering, Kadapa for
providing good facilities & congenial atmosphere in our college. Encouragement to complete
the Social Relevant Project.

I wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude and pay my sincere thanks to my guide
sri.MD.MAHABOOB PASHA M.Tech.,Asst.prof Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, K.S.R.M College of Engineering, Kadapa for his valuable suggestions and
analyzing and testing throughout the period, till the end of project work completion and his
timely suggestions and help.

I wish to convey sincere thanks to all D.R.C (Department Review Commitee) members and
faculty members of E.C.E for all their support and co-operation rendered for successful
submission of my project work.

I am thankful to all who helped me directly and indirectly in the successful complete in of this
seminar work. As a gesture of respect for my family members and friends for the support I
received, I dedicate this work to t

PROJECT ASSOCIATE

PALLETI SUBHASH REDDY(209Y5A0417)

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 CONTENTS

TOPIC PAGE.NO.

1. ABSTRACT 5
2. INTRODUCTION 6
3. COMPONENTS 7-10
4. TYPES OF SWITCHBOARDS 11
5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 12
6. CONSRTUCTION & TESTING 13
7. WORKING PROCEDURE 14
8. SOFTWARE CODE 15-21
9. ALGORITHM 22
10. PROJECT MODEL 23
11. ADVANTAGES 24
12. APPLICATIONS 24
13. CONCLUSION 25
14. REFERENCES 26

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 1.ABSTRACT :

 As Covid-19 is still rampant we need to be cautious. Wearing mask,

social distancing, and washing or sanitising our hands properly from
time to time is absolutely necessary to avoid it.

 As a precaution, we should also avoid touching any item including

the electrical switches as far as possible.

 In public places, schools, and offices the electrical switchboards are

touched by one and all, and so can pass on the virus from one person
to many.

 Here is a solution in the form of a 4-channel touchless switchboard.

Arduino Uno as the heart of the project, surrounded by four
ultrasonic sound sensors, offers a simple, lowcost, and novel solution.

 The switches can be turned on and off alternately by just placing

hand next to the ultrasonic sound sensors on the device, without
touching.

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 2.INTRODUCTION:

 Touchless sense switch is designed to read human inputs without

requiring a person to touch any equipment or switch panel.

 Each button switch that needs human input through physical touch
can be replaced with a sensing area activated by TSS.

 A finger or a pointing object held at close proximity (~1cm) above the

sensing area of the switch to be operated for a pre-defined period (for

example, till red LED stays on for few seconds at least) would result in
activation/deactivation of the switch. This technique/methodology has
several advantages .

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 3.COMPONENTS

-ARDUINO UNO

-HC-SR04 SENSOR

-5V,4-CHANNEL 1CO RELAY MODULE

-230V ACAPPLIANCES

-JUMPER WIRES

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 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the

ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be
used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to
get started.

"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of
Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer
releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past
or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

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 ULTRA SONIC SENSOR

• An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an

object using ultrasonic sound waves.
• An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic
pulses that relay back information about an object's proximity.
• Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves at a frequency too high
for humans to hear. They then wait for the sound to be reflected back,
calculating distance based on the time required.
• This is similar to how radar measures the time it takes a radio wave to
return after hitting an object.
• Ultrasonic sensors have been used throughout many applications and
industries. They are used within food and beverage to measure liquid
level in bottles, they can be used within manufacturing for an automated
process and control maximising efficiency on the factory floor.

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 4 – CHANNEL RELAY BOARD

This is a 5v 4-channel relay interface board, be able to control various

appliances, and other equipments with large current. It can be controlLED
directly by microcontroller(arduino, 8051, avr, pic, dsp, arm, arm, msp430, TTL
logic).

A 5v relay is an automatic switch that is commonly used in an automatic control

circuit and to control a high-current using a low-current signal. The input voltage
of the relay signal ranges from 0 to 5V.

Relay is one kind of electro-mechanical component that functions as a switch.

The relay coil is energized by DC so that contact switches can be opened or
closed. A single channel 5V relay module generally includes a coil, and two
contacts like normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC).

