Ch.

2
Principles of Integration Evaluation
Part 3
Trigonometric Integrals
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏 𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬ & 𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏 𝐬𝐨𝐜 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐢𝐬 ׬‬
Integrals Involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions

1.
Case 1 of ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏𝐬𝐨𝐜 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐢𝐬 ׬‬:
m or n is an Odd Positive Integer
If m is odd, first isolate one factor of sin x. (You’ll
need this for du.) Then, replace any factors of sin2x
with 1 − cos2x and make the substitution u = cos x.

Likewise, if n is odd, first isolate one factor of cos x.

(You’ll need this for du.) Then, replace any factors of
cos2x with 1 − sin2x and make the substitution u=sin x .
EXAMPLE 3.1 A Typical Substitution
Evaluate ‫ ׬‬cos4 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Here, letting u = cos x, so that du = −sin x d x, gives us
EXAMPLE 3.2 An Integrand with an Odd Power of Sine
Evaluate  cos4x sin3x dx.
Solution
Here, with u = cos x, we have du = −sin x dx, so that
EXAMPLE 3.3 An Integrand with an Odd Power of Cosine

Solution: Substituting u = sin x, so that du = cos x dx, we have

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Case 2 of ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏𝐬𝐨𝐜 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐢𝐬 ׬‬:
m and n are Both Even Positive Integers
In this case, we can use the half-angle formulas for sine
and cosine to reduce the powers in the integrand.

EXAMPLE 3.4 An Integrand with an Even Power of Sine

Solution
2.
where m and n are integers.

Case 1 of ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏 𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬:

m is an Odd Positive Integer

First, isolate one factor of sec x tan x. (You’ll need

this for du.) Then, replace any factors of tan2 x with
sec2 x − 1 and make the substitution u = sec x.
Solution

We let u = sec x, so that du = sec x tan x dx and hence,

Case 2 of ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏 𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬:
n is an Even Positive Integer
First, isolate one factor of sec2 x. (You’ll need this for du.) Then,
replace any remaining factors of sec2 x with 1 + tan2 x and make
the substitution u = tan x.

Solution

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Now, we let u = tan x, so that du = sec2 x dx and

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Case 3 of ‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒏 𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝒙 𝒎𝐧𝐚𝐭 ׬‬:
m is an Even Positive Integer and n is an Odd Positive Integer
Replace any factors of tan2 x with sec2 x − 1 and then use a special
reduction formula (given in the exercises) to evaluate integrals of
the form  secn x dx. This complicated case will be covered briefly in
the exercises. Much of this depends on example 3.8.
Exercises: Evaluate the following Integrals