Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains the background of the study, statement of the

problem, assumptions of the study, and its significance, and scope and

delimitation.

A. Background of the Study [not more than 5 pages]

 Brief overview of the topic with reference to existing literature

 To what extent has the topic been investigated?
 What particular “gap in our understanding” led to the current study?

B. Statement of the Problem [3-6 questions/objectives]

 What questions/objectives need to be answered/satisfied convincingly
to fill the gap?

It will specifically answer the following:

1. What is the __________________ in terms of:

a. xyz;

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 b. abc; and

c. bxc?

2. What is the _______________________?

3. What are the __________________________?

C. Assumptions of the Study [when appropriate]

Start with an introductory sentence
Something that you assume to be true about the variables
One assumption per variable

D. Significance of the Study

 It states why the problem investigated is important

 It should include statement of relevance to felt needs, the potential
contribution to new knowledge, and policy implications and other positive
uses for its results
 Tells how the people or entities you have identified will benefit from the
study
 Should be arranged according to impact of the study on the persons you
have identified
 Include only those who can utilize the result of the study

This study is significant to the following:

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 Beneficiary A. The beneficiary A ______________________.

Beneficiary B. The beneficiary B ______________________.

Beneficiary C. The beneficiary C ______________________.

Beneficiary D. The beneficiary D ______________________.

Beneficiary E. The beneficiary E ______________________.

Future Researchers. The study can be a reference to relevant research

agenda and for the conduct of further studies.

E. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

• Defines the limits of the study in terms of subjects, variables, and scope
 First sentence tells what the study is about
 Discuss all the variables, the respondents of the study (include number),
the locale or setting, and the year (inclusion criteria)
 Also discuss who/what is/are not included in the study (exclusion criteria)
 If schools are the settings of the study, mention all the schools included
in the study and assign each of them a code

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 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the resume of related literature and studies found to

from different sources. They provided a better insight about the study and a

better way of doing it. The theoretical and conceptual frameworks were also

included in this chapter.

The introductory paragraph

• Briefly describe the nature of the research problem
• Explain the organizational method of the review
 Write the content of chapter 2 (enumerate the sub-topics of the related
studies and literature included) include the sources of the related studies;

The body of the related literature and studies

 Present the related literature and studies clustered under a sub-heading

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  Sub-headings indicate the right placement of the literature and studies
 Provide a short introductory paragraph for each major topic
 The clustering should be based from the statement of the problem
 The order of presentation should be based from the statement of the
problem
 There is a need for transition from paragraph to paragraph; use transitory
words or linking words

Synthesis

• Tie together the main threads revealed in the literature review

 This is the summary of the related studies (excluding literature) by cluster;

include author and year; point similarities and differences with the present
study;
 One paragraph per cluster

Chapter 3
FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
This chapter is about the theoretical and the conceptual framework,
and the definition of terms.

Theoretical Framework

Theoretical Framework
 In the introductory paragraph, enumerate the theories used in the study;
identify the main theory and the supporting theories, the theorists and date
 Discuss each theory well in one paragraph
 Discuss how the theory will be used in the study in another paragraph
- discuss how the theories are associated with the study variables;
- or discuss how the theories will play in the different variables
- Use examples to substantiate theory discussion

Conceptual Framework
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  In this section, discuss your contention about the study; how the
variables are related or how they interact; relate relationship of
independent and dependent variables
 Discuss how you conducted the study
 Discuss how the theory/ies relate to your concept

Definition of Terms

In order to have a better understanding of the study, the following terms

were defined conceptually and operationally.

 The definition of terms must be presented in topical format; the

sequence must follow the arrangement in the title and statement of the
problem
 Definitions could be conceptual or operational; preferably both
 Two ways to define the key terms:
Conceptual definition – definition based on concepts or hypothetic ones
which are usually taken from books/dictionary;
Operational definition – based on observable characteristics and how it
is used in the study; tells how the concept is to be measured in the
study; express the data in numbers or values
 Conceptual definition should quote and cite the author, year. This should
be followed by an operational study – and you say “in this study”
 Operational definition alone should not start with “in this study”
 Vary the introductory phrase for definition:
This refers…,
This term means …,
This word stands for… ,
The meaning of this term is … , as used in this study … , this term is about
…
 It should be written in complete sentence.
 Indented.
 Use period after the term.
 Highlight/bold all the major variables; underline the subsumed terms
 Format for subsumed definitions:

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Example:
Motivation. This term means …. ______________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________

Chapter 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research design, research locale and

participants, data gathering procedures, research instruments, ethical

considerations, and data analysis.