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 4. TYPES OF SWITCHBORDS

As usual, there is more than one way to implement a switch to monitor a

physical process or serve as an operator control.
There is usually no single “perfect” switch for any application, although
some obviously exhibit certain advantages over others. Switches must be
intelligently matched to the task for efficient and reliable operation.
REVIEW:

• A switch is an electrical device, usually electromechanical, used to

control continuity between two points.
• Hand switches are actuated by human touch.
• Limit switches are actuated by machine motion.
• Process switches are actuated by changes in some physical
process (temperature, level, flow, etc.).

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 5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

ARDUINO UNO PIN CONNECTIONS WITH COMPONENTS

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6. CONSTRUCTION :
The above figure shows the circuit diagram of 4-channel touchless switchboard.
It comprises four HC-SR04 ultrasonic sound sensors (SEN1-SEN4), fourchannel
relay board (RM1), and Arduino Uno board (Board1).
The microcontroller in Arduino Uno board receives the switching signals from
the sensors and the program code sends the signals to the 4-channel relay
module and thereby switches on/off the devices.
The ultrasonic sound sensor HC-SR04 is used to sense the switching action. Pin
details of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor are shown in above. It has following
four pins: VCC: +5V DC Trig: Trigger (input) Echo: Echo (output) GND: GND The
sensors can be easily interfaced with Arduino Uno.
When a hand is placed about 5cm from the sensor the program in Arduino reads
the signal and the relay is energised to perform the switching action.
When hand is again placed near the sensor, the Arduino again reads the signal
and the relay is de-energised to toggle the switch from its previous position.
Software The software program fourchan.ino is loaded into the internal memory
of Arduino Uno. The program is simple and easy to understand. Comments are
given at the end of each command line.
The following need to be defined in the code first: • Echo and trigger pins of the
ultrasonic sound sensor • Four relays’ pins • Intermediate variables for relay
operation • Variables for all the four sensors Next, a void setup ( ) function
should be created.
The corresponding pins should be initialised as inputs and outputs. Then the
serial communication should be initiated. The serial communication has nothing
to do with the project, it is used for just analysing the program on a monitor.

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7.WORKING PROCEDURE :

The above figure shows the circuit diagram of 4-channel touchless switchboard.
It comprises four HC-SR04 ultrasonic sound sensors (SEN1-SEN4), four channel
relay board (RM1), and Arduino Uno board (Board1).
The microcontroller in Arduino Uno board receives the switching signals from
the sensors and the program code sends the signals to the 4-channel relay module
and thereby switches on/off the devices.
The ultrasonic sound sensor HC-SR04 is used to sense the switching action. Pin
details of the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor are shown in above. It has following
four pins: VCC: +5V DC Trig: Trigger (input) Echo: Echo (output) GND: GND
The sensors can be easily interfaced with Arduino Uno.
When a hand is placed about 5cm from the sensor the program in Arduino reads
the signal and the relay is energised to perform the switching action.
When hand is again placed near the sensor, the Arduino again reads the signal
and the relay is de-energised to toggle the switch from its previous position.
Software The software program fourchan.ino is loaded into the internal memory
of Arduino Uno. The program is simple and easy to understand. Comments are
given at the end of each command line.
The following need to be defined in the code first: • Echo and trigger pins of the
ultrasonic sound sensor • Four relays’ pins • Intermediate variables for relay
operation • Variables for all the four sensors Next, a void setup ( ) function should
be created.
The corresponding pins should be initialised as inputs and outputs. Then the
serial communication should be initiated. The serial communication has nothing
to do with the project, it is used for just analysing the program on a monitor.

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8.SOFTWARE CODE :
//touch less switch board using Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04

const int trigPin1 = 2; //defining echo sensor pins 1 // defines pins numbers
const int echoPin1 = 3;
const int trigPin2 = 4; //defining echo sensor pins 2 // defines pins numbers
const int echoPin2 = 5;
const int trigPin3 = 6; //defining echo sensor pins 3 // defines pins numbers
const int echoPin3 = 7;
const int trigPin4 = 8; //defining echo sensor pins 4 // defines pins numbers
const int echoPin4 = 9;
const int Relay1 = 13; // the number of the Relay1 pin
const int Relay2 = 12; // the number of the Relay2 pin
const int Relay3 = 11; // the number of the Relay3 pin
const int Relay4 = 10; // the number of the Relay4 pin

int RelayState1 = LOW;

int lastSwitchState1=LOW; // defines intermediate variables variables of switch-1
int SwitchState1=LOW;

int RelayState2 = LOW;

int lastSwitchState2=LOW; // defines intermediate variables of switch-2
int SwitchState2=LOW;

int RelayState3 = LOW;

int lastSwitchState3=LOW; // defines intermediate variables of switch-3
int SwitchState3=LOW;

int RelayState4 = LOW;

int lastSwitchState4=LOW; // defines intermediate variables of switch-4
int SwitchState4=LOW;

