CHAPTER 7

IMPULSE, MOMENTUM AND IMPACT

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 1

ANGULAR IMPULSE AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM

 From the figure

𝑀 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 ∙ 𝑑 (1)
𝑀 = impulse moment or angular impulse
 Angular momentum
‫𝜌 𝑀𝑑 ׬‬2 𝜔 = 𝜔 ‫𝜌 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑀 = 𝐼𝜔
 From (1)
𝑑𝜔
𝐹 ∙ 𝑑 = 𝐼𝛼 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
𝜔
σ 𝑀𝑜 = ‫𝜔𝑑 ∙ 𝐼 𝜔׬ = 𝑡𝑑 ∙ 𝑑𝐹 ׬‬
𝑜
σ 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐼𝜔 − 𝐼𝜔𝑜 (2)
 In any motion of rotation, the sum of the angular impulses of
the forces acting is equal to the increase in angular momentum.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 2

CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

𝐼1 𝜔1 + 𝐼2 𝜔2 + ⋯ = 𝐼1 𝜔′1 + 𝐼2 𝜔′ 2 + ⋯
Where:
𝐼 = mass moment of inertia
𝜔 = angular velocity

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EXAMPLE 7.13

In the figure, cylinder A weighs 450 N and has a radius of gyration of 165
mm. If the system starts from rest and no slipping occurs, determine the
linear velocity of the system and the tension in the cord at the end of 2
seconds.
Solution:
In figure (b) the wheel is taken as a free-body with the reversed linear and
angular moments applied to it, so it will be in equilibrium.
𝑊 2 450 2
𝐼𝑐 = 𝑘 𝐼𝑐 = 9.81 0.165 = 1.25
𝑔

σ 𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑇𝑡 − 𝐹𝑡 − 𝑚𝑣 = 0
450
𝑇 2 − 𝐹 2 − 9.81 𝑣 = 0

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 4

EXAMPLE 7.13

2500
𝑇=𝐹+ 𝑣 (1)
109
𝑣
𝐹 ∙ 𝑡 ∙ 𝑟 = 𝐼𝑐 𝜔 𝐹 2 0.20 = 1.25
0.20
𝐹 = 15.625𝑣 (2)
For block B as a free-body,
σ 𝐹𝑣 = 0 𝑇𝑡 + 𝑚𝑣 − 180𝑡 = 0
180
𝑇 2 + 𝑣 − 180 2 = 0
𝑔
90
𝑇 = 180 − 𝑣 (3)
𝑔

Solving eq. (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously,

𝒎
𝒗 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟏 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟎𝟓 𝑵 Answer
𝒔

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 5

EXAMPLE 7.14

The initial velocity of the block in the figure is 20 ft/sec downward.

The coefficient of kinetic friction at the brake is 0.25. The
centroidal mass moment of inertia of the drum is 10 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 .
Find the time required for the system to come to rest after the
brake is applied.
Solution:
▪ Consider the brake lever
σ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 100 4 − 𝑁 1 = 0 𝑁 = 400 𝑙𝑏
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑘 𝑁 𝐹 = 0.25 400 𝐹 = 100 𝑙𝑏

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 6

EXAMPLE 7.14

▪ Applying impulse-momentum equation

𝑊
σ𝑋 ∙ 𝑡 𝑟 + σ𝑀 ∙ 𝑡 = 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 𝑟 + 𝐼 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑜
𝑔
100
100𝑡 2 − 100 4 𝑡 = 32.2 0 − 20 2 + 10 0 − 10

𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄 Answer

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REACTION OF A JET OF WATER

❖ Velocity of the jet: 𝑣 = 2𝑔ℎ

𝑊
❖ Mass of water flowing per second: 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑣
𝑔

❖ Weight of water: 𝑊 = 𝛾𝐴𝑣

𝛾𝐴𝑣 2
❖ Change in momentum per second: 𝑚𝑣 =
𝑔
𝛾𝐴𝑣 2
❖ Change in momentum after time t: 𝑚𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑔

❖ Impulse-momentum equation:
𝛾𝐴𝑣 2 𝛾𝐴𝑣 2
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑡 𝐹=
𝑔 𝑔
𝛾𝐴
𝐹= ∗ 2𝑔ℎ 𝐹 = 2𝛾𝐴ℎ
𝑔

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FORCE EXERTED BY A JET OF WATER ON A PLATE

 Case 1: Stationary flat plate perpendicular

to the jet:
Resultant linear impulse
𝜸
𝑳𝑰 = 𝒎 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗 −𝑷′ 𝒕 = 𝒈 𝑨𝒗 𝟎 − 𝒗 𝒕
Where: 𝐴 = cross-sectional area of the jet, 𝑣1 =
velocity of the plate, 𝑣 = velocity of the jet, 𝛾 =
unit weight of water
For 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝜸 𝑾
𝑷 = 𝑷′ = 𝒈 𝑨𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗
𝒈
Where: 𝑊 = weight of water/second impinging
on the flat plate, 𝑃 = 𝑃’ = the pressure of the
water against the plate.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 9

