CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM
Introduction

Briefly introduce your research problem in not more than two pages. This usually

starts with the global or general perspectives down to local or particular perspectives.

The introduction should not be a compilation of literature. This should be written

using your own words and too much citation of references should be avoided.

At the last paragraph of this introduction, clearly and briefly state your specific

research problem.

This is about existing or current issues, concerns, conditions, situations, or

scenario in your particular area, subject or locale of study.

At the last paragraph of the background, clearly state the rationale or main

reason/s why there is a need for the conduct of your study. This is different from your

objectives of the study, but of course, related or connected.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to (state the general objective of the research) … . Specifically,

this sought answers for the following questions (state the specific research questions):

(The following is a sample format.)

1. What is the profile of … in terms of:

1.1. profile variable one;

1.2. profile variable two;

1.3. profile variable three; and

1.4. last profile variable?

2. How do … with regard to:

 2

2.1. test variable one;

2.2. test variable two;

2.3. test variable three; and

2.4. last test variable?

3. Is there a significant difference on … ?

4. How may the responses on … be compared?

5. Is there a significant relationship between … ?

6. Does … significantly affect … ?

7. What strategies may be proposed to … ?

Hypothesis of the Study

The study tested the hypothesis given below:

Ho: There is no significant difference on … when grouped according to … .

(or if there are two or more hypotheses)

The study tested the following hypotheses:

Ho1: There is no significant difference on … when grouped according to … .

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between … .

Ho3: The … has no significant effect on … .

(The order of the hypotheses should be in the same order as the corresponding research

question in the statement of the problem.)

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

In this section, you need to include the discussion on the following: what is the

study all about, what are the objectives of the study and what are the variables used; why

is there a need to conduct the study; who were your respondents; when and where was the
 3

study conducted; how did you conduct the study; and what are the perceived limitations

or weaknesses of the study (the unavoidable cases or circumstances that made the study

or the results of the study “weaker”).

Significance of the Study ( paragraph form)

This study will be beneficial to…..

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature

1-2 sentences about the content of conceptual literature. 3-4 topics or

depending on the number of variables

Provide an introductory statement for this section. Then present a review of

conceptual literature related to your present study in topical approach and in an order

starting with the general topic then the specific topics, particularly the variables used (test

variables) in the same order as in the statement of the problem. Provide at least five

literature reviews for each topic and use more recent literature (i.e., not older than 10

years). Old literature or references may still be allowed for conceptual literature

depending on the level of its importance or significance to the present study or if no

recent literature is available. Conceptual literature include books, other reliable general

references, government laws and issuances, and articles published in research journals

(provided that in case of articles only concepts and theories should be included in the

review of conceptual literature and the empirical findings or results of study are to be

included in the review of research literature). For conceptual literature review, it is not

necessary that one paragraph has only one reference.

General Topic

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your general topic. Do

not just copy the literature. You need to rephrase or paraphrase the literature you read but

still properly cite the reference using APA Style 6th edition.

Variable One (the order is according to Statement of the Problem)

 5

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your first variable.

Variable Two

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your second variable.

Until the Last Variable

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your last variable.

Topic Related to the Output of the Study (if applicable/necessary and if cannot be
integrated in the previous topics/variables)

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to the output of your

study.

Topic about Respondent/Subject of the Study (if applicable/necessary and if cannot

be integrated in the previous topics/variables)

Present here the review of concepts and theories related to your respondent or

subject of the study. Be reminded as well that this part is not regarding your profile

variables. Discussion of concepts or theories related to any of your profile variables has

to be integrated in any appropriate topic here in the conceptual literature while similar or

related findings regarding your profile variables has to be included in research literature.

If there are two or more general topics with corresponding sets of variables, order

of presentation depends upon the degree of importance (from most important to least

important) in a particular study. However, this order of presentation should also

correspond to the order of research questions presented in the Statement of the Problem

(SOP). In most cases, dependent variables have to be presented first (both in the SOP and

in the review of conceptual literature) before the independent variables.

Concluding paragraph about conceptual literature.

