Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

This chapter deals with the presentation of the problem. Specifically, this

presents an introduction, the background of the study, statement of the problem,

theoretical framework, conceptual framework, hypothesis of the study, scope and

limitations of the study, significance of the study, and definition of terms.

(Or any similar introduction of the chapter)

Introduction

Briefly introduce your research problem in not more than two pages. This

usually starts with the global or general perspectives down to local or particular

perspectives.

The introduction should not be a compilation of literature. This should be

written using your own words and too much citation of references should be

avoided.

At the last paragraph of this introduction, clearly and briefly state your

specific research problem.

Background of the Study

This is about existing or current issues, concerns, conditions, situations, or

scenario in your particular area, subject or locale of study.

At the last paragraph of the background, clearly state the rationale or main

reason/s why there is a need for the conduct of your study. This is different from

your objectives of the study, but of course, related or connected.

2

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to (state the general objective of the research) … .

Specifically, this sought answers for the following questions (state the specific

research questions): (The following is a sample format.)

1 What is the profile of … in terms of:

1.1. profile variable one;

1.2. profile variable two;

1.3. profile variable three; and

1.4. last profile variable?

2 How do … with regard to:

1.1. test variable one;

1.2. test variable two;

1.3. test variable three; and

1.4. last test variable?

3 Is there a significant difference on … ?

4 How may the responses on … be compared?

5 Is there a significant relationship between … ?

6 Does … significantly affect … ?

7 What strategies may be proposed to … ?

Theoretical Framework

Present here the theoretical basis/bases of your study; cite the reference/s

using APA Style 6th edition author(surname/s)-year format. Old theories or

references (i.e., 10 years or more ago) are allowed for use as theoretical bases.
3

If the theoretical basis has a figure or diagram concerning the theory or variables

you adopted, present this without modifying or changing and cite the reference of

the figure (to be indicated in author-year format enclosed in parentheses at the

end of the figure title). Otherwise, do not present any figure or do not make your

own figure for this section.

This should also contain a brief discussion of each variable (test variable)

you will be using base only on the theory you adopted. (The detailed discussion

of the said variables, including concepts from other theories, should be in

Chapter II, specifically, the section for Conceptual Literature.)

Conceptual Framework

This section contains your own framework or design for your own study.

You need to present your conceptual paradigm and discuss the contents of such

figure/model. The figure and discussion should contain the variables (profile and

test variables) you included in the statement of the problem and your own

assumptions regarding the relationships of such variables.

Hypothesis of the Study

The study tested the hypothesis given below:

Ho: There is no significant difference on … when grouped according to … .

(or if there are two or more hypotheses)

The study tested the following hypotheses:

Ho1: There is no significant difference on … when grouped according to … .

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between … .

Ho3: The … has no significant effect on … .

4

(The order of the hypotheses should be in the same order as the corresponding

research question in the statement of the problem.)

Scope and Limitations of the Study

In this section, you need to include the discussion on the following: what is

the study all about, what are the objectives of the study and what are the

variables used; why is there a need to conduct the study; who were your

respondents; when and where was the study conducted; how did you conduct

the study; and what are the perceived limitations or weaknesses of the study (the

unavoidable cases or circumstances that made the study or the results of the

study “weaker”).

Significance of the Study

Introductory statement … .

To first beneficiary (state the first and foremost beneficiary, in bold

letters), this study will … ;

To second beneficiary, this study will … ;

To third beneficiary, this study will … ;

… ; and

To future researchers, this study will … .

Definition of Terms

Introductory statement … .

First Term. (bold letters, capitalize first letter of major words in the term,

with period after the term) State the conceptual definition, one sentence only,
5

then at the end of sentence, before the period, indicate the reference (book,

journal article and other reliable source; do not use thesis, dictionary and

unreliable web article as reference), in APA style author-year format (Author,

year). State a one-sentence operational definition, usually starting with “In this

study,”.

Second Term. Conceptual definition (Author, year). In this study, … .

Third Term. Conceptual definition (Author, year). In this study, … .

Last Term. Conceptual definition (Author, year). In this study, … .

Note: The terms should be arranged alphabetically. Only important terms should
be defined here, usually, but not limited to, the terms included in the title and in
the main research question or statement of the problem.
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter deals with the review of related concepts and studies found

in previous literature. It also presents a synthesis of reviewed research literature.

