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Black. Social mobility in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries allowed Black people to move into the middle
class and coloured people to move into both the upper and lower classes, but it had kept the general pyramid of
social stratification intact. Whites lost their hold on political power in the run up to independence, but retained
their social and economic power.:148–151 Indians—who made up 40% of the country's 945,210 people in 1970:2–7—and smaller minorities lay outside this
system of stratification.:148–151 Education provided a means of social and economic advancement for Black people, allowing them to achieve a
higher socio-economic status than less educated, but lighter-skinned people. :155
Independence moved Black and mixed-race people into the government and the public service, but much of the
economy remained in the hands of British and North American corporations. The power that these corporations exercised
over the local economy was seen by the Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonian working class as standing in the way of the economic, social and
political advancement they had expected from a PNM government. :284 Despite this, the need for Black Power in a country with a Black-ruled region was
David Lowenthal described as the "least impoverished" and best-governed Caribbean country.:116
seen as a paradox, especially in what American geographer 
In working class communities, groups of unemployed and under-employed young men organised themselves
into tight-knit groups who engaged in rioting and gang warfare. In the western Port of Spain suburb of St.
James, the most militant of these groups named themselves Block Four and Block Five.:63–69 In the late 1960s a
loose grouping known as the Western United Liberation Front (WOLF or WULF) was organised out of Block Five. WOLF adopted the rhetoric
and styles of dress of the Black Power movement. While WOLF consisted largely of unemployed young men, also included active members of
the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment :51 .

In 1969 West Indian students at Sir George Williams University in Montrealstaged a sit-in at the university's
computer centre to protest discriminatory grading practices; these protests culminated in a fire and
substantial property damage. The resulting arrests and trial of a group of students was a catalyst in the
formation of the National Joint Action Committee (NJAC) at the St. Augustine campus of the University of
the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago. NJAC activists moved out of the university and worked to educate
and mobilise the population, especially unemployed youth in Port of Spain and San Fernando. In February
1970 Black Power demonstrations