msweav‡bi Av‡jv‡K Ô†gŠwjK AwaKviÕ

[†h AwaKvi Ab¨‡Kv‡bv AvBb iwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv]

School of Legal Rights

25 June, 2021

https://www.facebook.com/schooloflegalrights
schooloflegalrights@gmail.com
 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

†gŠwjK AwaKvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

gvbe Rxeb AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i wgkÖ‡Y msMwVZ| mgv‡R emevm Ki‡Z n‡j gvby‡li
wKQz AwaKvi AZ¨vek¨K| ivóª Zvi bvMwiK‡`i B”Qv Abyhvqx Kv‡Ri †h ÿgZv w`‡q
_v‡K Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ G AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avi †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv G mKj
AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
‡gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n msweav‡b ms‡hvwRZ Kiv nq Ges Gi gh©v`v GZUvB †h, †gŠwjK
AwaKvi j•Nb Kiv n‡j Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g Gi cÖwZKv‡ii e¨e¯’v _v‡K| mvsweavwbK
†gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n iv‡óªi Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY AvBb n‡Z DËg| †h †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB
†gŠwjK AwaKvi Le© Kiv †eAvBbx| GgbwK miKviI hw` Zv f½ K‡i, miKvi‡KI Gi
Revew`wnZv Ki‡Z nq|
‡gŠwjK AwaKvi iÿvi Rb¨ iv‡óª AvB‡bi kvmb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB †gŠwjK AwaKvi
msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ MYZš¿ I mykvmb Acwinvh©| GQvovI †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z
wePviwefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv I wePvi‡Ki wbi‡cÿZv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| GKRb mvaviY
gvby‡li Rb¨ msweav‡bB †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv wjwce× i‡q‡Q, †hb GKRb bvMwiK
Rvb‡Z cv‡i, ivóª Zvi Rb¨ Kx Kx AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi Z…Zxq
fv‡M †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K myiwÿZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

†gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii ˆewkó¨ Kx?

K| †gŠwjK AwaKvi msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg Ask| †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii mv‡_
AmvgÄm¨c~Y© †Kvb AvBb ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv| GgbwK †gŠwjK AwaKvi cwicš’x
†Kvb AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡j Zv evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e| GQvovI, †Kvb mvaviY
AvB‡bi we‡kl †Kvb Ask †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ AmsMwZc~Y© n‡j, †mB Ask
evwZj n‡q hv‡e| {Aby‡”Q` 26, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; evsjv‡`k
RvZxq KvwiKzjvg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© ebvg Gg kvgmyÏxb (1996) 48
wW.Gj.Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 184; evsjv‡`k miKvi ebvg †gvnv¤§` dviæK
(1999) 51 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 112|}
L| wKQz wKQz †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii Ici Rb¯^v‡_©, Rbk„•Ljv iÿv‡_©, Rb¯^v¯’¨
msiÿ‡Y, ˆbwZKZvi ¯^v‡_©, iv‡óªi wbivcËv iÿv‡_©, kvjxbZv msiÿ‡Y I AvBb-