(Or any similar introduction of the chapter)

Conceptual Literature

Provide an introductory statement for this section. Then present a review

of conceptual literature related to your present study in topical approach and in

an order starting with the general topic then the specific topics, particularly the

variables used (test variables) in the same order as in the statement of the

problem. Provide at least five literature reviews for each topic and use more

recent literature (i.e., not older than 10 years). Old literature or references may

still be allowed for conceptual literature depending on the level of its importance

or significance to the present study or if no recent literature is available.

Conceptual literature include books, other reliable general references,

government laws and issuances, and articles published in research journals

(provided that in case of articles only concepts and theories should be included in

the review of conceptual literature and the empirical findings or results of study

are to be included in the review of research literature). For conceptual literature

review, it is not necessary that one paragraph has only one reference.

General Topic

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your general

topic. Do not just copy the literature. You need to rephrase or paraphrase the

literature you read but still properly cite the reference using APA Style 6 th edition.
7

Variable One (the order is according to Statement of the Problem)

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your first

variable.

Variable Two

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your second

variable.

Until the Last Variable

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your last

variable.

Topic Related to the Output of the Study (if applicable/necessary and if

cannot be integrated in the previous topics/variables)

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to the output of

your study.

Topic about Respondent/Subject of the Study (if applicable/necessary and if

cannot be integrated in the previous topics/variables)

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your

respondent or subject of the study. Be reminded as well that this part is not

regarding your profile variables. Discussion of concepts or theories related to any

of your profile variables has to be integrated in any appropriate topic here in the

conceptual literature while similar or related findings regarding your profile

variables has to be included in research literature.

If there are two or more general topics with corresponding sets of

variables, order of presentation depends upon the degree of importance (from

most important to least important) in a particular study. However, this order of

presentation should also correspond to the order of research questions

8

presented in the Statement of the Problem (SOP). In most cases, dependent

variables have to be presented first (both in the SOP and in the review of

conceptual literature) before the independent variables.

Research Literature

Present here the review of related studies or researches at one-study-one-

paragraph approach (except in few cases where more than one paragraph per

study may be allowed, provided that citation is clearly stated per paragraph). The

presentation should be from the most-related down to the least-related study.

Research literature include theses, dissertations, case studies, feasibility studies,

capstone projects and the like from local and foreign higher education

institutions, and research articles published in refereed journals, whether in print

or electronic (provided that, in case of published articles, the methodology and

empirical findings or results of study, and not merely the concepts or theories,

shall be presented here). At least 10 related researches should be reviewed and

presented here. Do not include degree-requirement researches (theses,

dissertations and the like) that are older than 10 years. Published articles in

refereed journals older than 10 years are still acceptable depending upon its

importance or significance to the present study but student-researchers are

highly encouraged to look for and use more recent articles.

Each review of related research shall include the following (whenever

available in the research reviewed and useful for the present study): main topic

and objectives of the study with the variables used, research design and data

gathering instrument used, sampling design and respondents of the study, and
9

salient findings or results of the study. The title of thesis or research article

should not be mentioned as is but the topic of the research reviewed has to be

clearly stated. For example, instead of stating: The study of Castillo (2014)

entitled “Employability Skills of Graduating Business and Accounting Students of

Batangas State University” …; you may write: Castillo (2014) assessed the

employability skills of graduating business and accounting students of Batangas

State University … (or any similar sentence not mentioning the title as is).

Synthesis

Present a synthesis of reviewed researches, that is, combining two or

more generally related studies in one paragraph and discuss their similarities and

differences to your present study. The synthesis should include all the

researches reviewed and usually presented in not more than two pages, usually

2 to 4 paragraphs. In mentioning the references, the author-year format (APA

Style 6th edition) should still be used.

Be reminded further that the author may not necessarily be a person or

persons; it may also be an organization or an institution. Regarding citation of

references with multiple authors, similar authors, similar surnames of authors, no

author, no date or year, same authors with the same year, online references, and

other queries on citation and referencing, refer to the rules on APA Style 6 th

edition.
 Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research methods used in the study. It

includes discussion on research design, respondents of the study including

sampling, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical

treatment of data.

(Or any similar introduction of the chapter)

Research Environment (if necessary/applicable)

Discuss here the present environment or existing setting or scenario

during the period when the actual study was done, especially the data gathering

phase, that may had affected the conduct of the study or its results. Be reminded

that this is different from the Background of the Study presented in Chapter I.

Research Design

State here the research design used and provide a brief discussion

regarding such design. You may include a definition or description of the

research design from a reliable reference, usually a book on research methods

(do not use previous thesis as reference for this), and properly cite the reference

using APA Style.

