Q1: Give two examples each of bad and good effects of vibration.

A1:
Good Bad
Drilling Rotating unbalance
Phone alarm Collapse
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Q2: What are the three elementary parts of a vibrating system?
A2:
- Mass
- Restoring element
- Initial disturbance
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Q3: Define the number of degrees of freedom of a vibrating system.
A3: Number of degrees of freedom = Number of independent variables.
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Q4: In vibration analysis, can damping always be disregarded?
A4: No, depends on the value of damping. In case of low value of damping, we can disregard it.
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Q5: Define spring stiffness, damping constant, decibel and octave.
𝐹 𝑇
A5: 𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠: 𝑘 = , 𝑘𝑡 = 𝜃
∆
𝐹𝑑
𝐷𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡: 𝑐 = 𝑥̇
𝑥
𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑙: 20 log10 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵)
𝑟𝑒𝑓

𝑓
𝑂𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒: log 2 (𝑓2) = 𝐴𝑛𝑠. (𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑐𝑡)
1

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Q6: What are beats?
A6: 𝑥1 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔1 𝑡) ; 𝑥2 = 𝐵 sin(𝜔2 𝑡) ; 𝜔1 =
̃ 𝜔2
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Q7: Define these terms: amplitude, phase angle, period, and natural
2𝜋
A7: 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ∅) ; 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑: 𝜏 = 𝜔
𝑛

𝐴: 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒; ∅: 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒; 𝜔𝑛 : 𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

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Q8: Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false:
a. If energy is lost in any way during vibration, the system can be considered to be damped.
b. The frequency with which an initially disturbed system vibrates on its own is known as
natural frequency.
c. Harmonic motion is a periodic motion.
A8:
a. True
b. True
c. True
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Q9: Calculate the sum and difference of the following harmonic motions:
𝑥1 (𝑡) = 15 cos(𝜔𝑡) ; 𝑥2 (𝑡) = 20 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 1) ; 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 57.3°
A9:
Sum: 15 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 20 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 1) = 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 20 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 57.3°) = 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 20(cos(𝜔𝑡) cos(57.3°)) − 20(sin(𝜔𝑡) sin(57.3°))
= 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡) cos(∅) − sin(𝜔𝑡) sin(∅)
cos(𝜔𝑡)(15 + 20 cos(57.3°)) − sin(𝜔𝑡) (20 sin(57.3°))
= cos(𝜔𝑡) (𝑥 cos(∅)) − sin(𝜔𝑡) (𝑥 sin(∅))
cos(𝜔𝑡) : 15 + 20 cos(57.3°) = 𝑥 cos(∅)
sin(𝜔𝑡) : 20 sin(57.3°) = 𝑥 sin(∅)
𝑥 2 (cos2 (∅) + sin2 (∅)) = 𝑥 2 = (15 + 20 cos(57.3°))2 + (20 sin(57.3°))2

𝑥 = √(15 + 20 cos 57.3°)2 + (20 sin 57.3°)2

𝑥 = 30.81
sin (∅) 20 sin 57.3°
tan(∅) = =
cos (∅) 15 + 20 sin 57.3°
20 sin 57.3°
∅ = tan−1 ( )
15 + 20 sin 57.3°
∅ = 33.17°
Difference: 15 cos(𝜔𝑡) − 20 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 1) = 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) − 20 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 57.3°) = 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) − 20(cos(𝜔𝑡) cos(57.3°)) + 20(sin(𝜔𝑡) sin(57.3°))
= 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡) cos(∅) − sin(𝜔𝑡) sin(∅)
cos(𝜔𝑡)(15 − 20 cos(57.3°)) + sin(𝜔𝑡) (20 sin(57.3°))
= cos(𝜔𝑡) (𝑥 cos(∅)) − sin(𝜔𝑡) (𝑥 sin(∅))
cos(𝜔𝑡) : 15 − 20 cos(57.3°) = 𝑥 cos(∅)
sin(𝜔𝑡) : −20 sin(57.3°) = 𝑥 sin(∅)
𝑥 2 (cos2 (∅) + sin2 (∅)) = 𝑥 2 = (15 − 20 cos(57.3°))2 + (−20 sin(57.3°))2

