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3c3 TrigonometIntegrals Stu
3c3 TrigonometIntegrals Stu
3
EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate y cos x dx.
SOLUTION Simply substituting u cos x isn’t helpful, since then du sin x dx. In order
to integrate powers of cosine, we would need an extra sin x factor. Similarly, a power of
sine would require an extra cos x factor. Thus, here we can separate one cosine factor
and convert the remaining cos2x factor to an expression involving sine using the identity
sin 2x cos 2x 1:
cos 3x cos 2x cos x 1 sin 2x cos x
y 1 u 2 du u 13 u 3 C
sin x 13 sin 3x C
In general, we try to write an integrand involving powers of sine and cosine in a form
where we have only one sine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of
cosine) or only one cosine factor (and the remainder of the expression in terms of sine).
The identity sin 2x cos 2x 1 enables us to convert back and forth between even powers
of sine and cosine.
5 2
EXAMPLE 2 Find y sin x cos x dx
SOLUTION We could convert cos 2x to 1 sin 2x, but we would be left with an expression in
terms of sin x with no extra cos x factor. Instead, we separate a single sine factor and
rewrite the remaining sin 4x factor in terms of cos x :
■ ■ Figure 1 shows the graphs of the integrand Substituting u cos x, we have du sin x dx and so
sin 5x cos 2x in Example 2 and its indefinite inte-
gral (with C 0). Which is which? y sin x cos x dx y sin x
5 2 2 2
cos 2x sin x dx
0.2
y 1 cos 2x2 cos 2x sin x dx
_π π y 1 u 2 2 u 2 du y u 2 2u 4 u 6 du
_0.2
u3
3
2
u5
5
u7
7
C
1
2 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate y sin 2x dx.
0
SOLUTION If we write sin 2x 1 cos 2x, the integral is no simpler to evaluate. Using the
half-angle formula for sin 2x, however, we have
y0
sin 2x dx 12 y 1 cos 2x dx
0
[ (x
1
2
1
2 ]
sin 2x) 0
Notice that we mentally made the substitution u 2x when integrating cos 2x. Another
method for evaluating this integral was given in Exercise 33 in Section 5.6.
1.5
y=sin@ x
■ ■ Example 3 shows that the area of the
region shown in Figure 2 is 2.
0 π
FIGURE 2 _0.5
4
EXAMPLE 4 Find y sin x dx.
SOLUTION We could evaluate this integral using the reduction formula for x sin n x dx
(Equation 5.6.7) together with Example 3 (as in Exercise 33 in Section 5.6), but a better
method is to write sin 4x sin 2x2 and use a half-angle formula:
y sin x dx y sin x dx
4 2 2
y
1 cos 2x 2
dx
2
14 y 1 2 cos 2x cos 2 2x dx
m
Strategy for Evaluating y sin x cos nx dx
(a) If the power of cosine is odd n 2k 1, save one cosine factor and use
cos 2x 1 sin 2x to express the remaining factors in terms of sine:
y sin m
x cos 2k1x dx y sin m x cos 2xk cos x dx
y sin 2k1
x cos n x dx y sin 2xk cos n x sin x dx
Then substitute u cos x. [Note that if the powers of both sine and cosine are
odd, either (a) or (b) can be used.]
(c) If the powers of both sine and cosine are even, use the half-angle identities
sin 2x 12 1 cos 2x cos 2x 12 1 cos 2x
We can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the form x tan mx sec nx dx. Since
ddx tan x sec 2x, we can separate a sec 2x factor and convert the remaining (even)
power of secant to an expression involving tangent using the identity sec 2x 1 tan 2x.
Or, since ddx sec x sec x tan x, we can separate a sec x tan x factor and convert the
remaining (even) power of tangent to secant.
6 4
EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate y tan x sec x dx.
SOLUTION If we separate one sec 2x factor, we can express the remaining sec 2x factor in
terms of tangent using the identity sec 2x 1 tan 2x. We can then evaluate the integral
by substituting u tan x with du sec 2x dx :
y u 61 u 2 du y u 6 u 8 du
u7 u9
C
7 9
17 tan 7x 19 tan 9x C
4 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
SOLUTION If we separate a sec 2 factor, as in the preceding example, we are left with
a sec 5 factor, which isn’t easily converted to tangent. However, if we separate a
sec tan factor, we can convert the remaining power of tangent to an expression
involving only secant using the identity tan 2 sec 2 1. We can then evaluate the
integral by substituting u sec , so du sec tan d :
y tan
5
sec 7 d y tan 4 sec 6 sec tan d
y u 2 12 u 6 du y u 10 2u 8 u 6 du
u 11 u9 u7
2 C
11 9 7
The preceding examples demonstrate strategies for evaluating integrals of the form
x tan mx sec nx dx for two cases, which we summarize here.