A. Research Design
 What type of research design was used in the study? (e.g.,
exploratory, descriptive, causal, mixed design)
 What justifies the use of this research design?

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 The study will use qualitative and quantitative descriptive study.

B. Research Locale and Participants

 Where and from whom were the data collected?
 What inclusion/exclusion criteria were used in selecting the target
locale/participants?
 How did you arrive at the number of target locale/participants?

C. Data Gathering Procedure

 What data gathering techniques were used in the study? (e.g., survey,
FGD, KII, etc.)
 What justifies the use of these techniques?

The data will be obtained from secondary sources and will be

collected through interview, survey, and focus group discussion.

The data will be analyzed using the value chain analysis template.

D. Research Instruments
 What instruments were used to obtain the data? If researcher-made,
how was it developed?
 What justifies the use of these instruments? (e.g., related literature,
results of pre-test, results of test for internal consistency, etc.)
 How did you actually administer these instruments?
 How would you summarize the dataset collected using each of these
instruments?
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  How would you interpret each of the dataset and what would they help
explain?

E. Ethical Considerations
 What did you do to protect the subjects (i.e., humans, animals, and
environment) involved in the study? (e.g., informed consent, freedom
from coercion, humane treatment of animals, minimize site
disturbance, etc.)

F. Data Analysis
 What techniques were used to analyze the data? (e.g., content
analysis, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics)
 What justifies the use of these techniques?

Chapter 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains the results and discussion of the study.

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Heading

Introduce what is the content of the table.

Table No. Title

Indicator Frequency Percent

9 75.00
3 25.00
7 58.33
5 41.67

The table shows that [present your data in narrative form].

It could be noticed from the table that [present your analysis and inference

on the data, and its implication].

Link the result to your related studies in Chapter 2.

Chapter 6

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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 This chapter contains the summary of findings obtained to answer the

specific questions raised in this study. From the findings, conclusions were drawn

from which recommendations were based.

Summary and Conclusions

Summarize the results in response to the statement of the problem.

Recommendation

Based on the results go back to the identified beneficiaries and

recommend to them actions they can make.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books
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B. Unpublished Materials

C. Journals

D. Electronic Materials

Note: Use the APA7 format. You can use www.citationamachine.net or

www.mybib.com for your references

APPENDICES

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 Appendix A

Questionnaire on
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 TITLE OF QUESTIONNAIRE

Letter to respondents

Part I.

Part II.
Part III.

Thank you very much!

Appendix B

LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH

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Appendix C

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PICTURES DURING DATA GATHERING

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE
Attached your individual resume

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Other Standards in Writing the Research
1. Paper: Substance 20, Letter Size
2. Font style: Arial
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3. Font size: 12
4. Paragraphs/Text :
a. Left Margin: 1.5; Right margin: 1 (justified)
b. Indention: 8 single spaces from the Left margin.
c. Double spaces for regular lines/text
d. Single spaces for quoted lines/texts which is 3 or more lines. (16 single
spaces from the Left margin for the indention; 8 single spaces from the
Left margin for the indention).
e. Quotation which is less than three lines becomes a part of regular text

lines but are enclosed in quotation marks.

f. Avoid hanging pages except the last page of a chapter.

5. Headings:

a. Center heads: (title of the study/chapters, title of tables) upper case

letters. Only title of the study is in Bold.
b. Free side heads: First letters of words are in upper case; it should not
be more than ¾ across the page. If it is long, make it 2 to 3 lines in
decreasing length.
c. Paragraph side heads: Only the first letter of the first word is upper
case.
6. Tables:
a. Short/small tables are part of textual page.
b. Tables which occupy 75% or more of the page should be an
independent page.
c. Do not cut tables; avoid very long tables.
d. Letters and figures may be reduced up to point 9.
7. Graphs may be shown to make data easier to understand especially if the
table contains many variables.itations: APA7 format

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