Unit 8 : Mechanical

Principles

 DEADLINES:
 Assignment One: 24st November 2020
 Assignment Two :
 Contact details: Mr. Omal Mumuni-Timtey (o.mumuni-

timtey@eastcoast.ac.uk)

 Lecture 5: Energy
 Energy and Work

• Session Aim:
• Be able to illustrate the effects of energy
transfer mechanical systems
• Learning Objectives:
• define mass moment of inertia and radius of
gyration
• solve problems involving moment of inertia
and radius of gyration
• analyse problems to determine work done
and power developed in an angular motion
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Quick Quiz
• Name the types of energy that you know
• Give an example of something that uses
that type of energy or produces that type
of energy
• Define what is Energy

• Give your own definition of KE & PE

• Include any formula you know

 Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of
MOTION

KE = ½ mv2
Units: Joules (J)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
 Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential
Energy is energy due to
an objects height above
the ground

PE = mgh
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to
gravity (m/s2)
h = height (m)
 Example 1
What is the kinetic energy of
this car when it is traveling
38.0 m/s?
What other information do
you need?
KE = ½ m v2
= ½ (1550)(38.0)2
= 1119100 J Car’s mass = 1550kg
= 1.11 x 106 J
Example 2

The path of a particle is parallel to ground and at

point A, its velocity is 3m/s.
• It then increases its velocity and at point B, its
velocity is 5.5m/s.
• It’s velocity is further increased and at point C it
has a velocity of 8m/s.
• The particle has a mass of 250g.

Calculate the kinetic energy at points A, B and C.

A B C

3m/s 5.5m/s 8m/s

Example

A bullet leaves a gun at 750m/s.

The gunpowder produces a total energy of 1.5KJ to propel
the bullet.
At 50m, its speed is 700m/s and at 80m, its speed is 680m/s.
Match the formulas that can be used to calculate these
parameters 750m/s 700m/s 680m/s
a) Mass of the bullet 50m
b) Energy at 50m,80m 80m
c) Deceleration from 50m to 80m

1 2 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑊. 𝐷. = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
 Example 3
A rock has a mass of 8.40 x 104 kg.
The center of mass is 29 m above
the ground. How much energy
does it have?
PE = mgh
Identify the variables
m= 8.40 x 104 kg
g= 9.81 m/s2
h= 29 m
PE = (8.4X104)(9.81)(29)
= 2.39 x 107 J http://gaaf.com/pictures/200406_utah/image009.htm
 What’s so important about PE and KE?
We call the sum of PE and KE mechanical
energy.
ME = KE + PE
Mechanical energy is important because it is
conserved (as long as there are no non
conservative forces, like friction)
Therefore, if one goes down, the other goes up by
the same amount.
 Conceptual understanding
A penny is dropped off the Eiffel
tower (ignore air resistance). As it
falls, what happens to it’s
potential energy? What happens
to it’s kinetic energy?
As it falls, its velocity increases, so its
kinetic energy increases. It also
looses height so its potential
energy decreases.
However, mechanical energy stays
the same ME = KE + PE
Example 4
A drop forge has a drop mass of
500 kg and its initial position is 3m
from the component.
a) What was its energy before the
drop mass was released?
b) What was its energy when it
reached the component?
c) When the drop mass has fallen
0.5m from its initial position,
what was its potential and
kinetic energy?
d) What was its speed just before
impacting the component?
Exercise Q5
A 0.9 ton vehicle accelerates from point A at 1.5m/s to point B at
3.5m/s in 15 s. Calculate
a) The acceleration
b) The distance travelled
c) The force to accelerate vehicle
d) The work done by the vehicle.
e) The power required
f) The kinetic energy at A and B
 Q5
𝑚 = 900𝑘𝑔 𝑢 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = 3.5 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡 = 15𝑠
𝑣 − 𝑢 3.5 − 1.5
a) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 → 𝑎= = = 0.1333𝑚/𝑠 3
𝑡 15
1 2 1
b) 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 = 1.5 15 + 0.1333 152 = 22.5 + 15 = 37.5𝑚
2 2
c) 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 900 0.1333 = 120𝑁
d) 𝑊. 𝐷. = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 120 × 37.5 = 4500𝐽
𝑊. 𝐷. 4500
e) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 300𝑊
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 15
1
f) 𝐾𝐸𝐴 = 900 1.52 = 1012.5𝐽
2
1
𝐾𝐸𝐵 = 900 3.52 = 5512𝐽
2
Exercise Q6
In Exercise Q5, if point B is 3.5m higher than A, calculate
a) The force to overcome gravitational pull on the vehicle
b) The total workdone assuming there is no frictional force
and wind drag
c) The power required to move the vehicle from point A to B
d) The potential energy at B

