Chapter 4

Control Volume Analysis in

Energy
 Mass Rate Balance

time rate of change of time rate of flow of time rate of flow

mass contained within the mass in across of mass out across
control volume at time t inlet i at time t exit e at time t

dmcv
 m i  m e (Eq. 4.1)
dt
2
 Mass Rate Balance
In practice there may be several locations
on the boundary through which mass enters
or exits. Multiple inlets and exits are
accounted for by introducing summations:
dmcv
  m i   m e (Eq. 4.2)
dt i e
Eq. 4.2 is the mass rate balance for control
volumes with several inlets and exits.
3
 Mass Flow Rate
(One-Dimensional Flow)
►Flow is normal to the boundary at locations
where mass enters or exits the control volume.
►All intensive properties are uniform with
position over each inlet or exit area (A)
through which matter flows.
AV
m  (Eq. 4.4b)
v
where
V is velocity
v is specific volume
4
 Mass Rate Balance
(Steady-State Form)

►Steady-state: all properties are unchanging

in time.
►For steady-state control volume, dmcv/dt = 0.

 m i   m e (Eq. 4.6)
i e
(mass rate in) (mass rate out)
5
 Example
R 134a enters the condenser of System
1
a refrigeration system P1 = 9 bar P2 = 9 bar
operating at steady state and 9 T1 = 50 ºC
R-134a 2 T2 = 30 ºC
bar, 50 ºC, through a 2.5 cm d1 = 2.5 cm V2 = 2.5 m/s
diameter pipe. At the exit, the m1 = 6 kg/min
pressure is 9 bar, the
temperature is 30 ºC, and the Basic Equations
velocity is 2.5 m/s. The mass
flow rate of the entering dmcv VA
refrigerant is 6 kg/min.  m 1  m 2 m 
dt 
Determine: the velocity at the
inlet, in m/s, and the diameter Solution
of the exit pipe, in cm. 1  0.02472 m3 kg
 2   f T2   0.842 10 3 m3 kg
Find
– V1 = ? in m/s 6 kg/min = π/4(0.025 m)2 V/0.0247 m3/kg
– d2 = ? in cm V1 = 5.03 m/s
d2 = 2.07 cm

6
 Example: Feed Water Heater
A direct contact feed-water
heater is shown in the sketch. P2 = 7 bars
2
Water at 7 bars and 40 C enters T2= 40 ºC
P3 = 7 bars
FWH 3 Sat. Liquid
through a 25 cm2 port and is A2 = 25 cm2 A3V3=0.06m3/
heated by steam entering at 7 s
bars and temperature of 200 C 1
at a flow rate of 40 kg/s. The
resulting saturated liquid P1 = 7 bars VA
leaves the FWH at 7 bars. T1= 200 ºC m 
Basic Equations m1 = 40 kg/s 
dmcv
Find: Mass flow rate at inlet 2
and exit 3.  m 1  m 2  m 3  0
Assumptions: Steady state
dt
m1  m2 m 3  0
Solution
V3 A3 0.06(m 3 / s ) cm 3
3 kg
m 3   *10 6
10
3 3
1.1080(cm / g ) m 3
g
 54.14 kg / s
7
 Example: Feed Water Heater
A direct contact feed-water 2
heater is shown in the sketch.
Water at 7 bars and 40 C enters FWH 3
through a 25 cm2 port and is
heated by steam entering at 7
bars and temperature of 200 C 1
at a flow rate of 40 kg/s. The
resulting saturated liquid
leaves the FWH at 7 bars. Solution
1  m
m 2 m
3  0
Find: Mass flow rate at inlet 2
and exit 3. P1 = 7 bars P2 = 7 bars P3 = 7 bars
T1= 200 ºC T2= 40 ºC Sat. Liquid
Assumptions: Steady state m1 = 40 kg/s A2 = 25 cm2 A3V3=0.06m3/s

V2 A2 State 2 is defined. Find v2 and then design

m 2   m 3  m 1
2
the volume flow rate and the area of the pipe.