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

k„•Ljv wbwðZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© hyw³msMZ wewa-wb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| {Aby‡”Q`
36, 37, 38, 39, 41 I 43 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|}
M| †gŠwjK AwaKvi Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g ejer Kiv m¤¢e| RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi
Le© n‡j nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M gvgjv Kivi gva¨‡g mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i †mB AwaKvi iÿv
Kiv m¤¢e| GgbwK kvmbwefvM wKsev miKv‡ii †Kvb KvR †gŠwjK AwaKvi‡K
j•Nb Ki‡j, nvB‡KvU© wefvM †mB KvR‡K evwZj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
{Aby‡”Q` 44 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|}
N| k„•Ljv evwnbxi AvB‡bi weavb H evwnbx‡Z k„•Ljv iÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨ I H evwnbxi
m`m¨‡`i h_vh_ KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi welqwU wbwðZ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ ‰Zwi Kiv nq|
k„•Ljv evwnbxi †Kvb weav‡bi †ÿ‡Î †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii †Kvb wKQzB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e
bv| {Aby‡”Q` 45; ‡gRi †Rbv‡ij gBbyj †nv‡mb †PŠayix ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi
(1998) 50 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 370; K‡b©j (‡gvt) nvmgZ Avjx
(Aet) Ae evsjv‡`k Avwg© ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (1995) 47 wW. Gj. Avi.
(Avcxj wefvM) 1|}
O| msm` AvB‡bi Øviv †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î `vqgy³ Kivi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
cÖRvZ‡š¿i K‡g© wb‡qvwRZ †Kvb e¨w³ ev RvZxq gyw³i cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kvb e¨w³
wKsev evsjv‡`‡ki k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³ †Kvb KvR Ki‡j Zv hw`
†gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii cwic¯’x nq Z‡e msm` AvB‡bi Øviv †mB e¨w³ `vqgy³
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| {Aby‡”Q` 46, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; kvnwiqvi iwk`
Lvb ebvg evsjv‡`k (1997) 49 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 133|}
P| †gŠwjK AwaKvi cwicš’x KZ¸‡jv AvB‡bi †ndvRZ Kivi weavb Avgv‡`i
msweav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q| {Aby‡”Q` 47, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb;
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK ebvg †gvnv¤§` Avãyj gvbœvb (1995) 46 wW. Gj. Avi.
(Avcxj wefvM) 1; wbD AvBwWqvj BwÄwbqvwis IqvK©m wjt ebvg evsjv‡`k wkí
e¨vsK (1990) 42 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 221|}

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Kx?

K| †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg Ask| GB AwaKvi¸‡jv Le© Kiv Avi
msweavb Le© Kiv GKB welq|
L| MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii ev¯Íevqb AZ¨vek¨K| MYZvwš¿K miKvi
RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ miKvi| ZvB †m miKv‡ii cÖavb `vwqZ¡ RbM‡Yi
†gŠwjK AwaKvi iÿv Kiv|
M| †gŠwjK AwaKvi RbM‡Yi Rxeb‡K myywbwðZ K‡i Ges kvm‡Ki KZ…©Z¡‡K wbqš¿Y
K‡i †hb miKvi RbM‡Yi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡kxj _v‡K|
N| †gŠwjK AwaKvi RbMY‡K wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv †`q Ges
Zv‡`i m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j| †mB mv‡_ RbMY wb‡R‡`i `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bI Drmvnx
nq| Gi d‡j GKwU my›`i mgvR M‡o I‡V|

Avgv‡`i msweav‡b Kx Kx †gŠwjK AwaKvi myiwÿZ Kiv n‡q‡Q?

evsjv‡`k GKwU ivóª wn‡m‡e Zvi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ †hme †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i‡Q,
Zv Avgv‡`i msweav‡bi Z„Zxq fv‡M D‡jøL Kiv i‡q‡Q| GB AwaKvi¸‡jv Avgv‡`i
msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 27 †_‡K Aby‡”Q` 44 -G D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii wel‡q GKwU e¨vcvi jÿ¨Yxq †h, me †gŠwjK AwaKvi Aev‡a ev
B‡”QgZ cÖ‡qvM Kiv hyw³m½Z bq| mvaviY RbMY †Lqvj-LywkgZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi †fvM
Ki‡j iv‡óª wek„•Ljv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| G wel‡qi w`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bI †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi Ici wKQz wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Gi
Ici wfwË K‡i †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
K| †gŠwjK AwaKvi, hv‡`i Ici wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq bv; Ges
L| ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi, hv‡`i Ici hyw³m½Z wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq|

‡hme †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii Ici wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq bv, †m¸‡jv Kx Kx?
K| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgZv: mKj bvMwiK‡K AvBb mgvb †Pv‡L †`L‡e| †Kvb e¨w³i
AwaKvi Le© n‡j Zvi AvB‡bi mvnvh¨ cvevi AwaKvi Av‡Q| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L
miKvi, mvaviY RbMY, abx, Mixe, eo, †QvU, bvix-cyiæl, me a‡g©i gvbyl