m
Strategy for Evaluating y tan x sec nx dx
(a) If the power of secant is even n 2k, k 2, save a factor of sec 2x and use
sec 2x 1 tan 2x to express the remaining factors in terms of tan x :
y tan m
x sec 2kx dx y tan m x sec 2xk1 sec 2x dx
y tan 2k1
x sec n x dx y tan 2xk sec n1x sec x tan x dx
For other cases, the guidelines are not as clear-cut. We may need to use identities, inte-
gration by parts, and occasionally a little ingenuity. We will sometimes need to be able to
integrate tan x by using the formula established in Example 5 in Section 5.5:
y tan x dx ln sec x C
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS ■ 5
We could verify Formula 1 by differentiating the right side, or as follows. First we multi-
ply numerator and denominator by sec x tan x :
sec x tan x
y sec x dx y sec x sec x tan x dx
sec 2x sec x tan x
y dx
sec x tan x
If we substitute u sec x tan x, then du sec x tan x sec 2x dx, so the integral
becomes x 1u du ln u C. Thus, we have
3
EXAMPLE 7 Find y tan x dx.
SOLUTION Here only tan x occurs, so we use tan 2x sec 2x 1 to rewrite a tan 2x factor in
terms of sec 2x :
y tan x sec 2x 1 dx
tan 2x
2
ln sec x C
In the first integral we mentally substituted u tan x so that du sec 2x dx.
If an even power of tangent appears with an odd power of secant, it is helpful to express
the integrand completely in terms of sec x. Powers of sec x may require integration by
parts, as shown in the following example.
3
EXAMPLE 8 Find y sec x dx.
SOLUTION Here we integrate by parts with
u sec x dv sec 2x dx
du sec x tan x dx v tan x
Integrals such as the one in the preceding example may seem very special but they
occur frequently in applications of integration, as we will see in Chapter 6. Integrals of
the form x cot m x csc n x dx can be found by similar methods because of the identity
1 cot 2x csc 2x.
Finally, we can make use of another set of trigonometric identities:
2 To evaluate the integrals (a) x sin mx cos nx dx, (b) x sin mx sin nx dx, or
(c) x cos mx cos nx dx, use the corresponding identity:
■ ■These product identities are discussed in (a) sin A cos B 12 sinA B sinA B
Appendix C.
(b) sin A sin B 12 cosA B cosA B
(c) cos A cos B 12 cosA B cosA B
y sin 4x cos 5x dx y 1
2 sinx sin 9x dx
Exercises
1 sin x
3 2 6 3
1. y sin x cos x dx 2. y sin x cos x dx 2
19. y dx 20. y cos x sin 2x dx
cos x
34 2
3. y sin 5x cos 3x dx 4. y cos 5x dx 2
2 0 21. 2
y sec x tan x dx 22. y sec 4t2 dt
0
5. 5
y cos x sin x dx 4
6. y sin mx dx
3
23. y tan x dx 2
24. y tan x dx 4
2 2
7. y cos2 d 8. y sin 2 2 d 25. 6
4
sec 4 tan 4 d
0 0 y sec t dt 26. y0
3
9. y sin 43t dt 10. y cos6 d 27. y tan 5 x sec 4 x dx 28. y tan 2x sec 2x dx
3 5
0 0 0
3
11. y 1 cos 2
d 12. y x cos x dx 2
29. 3
y tan x sec x dx 30. y0
tan 5x sec6x dx
4 2
13. y0
sin 4x cos 2x dx 14. y
0
sin 2x cos 2x dx 31. y tan x dx 5
32. y tan ay dy
6
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS ■ 7
tan 3 ; 57–58 Use a graph of the integrand to guess the value of the
33. y cos d 4
34. 2
y tan x sec x dx integral. Then use the methods of this section to prove that your
guess is correct.
2 2 2 2
35. y cot 2x dx 36. y cot 3x dx 57. y cos 3x dx 58. y sin 2 x cos 5 x dx
6 4 0 0
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
37. y cot 3 csc 3 d 38. y csc 4 x cot 6 x dx 59–62 Find the volume obtained by rotating the region bounded
by the given curves about the specified axis.