This section usually consists of only two or three paragraphs. On the last

part, state a justification for the use of such design or why the design is the most

appropriate for your present study.

Respondents of the Study

Mention who are the respondents, describe their characteristics and

explain why they are the suitable respondents for your study. Include the number
11

of respondents and explain how you arrived at such number or how you

determined the sample size.

State the sampling design used and discuss how this was actually utilized

or conducted (there is no need to define and explain the sampling design as

found in books). If all members of the population are your respondents (or target

respondents), clearly state and explain why it was necessary to conduct a

census on the whole population instead of sampling.

Data Gathering Instrument

State the data gathering instrument used. If the data gathering instrument

is a survey questionnaire made or constructed by you as researcher, you need to

present here the following: how the questionnaire was constructed, the content of

the questionnaire, who validated it and how it was validated, the conduct of dry

run – when, where and who were the respondents for the dry run, the reliability

analysis and its result, how it should be administered including the ethical

considerations on its administration, and the scoring to be used for the

questionnaire.

For scoring and interpretation, the following is sample:

The scoring and interpretation used for the questionnaire is presented in

Table 1.

Table 1
Scoring and Interpretation

Response Scale Mean Score Interpretation

4 3.50 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.50 – 3.49 Agree
2 1.50 – 2.49 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree
12

Reminder: Do not use the term “self-constructed questionnaire”. Take

note that “the questionnaire cannot construct itself”! Instead, you may use

“researcher-made questionnaire” or simply, “survey questionnaire”.

If the questionnaire to be used is standardized, explain how you had

acquired the questionnaire including whether it is in the public domain or you

have the permission to use the questionnaire from the copyright owner (author,

publisher or both). You also need to discuss the content of the questionnaire, its

reliability, how to administer the questionnaire, and the scoring and interpretation

used by the author of the questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

Discuss here the actual data gathering procedure, for example, how you

had distributed, administered and retrieved your data gathering instrument (if

using a survey questionnaire). You may start the discussion here with asking

permission from concerned authorities regarding the actual conduct of data

gathering through letters or personal visits to concerned offices. Include details

such as period (days or months) covered in the data gathering, where and how

this was conducted, who were involved, time spent by a respondent in answering

the questionnaire or in an interview, retrieval of the questionnaire and response

rate, and the like.

Do not include here your library works; this is not the data gathering that is

mentioned here. The data that need to be discussed how these were gathered

are those data that were subjected for statistical analysis. Do not also repeat the

contents of Data Gathering Instrument.

13

Statistical Treatment of Data

This section contains the statistical tools used corresponding to the

research questions in the statement of the problem. There is no need to define or

explain the statistical tools. There is also no need to state the formula, especially

if using statistical software. Just state the statistical tool and its particular use in

your present study.

(The following is an example.)

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed in the

statistical analysis of data. The following statistical tools were used in the study:

(Sample only: See if these are applicable for your study.)

Frequency and Percentage. This was used to determine the profile … in

terms of … .

Mean. This was used to assess the … with regard to … .

Independent Samples T-Test. This was used to determine if there is

significant difference on … when grouped according to … .

Analysis of Variance. This was used to determine if there is significant

difference on … when grouped according to … .

Pearson’s Correlation. This was used to determine if there is significant

relationship between … .

A Very Important Note: Different research designs may require contents of

Chapter III that are different from those presented here.

 Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data. It contains the textual and tabular presentation of data, quantitative and

qualitative analysis of data, and interpretation of data in the light of relevant

literature.

(Or any similar introduction of the chapter)

1. Subtitle One (for example: Profile of the Respondents)

Note: The subtitles here should correspond to your statement of the

problem (SOP) but should be short and not exactly the same as in the SOP. A

brief introductory statement for each section may also be made.

For each table of data, the following should be the order of presentation or

organization: (1) introduce the table and its content, (2) present the table, (3)

analyze or discuss the main contents of the table and give your own

interpretation, and (4) explain findings in the light of relevant theories and

concepts and relate with findings of previous researches. Tables should be

numbered consecutively using Arabic numeral and continuously from Chapter I

to Chapter V. (For example: )

Table 2 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of sex.

Table 2
Distribution of Respondents by Sex

Sex Frequency Percent

Male 50 50
Female 50 50
Total 100 100

As seen in Table 2, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze

and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research
15

literature in relation to your findings). Literature that may be mentioned here

should have been included as well in Chapter II.

Table 3 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of … .