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

mgvb Ges me gvby‡li Rb¨ me wel‡q AvBb mgvb| mevi wePv‡ii e¨e¯’v GK
Ges kvw¯Íi †ÿ‡ÎI mevi Rb¨ AvBb mgvb| †KD abx †jvK n‡jB AvBb Zvi
Rb¨ mnR n‡e Avi Mixe n‡jB AvBb KwVb n‡e Zv wVK bq Ges Zv wbwl×|
{Aby‡”Q` 27, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; GKz‡k †Uwjwfkb wj: ebvg W:
†PŠayix gvngy` nvmvb (2002) 54 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 130;
AvKivgy¾vgvb ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (2000) 52 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj
wefvM) 209; W. †gvt AvjgMxi ebvg DcvPvh©, ey‡qU (2001) 53 wW. Gj.
Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 398|}
L| Rei`w¯Í kÖg wbwl×KiY: Avgv‡`i msweavb me ai‡bi †Rvic~e©K KvR wbwl×
Kiv n‡q‡Q| †KD hw` †Kvb e¨w³‡K †Rvi K‡i KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i Zv
kvw¯Í‡hvM¨ n‡e| {aviv 374 (1) I (2), `Ð wewa, 1860|} Z‡e Aciv‡ai Rb¨
†Kvb e¨w³‡K Av`vjZ kvw¯Í w`‡j Ges †mB kvw¯Í‡Z mkÖg `Ð _vK‡j {aviv 53
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|} Zv‡K eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e, hv msweavb
cwicš’x n‡e bv| {Aby‡”Q` 34, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|}
M| wePvi I `Ð m¤ú‡K© iÿY: ‡Kvb e¨w³‡K †Kvb Aciv‡ai Rb¨ †`vlx mve¨¯Í
Ki‡Z n‡j Acivag~jK KvRwU Kivi mgq Zv †`‡ki AvB‡b Aciva wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ n‡Z n‡e| A_©vr KvRwU hLb Kiv n‡q‡Q ZLb hw` Zv Aciva wn‡m‡e
MY¨ bv nq Z‡e cieZx©‡Z KvRwU‡K Aciva wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i, H Kv‡Ri Rb¨
KvD‡K †`vlx Kiv hv‡e bv| GKRb e¨w³ †Kvb Acivag~jK KvR Kivi mgq
AvB‡b †h kvw¯Í wQj Zv‡K Zv n‡Z wfbœ kvw¯Í ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk kvw¯Í †`Iqv hv‡e
bv| GK Aciv‡ai Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³i weiæ‡× GKev‡ii †ewk gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv
I Zv‡K GKB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ GKvwaKevi kvw¯Í †`qv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i
¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ wePv‡ii AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| †Kvb e¨w³‡K wb‡Ri weiæ‡× mvÿ¨
w`‡Z eva¨ Kiv hv‡e bv| †Kvb e¨w³‡K AvBwb cÖwµqv Qvov hš¿Yv †`qv hv‡e bv
Ges wbôzi I AgvbweK kvw¯Í †`qv hv‡e bv| {Aby‡”Q` 35 evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb|}
N| ag© cÖf…wZ Kvi‡Y ˆelg¨: ag©, †Mvôx, eY© ev wj‡½i Kvi‡Y †Kvb gvby‡li cÖwZ
ivóª †f`v‡f` Ki‡e bv| mevi mgvb AwaKvi _vK‡e| ag©, eY© ev wj‡½i Rb¨
†Kvb gvbyl‡K †Kvb we‡bv`‡bi ev wekÖv‡gi ¯’v‡b XzK‡Z evav †`Iqv hv‡e bv|

