Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist.

2 Heat transfer is
one-dimensional. 3 Thermal properties are constant. 4 Heat transfer
by radiation is negligible. 5 Thermal contact resistance is negligible.
 1 R  L f thermal conductivities of the transparent
Rconv  f
k f A film and the solid plate 0.05 W/m ∙ °C
hA and 1.2 W/m ∙ °C, respectively.
L
Rs  s Using the thermal resistance concept, the following
k s A equation is expressed:
T  Tb Tb  T2

Rconv  R f Rs

Tb  T2  1 L f 
T 
Tb  T2
Rs
 
Rconv  R f  Tb  
Ls / k s  h k f 
 Tb

(70  52) C  1 0.001 m 

T      70 C  127 C
0.013 m / 1.2 W/m  C  70 W/m  C 0.05 W/m  C 
2

The surface temperature of the transparent film is

T1  Tb Tb  T2

Rf Rs
Tb  T2 Tb  T2  L f 
  Tb
T1  R f  Tb 
Rs Ls / k s  k f 

(70  52) C  0.001 m 
T1     70 C  103 C
0.013 m / 1.2 W/m  C  0.05 W/m  C 
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer
through the wall is steady and
one-dimensional. 2 K - constant.
3 The furnace operates
continuously.
 Thermal conductivities k = 0.026 W/m°C
for air, and 0.78 W/m°C for glass.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the window is steady
2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional 3 Thermal conductivities
of the glass and air are constant. 4 Heat transfer by
radiation is disregarded.
Wall with single pane windows:
4th wall with double pane windows:
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions
exist. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional in
the axial direction since the lateral surfaces
of both cylinders are well-insulated. 3 K
constant
Properties Aluminum bars k = 176 W/m°C. The
contact conductance at the interface of
aluminum-aluminum plates for the case of
ground surfaces and of 20 atm  2 MPa pressure
is hc = 11,400 W/m2C .
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since
there is no indication of any change with time.
2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there
is thermal symmetry about the centerline and
no variation in the axial direction. 3 Thermal
conductivities are constant. 4 The thermal
contact resistance at the interface is
negligible.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer from the ball is
steady since there is no indication of any
change with time. 2 Heat transfer is one-
dimensional since there is thermal symmetry
about the midpoint. 3 Thermal properties are
constant. 4 The thermal contact resistance at
the interface is negligible