Process Heat Transfer

ENCH3113
Chapter 3

Dr
Rajan
 Chapter 3

Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers

R. W. Serth, “Process Heat Transfer: Principles and Application”,
Academic Press, 2007. (ISBN-13: 978-0123971951)

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Cut Section DPHE

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DPHE

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 Trade-off
• Design of heat-transfer equipment involves a
trade-off between the two conflicting goals of
lowcapital cost (high overall heat-transfer
coefficient, small heat-transfer area) and low
operating cost (small stream pressure drops).

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Heat-Transfer Coefficients for
Exchangers without Fins

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Hydraulic Calculations for
Exchangers without Fins

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Pressure Drop

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 Viscosity Correction Factor
• Viscosity Correction factor is to account for
the difference in the viscosity of bulk fluid
with those near the wall of the heat
exchanger.

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 Pressure Drop

NHp represents the number of hairpins connected in

series.
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 Friction Factor
For laminar flow in tubes

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 Flexibility in DPHE
• Double-pipe exchangers are extremely flexible
with respect to configuration of hairpins, since
both the inner pipes and annuli can be
connected either in series or in parallel.

• In order to meet pressure drop constraints, it

is sometimes convenient to divide one stream
into two or more parallel branches while
leaving the other stream intact.
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Two Hairpins Connected in Series

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Hairpins with annuli connected in series and inner
pipes connected in parallel

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 Correction Factor F
• If the inner pipes are connected in parallel, while
the annuli are connected in series, although the
flow is countercurrent in each hairpin, the overall
flow pattern is not true counterflow.
• To account for the departure from true
counterflow in series-parallel configurations, the
counterflow logarithmic mean temperature
difference (LMTD) is multiplied by a correction
factor, F.
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F

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 Over-Surface and Over-Design

• Over-surface is a measure of the safety factor

incorporated in the design of a heat exchanger
through fouling factors and the use of
standard equipment sizes.

• Since it deals directly with exchanger surface

area, it is easier to visualize than fouling
factors and calculated versus required heat-
transfer coefficients.
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Percentage Over Surface

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 Over Surface
• Over-surface depends on the relative
magnitudes of the total fouling allowance and
the film and wall resistances.

• Typical values : 20-40% may be considered

typical, higher values are not unusual.

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 Over Design
• Over surface Equation is often applied with the surface
area calculated using the design coefficient, UD, rather
than the clean coefficient.

• In this case the computed quantity is referred to as the

overdesign; it represents the extra surface area beyond
that required to compensate for fouling.

• Typical Values: over-design (typically about 10% or less)

is considered acceptable and (often) desirable, since it
provides an additional safety margin in the final design.
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 Finned-Pipe Exchangers
• The inner pipe of a
double-pipe
exchanger can be
equipped with
rectangular fins as
shown in Figure.

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 Fins
• Although fins can be attached to both the internal and
external pipe surfaces, external fins are most
frequently used.

• Pairs of fins are formed from U-shaped channels that

are welded or soldered onto the pipe, depending on
the materials involved.

• An alternative method of attaching the fins consists of

cutting grooves in the pipe surface, inserting the fin
material, and then peening the pipe metal back to
secure the fins.
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Picture of Fins

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 Materials
• The fin material need not be the same as the
pipe material; for example, carbon steel fins
can be attached to stainless steel pipes.

• Combinations of this type are used when a

corrosion resistant alloy is needed for the
inner fluid but not for the fluid in the annulus.

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Standard Configurations for Exchangers with a Single
Finned Inner Pipe; Standard Pressure (Schedule 40)
Units

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 Fin Efficiency
Fin height was referred to as the fin length,
denoted by the symbol, L.

Since L is used in the present chapter to denote

pipe length, the symbol, b, will be used for fin
height.

Equation for the efficiency of a rectangular fin

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 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• Dirt Coefficient

• Clean Coefficient

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Wall Temperature for Finned Pipes

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