 6

Research Literature (from studies)

Present here the review of related studies or researches at one-study-one-

paragraph approach (except in few cases where more than one paragraph per study may

be allowed, provided that citation is clearly stated per paragraph). The presentation

should be from the most-related down to the least-related study. Research literature

include theses, dissertations, case studies, feasibility studies, capstone projects and the

like from local and foreign higher education institutions, and research articles published

in refereed journals, whether in print or electronic (provided that, in case of published

articles, the methodology and empirical findings or results of study, and not merely the

concepts or theories, shall be presented here). At least 10 related researches should be

reviewed and presented here. Do not include degree-requirement researches (theses,

dissertations and the like) that are older than 10 years. Published articles in refereed

journals older than 10 years are still acceptable depending upon its importance or

significance to the present study but student-researchers are highly encouraged to look for

and use more recent articles.

Each review of related research shall include the following (whenever available in

the research reviewed and useful for the present study): main topic and objectives of the

study with the variables used, research design and data gathering instrument used,

sampling design and respondents of the study, and salient findings or results of the study.

The title of thesis or research article should not be mentioned as is but the topic of the

research reviewed has to be clearly stated. For example, instead of stating: The study of

Castillo (2014) entitled “Employability Skills of Graduating Business and Accounting

Students of Batangas State University” …; you may write: Castillo (2014) assessed the
 7

employability skills of graduating business and accounting students of Batangas State

University … (or any similar sentence not mentioning the title as is).

Concluding paragraph about research literature.

Theoretical Framework

Present here the theoretical basis/bases of your study; cite the reference/s using

APA Style 6th edition author(surname/s)-year format. Old theories or references (i.e., 10

years or more ago) are allowed for use as theoretical bases. If the theoretical basis has a

figure or diagram concerning the theory or variables you adopted, present this without

modifying or changing and cite the reference of the figure (to be indicated in author-year

format enclosed in parentheses at the end of the figure title). Otherwise, do not present

any figure or do not make your own figure for this section.

This should also contain a brief discussion of each variable (test variable) you will

be using base only on the theory you adopted. (The detailed discussion of the said

variables, including concepts from other theories, should be in Chapter II, specifically,

the section for Conceptual Literature.)

Conceptual Framework

This section contains your own framework or design for your own study. You

need to present your conceptual paradigm and discuss the contents of such figure/model.

The figure and discussion should contain the variables (profile and test variables) you

included in the statement of the problem and your own assumptions regarding the

relationships of such variables.

Definition of Terms

Introductory statement … .
 8

First Term. (bold letters, capitalize first letter of major words in the term, with

period after the term) State the conceptual definition, one sentence only, then at the end

of sentence, before the period, indicate the reference (book, journal article and other

reliable source; do not use thesis, dictionary and unreliable web article as reference), in

APA style author-year format (Author, year). State a one-sentence operational definition,

usually starting with “In this study,”.

Second Term. Conceptual definition (Author, year). In this study, … .

Third Term. Conceptual definition (Author, year). In this study, … .

Last Term. Conceptual definition (Author, year). In this study, … .

Note: The terms should be arranged alphabetically. Only important terms should be
defined here, usually, but not limited to, the terms included in the title and in the main
research question or statement of the problem.
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Environment (if necessary/applicable)

Discuss here the present environment or existing setting or scenario during the

period when the actual study was done, especially the data gathering phase, that may had

affected the conduct of the study or its results. Be reminded that this is different from the

Background of the Study presented in Chapter I.

Research Design

State here the research design used and provide a brief discussion regarding such

design. You may include a definition or description of the research design from a reliable

reference, usually a book on research methods (do not use previous thesis as reference for

this), and properly cite the reference using APA Style.

This section usually consists of only two or three paragraphs. On the last part,

state a justification for the use of such design or why the design is the most appropriate

for your present study.

Respondents /Participants/Subjects/None of the Study

Mention who are the respondents, describe their characteristics and explain why

they are the suitable respondents for your study. Include the number of respondents and

explain how you arrived at such number or how you determined the sample size.

State the sampling design used and discuss how this was actually utilized or

conducted (there is no need to define and explain the sampling design as found in books).

If all members of the population are your respondents (or target respondents), clearly
 10

state and explain why it was necessary to conduct a census on the whole population

instead of sampling.

Data Gathering Instrument

State the data gathering instrument used. If the data gathering instrument is a

survey questionnaire made or constructed by you as researcher, you need to present here

the following: how the questionnaire was constructed, the content of the questionnaire,

who validated it and how it was validated, the conduct of dry run – when, where and who

were the respondents for the dry run, the reliability analysis and its result, how it should

be administered including the ethical considerations on its administration, and the scoring

to be used for the questionnaire.