 54.14 kg / s  40 kg / s
 14.14 kg / s
8
9
 First Law for Open Systems
Rate of Rate of
net rate- net rate+ energy - energy
dE/dt =
of Q of W addition due loss due to
to inflow outflow

10
 Evaluating Work for a Control Volume
The expression for work is
W  WCV  m e ( pe ve )  m i ( pi vi ) (Eq. 4.12)
where
► Wcv accounts for boundary work (associated with
rotating shafts, displacement of the boundary, and
electrical effects)
► m e ( pe ve ) is the flow work at exit e.
►  i ( pi vi ) is the flow work at inlet i.
m

11
 Total Energy
• For a non-flowing fluid: 2
V
e  u  ke  pe eu  gz
2
• For a flowing fluid, we must add the fluid’s
potential for doing flow work: p

• The energy contained in a flowing fluid is:

e  u  p  ke  pe
Now you see
e  h  ke  pe the utility of h!

12
 First Law for Open Systems
time rate of change net rate at which net rate at which net rate of energy
of the energy energy is being energy is being transfer into the
contained within transferred in transferred out control volume
the control volume by heat transfer by work at accompanying
at time t at time t time t mass flow

 2   2 
dEcv  
 Qcv  Wcv   m 
 i hi 
Vi  
 gzi   m e he 
Ve  gze 
dt  2  e  2 
i    

• What is our convention for Q and W?

• What assumptions are inherent in this form of the
1st Law?
13
 First Law for Open Systems
• We now have steady-flow forms of mass and
energy conservation. We use this form most often
in this course.

 i   m e
m
i e

 2   2 
  
Qcv  Wcv   m e he 
Ve  
 gze   m i hi 
Vi  gzi 
 2  i  2 
e    
14
 Common Assumptions
• In addition, there are common assumptions
for each term:
– insulated (adiabatic)
– negligible Δke
– negligible Δpe
– no work
– 1-inlet, 1-outlet
 2   2 
Q cv  Wcv   m e  he   gze    m i  hi   gzi 
Ve Vi
 2  i  2 
e    

15
 Common Assumptions
• We can still use previous assumptions such
as
– incompressible
– ideal gas
– absence of some work
types

16
 Example
• Find
– Q = ? in kW
Steam with a specific enthalpy of
3000 kJ/kg and a mass flow rate of • Sketch
0.5 kg/s enters a horizontal pipe. At 1 2

the exit, the specific enthalpy is

1700 kJ/kg. If there is no h1 = 3000 kJ/kg h2 = 1700 kJ/kg
significant change in kinetic m1 = 0.5 kg/s
steam
energy, determine the rate of heat
• Assumptions
transfer between the pipe and its – The control volume is at steady
surroundings, in kW. Assume state.
steady state. – ΔWcv = Δke = Δpe = 0

• Basic Equations
 Vi2   Ve2  dmcv
dEcv  
 Qcv  Wcv   m 
 i hi   
 gzi   m e he   gze    m i   m e
dt  2  e  2  dt i e
i    
17
 Example
Steam with a specific Find
enthalpy of 3000 kJ/kg and a – Q = ? in kW
mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s
enters a horizontal pipe. At
System (mass flowing
the exit, the specific enthalpy
is 1700 kJ/kg. If there is no through pipe)
significant change in kinetic 1 2
energy, determine the rate of
heat transfer between the h1 = 3000 kJ/kg h2 = 1700 kJ/kg
m1 = 0.5 kg/s
pipe and its surroundings, in steam

kW. Assume steady state.

18
 Example
Basic Equations
Assumptions 

2 



2 
 gze 
dEcv   V V
• Wcv = 0  Qcv  Wcv   m
 i hi  i  gzi   m e he  e
dt  2  e  2 
• Δke = 0
i    
dm cv
• Δpe = 0   m i   m e m 1  m 2  m
• steady state operation dt i e
• Solution
 h2  h1
Q cv  m

Q cv  0.5 kg s 1700  3000 

kJ 1kW
kg 1 kJ s
Qcv  650 kW
19
 Common Steady-flow Energy Devices
Nozzles Diffusers Water, Steam, Gas Turbines