3.5m
A
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵 = 37.5𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑄3
−1
3.5
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 sin = 5.36𝑜 𝜃
37.5
B 𝑚𝑔

3.5m
A 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
= 900 9.81 sin 5.36𝑜 = 824.75𝑁
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 120𝑁 → 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑄3
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
= 120 + 824.75 = 944.75𝑁
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 944.75 × 37.5 = 35428.125𝐽
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 35428.125
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 2362𝑊
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 15
𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 900 × 9.81 × 3.5 = 30901.5𝐽
Exercise 8

A packing crate weighing 150 kg is moved 100m

by a conveyor system that has a frictional force of
120 N. If the conveyor system is inclined at 30
degrees to the horizontal, what is the total work
done?
 Rotating Systems with Uniform
Angular Acceleration
• By uniform angular motion we mean rotation
at a steady speed or rotation
• with uniform angular acceleration or
retardation.
The symbols that we use
for linear and angular
parameters are shown in
Table
To convert from degrees to
radians and vice versa use:
 Rotating Systems with Uniform
Angular Acceleration
To convert from number of
revolutions (n) to radians (0) and
vice versa use:

To convert from number of

revolutions per minute (N) to
radians per second (θ) use:

Angular velocity is the change

of angular displacement per
second and angular
acceleration is the change of
angular velocity per second
 Rotating Systems with Uniform
Angular Acceleration
The gradient of the graph is the
angular acceleration which is
given by:

This can be transposed to give

the final angular velocity:

The angular displacement, or

angle turned whilst accelerating,
is the area under the graph is
given by
 Rotating Systems with Uniform
Angular Acceleration
The time taken during the
period of acceleration can
be obtained from
equation:
Equations for uniform linear and angular motion
 Relation between linear and angular

Few formulas to for Every point on a , 

converting arc length s
rotating body has an
to angle turned θ,
tangential velocity v to angular velocity ω
angular velocity ω and and a linear velocity v
tangential linear and they are related.
acceleration a to angular
acceleration α. v

• θ=S
The linear velocity at a
• r r
point is 90o to the line x
• ω=v
• r from the centre to the
• α=a point
• r
 Relation between linear and angular
, 

v


Every point on a rotating body has an angular r

x
velocity ω and a linear velocity v and they are
related.

The linear velocity at a point is 90o to the line from the centre to
the point
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
Rotational Kinetic Energy : Energy due to circular
motion

Consider a mass M on the end of a string being


spun around in a circle with radius r and angular
velocity 𝜔. M
1 2 1 r
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑀𝑟 2 𝜔2
2 2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 = 𝑀𝑟 2

Many components are not made up of a single lump of mass

at the end of a rotating arm but are in the form of a disc or a
wheel or some other shapes, circular wheel being the most
common. We can obtain the mass moment of inertia by
adding up all individual mass on the wheel.
 dr

r
R

𝑀 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘 = 𝜋𝑅2

𝑀
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜎 =
𝜋𝑅2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑚 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 × 𝜎