For scoring and interpretation, the following is sample:

The scoring and interpretation used for the questionnaire is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Scoring and interpretation.

Response Scale Mean Score Interpretation
4 3.50 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
3 2.50 – 3.49 Agree
2 1.50 – 2.49 Disagree
1 1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree
Reminder: Do not use the term “self-constructed questionnaire”. Take note that

“the questionnaire cannot construct itself”! Instead, you may use “researcher-made

questionnaire” or simply, “survey questionnaire”.

If the questionnaire to be used is standardized, explain how you had acquired the

questionnaire including whether it is in the public domain or you have the permission to

use the questionnaire from the copyright owner (author, publisher or both). You also need

to discuss the content of the questionnaire, its reliability, how to administer the

questionnaire, and the scoring and interpretation used by the author of the questionnaire.
 11

Data Gathering Procedure

Discuss here the actual data gathering procedure, for example, how you had

distributed, administered and retrieved your data gathering instrument (if using a survey

questionnaire). You may start the discussion here with asking permission from concerned

authorities regarding the actual conduct of data gathering through letters or personal visits

to concerned offices. Include details such as period (days or months) covered in the data

gathering, where and how this was conducted, who were involved, time spent by a

respondent in answering the questionnaire or in an interview, retrieval of the

questionnaire and response rate, and the like.

Do not include here your library works; this is not the data gathering that is

mentioned here. The data that need to be discussed how these were gathered are those

data that were subjected for statistical analysis. Do not also repeat the contents of Data

Gathering Instrument.

Statistical Treatment of Data

This section contains the statistical tools used corresponding to the research

questions in the statement of the problem. There is no need to define or explain the

statistical tools. There is also no need to state the formula, especially if using statistical

software. Just state the statistical tool and its particular use in your present study.

(The following is an example.)

The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed in the statistical

analysis of data. The following statistical tools were used in the study: (Sample only: See

if these are applicable for your study.)

 12

Frequency and Percentage. This was used to determine the profile … in terms

of … .

Mean. This was used to assess the … with regard to … .

Independent Samples T-Test. This was used to determine if there is significant

difference on … when grouped according to … .

Analysis of Variance. This was used to determine if there is significant

difference on … when grouped according to … .

Pearson’s Correlation. This was used to determine if there is significant

relationship between … .

A Very Important Note: Different research designs may require contents of Chapter III

that are different from those presented here.

Ethical Considerations

One paragraph

Note:

6.4.6 Undergraduate students shall only be allowed to do the research that: 1)

maintains minimal risk; 2) fulfils the criteria for an expedited review; 3) is non-
therapeutic or non-interventional; 4) will not compromise the security, and wellbeing of
student-researchers. Further, should proposed research divert from the above criteria,
research ethics review of undergraduate students shall be endorsed by the Research
Panelist in their research defense activity.
Lifted from University Research Manual
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. Subtitle One (for example: Profile of the Respondents)

Note: The subtitles here should correspond to your statement of the problem

(SOP) but should be short and not exactly the same as in the SOP. A brief introductory

statement for each section may also be made.

For each table of data, the following should be the order of presentation or

organization: (1) introduce the table and its content, (2) present the table, (3) analyze or

discuss the main contents of the table and give your own interpretation, and (4) explain

findings in the light of relevant theories and concepts and relate with findings of previous

researches. Tables should be numbered consecutively using Arabic numeral and

continuously from Chapter I to Chapter V. (For example: )

Table 2 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of sex.

Table 2. Distribution of respondents by sex.

Sex Frequency Percent
Male 50 50
Female 50 50
Total 100 100

As seen in Table 2, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze and

interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in

relation to your findings). Literature that may be mentioned here should have been

included as well in Chapter II.

Table 3 presents the profile of the respondents in terms of … .

Table 3. Distribution of respondents by profile variable name.

Profile Variable Name Frequency Percent
Category 1
Category 2
 14

Category 3
and so on …
Total 100

It can be deduced from Table 3 that … (present the major contents of the table,

analyze and interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research

literature in relation to your findings).