3
39. y csc x dx 40. y csc 3x dx 59. y sin x, x 2, x , y 0; about the x-axis
6
60. y tan 2x, y 0, x 0, x 4; about the x-axis
41. y sin 5x sin 2x dx 42. y sin 3x cos x dx 61. y cos x, y 0, x 0, x 2; about y 1
62. y cos x, y 0, x 0, x 2; about y 1
cos x sin x ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
4
51. y sin 3x sin 6x dx 52. y sec dx
2 0 if m n
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
66. y sin mx sin nx dx
if m n
53. Find the average value of the function f x sin 2x cos 3x on
the interval , . 67.
y cos mx cos nx dx
0
if m n
if m n
54. Evaluate x sin x cos x dx by four methods: (a) the substitution ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
u cos x, (b) the substitution u sin x, (c) the identity 68. A finite Fourier series is given by the sum
sin 2x 2 sin x cos x, and (d) integration by parts. Explain the N
different appearances of the answers. f x a
n1
n sin nx
55–56 Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves. a 1 sin x a 2 sin 2x a N sin Nx
55. y sin x, y sin 3x, x 0, x 2 Show that the mth coefficient a m is given by the formula
56. y sin x, y 2 sin x,2
x 0, x 2 1
am y f x sin mx dx
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
8 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Answers
49. 5 cos 5x 3 cos 3x cos x C
1 2
S Click here for solutions.
1.1
ƒ
cos 5x 13 cos 3x C 3. 384
1 11
1. 5
F
11.
3
2 2 sin 1
4 sin 2 C 13. 3 4192
15. ( 27 cos 3x 23 cos x) scos x C 1.1
17. 2
2 cos x ln cos x C
1
19. ln1 sin x C
51.
1
6 sin 3x 181 sin 9x C
2 tan x C 23. tan x x C
1 2
21.
1
5 tan t 3 tan t tan t C
1 5 2 3 117
25. 27. 8 ƒ
3 sec x sec x C
1 3
29. F
31. 4 2
4 sec x tan x ln sec x C
1
_2 2
R R R¡ ¢2 s R ¡ ¢2
5. cos5 x sin4 x dx = cos4 x sin4 x cos x dx = 1 − sin2 x sin4 x cos x dx = 1 − u2 u4 du
R¡ ¢ R ¡ ¢
= 1 − 2u2 + u4 u4 du = u4 − 2u6 + u8 du = 15 u5 − 27 u7 + 19 u9 + C
= 1
5 sin5 x − 2
7 sin7 x + 1
9 sin9 x + C
R π/2 R π/2
7. 0
cos2 θ dθ = 0
1
2
(1 + cos 2θ) dθ [half-angle identity]
1
£ 1
¤π/2 £¡ ¢ ¤
= 2 θ+ 2 sin 2θ 0 = 12 π2 + 0 − (0 + 0) = π
4
Rπ Rπ£ ¤2 Rπ£ ¤2 Rπ
9. 0
sin4 (3t) dt = 0
sin2 (3t) dt = 0 12 (1 − cos 6t) dt = 14 0 (1 − 2 cos 6t + cos2 6t) dt
Rπ£ ¤ Rπ¡ ¢
= 14 0 1 − 2 cos 6t + 12 (1 + cos 12t) dt = 14 0 32 − 2 cos 6t + 12 cos 12t dt
£ ¤π £¡ ¢ ¤
= 14 32 t − 13 sin 6t + 24
1
sin 12t 0 = 14 3π2
− 0 + 0 − (0 − 0 + 0) = 3π
8
R R R
11. (1 + cos θ)2 dθ = (1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ) dθ = θ + 2 sin θ + 1
2
(1 + cos 2θ) dθ
1 1 3 1
= θ + 2 sin θ + 2θ + 4 sin 2θ + C = 2θ + 2 sin θ + 4 sin 2θ + C
R π/4 R π/4 R π/4 ¡ ¢2
13. 0
sin4 x cos2 x dx = 0
sin2 x (sin x cos x)2 dx = − cos 2x) 12 sin 2x dx
0
1
2 (1
R π/4 R π/4 R π/4
= 18 0 (1 − cos 2x) sin2 2x dx = 18 0 sin2 2x dx − 18 0 sin2 2x cos 2x dx
R π/4 £ ¤π/4 £ ¤π/4
1
= 16 0
1 1
(1 − cos 4x) dx − 16 3
sin3 2x 0 = 16 1
x − 14 sin 4x − 13 sin3 2x 0
1 π
¡ 1
¢ 1
= 16 4 −0− 3
= 192 (3π − 4)