FORCE EXERTED BY A JET OF WATER ON A PLATE

 Case 2: A moving flat plate:

Relative velocity of the water to the plate
𝒓𝒆𝒍. 𝒗𝒆𝒍. = 𝒗 − 𝒗𝟏
Mass of water striking the plate in 𝟏 second
𝜸
𝑴 = 𝒈 𝑨 𝒗 − 𝒗𝟏

Impulse-momentum equation
𝛾
−𝑃′ 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝐴𝑡 𝑣 − 𝑣1 𝑣1 − 𝑣
𝑾
𝑷′ = 𝒗 − 𝒗𝟏
𝒈

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 10

FORCE EXERTED BY A JET OF WATER ON A PLATE

 Case 3: A curved plate moving with a constant velocity

Relative velocity at C equals relative velocity at B
𝑟𝑒𝑙. 𝑣𝑒𝑙. = 𝑣 − 𝑣1
Change in momentum in horizontal direction
𝛾
−𝑃ℎ′ 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑣1 𝑡 𝑣1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣1 cos 𝜃 − 𝑣
𝑔
If 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
𝑾
𝑷𝒉 = 𝑷𝒉′ = 𝒗 − 𝒗𝟏 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒈
Change in momentum in the vertical direction
𝛾
𝑃𝑣′ 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑣1 𝑡 𝑣 − 𝑣1 sin 𝜃 − 0
𝑔
When 𝒕 = 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
𝑾
𝑷𝒗 = 𝑷𝒗′ = 𝒗 − 𝒗𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒈

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 11

 EXAMPLE 7.15

A jet from a nozzle, 30 𝑚𝑚 in

diameter, is directed against a
stationary flat plate. If the velocity of
𝑚
the jet is 20 𝑠 , what is the pressure
on the plate?

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 12

EXAMPLE 7.15

Solution: ▪ Weight of water discharge per second

▪ Discharge 𝑁
𝑊 = 9810 0.01414 = 138.686 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝜋 2
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 = 0.030 20
4 ▪ Pressure on the plate
𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.01414 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑠𝑒𝑐
138.686
▪ Unit weight of water 𝐹 1 = 20
9.81
𝑘𝑁 𝑁
𝛾𝑤 = 9.81 = 9,810 𝑭 = 𝟐𝟖𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟑 𝑵 Answer
𝑚3 𝑚3

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 EXAMPLE 7.16

Solve Example 7.15 if the plate is

𝑚
moving 5 𝑠
a. In the same direction as the jet
b. Toward the jet

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 14

EXAMPLE 7.16

Solution: Solution:
a. Jet and plate moving in the same direction b. Jet and plate moving in the opposite direction
𝒗 = velocity of the jet relative to the plate 𝒗 = velocity of the jet relative to the plate
𝑚 𝑚
𝑟𝑒𝑙. 𝑣𝑒𝑙. = 20 − 5 = 15 𝑟𝑒𝑙. 𝑣𝑒𝑙. = 20 + 5 = 25
𝑠 𝑠
𝑾 = weight of water discharge per second 𝑾 = weight of water discharge per second
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑊 = 9810 0.030 15 𝑊 = 9810 0.030 25
4 4
𝑁 𝑁
𝑊 = 104.0142 𝑊 = 173.357
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Force exerted by the jet Force exerted by the jet
104.0142 173.357
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣 𝐹 1 = 15 𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣 𝐹 1 = 25
9081 9081
𝑭 = 𝟏𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟒𝟑 𝑵 Answer 𝑭 = 𝟒𝟒𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟓 𝑵 Answer

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 15

 EXAMPLE 7.17

A nozzle, 40 𝑚𝑚 in
diameter, discharges water
𝑚
at a velocity of 18 𝑠 against
a stationary curved vane. If
the vane turns the water
45° away from the
direction of the jet,
determine the pressure
against the vane.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. LUCIA V. ORTEGA 4/18/2021 16

EXAMPLE 7.17

Solution:
197.424
▪ 𝑾 = weight of water discharged per second 𝑃ℎ = 𝑃ℎ′ = 16 1 − cos 45°
9.81

𝑊 = 9810
𝜋
0.040 2
16 𝑷𝒉 = 𝑷𝒉′ = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟓 𝑵 Answer
4
▪ Change in momentum in the vertical direction
𝑵
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟒𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝑊
𝑃𝑣′ 𝑡 = 𝑣 sin 45° 𝑡
▪ Change in momentum in the horizontal 𝑔
▪ In 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅
direction
𝑊
𝑊 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑣′ = 𝑣 sin 45°
−𝑃ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑣 cos 45° − 𝑣 𝑡 𝑔
𝑔
197.424
▪ In 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑃𝑣′ = 16 sin 45°
9.81

𝑃ℎ = 𝑃ℎ′ =
𝑊
𝑣 1 − cos 45° 𝑷𝒗 = 𝑷𝒗′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟕. 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟔 𝑵 Answer
𝑔

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 THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING

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