Table 3
Distribution of Respondents by Profile Variable Name

Profile Variable Name Frequency Percent

Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
and so on …
Total 100

It can be deduced from Table 3 that … (present the major contents of the

table, analyze and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual

or research literature in relation to your findings).

2. Subtitle Two (e.g. Assessment on … short title from Statement of the

Problem No. 2, single space if subtitle will consume two lines)

Table 4 shows the assessment on _____ in terms of test variable name.

Table 4
(Sample) Assessment on _____ in terms of Test Variable Name

Test Variable Name Mean Interpretation

1. Item or statement 1
2. Item or statement 2
3. Item or statement 3
and so on …
Composite Mean

As shown in Table 4, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze

and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research

literature in relation to your findings). The discussion of contents, interpretation

and literature support, usually starts with the composite mean, and then some

items or statements with higher means and then those with lower means.

Table 5 provides the overall assessment on _____.

16

Table 5
Overall Assessment on _____ (if applicable or necessary)

Overall Construct Name Mean Interpretation

Test Variable 1
Test Variable 2
Test Variable 3
and so on …
Overall Mean

As shown in Table 5, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze

and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research

literature in relation to your findings).

3. Subtitle Three (e.g. Differences on … )

Table 6 shows the differences on ____ when grouped according to ____

(profile/grouping variable with two categories only).

Table 6
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name
(Sample only; you may have different table presentation for results of t-test)

Profile Decisio
Variable Variable Mean t-value p-value Interpretation
n on Ho
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so Category 1
on… Category 2
Overall (if Category 1
necessary Category 2
or
applicable)

It was clearly shown in Table 6 that there is significant difference on ___ in

terms of ____ when grouped according to ___ as indicated by p-value of ___,

which is less than .05 level of significance. State also which group/category has

higher assessment/mean than the other. (Then, analyze and interpret in your

own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in relation to

17

your findings. You have to do this for each variable/scale/construct with

significant difference.)

However, with a p-value of ___ which is greater than .05, there is no

significant difference on ___ in terms of ___ when grouped according to ___.

(Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual

or research literature in relation to your findings.)

Note that p-values should be written without “0” before the decimal, e.g. .

007 instead of 0.007. Do not also write p-value as .000, instead write it as <.001.

If you have used Mann-Whitney U-test instead of Independent Samples t-

test, the following is a sample tabular presentation of results:

Table 7
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name

Profile Mean U- Decisio

Variable Variable statistic p-value Interpretation
Rank n on Ho
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so Category 1
on… Category 2
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable)

Table 8 shows the differences on ____ when grouped according to ____

(profile/grouping variable with more than two categories).

Table 8
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name
(Sample only; you may have different table presentation for results of ANOVA)

Profile p- Decisio
Variable Variable Mean F-value Interpretation
value n on Ho
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
18

and so on
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so on
and so on Category 1
Category 2
and so on
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable) and so on

As presented in Table 8, there is significant difference on ___ in terms of

____ when grouped according to ____ as indicated by p-value of ___, which is

less than .05 level of significance. You also need to state which groups have

higher assessments than other groups. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own

words and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in relation to your

findings. You have to do this for each variable/scale/construct with significant

difference.)

However, with a p-value of ___ which is greater than .05, there is no

significant difference on ___ in terms of ___ when grouped according to ___.

(Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual

or research literature in relation to your findings. You may combine the

discussion for all variables with no significant difference).

If you have used Kruskal-Wallis H-test instead of Analysis of Variance, the

following is a sample tabular presentation of results:

Table 9
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name

Profile Chi-
Mean p- Decisio
Variable Variable square Interpretation
Rank value n on Ho
Name value
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
and so on
19

Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so on
and so on Category 1
Category 2
and so on
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable) and so on

Further Notes:

“Cut” table (i.e. a single table in two pages) should be avoided. You may

cut discussions but not the table, except when the table does not fit in one page,

and in such a case, Table Number with the word “Continued” enclosed in

parenthesis and column headings should be repeated in the succeeding pages.

If the contents of the table are not results of your study and from another

source, indicate the source below the table.

If you use abbreviation in the table, indicate the meaning of such

abbreviation below the table.

If testing significant differences is not applicable to your study and instead

there is just a need to compare the mean responses of different groups of

respondents, then your results may be presented as follows:

4. Subtitle Four (e.g. Comparison of … )

Table 10 shows the comparison of responses of the different groups of

respondents based on _____ (profile/grouping variable).

