SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Ethnography of Speaking: Dell Hymes Theory

Lecturer :
Khoirul Hasyim, S. Pd., M. Pd

NAME : ANA INDANA

NIM/CLASS : 1371474/2013-C

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA
JOMBANG
2016
Background of the study

Language is one of communication tools that used by many people. People have
different language in their community based on their environment. Language is not only used
in direct communication, but also in written context such as advertisement, online shop, long
distance communication and many others. In this era, there are many people who use
language in arguing something both direct and indirect. In direct way, language is used in
speech in front of public, reading news, etc. In indirect way, language is used in long distance
communication, writing something in social media, etc. Talking about writing in social
media, article is one kind of social media that use language in indirect way. Many people use
article in many purposes, such as to show something, to entertain the reader, to persuade
other people, etc. Article usually uses the simple language to make the reader easier in
comprehending the article. As we know that not all people like to read article.

Semantics studies about the inside and outside meaning of language. Semantics helps
people in comprehending both the written and spoken language. In this way, article as the
written language has the inside and outside meaning that the readers should understand. In
reading article, people should know what the article about, what the function of article to
have a good comprehending. In this paper, the writer will analyse the predicates and
predicators of a sentence in an article.

Research problems

1. How is the implementation of predicates and predicators in the article ‘Working

Together? Male and Female Brains Just Aren't in Sync’?

Goal

1. To know the implementation of predicates and predicators in the article ‘Working

Together? Male and Female Brains Just Aren't in Sync’.

Review of related literature

Predicator is words that have the big contribution to the sentence. According to Hurford et
aln(2007), predicator is “the word (sometimes a group of words) which does not belong to
any of the referring expressions and which, of the remainder, makes the most specific
contribution to the meaning of the sentence”. Predicator, according Oxford Dictionaries has a
constituent of clause along with subject, object, and adjunct. Predicator should be very
important in a sentence because it influences the meaning of the sentence itself.

In other hand, predicate is words that explain the predicator. The function of predicate is to
help predicator in clarifying the predicator. Hurford et al (2007) stated that predicate is word
that able to be the predicator in a sentence. Predicate belongs to words that not explain
sentence. It helps the predicator to show the meaning of the sentence.

Analysis

The first sentence: When men and women work together, their brains may not take
the same approach to cooperating, a new study suggests.
The blue words are the predicator because it does not belong to any referring
expression. The word work and may not- cooperating have big contribution to the first
sentence. It is explained by the predicates that is the red words.
The second sentence: In the new study, the areas of the brain that lit up were
synchronized when two guys worked together to do a task, and when two women did,
although the areas were different in men and women. In pairs where there was one
man and one woman, the brain activity didn’t sync up.
The blue words are the predicator because it does not belong to any referring
expression. The word synchronized, work together, different, and didn’t sync up have
big contribution to the second sentence. It is explained by the predicates that is the red
words. The other words belong to referring expression, like ‘the areas of the brain’,
two woman, two guys, etc.
The third sentence: More than 50 years of research has shown that men and women
have different ways of cooperating, according to the study, published today (June 8)
in the journal Scientific Reports.
The blue words are the predicator because it does not belong to any referring
expression. The words shown and different have big contribution to the third sentence.
It is explained by the predicates that is the red words. The word shown explains the
subject in the sentence, so does the word different.
The fourth sentence: "It's not that either males or females are better at cooperating, or
can't cooperate with each other. Rather, there's just a difference in how they're
cooperating," Dr. Allan Reiss, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at
Stanford University School of Medicine, and the senior author of the study, said in a
statement. This sentence is the sentence that shows the implementation of referring
expression. Because there is a proper name which put there.
The fifth sentence: In the study, the investigators wanted to understand what happens
in the brain when men and women cooperate to cause these differences. The blue
words are the predicator because it does not belong to any referring expression. The
word wanted to understand and cooperate have big contribution to the fifth sentence.
The reader will know even the writer only put the subject and predicators, but the
reader will more understand if the writer also put the predicate of the sentence.
The sixth sentence: The researchers found that, on average, the male/male pairs and
the male/female pairs performed similarly on the task, and both did better than the
female/female pairs, the researchers found.
The blue words are the predicator because it does not belong to any referring
expression. The words found and performed similarly have big contribution to the
sixth sentence. In the last of the sentence, the writer repeats the onset of the sentence.
It means that the writer emphasizes that those words are important.
The seventh sentence: In the new study, the researchers said, the areas of the brain
where activity was synchronized was different in the male/male pairs, compared with
the female/female pairs.
The blue words are the predicator because it does not belong to any referring
expression. The word said has big contribution to the seventh sentence. Because it
represents the following sentence, that is the researcher words.
The eighth sentence: In contrast, in the mixed-sex pairs, the researchers did not
observe such synchronization of brain activity, which further suggests that each sex
uses different cognitive strategies when it comes to cooperation, the researchers
wrote.
The eighth sentence is almost the same with the seventh sentence, because it states
something from the researcher. The difference is on the predicator. The eighth
sentence has a noun for the predicator, but the seventh sentence has a verb.
The ninth sentence: The study is an early finding in this field and that more research is
needed to fully understand the underlying brain mechanisms of cooperation, the
researchers said (the same with the seventh sentence; the word said has big
contribution to the seventh sentence. Because it represents the following sentence that
is the researcher words).
 The tenth sentence: For example, others have hypothesized that the male's history of
hunting and warfare may have resulted in evolutionary differences in how men
cooperate with one another, the researchers wrote.
The word hypothesized represents the sentence after it because there is conjunction
‘that’ which shows the word hypothesized has a big contribution in the sentence.
The last sentence: In addition, the findings may also be helpful for people who have
trouble interacting with others, such as those with autism (The blue words are the
predicator because it does not belong to any referring expression, but it has big
contribution to the sentence. It explains the subject). "People with autism have
problems with social cognition," Baker said (referring expression). The researchers
hope to learn more about the neurology of cooperation so that they might be able to
design more effective therapies for people with autism, he said (The blue words are
the predicator because it represents what the researcher stated. It makes the last
sentence becomes the end of the article or conclusion).

Conclusion

Based on the finding above, there are many predicators and predicates that implemented in
the article. Both of them help the reader to read the article more quickly, because the
predicator and predicates show which word is most important and which one is only the
complement. In the result shown that most of predicator is verb, and the predicates are noun.

References

Hurford, et al. 2007. SEMANTICS: A Course Book. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press:
New York.

www.livescience.com/health accessed on 09 June 2016

Oxford Dicttionaries