Philosophy of Science (IDC1201) 2021

ARGUMENTS
ABSTRACT
This paper describes what are the arguments, what arguments are used for, what we can achieve through
these arguments. The purpose of the arguments. Basic classification of the arguments. How justification and
explanation link to the arguments. Why justifications and explanations are considered as the two main
purposes in arguments. Also, this paper summarizes the definition of the justification and the explanation.
The later part of the paper consisted of the definition of language and why we use language.
Keywords: arguments, justification, explanation, language.

1. INTRODUCTION Then we need to establish the reasons and provide

support to claims. Finally, we need to prove this
Argument word itself implies quarrels and evidence supports the claim. The explanation is a
squabbles.[ CITATION Sin14 \l 1033 ]. But the statement or account or process that is used to make
exact definition of the arguments has a deep something clear. Successful explanations have a
meaning. Arguments are composed of a series of clear and logical structure. The explanation is a
statements which are called premises, these theory that explains why something happened and
premises are intended to determine the validity, justification is making reasonable claims why we
which means the truth of another statement, are correct.
conclusion. Symbolic formal language can be used
to represent the logical form of an argument in 3. LANGUAGE
natural language. Language plays a critical role in understanding
2. ARGUMENTS arguments. Arguments are made up from the
language. We need to have proper knowledge
The purpose of the arguments can be categorized
regarding the language to understand these
into two main purposes, justifications and
arguments. Appropriate selection of the words,
explanation[ CITATION Sin14 \l 1033 ]. Although
along with the usage affects the understanding of
it seems both similar, explanations and
the listener. Every language comprises five main
justifications are distinct from each other.
characteristics. Namely, cultural relevance,
Justifications and explanations try to provide
symbolism, flexibility, variation, and social
reasons. But these comprise reasons with different
importance[CITATION JUL21 \l 1033 ]. The basic
kinds. Primarily, the argument has two purposes.
features of language comprise three main ideas.
The argument is used to change human's points of
Namely, conventional, diverse, and meaning can be
view or persuade them to accept new points and
conveyed indirectly. The diversity of a language
used to persuade people to a particular action or
depends upon the grammar and vocabulary of the
new behavior[ CITATION WRT20 \l 1033 ].
language. It takes several generations to develop a
Arguments are used to persuade others' ideas and
language. Language is the outcome of evolution
try to convince them. These are used to influence
and convention.
human behaviors and try to convince them.
3.1 Purpose of language
2.1 Justification and explanation
The main purpose of the language is to facilitate
Both justifications and explanations try to provide
communication. Communication means dispatching
the reasons. Justification is an action or measures
information from one person to another person. We
taken to show something to be reasonable and
use language for different purposes like to
correct, right. This means something that justifies
communicate information, express emotions, ask
an act or way of behaving could justify a point. To
questions, issue orders, express ideas, poetry,
justify the claim, first, we need to state the claim.

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 Philosophy of Science (IDC1201) 2021

formulate arguments, etc[ CITATION Sin14 \l

1033 ].
3.2 Speech acts
A speech act is an expression that is explained in
terms of a speaker's intention and the effect it has
on a listener. According to Searle in Levinson
speech acts can be classified into five categories.
The five categories are representatives, directives,
commissives, expressive, and declarations.
Representatives are speech acts that utterances
commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Directives are speech acts that the
speaker uses to get someone else to do something.
Expressives are speech acts that utterances express
a psychological state. Declarations are speech acts
that utterances affect immediate changes in the
institutional state of affairs.[ CITATION Agu16 \l
1033 ]
4. CONCLUSION

Arguments are some kind of tool used in the

Philosophy of science. The basic purpose of the
argument is to provide the justification and the
explanation. To understand arguments, first, we
should have to understand the language. Language
is conventional, diverse, and can be conveyed
indirectly.

REFERENCES
[1] [CITATION Sin14 \l 1033 ]
[2] [ CITATION WRT20 \l 1033 ]
[3] [CITATION JUL21 \l 1033 ]
[4] [ CITATION Agu16 \l 1033 ]