2. Subtitle Two (e.g. Assessment on … short title from Statement of the Problem No. 2,
single space if subtitle will consume two lines)

Table 4 shows the assessment on _____ in terms of test variable name.

Table 4. (Sample) Assessment on _____ in terms of Test Variable Name.

Test Variable Name Mean Interpretation
1. Item or statement 1
2. Item or statement 2
3. Item or statement 3
and so on …
Composite Mean

As shown in Table 4, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze and

interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in

relation to your findings). The discussion of contents, interpretation and literature

support, usually starts with the composite mean, and then some items or statements with

higher means and then those with lower means.

Table 5 provides the overall assessment on _____.

Table 5. Overall Assessment on _____ (if applicable or necessary).

Overall Construct Name Mean Interpretation
Test Variable 1
Test Variable 2
Test Variable 3
and so on …
Overall Mean

As shown in Table 5, … (present the major contents of the table, analyze and

interpret in your own words, and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in
 15

relation to your findings).

3. Subtitle Three (e.g. Differences on … )

Table 6 shows the differences on ____ when grouped according to ____

(profile/grouping variable with two categories only).

Table 6. Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name .

(Sample only; you may have different table presentation for results of t-test)
Profile
Decision
Variable Variable Mean t-value p-value Interpretation
on Ho
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so Category 1
on… Category 2
Overall (if Category 1
necessary Category 2
or
applicable)

It was clearly shown in Table 6 that there is significant difference on ___ in terms

of ____ when grouped according to ___ as indicated by p-value of ___, which is less than

.05 level of significance. State also which group/category has higher assessment/mean

than the other. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant

conceptual or research literature in relation to your findings. You have to do this for each

variable/scale/construct with significant difference.)

However, with a p-value of ___ which is greater than .05, there is no significant

difference on ___ in terms of ___ when grouped according to ___. (Then, analyze and

interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in

relation to your findings.)

Note that p-values should be written without “0” before the decimal, e.g. .007
 16

instead of 0.007. Do not also write p-value as .000, instead write it as <.001.

If you have used Mann-Whitney U-test instead of Independent Samples t-test, the

following is a sample tabular presentation of results:

Table 7. Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name.

Profile
Mean U- Decision
Variable Variable p-value Interpretation
Rank statistic on Ho
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so Category 1
on… Category 2
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable)

Table 8 shows the differences on ____ when grouped according to ____

(profile/grouping variable with more than two categories).

Table 8. Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name.

(Sample only; you may have different table presentation for results of ANOVA)
Profile
Decision
Variable Variable Mean F-value p-value Interpretation
on Ho
Name
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
and so on
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so on
and so on Category 1
Category 2
and so on
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable) and so on

As presented in Table 8, there is significant difference on ___ in terms of ____

when grouped according to ____ as indicated by p-value of ___, which is less than .05
 17

level of significance. You also need to state which groups have higher assessments than

other groups. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant

conceptual or research literature in relation to your findings. You have to do this for each

variable/scale/construct with significant difference.)

However, with a p-value of ___ which is greater than .05, there is no significant

difference on ___ in terms of ___ when grouped according to ___. (Then, analyze and

interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in

relation to your findings. You may combine the discussion for all variables with no

significant difference).

If you have used Kruskal-Wallis H-test instead of Analysis of Variance, the

following is a sample tabular presentation of results:

Table 9. Differences on _____ When Grouped according to Profile Variable Name.

Profile Chi-
Mean Decision
Variable Variable square p-value Interpretation
Rank on Ho
Name value
Test Category 1
Variable 1 Category 2
and so on
Test Category 1
Variable 2 Category 2
and so on
and so on Category 1
Category 2
and so on
Overall (if Category 1
necessary/ Category 2
applicable) and so on

Further Notes:

“Cut” table (i.e. a single table in two pages) should be avoided. You may cut

discussions but not the table, except when the table does not fit in one page, and in such
 18

a case, Table Number with the word “Continued” enclosed in parenthesis and column

headings should be repeated in the succeeding pages.

If the contents of the table are not results of your study and from another source,

indicate the source below the table.

If you use abbreviation in the table, indicate the meaning of such abbreviation

below the table.