𝑑𝐼 = 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚 𝐼 = ෍ 𝑚𝑟 2
 
dr
2
න 𝑑𝐼 = න 𝑟 𝑑𝑚 r
R M
r
𝑅
𝐼 = න 𝑟 2 × 2𝜋𝜎𝑟𝑑𝑟
0
𝑅4
𝐼 = 2𝜋𝜎
𝑅 4
= 2𝜋𝜎 න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑀
0 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜎 =
𝑅
𝜋𝑅2
𝑟4 𝑀 𝑅4
= 2𝜋𝜎 อ 𝐼 = 2𝜋
4 𝜋𝑅2 4
0
1
𝑅 4 04 = 𝑀𝑅2
= 2𝜋𝜎 − 2
4 4
1 2 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑀𝑅2 𝜔2
2 4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘
 If it is a ring with an internal radius 𝑅1 and external radius
𝑅2 , then the limits of integration is from 𝑅1 to 𝑅2
𝑀
dr 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜎 =
𝑅1 r 𝜋(𝑅22 − 𝑅12 )
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐼 = 2𝜋𝜎 න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑀 𝑅24 − 𝑅14
𝑅1 𝐼 = 2𝜋
𝑅2 𝜋(𝑅22 − 𝑅12 ) 4
4
𝑟
= 2𝜋𝜎 อ
4 𝑀 (𝑅22 −𝑅12 )(𝑅22 +𝑅12 )
𝑅1
𝐼 = 2𝜋
𝜋(𝑅22 − 𝑅12 ) 4
𝑅24 𝑅14
= 2𝜋𝜎 −
4 4 1
𝐼 = 𝑀(𝑅22 +𝑅12 )
2
𝑅24 − 𝑅14
𝐼 = 2𝜋𝜎 1 2 1
4 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑀(𝑅22 +𝑅12 )
2 4
 Inertia Rods
Two batons have equal mass and length.
Which will be “easier” to spin?
A) Mass on ends
B) Same
C) Mass in center

I = S m r2 Further mass is from axis of rotation,

greater moment of inertia (harder to spin)
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1 2 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑀𝑟 2 𝜔2 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑟, 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜔
2 2
𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑟, ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝜔
For point mass, 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑟 2
 Work example

Find the KE possessed by a railway train

of a mass 30 tonne , moving with a
velocity of 120km/h.
Note: you need to convert km/h into m/s.
 Exercise 9
• Determine the total KE of a four wheel
drive car which has a mass of 800 kg and
is travelling at 50 km/h. each wheel of the
car has a mass of 15 kg, a diameter of 0.6
m and a radius of gyration of k = 0.25 m.
 Moment of Inertia

• What is moment of inertia?

• The moment of inertial is that property of a
body which makes it reluctant to speed up or
slow down in a rotational manner
• Newton’s second law of motion gives us a
means of calculating the inertial resistance to
linear acceleration using the well-known
formula:
• Inertial resistance = Mass x Acceleration
• F = ma
 Moment of Inertia I
• Tells how much “work” is required to get
object spinning. Just like mass tells you
how much “work” is required to get object
moving.
– Ktran = ½ m v2 Linear Motion
– Krot = ½ I w2 Rotational Motion

• I = S miri2 (units kg m2)

• Note! Rotational Inertia (or “Moment of

Inertia”) depends on what you are
spinning about (basically the ri in the
equation).
Moment of Inertia I
 Radius of Gyration
• The radius of gyration is the radius at which we
consider the mass to rotate such that the moment
of inertial is given by:
• I = Mk2
• Where M is the total mass and k is the radius of
gyration
• All rotating machinery such as pumps, engines and
turbines have a moment of inertia.
• Radius of gyration for complex machines such
complex machinery is found from experimental
test.
 Radius of Gyration
Solid disk Equivalent
k
1
𝐼 = 𝑀𝑅2 = Mk 2
2
1 2 1
𝑘= 𝑅 =𝑅 = 0.707𝑅
2 2

Equivalent
k1

Equivalent k2
 Nose to the Grindstone
A grindstone of radius r = 0.610 m is
being used to sharpen an axe.
If the linear speed of the stone is 1.50
m/s and the stone’s kinetic energy is
13.0 J, what is its moment of inertia I ?

