ERROR TYPES

Tipe-Tipe Kesalahan

Penelitian ini menfokuskan analisis pada satu taksonomi kesalahan yang disusun oleh Dulay
et al, yaitu surface strategy taxonomy.

Omission
Kesalahan yang termasuk dalam tipe ini merupakan kesalahan penghilangan aspek-
aspek yang bersifat morfologis seperti penanda plural s dan penanda tenses seperti s dan
– – –

ed maupun elemen-elemen tertentu kalimat seperti article dan subjek. Frekuensi

munculnya kesalahan tipe ini ditunjukkan dalam tabel 2 di bawah ini.
ASPEK GRAMATIKA
Subject
 It had to help them to assemble the food because they
Verb wanted to
Direct object breakfast (verb)
Preposition  Although ants inform it to the grasshoper, he didn’t
Article care it (preposition)
Plural  He alway angry to his warriors and always order to
Auxiliary work (direct object)
Progressive ing
–  They do hard work to take food and heap food
in pantry (article)
Regular/irregular past tense
Third person singular  They were collect the foods for this summe (progressive ing)

Infinitive marker to  The grasshoper just relaxt in under tree until he sleep
there, they were collect the foods for this summer
Conj./relative pronoun
(conjunction)
Possessive
 The grasshoper not follow to ant_ agenda (possessive)
TOTAL
 Next day mr. Farmer know_ if the ant pour on he vegetable
(third person singular)
 Addition
Kesalahan tipe ini dibagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu double marking dan simple
addition. Kesalahan yang termasuk dalam tipe ini merupakan kesalahan penambahan
aspek- aspek yang bersifat morfologis seperti penanda plural s dan penanda tenses seperti
–

–s dan –ed maupun elemen-elemen tertentu kalimat seperti article dan preposition.
Frekuensi munculnya kesalahan tipe ini ditunjukkan dalam tabel 3 di bawah ini.

ASPEK GRAMATIKA Double marking

Double marking
 In summer the ants they had never taken rest
Subject (double subject)
main verb  The ants became get more spirit to finished their
auxiliary be house (double verb)
irregular/regular past  If grasshoper controlling the ants when
third person singular the ants taking food (progressive i ng)

direct object  He didn’t wanted to take

(regular/irregular past verb)
Simple addition
infinitive marker to  It didn’t has food to be ate (third
person singular)
Article
 The leader told to do it all please
Preposition
(double object)
possessive marker
Simple addition
progressive ing
 The ant said that what he was doing
plural –s
(double connective marker)
conj./relative pron
 The four ant’s every day taking the food in
the jungle for eat together with their family
(possessive marker „s)
 When the ants taking their food ...they are
not know if grasshoper controlling the ants
when the ants taking food. (progressive -i ng)
 Every ants have east dute
(plural –s)
 Misformations
Karakterisik kesalahan tipe ini adalah adanya bentuk yang salah dalam aspek
morfologis maupun struktur. Berbeda dengan tipe omission dimana pembelajar tidak
menggunakan elemen yang seharusnya ada, dalam tipe ini pembelajar menggunakan elemen
yang seharusnya ada tetapi salah, seperti pada kalimat I haved fried rice for breakfast. Tipe
kesalahan ini dibagi menjadi 3 jenis, yaitu overregularization, archi form, dan alternating
form

ASPEK GRAMMATIKA Overregularization

Overregularization
 And he felt that he would leaved
Past verbs (past verb)
Adjective/adverb
 They must work hard and fastly (adjective/adverb)
Archi/alternating forms
Surrogate subject (it/there)
Archi/alternating forms
verb forms (gerund/infinitive/base
form)  It was chance for animals to found several
foods (quantifier)
Third person singular
Auxiliary  He could order the colonies but couldn’t do
preposition
hisself like his order to them (reflexive pronoun)
Pronoun
quantifiers/determiners  He have not something to make his body
Article condition to warm condition (third person
conj./relative pron singular)
Reflexive pronoun  ...but the ants till has not enough foods to face
the winter (third person singular)
 They gathered under the big tree
(article)
 The leader said if grasshoper was doing
(connective marker)
 At that time there were summer in the
insect’s world (surrogate subject it/there)
 Misordering
Ciri dari tipe kesalahan ini adalah penempatan yang salah sebuah morpheme atau
group morphem dalam kalimat. Tipe kesalahan ini terjadi secara sistematis dalam bahsa
pertama dan bahasa target pembelajar. Seringkali pembelajar melakukan kesalahan ini karena
mereka melakukan word-to-word translation dari bahasa pertama mereka ke bahasa target.