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long duration1; //defining echo sensor varables 1
int distance1;
long duration2; //defining echo sensor varables 2
int distance2;
long duration3; //defining echo sensor varables 3
int distance3;
long duration4; //defining echo sensor varables 4
int distance4;

void setup() {
pinMode(Relay1, OUTPUT); // Sets the relay as an Output 1
pinMode(trigPin1, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output 1
pinMode(echoPin1, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input 1

pinMode(Relay2, OUTPUT); // Sets the relay as an Output 2

pinMode(trigPin2, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output 2
pinMode(echoPin2, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input 2

pinMode(Relay3, OUTPUT); // Sets the relay as an Output 3

pinMode(trigPin3, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output 3
pinMode(echoPin3, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input 3

pinMode(Relay4, OUTPUT); // Sets the relay as an Output 4

pinMode(trigPin4, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output 4
pinMode(echoPin4, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input 4

Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication

}

void loop() {

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digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW); // Clears the trigPin
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, HIGH);// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin1, LOW);
duration1 = pulseIn(echoPin1, HIGH);// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel
time in microseconds
distance1= duration1*0.034/2; // Calculating the distance1

if (distance1 <= 5)
{
SwitchState1 = HIGH;
}
else
{
SwitchState1 =LOW;
}
if (SwitchState1 == HIGH && SwitchState1 != lastSwitchState1)
{

if (RelayState1==HIGH)
{
RelayState1 = LOW;
}
else
{
RelayState1 = HIGH;
}
}
digitalWrite(Relay1, RelayState1);

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 lastSwitchState1 = SwitchState1;

digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, HIGH);// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin2, LOW);
duration2 = pulseIn(echoPin2, HIGH);// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel
time in microseconds
distance2= duration2*0.034/2; // Calculating the distance2

if (distance2 <= 5) //switching process 2

{
SwitchState2 = HIGH;
}
else
{
SwitchState2 =LOW;
}
if (SwitchState2 == HIGH && SwitchState2 != lastSwitchState2)
{

if (RelayState2==HIGH)
{
RelayState2 = LOW;
}
else
{
RelayState2 = HIGH;
}
}

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 digitalWrite(Relay2, RelayState2);
lastSwitchState2 = SwitchState2;

digitalWrite(trigPin3, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin3, HIGH);// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin3, LOW);
duration3 = pulseIn(echoPin3, HIGH);// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel
time in microseconds
distance3= duration3*0.034/2; // Calculating the distance3

if (distance3 <= 5) //switching process 3

{
SwitchState3 = HIGH;
}
else
{
SwitchState3 =LOW;
}
if (SwitchState3 == HIGH && SwitchState3 != lastSwitchState3)
{

if (RelayState3==HIGH)
{
RelayState3 = LOW;
}
else
{
RelayState3 = HIGH;
}

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}
digitalWrite(Relay3, RelayState3);
lastSwitchState3 = SwitchState3;

digitalWrite(trigPin4, LOW); // Clears the trigPin

delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin4, HIGH);// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin4, LOW);
duration4 = pulseIn(echoPin4, HIGH);// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel
time in microseconds
distance4= duration4*0.034/2; // Calculating the distance4

if (distance4 <= 5) //switching process 4 //

{
SwitchState4 = HIGH;
}
else
{
SwitchState4 =LOW;
}
if (SwitchState4 == HIGH && SwitchState4 != lastSwitchState4)
{

if (RelayState4==HIGH)
{
RelayState4 = LOW;
}
else
{
RelayState4 = HIGH;

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 }
}
digitalWrite(Relay4, RelayState4);
lastSwitchState4 = SwitchState4;

Serial.print("Distance1: " ); // Prints the distance1 on the Serial Monitor

Serial.print(distance1);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(RelayState1);

Serial.print("\t Distance2: "); // Prints the distance2 on the Serial Monitor

Serial.print(distance2);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(RelayState2);

Serial.print("\t Distance3: "); // Prints the distance3 on the Serial Monitor

Serial.print(distance3);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(RelayState3);

