Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE PROBLEM
This chapter deals with the presentation of the problem. Specifically, this
Introduction
Briefly introduce your research problem in not more than two pages. This
usually starts with the global or general perspectives down to local or particular
perspectives.
written using your own words and too much citation of references should be
avoided.
At the last paragraph of this introduction, clearly and briefly state your
At the last paragraph of the background, clearly state the rationale or main
reason/s why there is a need for the conduct of your study. This is different from
Specifically, this sought answers for the following questions (state the specific
Theoretical Framework
Present here the theoretical basis/bases of your study; cite the reference/s
references (i.e., 10 years or more ago) are allowed for use as theoretical bases.
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If the theoretical basis has a figure or diagram concerning the theory or variables
you adopted, present this without modifying or changing and cite the reference of
end of the figure title). Otherwise, do not present any figure or do not make your
This should also contain a brief discussion of each variable (test variable)
you will be using base only on the theory you adopted. (The detailed discussion
Conceptual Framework
This section contains your own framework or design for your own study.
You need to present your conceptual paradigm and discuss the contents of such
figure/model. The figure and discussion should contain the variables (profile and
test variables) you included in the statement of the problem and your own
(The order of the hypotheses should be in the same order as the corresponding
In this section, you need to include the discussion on the following: what is
the study all about, what are the objectives of the study and what are the
variables used; why is there a need to conduct the study; who were your
respondents; when and where was the study conducted; how did you conduct
the study; and what are the perceived limitations or weaknesses of the study (the
unavoidable cases or circumstances that made the study or the results of the
study “weaker”).
Introductory statement … .
… ; and
Definition of Terms
Introductory statement … .
First Term. (bold letters, capitalize first letter of major words in the term,
with period after the term) State the conceptual definition, one sentence only,
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then at the end of sentence, before the period, indicate the reference (book,
journal article and other reliable source; do not use thesis, dictionary and
year). State a one-sentence operational definition, usually starting with “In this
study,”.
Note: The terms should be arranged alphabetically. Only important terms should
be defined here, usually, but not limited to, the terms included in the title and in
the main research question or statement of the problem.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter deals with the review of related concepts and studies found
Conceptual Literature
an order starting with the general topic then the specific topics, particularly the
variables used (test variables) in the same order as in the statement of the
problem. Provide at least five literature reviews for each topic and use more
recent literature (i.e., not older than 10 years). Old literature or references may
still be allowed for conceptual literature depending on the level of its importance
(provided that in case of articles only concepts and theories should be included in
the review of conceptual literature and the empirical findings or results of study
review, it is not necessary that one paragraph has only one reference.
General Topic
Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your general
topic. Do not just copy the literature. You need to rephrase or paraphrase the
literature you read but still properly cite the reference using APA Style 6 th edition.
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Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your first
variable.
Variable Two
Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your second
variable.
Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your last
variable.
Research Literature
paragraph approach (except in few cases where more than one paragraph per
study may be allowed, provided that citation is clearly stated per paragraph). The
capstone projects and the like from local and foreign higher education
empirical findings or results of study, and not merely the concepts or theories,
dissertations and the like) that are older than 10 years. Published articles in
refereed journals older than 10 years are still acceptable depending upon its
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available in the research reviewed and useful for the present study): main topic
and objectives of the study with the variables used, research design and data
gathering instrument used, sampling design and respondents of the study, and
salient findings or results of the study. The title of thesis or research article
should not be mentioned as is but the topic of the research reviewed has to be
clearly stated. For example, instead of stating: The study of Castillo (2014)
Batangas State University” …; you may write: Castillo (2014) assessed the
State University … (or any similar sentence not mentioning the title as is).
Synthesis
more generally related studies in one paragraph and discuss their similarities and
differences to your present study. The synthesis should include all the
researches reviewed and usually presented in not more than two pages, usually
author, no date or year, same authors with the same year, online references, and
other queries on citation and referencing, refer to the rules on APA Style 6 th
edition.
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the research methods used in the study. It
treatment of data.
during the period when the actual study was done, especially the data gathering
phase, that may had affected the conduct of the study or its results. Be reminded
that this is different from the Background of the Study presented in Chapter I.