Heat Exchangers and Mixers Compressors Pump

Throttles

20
 Conservation of Energy for “a” Nozzle

dEcv   p V2 p V2
 Q  WCV  m i (u    gz ) i  m e (u    gz ) e
dt  2  2

 V2 2 V12   p1 p2 
   
 2  2   m    
m
   1 2 
V1  5 m / s; V2  54.25 m / s; p2  100 Kpa
A2  5.22 m 2 ; A1  ?; p1  ?
Assumption: 1  2  1000 kg / m3
 54 .25 2 52   p1 100 *1000 
m   m  
 2 2   1000 1000 
 
p1  1559 k Pa
( VA)1  ( VA) 2 ; A1  54 .25 * 52 .2 / 5  566 .4 m 2
21
Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchangers

22
Rotating Machinery
A turbine is a steady-
flow device used to
produce mechanical
work (W) from the fluid
(flow work).
• The fluid drives rotating
blades while the υ
increases from inlet to exit
as the working fluid
expands (or the p drops).

23
 Turbines
Fluid expanding as it
passes the blades imparts
a force on the blades,
which in turn produces a
torque on the shaft
causing rotation.

24
 Rotating Machinery

 Ve2   Vi2 
  
Qcv  Wcv   m e he   
 gze   m i hi   gzi 
 2  i  2 
e    

• Given in problem statement.

• Any rotating shafts, electricity, or moving
boundaries? Certainly! W ≠ 0
• The Δke is often small compared to the Δh, so Δke
≈ 0.
• No appreciable elevation change, so Δpe ≈ 0.

25
 Rotating Machinery
• For only one inlet and one outlet.
Q cv  Wcv  m ehe  m
 i hi

W  m
cv  h  h 
1 2

• Analysis works for aircraft gas turbines,

stationary utility power gas turbines, steam
turbines etc.

26
 Real Hardware

GE LM5000 gas turbine: 6.2 m long, 12.5 tons, 3600 rpm, produces 55.2 MW
27
Real Hardware: F-15 Engine

28
 Real Hardware: GE-90
• 122,000 lbf
– Boeing 777, etc.

29
 Gas (air) Turbine Example
i  m
m 1  m

V2 A2V2 A1V1
m 2  m 1  m   
Vi  V1 v2 v2 v1
Air
T1=410 K
Wcv
P1=2.3 bars T2=290 K
A1=200 cm2 P2=1.0 bars
A2=280 cm2
Q cv • Relatively low pressure ratio
of 2.8 and relatively low
temperature T1 may just
dmcv
  m i   m e m e  m 2  m indicate that this is the last
dt i e stage of expansion.
 V 2   V 2 
Qcv  Wcv   m e  he 
 e
 gze    m i  hi  i
 gzi 
e  2  i  2  30
 Gas (air) Turbine Example
V2 A2V2 A1V1
i  m
m 1  m
 Air
m e  m 2  m   
v2 v2 v1
Vi  V1 Wcv Table A-22

T1=410 K State T, K u, kJ/kg h, kJ/kg

P1=2.3 bars
A1=200 cm2 Q cv T2=290 K 2 290 206.91 290.16
P2=1.0 bars
1 410 293.43 411.12
A2=280 cm2
V2 V2 P2 300 100 m3 min KPa
m    ( / )  6.007 kg / s
v2 T2 R 60 (290 )(.287 ) min sec ( K )( KJ / kg  K )

 V 2
V 2
QTurbine  WTurbine  m  h1  1  h2  2 
 2 2 
1700  
 WTurbine  6.007  411 .12 
153 . 48 2
 290 .16 
178 . 6 2

60  2000 2000 

W
Turbine  28.33  726 .61  25.05  673 .23 kW
31
 Steam Turbine Example
6 Kg/s of steam at an inlet velocity of 75 m/s enter a turbine stage at 3 MPa
and
400 oC and exit at a velocity of 125 m/s at a pressure of 2 Mpa at 360 oC.
Find: (a) the power developed by this steam turbine stage, (b) the percentage
change in the steam density across the turbine and (c) the percentage
change in the flow area. The heat loss through the casing is 33 kW.