Serial.print("\t Distance4: "); // Prints the distance4 on the Serial Monitor

Serial.print(distance4);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(RelayState4);

Serial.println();
delay(100);
}

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9.ALGORITHM :

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10.PROJECT MODEL :

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11.ADVANTAGES :

 The COVID 19 pandemic has given a boost to a technology that was

previously known only to insiders in specialized applications: touchless
switches. This sounds confusing at first. We are used to pushing buttons.
We usually hear or feel a solid click and immediately know: Well, my
input has been accepted successfully. This is what we call tactile
feedback in the case of pushbuttons.
 Other switch technologies such as capacitive or piezoelectric systems
provide optical feedback via a point or a ring illumination. The touchless
switches do the same: feedback via illumination change.
 PROBLEM :
 Hygiene, hygiene and hygiene again: that was the credo during the
COVID 19 crisis. Pathogens can spread easily and quickly, especially in
places with a high frequency of visitors. Touching contact surfaces (e.g.,
door handles) can transmit bacteria and viruses through smear infection.
In the healthcare sector, but also in public buildings, catering or food
processing areas, the risk of spread is then particularly high.

12.APPLICATIONS :
▪ Elevators
▪ Public telephones
▪ Coffee vending machines
▪ Train ticket vending machine
▪ Keypads on ATM machines
▪ Other applications in home automation

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13.CONCLUSION :

 The project proposed the design and architecture of a new concept

of a Touchless switch board by using of arduino , relay &
ultrasonic sensors. The advantage of the system lies in the fact
that it can prove to be very low cost solution to millions of post
covid people in the world .
 It can further improved to have more decision taking capabilities
by employing varied types of sensors and thus could be used for
different applications. It aims to solve the problems faced by the
covid people in their daily life. The system also takes measures
to ensure their safety.

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14. REFERENCES :
1. Jiewen Zheng; Inst. of Med. Prepare., Acad. of Mil. Drug. Sci., Tianjin,
China ;Guang Zhang ; Taihu Wu, Design of Automatic Fall Detector for
Elderly Based on Triaxial Accelerometer ; Bioinformatics and Biomedical
Engineering , 2009. ICBBE
2. Electronics for you.com
3. 2009. third International Conference, IEEE Beijing. 2. Medical ready
frameworks with TeleHealth& telemedicine observing utilizing GSM and
GPS innovation, IEEE Conference, Coimbatore,2012
4. May, Z.B. ; Dept. of Electr. and Electron. Eng., Univ. Teknol. Petronas,
Bandar Sri Iskandar, Malaysia. Constant ready framework for home
observation, Control System, Computing and Engineering (ICCSCE), 2012
IEEE ConferencePenang
5. . 4. Rana, G.M.S.M. ; Khan, A.A.M. ; Hoque, M.N. ; Mitul, A.F. Structure
and execution of a GSM based remote home security and machine control
framework; Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE), 2013
ControlSystem, IEEE Conference Dhak
6. 5. Borges,L.M. Inst. de Telecomun.- DEM, Univ. da Beira Interior, Covilha,
Portugal Barroca, N. ; Velez, F.J. ; Lebres, A.S., Smartattire remote flex
sensor belt organize for fetal wellbeing observing; Pervasive Computing
TechnologiesforHealthcare,2009.PervasiveHealth2009.,IEEE,Lo ndon
7. 6. Rahdar, R. ; Bell Helicopter, Fort Worth, TX, USA ; Stracener, J.T. ;
Olinick, E.V.; A Systems Engineering Approach to Improving the Accuracy
of Mobile Station Location Estimation; Systems Journal, IEEE (Volume:8 ,
Issue: 1 ,2013)
8. 7. Alwan, M. ; Dept. of Pathology, Virginia Univ., Charlottesville, VA ;
Rajendran, P.J. ; Kell,S. ; Mack,D. , A Smart and Passive Floor-Vibration
Based Fall Detector for Elderly; Information and Communication
Technologies, 2006. ICTTA '06. second (Volume: 1), IEEEDamascus
9. 8. ShaomingShan ; Dept. of Autom., Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China ; Tao
Yuan; A wearable pre-sway fall indicator utilizing highlight choice and
Support Vector Machine; Signal Processing (ICSP), 2010 IEEE tenth
International Conference , IEEE Beijing .

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