Table 10
Comparison of Responses of Different Groups based on Profile Variable
Name

Profile/Grouping Variable Name

Variable Category 1 Category 2 and so on
Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
Test
20

Variable 1
Test
Variable 2
and so on
Overall (if
necessary/
applicable)

As seen in Table 10 … (present the results of comparison, analyze and

interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research

literature in relation to your findings).

If the study also involves test of relationship or correlation test, the

following is a sample presentation:

5. Subtitle Five (e.g. Relationship between ____ and ____ … )

Table 11 shows the relationship between ____ and ____.

Table 11
Relationship between _____ and _____

Name of Variable 2
Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Name of
Variable 1

But if the relationship of each sub-variable of Variable 1 to Variable 2

needs to be indicated, aside from the relationship between the two variables,

then the table may be presented as:

Table 12
Relationship between _____ and _____

Name of Variable 2
Variable
Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1
21

As presented in Table 12, there is significant relationship (or there is no

significant relationship) between variable 1 and variable 2 as indicated by p-value

of ___, which is less than .05 level of significance (or greater than .05 level of

significance – if no significant relationship). Further (if there is significant

relationship), the Pearson’s r of ____ shows that the relationship is positive (or

negative), which means that …. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words

and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in relation to your

findings.)

Present also the results of relationships between each sub-variable of

variable 1 and variable 2, with significant relationships first before those with no

significant relationships. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and

discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in relation to your findings. You

have to do this for each sub-variable).

If Spearman correlation was used instead of Pearson correlation, the

sample table is as follows:

Table 13
Relationship between _____ and _____

Name of Variable 2
Variable Spearman p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
rho
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1

If Chi-square test was used, the sample table is as follows:

Table 14
Relationship between _____ and _____

Variable Name of Variable 2

22

Chi-square p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation

value
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1

Similar tables may be constructed if test of relationships involves more

than two variables such as the following:

Table 15
Relationship among _____

Variable 4
Variable
Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3

Table 16
Relationship among _____

Variable 3 Variable 4
r p Dec. Int. r p Dec. Int.
Variable 1
Variable 2

If the study also needs to test the effect, impact, influence and the like, the

following is a sample presentation:

6. Subtitle Six (e.g. Effect of ____ on ____ … )

Table 17 shows the results of bivariate regression analysis on the effect of

____ on ____.

Table 17
Effect of _____ on _____

Variable B Std. t- p- Decision Interpretation

Error value value on Ho
Constant
Independent
Variable
Model Summary: R = ______; R2 = _______
Regression Model: F = ______; p = _______
23

Or if you have more than one independent variable or you want to

consider the sub-variables as independent variables, then it may be presented as

follows:

Table 18 shows the results of multiple regression analysis on the effect of

____ on ____.

Table 18
Effect of _____ on _____

Variable B Std. t- p- Decision Interpretation

Error value value on Ho
Constant
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
and so on …
Model Summary: R = ______; R2 = _______
Regression Model: F = ______; p = _______

Present the results by giving the statistical interpretation of the values.

Then analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or

research literature in relation to your findings.

You may also present and interpret the regression equation.

7. Subtitle Seven (e.g. Proposed Strategies on … )

Present the rationale for the proposed output.

Table 19 shows the proposed strategies on … .

Table 19
Proposed Strategies on ____
(Sample only)

Area of Findings Proposed Objective Persons Expected

Concern Strategies s Involved Outcome
Statement
with lowest
mean (or
highest
24

mean,
depending
upon the
proposal)

Table 19 (Continued)

Area of Findings Proposed Objective Persons Expected

Concern Strategies s Involved Outcome
25
 Chapter V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of objectives and methodology, the

salient findings, the conclusions drawn from the findings, and the

recommendations.

(Or any similar introduction of the chapter)

Summary

This section usually consists of two paragraphs in not more than two

pages. In the first paragraph, briefly restate the general and specific objectives of

the study or the statement of the problem (SOP) in declarative-paragraph form.

The hypotheses or hypothesis, if any, of the study may be mentioned also.

In the second paragraph, present a summary of the methodology that

should include the resign design, the data gathering instrument and its validation

and reliability test result, the respondents of the study and sampling design, a

brief account on how the data were gathered including the research environment

(if applicable) that may have affected the data gathering or its results, and the

statistical tools used.

