Input Sheet - 1: Project Abc Project River Abc River Region Pakistan Design Engineer M. Asif

INPUT SHEET - 1
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
DESIGN ENGINEER M. ASIF
Design discharge (power) 5.00 m3/s Manning ''n' for concrete 0.015
Flood discharge (peak) 400 m3/s Manning ''n' for steel 0.013
River width at weir 40.0 m Manning ''n' for river 0.030
River bed EL. at weir 1465 m.a.s.l Hazen - Williams Coefficient 120
Length of connecting channel 100 m L-Slope of conn. channel 0.50 %
No. of sandtrap chambers 2 no. Height to width ratio 1.20

Particle size limit 0.25 mm L-Slope of sandtrap 3.00 %
Type of headrace CHANNEL Propose dia. / bed width of HR 2.50 m

Length of headrace 5000 m L-slope of headrace 0.0010 m/m
Peaking time for forebay 0.1 hrs Depth of forebay (at start) 8.00 m
Proposed width (shorter dim) 20.0 m
Length of penstock 500 m Proposed dia. of penstock 1.00 m
Type of turbine FRANCIS name Effeciency of turbine 90 %

No. of turbine units 3 no. Normal tailwater level 1300.00 m.a.s.l
Channel side slope (1v : zh) 0 0=Rect. Channel Propose bed width of tailrace 2.50 m
Page 1 of 135
Length of tailrace 150 m NSL at tailrace end 1298.00 m.a.s.l
INPUT SHEET - 2
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
DESIGN ENGR. M. ASIF
INPUT Thickness of PCC blinding layer 0.1 m
FLOW DURATION CURVE MONTHLY FLOWS WEIR

% Time Flow (m /s)
3
Month Flow (m /s)
3
Length of weir rack 10.0 m
0 32.41 Jan 2.10 Inclination of weir rack 15 degrees
5 18.30 Feb 2.70 Avg. slope of river at weirsite 0.030 m/m
10 13.70 Mar 3.40
20 9.90 Apr 4.80 SANDTRAP
30 7.80 May 5.20 Width of sand flushing duct 0.60 m
40 5.90 Jun 5.80 Length of flushing pipe/channel 120.0 m
50 5.10 Jul 7.20 Width of spill section 10.0 m
60 3.70 Aug 9.70 Length of spill channel 80.0 m
70 2.80 Sep 6.50
80 2.30 Oct 3.30 HEADRACE
90 1.80 Nov 1.80 Wall thichness of headrace 12.0 mm
95 1.40 Dec 1.20 (for headrace pipe option only)
100 1.20 Average 4.48 FOREBAY
Width of forebay spill section 10 m
Catchment area - km2 Length of spill channel/pipe 156 m
Environmental flows 0 m3/s
Diversion flood 200.0 m3/s PENSTOCK
Page 2 of 135
Site Geology - Max.wall thickness of penstock 11.0 mm
Page 3 of 135
DESIGN SUMMARY
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INSTALLED CAPACITY #VALUE! MW Net Head = #VALUE! m

ANNUAL ENERGY * #VALUE! GWh Total Headloss = #VALUE! m
PLANT FACTOR #VALUE! %
WATER LEVELS BED LEVELS

STRUCTURE WIDTH HEIGHT LENGTH LOSSES
START END START END
WEIR 40.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! - #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 1462.50
CONN. CHANNEL #VALUE! 1.44 100.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
SANDTRAP 3.40 4.10 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
POWER CHANNEL 2.50 2.24 5000.00 5.007 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
FOREBAY 20.00 8.00 48.86 0.006 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PENSTOCK 1.00 1.00 500.00 26.973 #VALUE! 1300.50 #VALUE! 1300.50
TAILRACE 2.50 2.20 150.00 - 1299.29 1299.14 1297.69 1297.54
All dimensions in meters and levels in m.a.s.l.
Page 4 of 135
* 20 days shutdown period has been considered for annual energy output computations by Flow Duration Method
DESIGN CHECKS
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
STATUS OF DESIGN CHECKS

Uplift Sliding Channel River diversion
WEIR #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! O.K.
Discharge Freeboard Slope Velocity