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

k`©, eY© ev wj‡½i Rb¨ KvD‡K wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b fwZ© n‡ZI evav †`Iqv hv‡e
bv| Z‡e bvix, wkï ev myweavewÂZ wcwQ‡q cov RbM‡Yi Rb¨ hw` we‡kl †Kvb
myweav †`qv nq Zv ˆelg¨ wn‡m‡e aiv n‡e bv| {Aby‡”Q` 28; evsjv‡`k wegvb
K‡c©v‡ikb ebvg ivweqv evkwi AvBwib (2003) 55 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj
wefvM) 132; †KwiD GÛ †Kv¤úvbx (evsjv‡`k) wjt ebvg †Pqvig¨vb, kÖg
Av`vjZ (1998) 50 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 396|}
O| miKvix wb‡qvM jv‡f my‡hv‡Mi mgZv: miKvix Kv‡R wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î mKj
bvMwi‡Ki mgvb my‡hvM _vK‡e| Z‡e wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î GB my‡hvM mxwgZ Kiv
hv‡e| †hgb: myweavewÂZ wcwQ‡q cov RbM‡Yi Rb¨ hw` we‡kl †Kvb myweav
†`qv nq Zv AvBb we‡ivax n‡e bv| Avevi, †Kvb ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b ev we‡kl
m¤úª`v‡qi cÖwZôv‡b H a‡g©i ev m¤úª`v‡qi e¨w³i wb‡qv‡Mi e¨e¯’v K‡i AvBb
Kiv hv‡e| GQvovI hw` †Kvb KvR cyiæ‡li Rb¨ ev bvixi Rb¨ Abyc‡hvMx nq,
†miKg Kv‡R h_vµ‡g bvix ev cyiæ‡li wb‡qvM msiÿY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
{Aby‡”Q` 29, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; Avãyj gvbœvb †gvt ebvg
evsjv‡`k msweavb (2003) 55 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 237; MvRx
RwmgDwÏb ebvg evsjv‡`k (1998) 50 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 31;
mwPe, MYc~Z© gš¿Yvjq, evsjv‡`k miKvi ebvg †gvt Rvnv½xi †nv‡mb (1999)
51 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 148; wRnv` Avn‡g` ebvg evsjv‡`k cvIqvi
†W‡fjc‡g›U †evW© (2000) 52 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 75|}
P| we‡`kx †LZve MÖnY wbwl×KiY: ivóªcwZi Aby‡gv`b Qvov †Kvb bvMwiK †Kvb
we‡`kx ivóª †_‡K †Kvb †LZve, m¤§vb, cyi®‹vi ev f‚lY MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
{Aby‡”Q` 30, evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb}
Q| †MÖßvi I AvUK m¤ú‡K© iÿvKeP: ‡Kvb e¨w³‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡jI Zuvi wKQz
AwaKvi Av‡Q| GK, hv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuv‡K †MÖdZv‡ii mgq n‡Z
PweŸk N›Uvi g‡a¨ Av`vj‡Z nvwRi Ki‡Z n‡e| `yB, Av`vj‡Zi AbygwZ Qvov
†Kvb e¨w³‡K 24 N›Uvi †ewk mgq AvU‡K ivLv hv‡e bv| wZb, †mB e¨w³‡K
Zvi †MÖdZv‡ii KviY Aek¨B Rvbv‡Z n‡e Ges Aek¨B Zuvi cQ›`gZ
AvBbRxexi mv‡_ civgk© Kivi I AvZ¥cÿ mg_©b Kivi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
{Aby‡”Q` 33; ‡gnbvR mvwKe ebvg evsjv‡`k (2000) 52 wW. Gj. Avi.

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

(nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 526; ‡invbv †eMg ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (1998) 50 wW.
Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 557; Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb †gvt ebvg ivóª (2003)
55 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 643|}
R| ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi ejerKiY: †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g ejer Kiv
hvq| RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi Le© n‡j mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M gvgjv
Kivi gva¨‡g, †mB AwaKvi iÿv Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB †Kvb e¨w³i †Kvb †gŠwjK
AwaKvi Le© n‡j †m mivmwi Av`vj‡Z Gi weiæ‡× gvgjv K‡i Zvi AwaKvi iÿv
Ki‡Z cv‡i| {Aby‡”Q` 44, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; Avãyj nvbœvb Lvb
ebvg ¯^ivóª welqK gš¿Yvjq (1991) 43 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 131|}
S| AvB‡bi AvkÖq jv‡fi AwaKvi: cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki AvB‡bi AvkÖq jv‡fi
AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| GKRb e¨w³i †Kvb AwaKvi Le© n‡j ev †Kvbiƒc mvnvh¨ †c‡Z
H e¨w³ AvB‡bi mnvqZv wb‡Z cvi‡e| GB AwaKvi mvgwiKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k
Ae¯’vbiZ Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³iI i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB AwaKvi AvB‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i
cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e| GQvovI, †Kvb e¨w³i Rxeb, ¯^vaxbZv, †`n, mybvg ev m¤úwËi
ÿwZ K‡i †Kvb e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv| {Aby‡”Q` 31, MYcÖRvZš¿x
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; Aa¨vcK byiæj Bmjvg ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (2000)
52 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 413; evsjv‡`k †mvmvBwU di w`
Gb‡dvm©‡g›U Ae wnDg¨vb ivBUm ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (2001) 53 wW. Gj.
Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 1; GKz‡k †Uwjwfkb wjt ebvg W. †PŠayix †gvnv¤§` nvmvb
(2002) 54 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 130; Gg. †mwjg Djøvn, GW‡fv‡KU
ebvg evsjv‡`k (2003) 55 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 1; ‡PŠayix gvngy`
nvmvb ebvg evsjv‡`k (2002) 54 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 337;
BwÄwbqvi gvngy`yj Bmjvg ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (2003) 55 wW. Gj. Avi.
(nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 171|}
T| Rxeb I e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi iÿY: cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Rxebavi‡bi Ges
e¨w³¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| A_©vr gvbyl ¯^vaxb I my¯’fv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi
AwaKvi cv‡e| {Aby‡”Q` 32, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; ivóª ebvg
dqmvj Avjg Avbmvwi (2001) 53 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 43; dw÷bv
†c‡iiv, GW‡fv‡KU, mycÖxg †KvU© ebvg ivóª (2001) 53 wW. Gj. Avi.

