Additional referencing examples

In General:
 If no date indicated on the source, add as follows, meaning no date [s.a.] or use the website copyright date found at the bottom of the webpage if
available.
 If no page number is indicated in a book for example, use square brackets and [s.p.] to indicate there are no page numbers.
 If no place of publication (books) or no location (art in a museum for example) is indicated, use square brackets and [s.l.].
 If the author or artist is unknown, the name of the website can be used.
 Where the title of the image is not provided, add your own description in square brackets.
 Anything in square brackets is an indication that the information was not taken from the source itself but was added by the writer.

Source In-text Paraphrased In-text Bibliography/Reference List

Own photographs The photograph depicts ambience in one of the South African To be made up of:
malls (Scott, 2021).
 Student name (surname and initial/s).
 Year when photograph was taken (in round brackets).
 Title of photograph (description of photograph)
Please note: in theory there is no need to reference the photo that
 [Personal Collection]
one has taken themselves, however, the photo still needs to be
 Unpublished
added as a figure and provide caption. The photo will need to be
included in the body of the essay and referred to accordingly. If a
Scott, A. 2021. An image depicting ambience in one of South African
photo is shared with other peers to use in their work, they will
malls. [Photograph] [Personal Collection]. Unpublished.
have to cite it accordingly.

Own drawings Figure 2 drawing is a personal sketch illustrating visual affinity  Author
diagram… (Michael, 2021).  Year
 Description of the drawing
Add the caption beneath the drawing. Since the drawing will not  [Personal drawing]
have a title, you will need to provide a caption describing the  Place
drawing.  Unpublished

Figure 2: a drawing illustrating visual affinity diagram (Michael, Michael, B. 2021. Visual affinity diagram. [Personal drawing].

1
 2021). Durban: Unpublished.
Information from Bundy (1916-1919) kept a diary of his experiences in the war. His  Author Surname, Initial/s.
diary/personal journal experiences of the war were recorded in a diary (Bundy, 1916-  Year/s
1919).  Title or description of diary. [Diary-online]
 Available at:
 Name of database or website followed by URL
 (Accessed date).
 Reference number if
 applicable.
Bundy, A. E. 1916-1919. Diary of Major A. E. Bundy. [Diary-online]
Available at: War diaries from the Imperial War Museum: the Great
War www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk (Accessed 20 January 2017).
P.371.
Scripts or manuscripts In the mock poem manuscript, Colvil (ca.1680) demonstrates…  Author
 Year
 Title
 At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable).
 Identifier (if applicable).

Colvil, S. ca.1680. The mock poem, I-II. [Manuscript]. At: Leeds: Leeds

University Library, Brotherton Collection. MS Lt 1.
ca. is an abbreviation of "circa", meaning "approximately". You may
find that this is used in dates for old manuscripts.

Pamphlets The pamphlet (Royal College of Physicians, 2008) …  Author/editor.

 Year of publication.
 Title (in italics).
 Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first
edition).
 Place of publication: publisher.
 Series and volume number (where relevant).

2
 Royal College of Physicians, British Geriatrics Society, British Pain
Society. 2008. The assessment of pain in younger people: local
guidelines. London: RCP.
Instagram post Designthinkingcomic (2021) has an interesting collection of comics  Surname, Initial(s) /organisation/ username handle.
that may appeal to designers.  Year.
 Title or first few words [Instagram].
 Available at: URL.
 (Date accessed).

designthinkingcomic. 2021. Comics dragged kicking and screaming

from a designer’s head. [Instagram]. Available at:
https://www.instagram.com/designthinkingcomic/?hl=en (Accessed
1 June 2021).

If the post does not have a title, us the text of the post as a title.
If a post is longer than 20 words, write the first 20 words and then
[…] to indicate that extra words have been omitted.
Facebook post @helmafashionsa (2020) showcases vibrant African print textiles.  Surname, Initial(s) /organisation/ username handle.
 Year.
 Title or first few words of the post. [Facebook].
 Date of the post in full.
 Available at: URL.
 (Date accessed).

@helmafashionsa. 2020. South African fashion and design.

[Facebook]. May 7 2020. Available at:
https://web.facebook.com/helmafashionsa/?_rdc=1&_rdr (Accessed
1 June 2021).
Twitter post @graphicdesignju (2021) showcases a collection of inspirational  Surname, Initial(s)/organisation/username handle.
and motivational quotes.  Year.
 Title or first few words of the post. [Twitter].
 Date of the post in full.

3
  Available at: URL.
 (Date accessed).

@graphicdesignju. 2021. Inspirational quote for life […]. [Twitter].

June 14 2021. Available at:
https://twitter.com/graphicdesignju/status/1404220156348350464/
photo/1 (Accessed 14 June 2021).

TikTok post Deliveroo (2021) demonstrates…  Author.

 Year that the TikTok was published.
 Title.
 Date of TikTok.
 Available at: URL.
 (Date accessed).