ASPEK GRAMATIKA
Auxiliary in simple question
Auxiliary in embedded question
Noun phrase
Negative Sentence
Complex/compound sentence
Adverb of frequency/adverb of
Manner
 Why ants not just slept on the tree like
him/ (auxiliary in simple question)
 In the ants party the leader said that we
were gathered made us strong so our
gathered was very important (complex
sentence)
 The four ant’s every day taking taking
the food in the jungle for eat together
(Adverb of frequency)
 The king said that they would approve him
if he wanted to hard work with others
(adverb of manner)
2.1.1.1. Verbal Sentence

Verbs are the elements in verbal sentences. A verbal sentence, in other words, is one in

which the predicate is a verb. A noun or pronoun can be used as the subject. In writing, students

are still puzzled by nominal and verbal sentences. They sometimes make mistakes when writing

sentences, especially when using "be" and "verbs."

Verbal sentences, according to Khoiruzzahwa (2020), are sentences made up of verbs or

activities. The verb tenses in English adjust to the subject and shift according to the tenses.

The verbal

sentence,

according to Qomar (2003: 4-5), is the most complex component of the sentence that a sentence

would not be complete without a verb. Verbal sentences are classified into two groups based on

their relationship with the object: transitive and intransitive verbs. Verbs that include a sentence

object are known as transitive verbs. For example, in the sentence "I bought a smartphone," the

word buy is used. If the sentence "I purchased" is used, the sentence would be incomplete

because it needs an object. An intransitive verb does not require the presence of the object, such

as arriving at "I arrived at 4 p.m." The sentence is complete without the presence of an object.

According to its type, declarative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamation

sentences are the four forms of verbal sentences (Frank, 1972: 220-221). Topic + Predicate

(Verb, or to be with Noun / Adjective / Adverb) or Subject + negative word (do not / does not /

did not / is not / are not / was not / were not ), "Are you happy?" is an example of an

interrogative sentence, which ends with a question mark. A sentence with a period in the writing

and a falling tone is known as an imperative sentence, and it usually only expresses the predicate.
"Clean your hands with soap!" is an example. The exclamation sentence comes last. This

sentence begins with an exclamation (such as what, how, etc.) and ends with a predicate, such as

What a shame you are! (Qomar, 2003:4-5).

2.1.1.2. Nominal Sentence

A sentence whose predicate is not a verb sentence, a sentence that does not indicate an

activity, or a sentence consisting of a subject and a complement is referred to as a nominal

sentence (Khoiruzzahwa, 2020). Since "be" is a dependent verb, it has no meaning unless it is

used in conjunction with the complement. The sentence related to "be" consists of an adjective,

adverb, and noun.

1. Predicate Sentence Consisting of Adjectives.

Adjectives, according to Frank (1972: 109), are modifiers with grammatical properties.

Adjectives are divided into two categories based on their function: determiners and descriptive

adjectives. Determiners are a small collection of standardised terms that do not have a fixed type,

such as articles (a, an, the), cardinal numbers (one, two, three), ordinal numbers (first, second, third),

and so on. Beautiful, incredible, clever, exceptional, excellent, and so on are examples of descriptive

adjectives.

"I was sad" is an example of a predicate sentence with an adjective. As if to show that "I was

sad" is a nominal sentence, "I" is the subject, and sad is the adjective as a predicate.

2. Predicate Sentences Consisting of Adverbs.

Adverbs are terms that explain how, when, and where an occurrence happens (Solahudin,

2013: 35). As a result, adverbs may describe action or event verbs that indicate the sense of location

and time. Adverbs are classified into three categories based on their meaning. Here are some

examples of adverbs of manner, adverbs of position, and adverbs of time.

The -ly ending is typically applied to descriptive adjectives in manner adverbs, such as
 easily, honestly, carefully, etc. Then, after the verb, a preposition occurs between the adverbs of

place and direction. To understand this part of the adverb of position and path, we must first

understand the adverbs of definite and endless time, such as tomorrow, today, etc. The time that does

not have a set limit, such as soon, now, before, and so on, is referred to as infinite time.

3. Predicate Sentences Consisting of Nouns.

Nouns serve as the head or keywords in many modifying systems (Frank, 1972: 6). Nouns

are words that indicate a person, location, object, action, or concept (Solahudin, 2013: 246). Nouns

are divided into four sections based on their definition. Proper nouns, concrete and abstract nouns,

countable and uncountable nouns, and collective nouns are all forms of nouns.