Centroids by Integration

Centroids
The golfer guessed that his ball landed 20 feet off the fairway.
Of course, that was just a rough estimate.
Centroids
¢  When we dealt with distributed loads, we

found the magnitude of the force
generated by the loading as the area
under the loading curve.
¢  I gave you the location of the line of action
of the force for both a rectangular shape
and a right-triangular shape.
2 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012
1
Centroids
¢  In this meeting, we are going to find out

just why that line of action was located
where it was.
¢  The line of action was located through the
centroidial axis of the loading diagram.
¢  If we took a centroidial axis in every
direction, their intersection point would be
known as the centroid
Centroid as Balance Point
2
Centroids
¢  By
common practice, we refer to the
centroidal axis as the centroid but to keep
the confusion down we will often speak of
a x-centroid or a y-centroid referring to the
coordinate along that axis where the
centroidal axis intersects the coordinate
axis.
Centroidal Axis
3
Centroids
¢  We are going to look at two mathematical

techniques for locating this centroidal axis
or centroid.
¢  First we will look at what a centroid
physically represents
Centroids
¢  Consider
that we have a series of
rectangular loads along an axis
y
4
Centroids
¢  Wewould like to replace this loading with
a single point force for analysis purposes
y
x
Centroids
¢  We would label each load
y
L4
L2
L1 L3
L5
x
5
Centroids
¢  Thenfind the area of each loading, giving

us the force which is located at the center
of each area
y
L4
L2
L1 L3
L5
x
Centroids
¢  The
force generated by each loading is
equal to the area under the its loading
y
diagram so
Fn = AL L4
n L2
L1 L3
L5
x
6
Centroids
¢  The
force generated by each loading is
equal to the area under the loading
diagram so y
F2 F4
F1 F3
Fn = AL F5
n
x
Centroids
¢  Thetotal force generated by all these
forces is just their sum
y F4
F2
F1 F3
F = ∑ Fn = ∑ ALn F5
7
Centroids
¢  But
we want to replace these forces with a
single force with the same net effect on the
system y
F2 F4
F = ∑ Fn = ∑ ALn F1 F3
F5
x
Centroids
¢  That
would mean that it would have to
produce the same moment about any point
on the system
y F4
F2
F1 F3
F = ∑ Fn = ∑ ALn F5
x
8
Centroids
¢  If
we choose the origin for the moment
center, the moment of each of these forces
about the origin is equal to the x-distance
to the line of action of the force times the
force
Centroids
¢  For example, for the force(area) F3

y
F2 F4
M 3 = x3 F3
F1 F3
F5
x
x3
9
Centroids
¢  The moment for any force is
M n = xn Fn
Centroids
¢  Which can be replaced by
M n = xn ALn
10
Centroids
¢  Andthe total moment of all the

forces(areas) about the origin is
n
M total = ∑ xi ALi
i =1
Centroids
¢  If
we now look at the effect of the total
force
y
F
22 x Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012
11
Centroids
¢  The value x is known as the x-centroid of

the loading
y
F
M = xF
x
Centroids
¢  If
we substitute the sums developed earlier
for the total force and the total moment
y
F
M = xF
∑ x F = x∑ F
i i i
x
12
Centroids
¢  And isolating the centroid we have
x=
∑ xF i i
or
∑x A i i
∑F i ∑A i
Centroids
¢  A
general definition for the x-centroid of a
series of n areas would be
n
∑x A i i
x= i =1
n
∑Ai =1
i
13
Centroids
¢  If
the areas represent forces, the centroid
represents a center of force
n
∑x F i i
x= i =1
n
∑Fi =1
i
Centroids
¢  If
we are considering weight, and x is the
axis parallel to the ground, the xbar would
be the center of gravity.
n
∑x F i i
x= i =1
n
∑Fi =1
i
14
Centroids
¢  If
the areas represent masses, the centroid
represents the center of mass
n
∑xm i i
x= i =1
n
∑m
i =1
i
Centroids
¢  If
the areas are just areas, the centroid
represents the center of area or centroid
n
∑x A i i
x= i =1
n
∑Ai =1
i
15
Centroids
¢  This
is the general formulation for finding
the x-centroid of n areas
n
∑x A i i
x= i =1
n
∑Ai =1
i
Centroids
¢  The same type of formula could be found