If testing significant differences is not applicable to your study and instead there

is just a need to compare the mean responses of different groups of respondents, then

your results may be presented as follows:

4. Subtitle Four (e.g. Comparison of … )

Table 10 shows the comparison of responses of the different groups of

respondents based on _____ (profile/grouping variable).

Table 10.Comparison of Responses of Different Groups based on Profile Variable

Name.
Profile/Grouping Variable Name
Category 1 Category 2 and so on
Variable
Interpretatio
Mean Interpretation Mean Mean Interpretation
n
Test
Variable 1
Test
Variable 2
and so on
Overall (if
necessary/
applicable)

As seen in Table 10 … (present the results of comparison, analyze and interpret in

your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research literature in relation to your

findings).
 19

If the study also involves test of relationship or correlation test, the following is a

sample presentation:

5. Subtitle Five (e.g. Relationship between ____ and ____ … )

Table 11 shows the relationship between ____ and ____.

Table 11. Relationship between _____ and _____.

Name of Variable 2
Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Name of
Variable 1

But if the relationship of each sub-variable of Variable 1 to Variable 2 needs to be

indicated, aside from the relationship between the two variables, then the table may be

presented as:

Table 12. Relationship between _____ and _____.

Name of Variable 2
Variable
Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1

As presented in Table 12, there is significant relationship (or there is no

significant relationship) between variable 1 and variable 2 as indicated by p-value of ___,

which is less than .05 level of significance (or greater than .05 level of significance – if

no significant relationship). Further (if there is significant relationship), the Pearson’s r of

____ shows that the relationship is positive (or negative), which means that …. (Then,

analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research

literature in relation to your findings.)

Present also the results of relationships between each sub-variable of variable 1

and variable 2, with significant relationships first before those with no significant
 20

relationships. (Then, analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant

conceptual or research literature in relation to your findings. You have to do this for each

sub-variable).

If Spearman correlation was used instead of Pearson correlation, the sample table

is as follows:

Table 13. Relationship between _____ and _____.

Name of Variable 2
Variable Spearman p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
rho
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1

If Chi-square test was used, the sample table is as follows:

Table 14. Relationship between _____ and _____.

Name of Variable 2
Variable Chi-square p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
value
Sub-variable 1
Sub-variable 2
and so on…
Name of
Variable 1

Similar tables may be constructed if test of relationships involves more than two

variables such as the following:

Table 15. Relationship among _____.

Variable 4
Variable
Pearson’s r p-value Decision on Ho Interpretation
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3

Table 16. Relationship among _____.

Variable 3 Variable 4
r p Dec. Int. r p Dec. Int.
 21

Variable 1
Variable 2

If the study also needs to test the effect, impact, influence and the like, the

following is a sample presentation:

6. Subtitle Six (e.g. Effect of ____ on ____ … )

Table 17 shows the results of bivariate regression analysis on the effect of ____

on ____.

Table 17. Effect of _____ on _____.

Variable B Std. t- p- Decision on Interpretation
Error value value Ho
Constant
Independent
Variable
Model Summary: R = ______; R2 = _______
Regression Model: F = ______; p = _______

Or if you have more than one independent variable or you want to consider the

sub-variables as independent variables, then it may be presented as follows:

Table 18 shows the results of multiple regression analysis on the effect of ____ on

____.

Table 18. Effect of _____ on _____.

Variable B Std. t-value p- Decision on Interpretation
Error value Ho
Constant
Variable 1
Variable 2
Variable 3
Variable 4
Variable 5
and so on …
Model Summary: R = ______; R2 = _______
Regression Model: F = ______; p = _______
 22

Present the results by giving the statistical interpretation of the values. Then

analyze and interpret in your own words and discuss relevant conceptual or research

literature in relation to your findings.

You may also present and interpret the regression equation.

7. Subtitle Seven (e.g. Proposed Strategies on … )

Present the rationale for the proposed output.

Table 19 shows the proposed strategies on … .

Table 19. Proposed Strategies on ____ .

(Sample only)
Area of Findings Proposed Objectives Persons Expected
Concern Strategies Involved Outcome
Statement
with lowest
mean (or
highest mean,
depending
upon the
proposal)

Table 19 (Continued)

Area of Findings Proposed Objectives Persons Expected

 23

Concern Strategies Involved Outcome

 Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

This section usually consists of two paragraphs in not more than two pages. In the

first paragraph, briefly restate the general and specific objectives of the study or the

statement of the problem (SOP) in declarative-paragraph form. The hypotheses or

hypothesis, if any, of the study may be mentioned also.

