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Lecture 10 Number of Stages
Lecture 10 Number of Stages
Process
1
Absorption and stripping of dilute mixtures
– The equilibrium
– The absorption/stripping rate
Ki H i P Henry's law
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Mole Fraction and Mole ratio
• x,y : Mole fraction of substance in liquid and
gas
• X,Y Mole ratio of substance in liquid and gas
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Number of stage calculation
• The are two methods for stage calculation:
1. Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method.
2. Numerical calculation method.
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Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method …
Each tray is treated as an equilibrium stage.
yn Yn 1 Yn
Kn )
xn X n 1 X n
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Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method for Absorber
• The mass balances around one end of the tower and an
arbitrary intermediate equilibrium stage, n:
Ls =L(1-x) , Gs =G(1-y)
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Graphical
Number Equilibrium-Stage
of Equilibrium Method …
Stages: Absorber
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Example :
NH3 in gas stream containing 1% mole of NH3 should be
removed from the stream by contacting with 90 mole/ hr
fresh water , the total gas stream 30 mole/hr , the removal
ratio is 90% , the equilibrium data is ( y= 2.53x ) draw the
operating line .
solution:
given the equilibrium data from the equation
( y = 2.53x ) y1=? x1=0
R1=90
NH3 =30x0.01=0.3 mole . Kmole/hr
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Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method …
3b. Number of Equilibrium Stages: Stripper
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Ex: Striping Process
• An oil containing 2.55 mole per cent of a hydrocarbon is
stripped by running the oil down a column up with live steam
is passed, so that 4 kmol of steam are used/100 kmol of oils
stripped. Determine the number of theoretical plates required
to reduce the hydrocarbon content to 0.05 mole per cent,
assuming that the oil is non-volatile. The vapour–liquid
relation of the hydrocarbon in the oil is given by ye = 33x,
where ye is the mole fraction in the vapour and x the mole
fraction in the liquid. The temperature is maintained constant
by internal heating, so that steam does not condense in the
tower.
Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method
1. Operating line equations (steady-state)
Stripper
Absorber
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Graphical Equilibrium-Stage Method …
Minimum Absorber Flow Rate
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Operating lines for an absorber
Example
In a bioprocess, molasses is fermented to produce a liquor containing
ethyl alcohol. A CO2-rich vapor with a small amount of ethyl alcohol is
evolved. The alcohol is recovered by absorption with water in a sieve-tray
tower. Determine the number of equilibrium stages required for
countercurrent flow of liquid an d gas, Entering gas is 180 kmol/h; 98%
CO2, 2% ethyl alcohol; 30oC Entering liquid absorbent is 100% water; 30OC,
110 kPa.
Required recovery of ethyl alcohol is 97%. The distribution coefficient is
0.57
I. Calculate the number of stage ,using the liquid rate is 1.5* minimum
rate
II. Calculate the number of stage numerically.
III. Calculate the actual number of stages , if the viscosity equal 10cp
The minimum solute-free absorbent rate is given by , where the solute-free gas rate, V', is (0.98)(180) =
176.4 kmolth. Thus,
Numerical Method: Dilute Solutions
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Stage Efficiency …
• Approach for staged columns (Lewis):
(6.21)
Nt
Eo
Na
where
– Eo = fractional overall stage efficiency (usually < 1.0)
– Nt = calculated number of equilibrium (theoretical) stages.
– Na = actual number of contacting trays or plates (usually >
Nt).
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O’Connell Efficiency
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Thanks