Q cv  33 kW  V 2
V 2

Q Turbine  WTurbine  m  h1  1
 h2  2

m 1  6 kg / s  2 2 
V2 A2V2 A1V1
Wcv m e  m 2  m   
v2 v2 v1

33  WTurbine  6  3230.9 
75 2
 3159.3 
125 2


 2000 2000 
m 1  6 kg / s (a ) WTurbine  33  6 (71.6  5)  366.6 kW
(b) (  2  1 ) / 1  (v1  v2 ) / v2  (0.094  0.141) / 0.141  33%
(c) A2V2 / v2  A1V1 / v1  125 A2 / 0.141  75 A1 / 0.094
A2 / A1  (75 / 125) * (0.141 / 0.094)  0.9
32
PUMP

A pump is a steady-flow
device that consumes
shaft work from rotating
blades that compress the
fluid.
• Compressors are used for
gas systems, pumps for
liquids so operating
assumptions are similar.

33
Compressor
A compressor is a
steady-flow device that
consumes shaft work
from rotating blades and
in turn compress the
fluid.
• υ decreases from inlet to
exit as the working fluid is
compressed and the
pressure rises.

34
 Example
At steady state, a well-insulated compressor takes in
air at 60 ºF, 14.2 psi, with a volumetric flow rate of
1200 ft3/min, and compresses it to 500 ºF, 120 psi.
Kinetic and potential energy changes from inlet to
exit can be neglected. Determine the compressor
power, in hp, and the volumetric flow rate at the
exit, in ft3/min.

35
 Example
Find Assumptions
– Wcv = ? in hp • The control volume is at steady
– A2V2 = ? in ft3/min state; the flow is steady
• Q, Δke, and Δpe are negligible.
System (air flowing through • The air is an ideal gas.
compressor)
Basic Equations
1 2 dmcv
compressor   m i   m e P  RT
air
P2 = 120 psi dt i e
P1 = 14.2 psi
T1 = 60 ºF T2 = 500 ºF
A1V1 = 1200 ft3/min

 2   2 
dEcv  
 Qcv  Wcv   m 
 i hi 
Vi  
 gzi   m e he 
Ve  gze 
dt  2  e  2 
i    
36
 Example
Solution
dmcv
  m i   m e m 1  m 2  m
dt i e

 Vi2   Ve2 
dEcv  
 Qcv  Wcv   m 
 i hi   
 gzi   m e he   gze 
dt  2  e  2 
i    

 h1  h2 
Wcv  m
RT AV P
m 
AV  m  1 1 1
 P RT1

37
 Example
14.2 psi 1200 ft 3 min  60 min 144in 2
m   5310lbm h
m
1540 ft  lbf 2
 520R  1h 1 ft
28.9 lbm  R

 h1  h2 
Wcv  m
From Table A-22E
h1  124Btu lbm h2  231Btu lbm

lbm Btu 1hp

Wcv  5310 124  231 Wcv  223hp
h lbm 2540 Btu h

38
 Example
A2V2  m  2
m RT2
A2V2 
P2

lbm  1540 lbf  ft 

5310   960 R 1 ft 2
h  28.9 lbm  R  1h
A2V2 
120 psi 144in 2 60 min

A2V2  262 ft 3 min

39
 Combustors
We have learnt about the actual combustion process
including pollutant reduction, efficiency enhancement, fuels, alternate
Fuels etc. For now we will assume that fuel is burned and the energy
released in the combustion process is available to us as heat to calculate
how much the compressed air can be heated or how much water can be
boiled etc.
 2   2 
  
Qcv  Wcv   m e he 
Ve  
 gze   m i hi 
Vi  gzi 
 2  i  2 
e    

Q fuel  m air (he  hi )

 Fuel ( H .V .)  m
m  air (he  hi )

H. V. means heating value of the fuel

40
 Throttling Devices

►Throttling Device: a device that achieves a

significant reduction in pressure by
introducing a restriction into a line through
which a gas or liquid flows. Means to
introduce the restriction include a partially
opened valve or a porous plug.
41
 Throttling Device Modeling
 (V 2
 V 2
) 
0  Q cv  Wcv  m (h1  h2 )  1 2  g ( z1  z2 )
 2 

► Q cv , Wcv  0; KE; PE are small to negligible .