In the second paragraph, present a summary of the methodology that should

include the resign design, the data gathering instrument and its validation and reliability

test result, the respondents of the study and sampling design, a brief account on how the

data were gathered including the research environment (if applicable) that may have

affected the data gathering or its results, and the statistical tools used.

Conclusions (Number of SOP = Number of Conclusions)

1.

2.

3.

There should also be a one-to-one correspondence between conclusions and

findings. Conclusions are inferences and generalizations that should be drawn directly

from the findings and recapitulate the answers to the research questions or objectives.

These should be logical, valid and precise and no indirect conclusion should be made.

Conclusions are also listed by number, each of which usually consists of only one

sentence and without any statistical figure.

Specifically, for conclusion on profile: state the characteristics of the majority (if
 25

more than 50%) or most (if the highest but less than 50%) of the respondents. For

conclusion on mean assessment: state the interpretation of the composite mean of each

variable. For conclusion on significant difference, relationship or effect: state a summary

of significant difference, relationship or effect and the non-significant difference,

relationship or effect. For conclusion on comparison of responses: state a summary of

different and of similar responses. For conclusion on output: state the importance or

substance of the proposed output.

Recommendations

1.

2.

3.

Recommendations should be based on findings and conclusions.

Recommendations are appeals to concerned individuals, institutions or organizations to

solve or help solve the problems discovered in the study, to enhance or improve a

procedure or system, to continue or sustain a good practice or system, and the like.

However, no recommendation that is not directly related to the study should be made.

Recommendations should also be practical and attainable; it is useless to recommend the

impossible.

Recommendations are suggestions and not requirements; thus, words that are

compelling or obliging should not be used. These are also listed by number and each is

stated in only one sentence. A recommendation for further or future related study should

also be included and placed in the last number.

 26

REFERENCES (APA FORMAT, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED,

REFERENCES REFLECTED IN THE PAPER)

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic. Place(city only) of Publication: Name of

Publisher.

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic. Place(city only) of Publication: Name of

Publisher. Retrieved from URL

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Article in a Research Journal. Name of Journal in Italic,

VolumeNumber(IssueNumber.), pagenumber-pagenumber.

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Article in a Research Journal. Name of Journal in Italic,

VolumeNumber(IssueNumber.), pagenumber-pagenumber. DOI: Number

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Article in a Research Journal. Name of Journal in Italic,

VolumeNumber(IssueNumber.), pagenumber-pagenumber. Retrieved from URL

Surname1, F. M. & Surname2, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic. Place(city only) of

Publication: Name of Publisher.

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M. & Surname3, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic.

Place(city only) of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M., Surname3, F. M., Surname4, F. M., Surname5, F. M.,
Surname6, F. M., & Surname7, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic. Place(city
only) of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M., Surname3, F. M., Surname4, F. M., Surname5, F. M.,
Surname6, F. M., … SurnameLastAuthor, F. M. (year). Title of Book in Italic.
Place(city only) of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M. & Surname3, F. M. (year). Title of Thesis or

Dissertation in Italic. Name of College or University, Location(city only).

Surname1, F. M., Surname2, F. M. & Surname3, F. M. (year). Title of Thesis or

Dissertation in Italic. Name of College or University, Location(city only).
Retrieved from URL

Surname, F. M. (year). Title of Web Article. Retrieved from URL

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Name of Agency. (year). Memorandum Order or Issuance No. ___, Title of Order or
Issuance.
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Republic Act No. ___, (year). Title of the Act.

Surname, F. M. (year, month day). Title of Article. Name of Newspaper or Magazine. p.

pagenumber.

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some samples.
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APPENDICES
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BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH

Juan dela Cruz was born on January 1, 2000 at

Batangas City. He is the youngest among the

three siblings of Mr. Jose dela Cruz and Mrs.

Maria dela Cruz. He attained his Kindergarten

years at — in Batangas City and graduated with

Academic excellence. He then took his

Elementary years at – in Batangas City and

graduated as Class Salutatorian.

While he was still young, he was aspiring to be an exceptional basketball player ,

and joined some tournaments …………………………………………………………

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