R √ R¡ ¢√ c R ¡ ¢ R ³ 5/2 ´
15. sin3 x cos x dx = 1 − cos2 x cos x sin x dx = 1 − u2 u1/2 (−du) = u − u1/2 du
Z Z · ¸
1 − sin x by (1) and the boxed
19. dx = (sec x − tan x) dx = ln |sec x + tan x| − ln |sec x| + C
cos x formula above it
£ ¤2 ¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
= 18 u8 − 13 u6 + 14 u4 1 = 32 − 643
+ 4 − 18 − 13 + 14 = 117
8
R R R¡ ¢
29. tan3 x sec x dx = tan2 x sec x tan x dx = sec2 x − 1 sec x tan x dx
R
= (u2 − 1) du [u = sec x, du = sec x tan x dx]
1 3
= 3
u −u+C = 1
3
sec3 x − sec x + C
R R¡ ¢2 R R R
31. tan5 x dx = sec2 x − 1 tan x dx = sec4 x tan x dx − 2 sec2 x tan x dx + tan x dx
R R R
= sec3 x sec x tan x dx − 2 tan x sec2 x dx + tan x dx
= 1
4 sec4 x − tan2 x + ln |sec x| + C [or 1
4 sec4 x − sec2 x + ln |sec x| + C ]
Z Z Z
tan3 θ
33. dθ = tan3 θ sec4 θ dθ = tan3 θ · (tan2 θ + 1) · sec2 θ dθ
cos4 θ
R
= u3 (u2 + 1) du [u = tan θ, du = sec2 θ dθ]
R
= (u5 + u3 ) du = 16 u6 + 14 u4 + C = 1
6 tan6 θ + 1
4 tan4 θ + C
R π/2 R π/2 ¡ ¢ π/2 ¡ ¢ ¡ √ ¢ √
35. π/6
cot2 x dx = π/6
csc2 x − 1 dx = [− cot x − x]π/6 = 0 − π
2
− − 3− π
6
= 3− π
3
R R R
37. cot3 α csc3 α dα = cot2 α csc2 α · csc α cot α dα = (csc2 α − 1) csc2 α · csc α cot α dα
R
= (u2 − 1)u2 · (−du) [u = csc α, du = − csc α cot α dα]
R 2
= (u − u ) du = 3 u − 5 u + C = 13 csc3 α − 15 csc5 α + C
4 1 3 1 5
TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS ■ 11
Z Z Z
csc x (csc x − cot x) − csc x cot x + csc2 x
39. I = csc x dx = dx = dx. Let u = csc x − cot x ⇒
csc x − cot x csc x − cot x
¡ ¢ R
du = − csc x cot x + csc2 x dx. Then I = du/u = ln |u| = ln |csc x − cot x| + C.
= − 15 cos5 x + 2
3
cos3 x − cos x + C
Rπ Rπ ¡ ¢
53. fave = 1
2π −π
sin2 x cos3 x dx = 2π
1
−π
sin2 x 1 − sin2 x cos x dx
R0 2¡ ¢
= 1
2π 0
u 1 − u2 du [where u = sin x]
=0
55. For 0 < x < π2 , we have 0 < sin x < 1, so sin3 x < sin x. Hence the area is
R π/2 ¡ ¢ R π/2 ¡ ¢ R π/2
0
sin x − sin3 x dx = 0 sin x 1 − sin2 x dx = 0 cos2 x sin x dx. Now let u = cos x ⇒
R0 R1 £ ¤1
du = − sin x dx. Then area = 1 u2 (−du) = 0 u2 du = 13 u3 0 = 13 .
R 2π
57. It seems from the graph that 0 cos3 x dx = 0, since the area below the
x-axis and above the graph looks about equal to the area above the axis
and below the graph. By Example 1, the integral is
£ ¤2π
sin x − 13 sin3 x 0 = 0. Note that due to symmetry, the integral of
any odd power of sin x or cos x between limits which differ by 2nπ
(n any integer) is 0.
12 ■ TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
Rπ Rπ £ ¤π ¡ ¢ π2
59. V = π sin2 x dx = π π/2 12 (1 − cos 2x) dx = π 12 x − 14 sin 2x π/2 = π π2 − 0 −
π/2
π
4 +0 = 4
R π/2 £ ¤ R π/2 ¡ ¢
61. Volume = π 0 (1 + cos x)2 − 12 dx = π 0 2 cos x + cos2 x dx
£ ¤π/2 ¡ ¢ 2
= π 2 sin x + 12 x + 14 sin 2x 0 = π 2 + π4 = 2π + π4
Rt
63. s = f (t) = 0 sin ωu cos2 ωu du. Let y = cos ωu ⇒ dy = −ω sin ωu du. Then
R cos ωt 2 £ ¤cos ωt ¡ ¢
s = − ω1 1 y dy = − ω1 13 y3 1 1
= 3ω 1 − cos3 ωt .