  v / r  (1.50 m/s)/ (0.610 m)  2.46 rad/s

2K
2(13.0 J)
K  I
1 2
 I 2   4.30 kg m2
2
 (2.46 rad/s)2
Exercises
1. A wheel of mass 2 kg and outer radius 0.4 m rolls down a slope starting
from rest. The moment of inertia is 0.7 kg 𝑚2 . Calculate the linear and
angular velocity if it rolls down the slope without slipping and descends a
height of 1.5 m. (3.04𝑚/𝑠, 7.6𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠)
2. A wheel of mass 3 kg and outer radius 0.5 m has an axle 40 mm diameter. A
cord with a 3kg mass at the end is wrapped around the axle and attached
to a frame. The cord makes it spin as it falls. Treat the wheel as a solid disk.
Calculate the linear and angular velocity when if falls 4 m. The inertia of the
axle may be ignored. (0.5𝑚/𝑠, 25 rad/s)
3. A wheel of mass 0.8 kg and outer radius 0.2 m has an axle 100 mm
diameter. A cord is wrapped around the axle and attached to a frame. The
cord makes it spin as it falls. Calculate the linear and angular velocity when
if falls 1 m. The inertia of the axle may be ignored. (1.476 m/s, 29.53 rad/s
and 7.85 J)
4. A drum is made to revolve about its centre by a falling mass as shown.
Calculate the velocity of the falling mass and rotating drum when the mass
descends 10 m with no frictional losses. (7.17 m/s and 35.87 rad/s)
A wheel of mass 2 kg and outer radius 0.4 m rolls down a slope
starting from rest. The moment of inertia is 0.7 kg 𝑚2 . Calculate the
linear and angular velocity if it rolls down the slope without slipping
and descends a height of 1.5 m.

𝑣
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝜔 =
𝑅
1 1 𝑣 2
29.43 = 2 𝑣 2 + 0.7
2 2 𝑅
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 𝐾𝐸𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 1 1 0.7
29.43 = 2 + 𝑣 2
1 2
1 2 2 2 0.42
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑣 + 𝐼𝜔
2 2
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 2 9.81 1.5 = 29.43 𝐽 29.43 = 3.1875𝑣 2
1 1 𝑣 = 3.04𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 29.43 = 2 𝑣 + 0.7 𝜔2
2
3.04
2 2 𝜔= = 7.6𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
0.4
A wheel of mass 3 kg and outer radius 0.5 m has an axle 40 mm
diameter. A cord is wrapped around the axle and attached to a
frame. The cord makes it spin as it falls. Treat the wheel as a solid
disk. Calculate the linear and angular velocity when if falls 4 m.
The inertia of the axle may be ignored.
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 𝐾𝐸𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 3 × 9.81 × 4 = 117.72 𝐽
1
𝐾𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3 𝑣 2 = 1.5𝑣 2
2
𝑣 1 1
𝜔= 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑟 = 3 0.52 = 0.375
2
0.02 2 2
1 2 1 𝑣 2
𝐾𝐸𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝐼𝜔 = 0.375 = 468.75𝑣 2
2 2 0.02
1/2
117.72
𝑣= = 0.5𝑚/𝑠
117.72 = 1.5𝑣 2 + 468.75𝑣 2 468.75 + 1.5
0.5
𝜔= = 25𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
0.02
 Work done and power developed
for angular motion
When a tangential force is applied
to a body, causing it to rotate, work
is done.
Work done is the product of the
force and the distance around the
circular path through which it moves

The applied torque will be,

Torque = Tangential force x Turning radius
T = Fr (Nm) We also know that power is the
rate of doing work, or the work
The work done is given by: done per second.
Work done = Tangential force x Distance moved
work done (W) = Fs Power = _ Work done
The distance moved is given by s = r θ, giving: Time taken
W=Fr θ,
But Fr = T, the applied torque. and so: W = T θ,
• Power = T θ (W), this is use to calculate the
average t
• power developed over a period of time
• But θ in the equation can be
• t written as ω, the angular velocity,

• Power = Tω (W)
• This is used to calculate for power that is being
developed at the instant in time when the
angular velocity is ω rad s -1
•
 Work Example
The drum of a mixer is accelerated
uniformly from rest by a driving
torque of 12 Nm and rotates
through 50 revolutions in the first
30 seconds . The acceleration
continues for further 20 seconds to
reach the steady operating speed
of the mixer.
Determine :
a) The angular acceleration
b) The final speed attained
c) Work done
d) The average power developed
by the driving motor