► h2  h1; p2  p1 (Eq. 4.22)

► u2  p2v2  u1  p1v1 u2  p2 / 2  u1  p1 / 1
► Now the behavior of different throttling devices depends
on the working substance. Increase or decrease in
internal energy and therefore temperature may occur
depending on the working substance and phase!
42
 Throttling of Ideal Gases

► Throttling is a constant enthalpy process!

► The behavior of different throttling devices depends on
the working substance! u2  p2 /  2  u1  p1 / 1
► Ideal gases:
h2  h1  u2  u1
C p 2  Cp1  T2  T1
Cv 2  Cv1  T2  T1
 2  ( p2 / p1 ) 1
Applications: Pressure regulators, Relief valves,
SAFETY! Very important!! Pressure ratio = density ratio
Process is adiabatic and isothermal!
43
State and Temperature Change during Throttling

►Throttling is a constant enthalpy process!

►Steam Power Plant: Throttling of wet steam to
measure quality: Example 4.9 and a couple of
homework problems!
h2  h1  h2 ( p2 , T2 )  h f 1  x1h fg1

Example 4.9: p1=300lbf/in2; p2 = 14.7 lbf/in2,

P, bar 1 T2 = 250F; h1=h2.
Hence, x1 = (h2-hf1)/(hg1-hf1) = 0.957
2

v, m3/kg
44
 Throttling in Refrigerators

► Throttling is a constant enthalpy process!

► Refrigerants such as R22, R134, and NH3 are throttled
when they come out of the condenser prior to being
admitted to the evaporator which extracts energy from
the cold thermal reservoir.
► Cold thermal reservoir is the food chamber for
refrigerator or residential indoors during summer for air
conditioner and cold outside for a heat pump).
h2  h1  h f 2  x2h fg 2  h f 1`

45
 System Integration: Refrigerator
► Engineers creatively combine components to achieve
some overall objective, subject to constraints such as
minimum total cost. This is called system integration.
► A refrigeration cycle showing a compressor, a
condenser, expansion valve or throttle, and an
evaporator is depicted in Figure below.

Throttling device is called

“EXPANSION VALVE.”
See Figure 4.15 in the Text
book. The left hand device is
an expansion valve and the
right hand device is a porous
plug. But both are throttles or
throtling devices!

46
 System Integration:
Throttling device is called expansion valve

R134 A: State 1: 800 Kpa, T=31.33 oC

h2  h1  h f 2  x2 h fg 2  h f 1  93.42kJ / kg; Table : A  11
State 2: 120 kPa, T= - 22.36 oC (Note that temperature significantly decreased
across the throttling device for this working substance and conditions
combination.
h f 2  x2 h fg 2  93.42kJ / kg;
h f 2  21.32kJ / kg; h fg 2  212.54kJ / kg
 
x2  h2  h f 2 / h fg 2  93.42  21.32  / 212.54  0.3392

47
 System Integration:
Throttling device is called expansion valve

P, bar 1

3 3
v1  v f 1  0.8454 (10 ) m / kg
v, m3/kg

v f 2  0.7323(10  3 ) m3 / kg;
v fg 2  (0.1614  0.0007 )m3 / kg
v2  v f 2  x 2v fg 2
All other mixture properties
such as entropy at state 2 can be
found using the formula involving
quality.

 0.7323(10 3 )  0.3392 (0.1614  0.0007 )

 0.05521 m 3 / kg
48
 System Integration:
Throttling device is called expansion valve

P, bar 1

s1  s f 1  0.3459 kJ / K  kg v, m3/kg

s f 2  0.0879 kJ / K  kg;
s fg 2  (0.9352  0.0879 ) kJ / K  kg;
s2  s f 2  x2 s fg 2
 0.0879  0.3392 (0.9354  0.0879 )
 0.3754 kJ / K  kg
Entropy increased because of irreversible expansion to a lower pressure in
spite of the decrease in temperature leading to lower molecular velocities
and random collisional losses.
49
 Summary
• Control volume energy and mass conservation
equations are applied to throttling devices used as
control valves, pressure regulators, expansion
valves, steam quality metering devices
• These types of devices are very important for
safety and are used in very large amounts in
almost every engineering device and field one can
think of. The simple incoming enthalpy equal to
outgoing enthalpy is a very powerful equation to
remember and use.

50
 Transient Analysis
Mass balance:

Energy balance:
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60