Deliveroo. 2021. Anyone else at the door before they even get a
chance to knock? [TikTok]. 8 April 2021. Available at:
https://www.tiktok.com/foryou?
is_copy_url=1&is_from_webapp=v1&item_id=694883018353733146
2#/@deliveroo/video/6948830183537331462 (Accessed 14 June
2021).
Code Smith (2021) demonstrates how…  Author(s) name (Individual or corporation)
snippets/computer  Date
program from the  Title of program/source code
Internet Please note: If there is a group of people responsible for the code  Code version
or programme, use the main person in place of an author. Where
 Type (e.g. computer program, source code)
the corporate author is responsible for the work, use the name of
the corporate. Where the name of the author has not been  Web address or publisher (e.g. program publisher, URL)
provided, use the name of the programme/code in place of an  Date accessed
author.
Smith, J. 2011. Graphics Drawer source code (Version 2.0) [Source
code]. http://www.graphicsdrawer.com (Accessed 10 May 2021).

4
App Skyscape (2021) includes functions…. Originator/s. Year. (Use year accessed if release date is not
available) Title of app. (in italics) Version number (if known). [App]
(Date accessed).

Skyscape. 2010. Skyscape medical resources. Version 1.9.11. [App].

Available at: https://www.skyscape.com/index/home.aspx
(Accessed 18th January 2011).

OR

Skyscape. 2010. Skyscape medical resources. Version 1.9.11. [App].

Available from Google Play (Accessed 18th January 2011).

Sound Clip/music In collaboration with acapella choir Korus, RangeR (2018) released  Composer
a nice blend of jazz, house and soul that is appealing to South  Year
African fans.  Title
 [Sound recording]
 Available at: URL
 (Date accessed).

RangeR. 2018. Bazokonwaba.  [Sound recording]. Available

at: https://soundcloud.com/waellas-choice/ranger-feat-korus-
bazokonwaba?in=waellas-choice/sets/portable-presents-ranger
(Accessed 20 May 2021).
Radio According to the latest research (The Sun, 2015) …  Title of programme
 Year of original transmission
 Radio station/Name of channels
 Date and time of transmission
 Available at: URL
 (Accessed: date).
The Sun. 2015. BBC Radio 4, 1 January. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b048nlfb#auto (Accessed 23

5
 January 2015).

Podcast It was clear that George Osborne was well out of his depth  Author/presenter/title if no author
(Yesterday in Parliament, 2015) …  Year that the site was published/last updated (in round
brackets).
 Title of podcast (in italics).
 [Podcast].
 Day/month of posted message.
 Available at: URL.
 (Accessed: date).

Yesterday in Parliament. 2015. [Podcast]. 18 June. Available at:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02tys33 (Accessed 20 May
2021).

References

6
Anglia Rustkin University. 2020. How do I reference my own taken photographs? [Online]. Available at: https://libanswers.aru.ac.uk/faq/78665 (Accessed
15 April, 2021).

Leeds University of Trinity. 2017. Harvard referencing for historians. [Online]. Available at: https://lib.leedstrinity.ac.uk/iguana/uploads/file/Library
%20documents/Library%20guides/Harvard%20referencing%20for%20Historians.pdf (Accessed 20 May 2021).

Manchester Metropolitan University. 2020. How do I cite and reference a photo I have taken myself? [Online]. Available at:
https://libanswers.mmu.ac.uk/faq/183429 (Accessed 15 April, 2021).

Monash University. 2021. Citing and referencing: Manuscript/Letter/Diary. [Online]. Available at: https://guides.lib.monash.edu/c.php?
g=219786&p=1454260 (Accessed 15 April 2021).
Smit, R. 2017. Reference techniques: Harvard style. University of Johannesburg. [Online]. Available at: https://www.uj.ac.za/library/research-
support/Documents/Harvard%20ref%20techniques%20March%202017.pdf (Accessed 31 May 2021).

UCL. 2021. Tik Tok. [Online]. Available at: https://library-guides.ucl.ac.uk/harvard/tiktok (Accessed 14 June 2021).

UCL Institute of Education. 2021. Referencing with Harvard: Pamphlet. LIBGUIDES. [Online]. Available at: https://libguides.ioe.ac.uk/c.php?
g=482485&p=3299823 (Accessed 30 May 2021).

UCL Institute of Education. 2021. Referencing with Harvard: Radio and internet radio. LIBGUIDES. [Online]. Available at: https://libguides.ioe.ac.uk/c.php?
g=482485&p=3299837 (Accessed 30 May 2021).

UCL Institute of Education. 2021. Referencing with Harvard: Podcast. LIBGUIDES. [Online]. Available at: https://libguides.ioe.ac.uk/c.php?
g=482485&p=3299831 (Accessed 30 May 2021).

University of Cincinnati. 2021. Citing your sources. [Online]. Available at: https://guides.libraries.uc.edu/citing/code (Accessed 31 May 2021).

University of Leeds. 2021. Leeds Harvard: Manuscript. [Online]. Available at: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/referencing-examples/9/leeds-
harvard/516/manuscript (Accessed 31 May 2021).

University of Leeds. 2021. Leeds Harvard: Twitter – reference examples. [Online]. Available at: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/referencing-examples/9/leeds-
harvard/550/twitter (Accessed 14 June 2021).