Findings

There should be a one-to-one correspondence between the findings and

the objectives of the study. In other words, for each specific objective stated in

the SOP, you should state here the findings that serve as answers to the

research questions and in the same order as the SOP. Findings should be listed

by number and usually summarized in one paragraph. Presentation of findings

includes numbers or figures such as percents, means, p-values and the like. No
27

inference and no interpretation should be made here. Findings are just stated,

not explained nor elaborated, and should be stated as concisely as possible. Do

not also introduce new data or do not include data that were not part of Chapter

IV.

Specifically, for findings for each profile variable: only the highest and

lowest frequency and percentage should be presented. For results of mean

assessment for each variable: present the composite mean and then the item

with highest mean and item with lowest mean. For results of test of significant

difference, relationship or effect: summarized the significant differences,

relationship or effects and then those with no significant difference, relationship

or effect. For findings regarding comparison of mean scores or responses:

present those with different responses and then those with similar responses. For

the output: give a brief description of the proposed output.

Conclusions

There should also be a one-to-one correspondence between conclusions

and findings. Conclusions are inferences and generalizations that should be

drawn directly from the findings and recapitulate the answers to the research

questions or objectives. These should be logical, valid and precise and no

indirect conclusion should be made. Conclusions are also listed by number, each

of which usually consists of only one sentence and without any statistical figure.

Specifically, for conclusion on profile: state the characteristics of the

majority (if more than 50%) or most (if the highest but less than 50%) of the

respondents. For conclusion on mean assessment: state the interpretation of the

28

composite mean of each variable. For conclusion on significant difference,

relationship or effect: state a summary of significant difference, relationship or

effect and the non-significant difference, relationship or effect. For conclusion on

comparison of responses: state a summary of different and of similar responses.

For conclusion on output: state the importance or substance of the proposed

output.

Recommendations

Recommendations should be based on findings and conclusions.

Recommendations are appeals to concerned individuals, institutions or

organizations to solve or help solve the problems discovered in the study, to

enhance or improve a procedure or system, to continue or sustain a good

practice or system, and the like. However, no recommendation that is not directly

related to the study should be made. Recommendations should also be practical

and attainable; it is useless to recommend the impossible.

Recommendations are suggestions and not requirements; thus, words

that are compelling or obliging should not be used. These are also listed by

number and each is stated in only one sentence. A recommendation for further or

future related study should also be included and placed in the last number.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
29

● Books

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic. Place(city only) of Publication:

Name of Publisher.

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic. Place(city only) of Publication:

Name of Publisher. Retrieved from URL

Surname1, F. M. & Surname2, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic. Place(city only)

of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M. & Surname3, F. M. (year). Title of Book in

Italic. Place(city only) of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M., Surname3, F. M., Surname4, F. M.,

Surname5, F. M., Surname6, F. M., & Surname7, F. M. (year). Title of
Book in Italic. Place(city only) of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M., Surname3, F. M., Surname4, F. M.,

Surname5, F. M., Surname6, F. M., … SurnameLastAuthor, F. M. (year).
Title of Book in Italic. Place(city only) of Publication: Name of Publisher.

B. Journals

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Article in a Research Journal. Name of Journal in

Italic, VolumeNumber(IssueNumber.), pagenumber-pagenumber.

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Article in a Research Journal. Name of Journal in

Italic, VolumeNumber(IssueNumber.), pagenumber-pagenumber. DOI:
Number

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Article in a Research Journal. Name of Journal in

Italic, VolumeNumber(IssueNumber.), pagenumber-pagenumber.
Retrieved from URL

C. Theses and Dissertations

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M. & Surname3, F. M. (year). Title of Thesis or

Dissertation in Italic. Name of College or University, Location(city only).

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M. & Surname3, F. M. (year). Title of Thesis or

Dissertation in Italic. Name of College or University, Location(city only).
Retrieved from URL

D. Electronic References

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Web Article. Retrieved from URL

Name of Organization as Author. (year). Title of Web Article. Retrieved from URL

E. Other References

Name of Agency. (year). Memorandum Order or Issuance No. ___, Title of Order
or Issuance.
30

Republic Act No. ___, (year). Title of the Act.

Surname, F. M. (year, month day). Title of Article. Name of Newspaper or

Magazine. p. pagenumber.

Surname, F. M. (year, month day). Title of Article. Name of Newspaper or

Magazine. Retrieved from URL

Title of Article. (year, month day). Name of Newspaper or Magazine. Retrieved

from URL

The references should be alphabetized separately for each section. Authors may
not only be particular persons but may also be organizations.

Please see APA Style 6th edition for detailed instructions on listing the references
and some samples.