CONN. CHANNEL #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Length Velocity Spillway Flushing

SANDTRAP O.K. O.K. FAIL #VALUE!
Submergence Discharge Wall thickness Velocity

POWER CHANNEL N/A O.K. N/A O.K.
Capacity Spillway Flushing Trashrack

FOREBAY #VALUE! O.K. #VALUE! O.K.
Submergence wall thickness Manifold Hoop stress

PENSTOCK #VALUE! #VALUE! O.K. #VALUE!
Page 5 of 135
Page 6 of 135
ANNUAL ENRGY
ABC PROJECT ANNUAL ENERGY

(FLOW DURATION CURVE METHOD)
Design Discharge QD = 5.00 m3/sec
No. & Type of Units = 3 FRANCIS
Design Discharge (single unit) Qunit = 1.67 m3/sec
Net Head Hn = #VALUE! m GROSS POWER ### MW
Turbine Efficiency at QD hT = 90.0% ANNUAL ENERGY ### GWh
Generator Efficiency hG = 96.3% PLANT FACTOR ### %
Transformer Efficiency hTr = 98.0%
Annual Shutdown TAS = 20 days
Flushing Period (for storage projects) TFL = 0 days
PERIOD TURBINE - 1 TURBINE - 2 TURBINE - 3

TIME FLOW NET ANNUAL
INCR. DURATION HEAD ENERGY
Q1 h T1 Energy1 Q2 hT2 Energy2 Q3 hT3 Energy3
(days) (%) (days) (m3/s) (m) (m3/s) (%) (GWh) (m3/s) (%) (GWh) (m3/s) (%) (GWh) (GWh)
0 0.0% 5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 7 of 135
ANNUAL ENRGY

Q1 hT1 Energy1 Q2 hT2 Energy2 Q3 hT3 Energy3
Page 8 of 135
ANNUAL ENRGY

Page 9 of 135
ANNUAL ENRGY

Page 10 of 135
ANNUAL ENRGY

MEAN ANNUAL ENERGY (GWh) = #VALUE!
Annual Downtime Losses (20 days closure) = 5.5%
Actual Mean Annual Energy (GWh) = #VALUE!
Actual Energy
Plant Factor = #VALUE! =
Theoretical Energy
Plant Factor = #VALUE!
Page 11 of 135
GROSS CAPACITY AND ENERGY OUTPUT CALCULATIONS
ABC PROJECT DETAIL DESIGN
PROJECT ABC PROJECT CONDUIT DIA. 1.00 m TURBINES 3 No.

RIVER ABC RIVER CONDUIT LENGTH 500 m CAPACITY ### MW
DESIGN DISCHARGE 5.00 m3/s LOSS FACTOR 0.601 ENERGY ### GWh
ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW 0.00 m3/s SANDTRAPS 2 No. P.F. ### #VALUE!
PLANT SHUTDOWN 18 days SANDTRAP FLUSHING "Q" 20.0% % of discharge/chamber EFF. FACTOR 8.33 combined
Month Days 10-daily Headrace Sandtrap Turbine Tailwater Headwater Tailwater Gross Head Net Power Energy
avg. inflows flows at flushing flows flows elevation elevation head losses head capacity output
at weir site intake flows "N100"
(m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (masl) (masl) (m) (m) (m) (MW) (GWh)
including shutdown gated weir friction + shutdown

flushing flows considered control local loss considered
JAN 10 2.10 2.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
10 2.10 2.1 0.0 2.1 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
FEB 10 2.70 2.7 0.0 2.7 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
MAR 10 3.40 3.4 0.0 3.4 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
APR 10 4.80 4.8 0.0 4.8 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
MAY 10 5.20 5.2 0.2 5.0 0.2 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
JUN 10 5.80 5.8 0.8 5.0 0.8 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
JUL 10 7.20 7.0 2.0 5.0 2.2 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
AUG 10 9.70 7.0 2.0 5.0 4.7 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
SEP 10 6.50 6.5 1.5 5.0 1.5 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
OCT 10 3.30 3.3 0.0 3.3 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
NOV 10 1.80 1.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
DEC 10 1.20 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 #VALUE! 1300.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Cumulative Anual Energy (GWh)
POWER & ENERGY CURVES
12.0 1.0
0.9
10.0
0.8
Power (MW)
0.7
8.0
0.6
6.0 0.5
0.4
4.0
0.3
0.2
2.0
0.1
0.0 0.0
AY L T
JA
N
FE
B AR AP
R
JU
N JU AU
G
SE
P
OC NO
V
DE
C
M M
Average Year (10-Daily Intervals)
Power 'Qd' (MW) Monthly Flows (cumecs) Cum. Energy 'Qd' (GWh)
TYROLEAN WEIR
DESIGN OF TYROLEAN WEIR
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Design discharge for power generation QA = 5.00 m3/s