Research Design
State here the research design used and provide a brief discussion
(do not use previous thesis as reference for this), and properly cite the reference
This section usually consists of only two or three paragraphs. On the last
part, state a justification for the use of such design or why the design is the most
explain why they are the suitable respondents for your study. Include the number
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of respondents and explain how you arrived at such number or how you
State the sampling design used and discuss how this was actually utilized
found in books). If all members of the population are your respondents (or target
State the data gathering instrument used. If the data gathering instrument
present here the following: how the questionnaire was constructed, the content of
the questionnaire, who validated it and how it was validated, the conduct of dry
run – when, where and who were the respondents for the dry run, the reliability
analysis and its result, how it should be administered including the ethical
questionnaire.
Table 1.
Table 1
Scoring and Interpretation
Response Scale Mean Score Interpretation
4 3.50 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.50 – 3.49 Agree
2 1.50 – 2.49 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree
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that “the questionnaire cannot construct itself”! Instead, you may use
have the permission to use the questionnaire from the copyright owner (author,
publisher or both). You also need to discuss the content of the questionnaire, its
reliability, how to administer the questionnaire, and the scoring and interpretation
Discuss here the actual data gathering procedure, for example, how you
had distributed, administered and retrieved your data gathering instrument (if
using a survey questionnaire). You may start the discussion here with asking
such as period (days or months) covered in the data gathering, where and how
this was conducted, who were involved, time spent by a respondent in answering
Do not include here your library works; this is not the data gathering that is
mentioned here. The data that need to be discussed how these were gathered
are those data that were subjected for statistical analysis. Do not also repeat the
explain the statistical tools. There is also no need to state the formula, especially
if using statistical software. Just state the statistical tool and its particular use in
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed in the
statistical analysis of data. The following statistical tools were used in the study:
terms of … .
relationship between … .
data. It contains the textual and tabular presentation of data, quantitative and
literature.
problem (SOP) but should be short and not exactly the same as in the SOP. A
For each table of data, the following should be the order of presentation or
organization: (1) introduce the table and its content, (2) present the table, (3)
analyze or discuss the main contents of the table and give your own
interpretation, and (4) explain findings in the light of relevant theories and
Table 2
Distribution of Respondents by Sex
Sex Frequency Percent
Male 50 50
Female 50 50
Total 100 100
and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research
Table 3
Distribution of Respondents by Profile Variable Name
Profile Variable Name Frequency Percent
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
and so on …
Total 100
It can be deduced from Table 3 that … (present the major contents of the
table, analyze and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual
Table 4
(Sample) Assessment on _____ in terms of Test Variable Name
Test Variable Name Mean Interpretation
1. Item or statement 1
2. Item or statement 2
3. Item or statement 3
and so on …
Composite Mean
and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research
and literature support, usually starts with the composite mean, and then some
items or statements with higher means and then those with lower means.
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Table 5
Overall Assessment on _____ (if applicable or necessary)
Overall Construct Name Mean Interpretation
Test Variable 1
Test Variable 2
Test Variable 3
and so on …
Overall Mean
and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research
Table 6
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name
(Sample only; you may have different table presentation for results of t-test)
Profile
Decision Interpretatio
Variable Variable Mean t-value p-value
on Ho n
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so Category 1
on… Category 2
Overall (if Category 1
necessary or Category 2
applicable)
which is less than .05 level of significance. State also which group/category has
higher assessment/mean than the other. (Then, analyze and interpret in your
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significant difference.)
(Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual
Note that p-values should be written without “0” before the decimal,
e.g. .007 instead of 0.007. Do not also write p-value as .000, instead write it as
<.001.
Table 7
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name
Profile
Mean U- Decision Interpretatio
Variable Variable p-value
Rank statistic on Ho n
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so Category 1
on… Category 2
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable)
Table 8
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name
(Sample only; you may have different table presentation for results of ANOVA)
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Profile
p- Decision Interpretatio
Variable Variable Mean F-value
value on Ho n
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
and so on
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so on
and so on Category 1
Category 2
and so on
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable)
and so on
less than .05 level of significance. You also need to state which groups have
higher assessments than other groups. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own
difference.)
(Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual
Table 9
Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name
Profile Chi-
Mean p- Decision Interpretatio
Variable Variable square
Rank value on Ho n
Name value
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
and so on
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so on
and so on Category 1
Category 2
and so on
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable)
and so on
Further Notes:
“Cut” table (i.e. a single table in two pages) should be avoided. You may
cut discussions but not the table, except when the table does not fit in one page,
and in such a case, Table Number with the word “Continued” enclosed in
If the contents of the table are not results of your study and from another
Table 10
Comparison of Responses of Different Groups based on Profile Variable
Name
Profile/Grouping Variable Name
Variable Category 1 Category 2 and so on
Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation Mean Interpretation
Test
Variable 1
Test
Variable 2
and so on
Overall (if
necessary/
applicable)
Table 11
Relationship between _____ and _____
Name of Variable 2
Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Interpretatio
Ho n
Name of
Variable 1
needs to be indicated, aside from the relationship between the two variables,
Table 12
Relationship between _____ and _____
Name of Variable 2
Variable Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Interpretatio
Ho n
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1
of ___, which is less than .05 level of significance (or greater than .05 level of
relationship), the Pearson’s r of ____ shows that the relationship is positive (or
negative), which means that …. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words
findings.)
variable 1 and variable 2, with significant relationships first before those with no
significant relationships. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and
Table 13
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of ___, which is less than .05 level of significance (or greater than .05 level of
relationship), the Pearson’s r of ____ shows that the relationship is positive (or
negative), which means that …. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words
findings.)
variable 1 and variable 2, with significant relationships first before those with no
significant relationships. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and
Table 14
Relationship between _____ and _____
Name of Variable 2
Variable Chi-square p-value Decision on Interpretatio
value Ho n
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1
of ___, which is less than .05 level of significance (or greater than .05 level of
relationship), the Pearson’s r of ____ shows that the relationship is positive (or
negative), which means that …. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words
findings.)
variable 1 and variable 2, with significant relationships first before those with no
significant relationships. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and
Similar tables may be constructed if test of relationships involves more than two
Table 15
Relationship among _____
Variable 4
Variable Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Interpretatio
Ho n
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
of ___, which is less than .05 level of significance (or greater than .05 level of
relationship), the Pearson’s r of ____ shows that the relationship is positive (or
negative), which means that …. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words
findings.)
variable 1 and variable 2, with significant relationships first before those with no
significant relationships. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and
Table 16
Relationship among _____
Variable 3 Variable 4
r p Dec. Int. r p Dec. Int.
Variable 1
Variable 2
If the study also needs to test the effect, impact, influence and the like, the
____ on ____.
Table 17
Effect of _____ on _____
follows:
____ on ____.
Table 18
Effect of _____ on _____
Then analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or
Table 19
Proposed Strategies on ____
(Sample only)
Table 19 (Continued)
salient findings, the conclusions drawn from the findings, and the
recommendations.
Summary
This section usually consists of two paragraphs in not more than two
pages. In the first paragraph, briefly restate the general and specific objectives of
should include the resign design, the data gathering instrument and its validation
and reliability test result, the respondents of the study and sampling design, a
brief account on how the data were gathered including the research environment
(if applicable) that may have affected the data gathering or its results, and the
Findings
the objectives of the study. In other words, for each specific objective stated in
the SOP, you should state here the findings that serve as answers to the
research questions and in the same order as the SOP. Findings should be listed
includes numbers or figures such as percents, means, p-values and the like. No
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inference and no interpretation should be made here. Findings are just stated,
not also introduce new data or do not include data that were not part of Chapter
IV.
Specifically, for findings for each profile variable: only the highest and
assessment for each variable: present the composite mean and then the item
with highest mean and item with lowest mean. For results of test of significant
present those with different responses and then those with similar responses. For
Conclusions
drawn directly from the findings and recapitulate the answers to the research
indirect conclusion should be made. Conclusions are also listed by number, each
of which usually consists of only one sentence and without any statistical figure.
majority (if more than 50%) or most (if the highest but less than 50%) of the
output.
Recommendations
practice or system, and the like. However, no recommendation that is not directly
that are compelling or obliging should not be used. These are also listed by
number and each is stated in only one sentence. A recommendation for further or
future related study should also be included and placed in the last number.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
B. Journals
D. Electronic References
Name of Organization as Author. (year). Title of Web Article. Retrieved from URL
E. Other References
Name of Agency. (year). Memorandum Order or Issuance No. ___, Title of Order
or Issuance.
The references should be alphabetized separately for each section. Authors may
not only be particular persons but may also be organizations.
Please see APA Style 6th edition for detailed instructions on listing the references
and some samples.