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

(nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 414; †Kvievb (†gvt) ebvg Mf‡g©›U Ae evsjv‡`k (2003)

55 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 194|}

‡hme †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii Ici hyw³m½Z wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq, †m¸‡jv Kx Kx?
wKQz wKQz †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii Ici Rb¯^v‡_©, Rbk„•Ljv iÿv‡_©, Rb¯^v¯’¨ msiÿ‡Y,
ˆbwZKZvi ¯^v‡_©, iv‡óªi wbivcËv iÿv‡_©, kvjxbZv msiÿ‡Y, AvBb k„•Ljv wbwðZ
Kivi ¯^v‡_© I Ab¨vb¨ hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y msm` wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K| Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv: mKj bvMwiK evsjv‡`‡ki me RvqMvq Pjv‡div Ki‡Z
cvi‡e Ges †h †Kvb RvqMvq emevm Ki‡Z cve‡i| Z‡e, Rb¯^v‡_© Gi Ici
wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| †hgb: †Kvb GjvKv ev AÂj RbM‡Yi Pjv‡divi
Rb¨ SzuwKc~Y© n‡j ivóª †mLv‡b Pjv‡divi evav w`‡Z cv‡i| {Aby‡”Q` 36,
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; GKivg Beivnxg †jv`x ebvg evsjv‡`k
(1995) 47 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 56; gwnDÏxb dviæK ebvg
evsjv‡`k (1997) 49 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 1; ‰mq` gKeyj †nv‡mb
ebvg evsjv‡`k (1992) 44 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 39|}
L| mgv‡e‡ki ¯^vaxbZv: cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e I Aš¿ wenxb Ae¯’vq GKÎ
nevi Ges Rbmfv I †kvfvhvÎvq AskMÖnY Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q| Z‡e Rbk„•Ljv
I Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i ¯^v‡_© Gi Ici evavwb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| †hgb: †`‡kii
AvBbk„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ Lvivc n‡j ev †`‡k †Kvb gnvgvix †`Lv w`‡j, hv Qwo‡q
co‡Z cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î Rbmfv Kivi Ici ivóª evav w`‡Z cv‡i| {Aby‡”Q` 37,
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; Awj Avnv` ebvg evsjv‡`k (1974) 26 wW.
Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 376|}
M| msMV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv: cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki mwgwZ I msN MVb Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
Z‡e Rbk„•Ljv I ˆbwZKZvi ¯^v‡_© Gi Ici wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| †hgb:
†Kvb msMVb AvBbk„•Ljvi Rb¨ ÿwZKi n‡j Zvi Ici evav Av‡ivc Kiv hvq|
Avevi ivR‰bwZK jv‡fi Rb¨ ‡Kvb mv¤úª`vwqK msMVb Kiv n‡j Zv wbwl×
n‡e| GgbwK ag©‡K cyuwR K‡i ag©xq bvghy³ ev ag©wfwËK †Kvb msMVb Kiv hv‡e
bv| Ggb msMV‡bi m`m¨I nIqv hv‡e bv| GgbwK Zv‡`i †Kvb Kv‡R Ask
MÖnYI Kiv hv‡e bv| {Aby‡”Q` 38, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; Aa¨vcK