for finding the y centroid
n n
∑x A i i ∑y A i i
x= i =1
n
y= i =1
n
∑A
i =1
i ∑A i =1
i
16
Centroids
¢  Remember that the xi is the x-distance to

the centroid of the ith area
n
∑x A i i
x= i =1
n
∑Ai =1
i
Centroids from Functions
¢  So far, we have been able to describe the

forces (areas) using rectangles and
triangles.
¢  Now we have to extend that to loadings
and areas that are described by
mathematical functions.
17
¢  For example

y
¢  This
is a distributed load that at any x has
a load intensity of w0x2
y
w0 x 2
18
¢  w0is a proportionality constant that will
have units to make sure that the units of
the product w0x2 will be in force per length
units
y
w0 x 2
x

¢  If
we had this type of loading over a
distance L, how would we find the
equivalent point force and its location?
y
w0 x 2
38 Centroids by Integration
L Wednesday, November 7, 2012
19
Riemann Sums
¢  We could generate a series of rectangles

to lay over the curve
y
w0 x 2
L
20
¢  Each rectangle will have some width Δx
Δx
w0 x 2
L

¢  Anda height based on where the
2
rectangle is positioned
y 0 wx
Δx
Δx w0xb2
w0xa2
xa
x
xb
42 L
Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012
21
¢  Generalizing for any rectangle
y
w0 x 2
Δx
w0xi2
xi
x
43 L
Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012
¢  So
for n-rectangles the approximate area
under the curve would be
n n
A = ∑ Ai = ∑ w x Δx 2
0 i w0 x 2
i=1 i=1y Δx
w0xi2
xi
x
44 Centroids by Integration L Wednesday, November 7, 2012
22
¢  The total moment generated by these
areas would be
n n
M = ∑ x A = ∑ x ( w x ) Δx
i i i 0 i
2
i =1 i =1 w x2 y 0
Δx
w0xi2
xi
x

L

¢  And the location of the centroid would be
n n
∑x A = x∑ A
i i i
y
w0 x 2
i=1 i=1
( ) ( )
n n Δx
∑ xi w0 xi2 Δx = x ∑ w0 xi2 Δx
i=1 i=1
w0xi2
∑ x ( w x ) Δx
n
2
i 0 i xi
x
x= i=1
∑ ( w x ) Δx
n
2 L
0 i
i=1
23
¢  The general form would be
n n
∑ x A = x∑ A
i =1
i i
i =1
i
w0 x 2
y
n Δx
∑x A i i
x= i =1 w0xi2
n x
∑A
xi
i L
i =1

¢  Sofor any loading that we can break up
into n individual loadings with known
centroids, the centroid of the composite
would be equal to
n n
∑ x A = x∑ A
i =1
i i
i =1
i
∑x A i i
x= i =1
n
∑A
i =1
i
24
¢  If
we reduce the width of the rectangles to
a differential size, the summation become
an integral q(x ) represents a general i
L loading function
∫ x q ( x ) dx
i i
y
dx
x= 0
L
∫ q ( x ) dx
q(x)
xi
i
0