𝑥 = √(15 − 20 cos 57.3°)2 + (−20 sin 57.3°)2

𝑥 = 17.35
sin (∅) −20 sin 57.3°
tan(∅) = =
cos (∅) 15 − 20 sin 57.3°
−20 sin 57.3°
∅ = tan−1 ( )
15 − 20 sin 57.3°
∅ = 9.2°
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Q10: Calculate the sum and difference of the following harmonic motions analytical and
graphical:
𝑥1 (𝑡) = 15 cos(𝜔𝑡) ; 𝑥2 (𝑡) = 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 1.5) ; 1.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 86°
A10:
Analytical sum:
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 1.5) = 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 86°)
= 15 cos(𝜔𝑡) + 20(sin(𝜔𝑡) cos(86°)) + 20(cos(𝜔𝑡) sin(86°))
= (15 + 20 sin(86°))cos(𝜔𝑡) + (20 cos(86°)) sin(𝜔𝑡)
𝑥 = √(15 + 20 sin(86°))2 + (20 cos(86°))2
𝑥 = 40.25
20 cos(86°)
∅ = tan−1 ( )
15 + 20 sin(86°)
∅ = 2.29°
Analytical difference:
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) − 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 1.5) = 𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
15 cos(𝜔𝑡) − 20 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 86°)
= 15 cos(𝜔𝑡) − 20(sin(𝜔𝑡) cos(86°)) − 20(cos(𝜔𝑡) sin(86°))
= (15 − 20 sin(86°))cos(𝜔𝑡) − (20 cos(86°)) sin(𝜔𝑡)
𝑥 = √(15 − 20 sin(86°))2 + (−20 cos(86°))2
𝑥 = 5.15
−20 cos(86°)
∅ = tan−1 ( )
15 − 20 sin(86°)
∅ = 15.74°
Graphical sum and difference:

Sum
-X1 X1
X2
Difference

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Q11: A study of the response of a human body subjected to vibration/shock is important in many
applications. In a standing posture, the masses of head, upper torso, hips, legs and the elasticity/
damping of neck, spinal column, abdomen, and legs influence the response characteristics.
Develop a sequence of three improved approximation for modeling the human body.
A11:

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Q12: The Fig. P.12 shows a human body and restraint system at the time of an automobile
collision. Suggest a simple mathematical model by considering the elasticity, mass, and damping
of the seat, human body, and restraints for vibration analysis of the system.
A12:

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Q13: A reciprocating engine is mounted on a foundation as shown in Fig. P.13. The unbalanced
forced and moments developed in engine are transmitted to the frame and foundation. An elastic
pad is placed between the engine and the foundation block to reduce the transmission of
vibration. Develop two mathematical models of the system.
A13:

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Q14: In Fig. P 14, find the equivalent spring constant of the system in the direction of θ.
A14:
0.5𝑘𝑒𝑞 𝜃 2 = 0.5𝑘𝑡1 𝜃 2 + 0.5𝑘𝑡2 𝜃 2 + 0.5𝑘3 (𝑙2 𝜃)2 + 0.5(𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )(𝑙1 𝜃)2
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘𝑡1 + 𝑘𝑡2 + 𝑘3 𝑙2 2 + (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝑙1 2

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Q15: Find the equivalent tensional spring constant of the system shown in Fig. P 15. Assume
that k1, k2, k3, and k4 are torsional and k5 and k6 are linear spring constants.
A15:
1
𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , 𝑘3 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑘123 =
1 1 1
+ +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3 𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑡
𝑘123 , 𝑘4 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙, 𝑘𝑡 = 𝑘123 + 𝑘4
𝑘5 , 𝑘6 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙, 𝑘 = 𝑘5 + 𝑘6

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Q16: Find the equivalent mass of the rocker arm assembly with respect to the x coordinate as
shown in Fig. P16.
A16:
2 𝑥̇
𝑇 = 0.5𝑚2 𝑥̇ 2 + 0.5𝐽2 𝜃̇ 2 + 0.5𝑚1 (𝑎𝜃̇) = 0.5𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝑥̇ 2 ; 𝜃̇ =
𝑏
𝑥̇ 2 𝑎 2
0.5𝑚2 𝑥̇ + 0.5𝐽 ( ) + 0.5𝑚1 ( 𝑥̇ ) = 0.5𝑚𝑒𝑞 𝑥̇ 2
2 2
𝑏 𝑏
1 𝑎 2
𝑚𝑒𝑞 = 𝑚2 + 𝐽2 ( )2 + 𝑚1 ( )
𝑏 𝑏
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