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

†Mvjvg Avhg ebvg evsjv‡`k (1994) 46 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM)
29; Avey †nv‡mb ebvg ‡iwR÷ªvi Ae †UªW BDwbqbm (1950) 5 wW. Gj. Avi.
(nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 192|}
N| wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges evK&-¯^vaxbZv: cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki
¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| GQvovI cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki evK&-¯^vaxbZv I gZ cÖKv‡ki
¯^vaxbZv Ges msev` cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡ÎI ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki gvbyl miKvi,
ivóª, msm`, wePviwefvM I Ab¨vb¨ msMV‡bi wel‡q Av‡jvPbv I
mgv‡jvPbvKi‡Z cve‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ w`‡Z cvi‡e| RvZxq Bmy¨‡Z
mvaviY gvby‡li gZvgZ †`evi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| msev`cÎ, †eZvi I
†UwjwfkbI wewfbœ wel‡q wb‡R‡`i I RbM‡Yi gZvgZ Zz‡j ai‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e
iv‡óªi wbivcËv, Rbk„•Ljv, kvjxbZv I ˆbwZKZvi ¯^v‡_© Gi Ici wewawb‡la
Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e| †hgb: †Kvb ¯úk©KvZi wel‡q RbM‡Yi gZvgZ iv‡óªi
wbivcËv‡K ev AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ‡K hw` mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb K‡i Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î
evK&-¯^vaxbZvq evav Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| {Aby‡”Q` 39, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb; L›`Kvi †gv`vi‡im Gjvnx ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (2002) 54 wW.
Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 47|}
O| agx©q ¯^vaxbZv: mKj bvMwi‡Ki †h †Kvb ag© Aej¤^b, cvjb, cÖPvi I ag©xq
cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi AwaKvi Av‡Q| Z‡e AvBb, Rbk„•Ljv I ˆbwZKZvi ¯^v‡_© Gi
Ici wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| GQvovI KvD‡K Ab¨ a‡g©i wkÿv ev Ab¨
a‡g©i Abyôvb ev Dcvmbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z †Rvi Kiv hv‡e bv| {Aby‡”Q` 41,
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; ‡`IqvbevM `ievi kixd ebvg evsjv‡`k
(2002) 54 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 413; m¤úv`K, ˆ`wbK
evsjvevRvi cwÎKv ebvg ‡Rjv g¨vwR‡÷ªU, bIMuv (2001) wW. Gj. Avi.
(nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 45|}
P| M„n I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi iÿY: cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki wbR evwo‡Z wbivcËv jv‡fi
AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| †KD A‡b¨i evwo‡Z cÖ‡ek ev Zjøvkx Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| RbMY
wPwVcÎ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ gva¨‡gI †MvcbxqZv iÿvi AwaKvi cv‡e| Gi
Ici iv‡óªi wbivcËv, Rbk„•Ljv, Rbmvavi‡Yi ˆbwZKZv I Rb¯^v‡¯’¨i ¯^v‡_©
wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| †hgb: ivóª PvB‡j wbivcËv I k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

†Uwj‡dv‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgq e¨w³i Avjvc ïb‡Z cv‡i| {Aby‡”Q` 43,

MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; evsjv‡`k miKvi ebvg û‡mBb gynv¤§`
Gikv` (2000) 52 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj wefvM) 162|}
Q| ‡ckv I e„wËi ¯^vaxbZv: hw` †hvM¨Zv _v‡K Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK †h‡Kvb ˆea
†ckv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e Ges †h‡Kv‡bv ˆea e¨emv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e GB
¯^vaxbZvq AvBb Øviv †h‡Kvb wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| †hgb: †KD FY
†Ljvcx n‡j †m †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjK n‡Z cvi‡e bv e‡j msm` AvBb K‡i
e¨w³i †ckv MÖn‡Yi AwaKv‡ii Ici evav cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Q|{Aby‡”Q` 40,
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; Avãyj Rwjj ebvg †Pqvig¨vb (1993) 45
wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 24; bvmwib dv‡Zgv ebvg evsjv‡`k (1997)
49 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 542|}
R| m¤úwËi AwaKvi: cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki m¤úwË †Kbvi, wewµ Kivi ev Ab¨ †h
†Kvb fv‡e fvM Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q| †Kvb m¤úwË †Rvi K‡i MÖnY, iv‡óªi
m¤úwˇZ cwiYZ ev `Lj Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e GB ¯^vaxbZvq AvBb Øviv †h †Kvb
wewawb‡la Av‡ivc Kiv hvq| †hgb: ivóª e¨w³i m¤úwˇZ Ki Av‡ivc K‡i Zvi
m¤ú` wb‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv Kiv nq msm‡`i AvB‡bi gva¨‡g| {AvqKi Aa¨v‡`k,
1984} Avevi, AvB‡b Av‡Q †h †KD 60 weNvi †ekx Rwg ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv,
GUvI e¨w³i m¤úwË AR©‡bi AwaKv‡ii Ici msm‡`i evav| GQvovI ivóª
ÿwZc~iY w`‡q †h‡Kvb m¤úwË `Lj ev wbR m¤úwË wn‡m‡e `Lj K‡i wb‡Z
cv‡i| {Aby‡”Q` 42, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb; kvnRvnvb Avjx Lvb
†gv: ebvg evsjv‡`k miKvi (2000) 52 wW. Gj. Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 99;
Zvwid ingvb ebvg wW‡i±i †Rbv‡ij, `yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡iv (2000) 52 wW. Gj.
Avi. (nvB‡KvU© wefvM) 518; cwiPvjK, GBP. we. Avi. AvB. ebvg `viæm
mvjvg †Kv-Acv‡iwUf nvDwRs †mvmvBwU wjt (2002) 54 wW. Gj. Avi. (Avcxj
wefvM) 111|}

msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi ms‡hvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Kx?

msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ AmvgÄm¨c~Y© †Kvb
AvBb ivóª ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbwK Ggb †Kvb AvBb ˆZwi Kiv n‡jI Zv †gŠwjK

School of Legal Rights

 AvBb wb‡q hZK_v...

AwaKv‡ii mv‡_ hZUzKz AmvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡e ZZUzKz evwZj n‡q hv‡e| msweav‡b †gŠwjK
AwaKvi _vK‡j Zv †`‡ki AvB‡b cwiYZ nq| Avi ZvB G¸‡jv‡K †K‡o †bqv hvq bv,
Ges G¸‡jv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j msweavb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Avevi, †gŠwjK
AwaKvi msweavb AšÍfz©³ n‡j Zv msweav‡bi gZ K‡iB iÿv Kiv nq| Avi GB iÿv
Kivi `vwqZ¡ wePviwefv‡Mi| GRb¨ hLbB wbe©vnx wefvM ev AvBbmfv G AwaKvi¸‡jv
Le© K‡i ZLbB RbMY Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv‡K ejer Ki‡Z cv‡i| msweav‡b
†gŠwjK AwaKvi _vK‡j Zvi gh©v`v ev‡o| d‡j wbe©vnx wefvM I AvBbmfv G¸‡jv j•Nb
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges G¸‡jvi cwicš’x †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨B msweav‡b
†gŠwjK AwaKvi ms‡hvRb‡K MYZš¿ iÿv Kivi Ab¨Zg Dcvq e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|

‡gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Kivi Dcvq Kx?

ivóª †gŠwjK AwaKvi j•Nb K‡i †Kvb AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡j wePviwefvM Zv‡K A‰ea e‡j
†NvlYv Ki‡e| †gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z †h‡Kvb e¨w³ Av`vj‡Z †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
†gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Kivi Ab¨Zg Dcvq wePviwefvM| †gŠwjK AwaKvi iÿv Kivi
`vwqZ¡ wePvi wefv‡Mi D”PZg Av`vjZ mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Ici| Avgv‡`i msweavb Abyhvqx,
†gŠwjK AwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nvB‡KvU© wefvM Z_v mycÖxg †Kv‡U© gvgjv Kiv hv‡e|
{Aby‡”Q` 44 I 102, evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb}

- mgvß -

Z_¨m~Î:
1| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|
2| Avgv‡`i msweavb, eªvK BDwbfvwm©wU cvewjkvm©, 2010|

mn‡hvwMZvq: we‡kl mn‡hvwMZvq:

GWwgb I wimvP© c¨v‡bj RvbœvwZ Av³vi

School of Legal Rights