IMR 552

PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF ARCHIVAL

MATERIALS
 TECHNIQUES

• Fumigation
• Cleaning
• Deacidification
• Repair
• Binding
 FUMIGATION

• Objectives
• To destroy elements that is harmful to records
• To prevent elements that can destroy records. (bibliophagons
insects and fungus)

• One method to remove elements of pest records and to

prevent attacks from bibliophagons insects such as various
types of beetles, silverfish, cockroach, bookworm, termites and
fungus.
• Immune from attack or infection depends on the materials
stored in accordance with the standards and concept of
preventive presentation
• Fumigation involves the use of chemicals to prevent pests and
remove elements of archival materials in paper form
 FUMIGATION CHEMICALS USED

•Paradichlorobenzene
•Thymol
•Formaldehyde
•Ethylene oxide
•Nitrogen
 PARADICHLOROBENZENE

• Paradichlorobenzene
• Agent destructive insects (insecticide)
• Solids, easy to steam
• Volatile solid that has a strong odor
• Effects of poisoning (toxic) harm to
 THYMOL
• thymol
• To destroy fungus
• Solid strong smell
• Not suitable with liquid nylon, some types of varnish
and some kind of printer ink
 FORMALDEHYDE

• formaldehyde
• Agent to destroy insects and fungus
• Shaped methanol in water solution containing
about 40% formaldehyde
• Intense odor (pungent smell)
• Used under rigorous control
 ETHYLENE OXIDE

• Ethylene oxide
• Agent to destroy insects and fungus
• Chemicals that produce gas
• Toxic effects are strong
• Have not been used since it is harmful to humans
 NITROGEN

• nitrogen
• Agent to destroy insects
• It is a heavy gas that reduces oxygen to kill insects
 FUMIGATION PROCESS

• Proper fumigation process is to use a space or room

(chamber) that is airtight

• Airtight can make fumigation agents react

effectively
• Space or chamber area depends on the
fumigation type, size and number of documents to
be fumigated
 CLEANING

• Divided into three :

• Mechanical - eraser, brush, vacuum

cleaner

• Non aqueous solvent

• Washing
 CLEANING

• Cleaning is to remove the dirt on the surface of a

document or book
• The cleaning method depends on the type of dirt
• Conservator must identify the type of dirt
• Wrong methods can add more injury to the
document
• Cleaning can be carried out by mechanical means
or liquid
• Mechanical cleaning or fluid cleaning should be
done cautiously
 MECHANICAL CLEANING

• To remove dirts such as dust, mold, and dirt by

insects
• This method is typically used on documents with
decorative or simple inks.
• Documents need to be drained and physically in a
strong state to face treatment
• Cleaning should be carried out in adequate space
with ventilation
• Conservator must wear a dust mask
• By using this method, tools used are vacuum
cleaner, brush and eraser
 MECHANICAL CLEANING

• Cleaning is done by using suction at low rates

• Suction is directed from the center to the edge of
the document
• Make sure the document is vacuum suction-
resistant
 BRUSH

• To remove dust from the surface of the document

• Brush is used if the use of a vacuum cleaner is not
suitable
• Use a soft brush to sweep the surface of the
document
• Sweep from the center to the edges of the
document
• There are different types of brushes, choose soft
brush and suitable
 ERASER

• Eraser
• To remove solid dirt from the surface of the
document
• Sprinkle eraser flour on the surface of the document
• Cotton is used to sweep the dirt in a circle, use a
soft brush to clean the surface of the document
 NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENT

• Solution without water (non-aqueous solvent)

• To remove dirt from the surface of the document
• Only to be used in place that has dirt
• Avoid using excessive solvent
• Used in cases where the use of a brush or eraser is
not effective
 WASHING

• The most appropriate water to wash the document

is hardwater, a water that contains a lot of calcium.
Wash document when other methods can not be
used because of physical condition.
 DEACIDIFICATION

• The presence of acid in the structure of the paper is

the main factor leading to the deterioration of
paper. The presence of acid in the paper are due
to:
• The presence of acid in the papermaking process
• Acid absorption into the paper structure from the
atmosphere
• Exist during the process of paper deterioration
 METHOD OF DEACIDIFICATION

• 3 types of deacidification are :

• Aqueous deacidification
• Non-aqueous deacidification
• Vapour phase deacidification