¢  If
we can define the height of the loading
diagram at any point x by the function q(x),
then we can generalize out summations of
areas by the quotient of the integrals
y
L dx
∫ x q ( x ) dx
i i
q(x)
x= 0
L xi
∫ q ( x ) dx
0
i
25
¢  Thisis the general form for the integral to
locate the centroid
∫ xq ( x ) dx
x= A
∫ q ( x ) dx A
¢  It
isn’t always quite that simple
¢  You have to be careful in
l  Knowing the height of your rectangular
section
l  Knowing the limits of integration
l  Making the correct integration
26
An Example
4m
y
y2 = 4x
1 2 4m
y= x
4
An Example
¢  Weneed to locate the x and y centroids of
the shape between the curves
4m
y
y2 = 4x
1 2 4m
y= x
4
27
An Example
¢  First
we will sketch a representative
rectangle
4m
y
y2 = 4x
1 2 4m
y= x
4
x
An Example
¢  Determine the height of the rectangle
4m
y
y2 = 4x
1 2 4m
y= x
4
28
An Example
¢  Determine the width of the rectangle
4m
y
y2 = 4x
1 2 4m
y= x
4
An Example
¢  So the area of the rectangle becomes
⎛ x ⎞
2
dA = ⎜ 4x − ⎟ dx
⎝ 4⎠
29
An Example
¢  The
moment arm is the distance from the
moment center (in this case the origin)
4m
y
y2 = 4x
1 2 4m
y= x
4
x
An Example
¢  The
limits of integration will be the
beginning and ending points of x
4m
y
y2 = 4x
1 2 4m
y= x
4
x
30
An Example
¢  So
when we set up the integral form for
the centroid we have
4m
⎛ x2 ⎞
∫0m x ⎜⎝ 4 x − 4 ⎟⎠ dx
x = 4m
⎛ x2 ⎞
∫0m ⎜⎝ 4 x − 4 ⎟⎠ dx
An Example
¢  Integrating
4m
⎛
4m 3
x ⎞ 3
4 x 5 4
∫0m ⎜⎝ 2 x −2
4⎠
⎟ dx
5
x −
16 0 m
2
x = 4m =
⎛ 2 x ⎞1 2 3
4 2 x 3
4m
∫0m ⎝
⎜ 2 x −
4⎠
⎟ dx
3
x −
12 0 m
31
An Example
¢  Substituting at the upper and lower limits
⎛ 5
⎞ ⎛ 5
⎞
⎜ 4 ( 4m ) − ( 4m ) ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ( 0m ) − ( 0m )
2 2
⎟
⎜5 16 ⎟ ⎜5 16 ⎟
x=⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 3
⎞ ⎛ 3
⎞
⎜ 4 ( 4m ) − ( 4m ) ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ( 0m ) − ( 0m )
2 2
⎟
⎜3 12 ⎟ ⎜3 12 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
An Example
¢  Evaluating
x = 1.8m
32
Points to Remember
¢  Draw the rectangle you are going to use

¢  Be careful that you take the correct
distance from the correct axis
¢  You may want to always use x or y as the
variable of integration; be very careful
here, it is only to the center of the
differential side that you can assume the
moment arm goes to
Homework
¢  Problem 9-7

33

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Centroids

¢ When we dealt with distributed loads, we

2 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ In this meeting, we are going to find out

3 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Centroid as Balance Point

4 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

5 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

6 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ We are going to look at two mathematical

7 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

8 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

10 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ Thenfind the area of each loading, giving

12 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

14 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

17 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ For example, for the force(area) F3

¢ The moment for any force is

19 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ Which can be replaced by

20 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ Andthe total moment of all the

21 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

22 x Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ The value x is known as the x-centroid of

24 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ And isolating the centroid we have

25 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ The same type of formula could be found

¢ Remember that the xi is the x-distance to

Centroids from Functions

¢ So far, we have been able to describe the

34 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ For example

35 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Centroids from Functions

36 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Centroids from Functions

39 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Centroids from Functions

¢ We could generate a series of rectangles

¢ Each rectangle will have some width Δx

Centroids from Functions

Centroids from Functions

44 Centroids by Integration L Wednesday, November 7, 2012

45 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Centroids from Functions

46 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Centroids from Functions

Centroids from Functions

Centroids from Functions

52 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

53 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

54 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

56 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

57 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

58 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

64 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ Draw the rectangle you are going to use

65 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢ Problem 9-7

¢ Problem 9-15

66 Centroids by Integration Wednesday, November 7, 2012

¢  When we dealt with distributed loads, we

¢  In this meeting, we are going to find out

¢  We are going to look at two mathematical

¢  Thenfind the area of each loading, giving

¢  For example, for the force(area) F3

¢  The moment for any force is

¢  Which can be replaced by

¢  Andthe total moment of all the

¢  The value x is known as the x-centroid of

¢  And isolating the centroid we have

¢  The same type of formula could be found

¢  Remember that the xi is the x-distance to

¢  So far, we have been able to describe the

¢  For example

¢  We could generate a series of rectangles

¢  Each rectangle will have some width Δx

¢  Draw the rectangle you are going to use

¢  Problem 9-7

¢  Problem 9-15