Design flood discharge (100 years) QF = 400.00 m3/s
Crest length (total) LS = 40.00 m
River bed level at weir site = 1465.00 m a.s.l.
Minimum headwater depth ho = 0.5 m
Contraction coefficient for trashrack µ = 0.85 (round bars)

Clear distance between bars a = 2.0 cm
C/c spacing of bars d = 4.0 cm
Inclination of trashrack β = 15 degree
k value against β k = #VALUE!
β (deg) k
0 1.000
2 0.980
4 0.961
6 0.944
8 0.927
10 0.910
12 0.894
14 0.879
16 0.865
18 0.851
20 0.837
22 0.825
24 0.812
26 0.800
- FLOOD DISCHARGE
For un-controlled ogee crest Q=CLS H 3/ 2
Where:
Discharge coefficient C = #VALUE! Ref: DOSD, SI Units
Page 14 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Design flood discharge (100 years) Q100 = 400.0 m3/s

Crest length (total) LS = 40.0 m
Flood surcharge over the crest He = #VALUE! m

Flow Depth (m)
Depth Discharge
Weir - Rating Curve 0.0 0.00
1.0
0.9 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.8 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.7 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.6
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.5
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.4
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.3
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.2
0.1 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!

0.00 0.20
Flow (cumecs)
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 #VALUE! #VALUE!
- TRASHRACK
2
Initial water height h= kho Ref: GTZ, Intakes
3
Depth at upstream edge of rack h = #VALUE! m
a
Coefficient c=0 . 6 cos 3/2 β
d
Coefficient c = 0.28
Add the sandtrap flushing discharge i.e. 20 % of Turbine flow
2
Discharge to be diverted Q A= cμ bLI √ 2 gh Ref: GTZ, Intakes
3
µ= 0.84
Let width of trashrack along river b = 10.0 m (designed)
Assuming 20% blockage due to stones b = 8.0 m
Sloped length of trashrack LI = #VALUE! m

Increase length by 20% L = #VALUE! m
Width along trashrack (with blockage) b (m) = 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Length of trashrack L (m) = #VALUE! ### ### ###
- GEOMETRY OF WEIR
Depth of u/s stone apron below NSL = 0.00 m

Thickness of stone apron (u/s & d/s) dSA = 1.00 m
Height of rack section above u/s apron hra = 0.30 m
Page 15 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Height of overflow section above rack hof = 0.50 m
Required bed El: of stilling basin ELBS = 1463.50 m a.s.l.
Thickness of stilling basin floor at start tsb1 = 1.00 m

Thickness of stilling basin floor at end tsb2 = 0.50 m
Height of end sill from stilling basin des = 0.50 m
Length of stone aprons LSA = 10.00 m
Width of side walls at top wswT = 0.60 m

Width of side walls at bottom wswB = 0.90 m
Free board for walls f.b. = 0.50 m
Depth of u/s cutoff du/s = 3.00 m

Depth of d/s cutoff dd/s = 3.00 m
Thickness of cutoffs tcf = 0.50 m
DESIGN LEVELS
Top EL: of u/s stone apron ELTUS = 1465.00 m a.s.l.
Bed EL: of u/s stone apron ELBUS = 1464.00 m a.s.l.
Crest EL: of trashrack section CLTS = 1465.30 m a.s.l.
Crest EL: of overflow section CLOS = 1465.80 m a.s.l.
Foundation El: at weir axis FLDF = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Foundation El: of stilling basin at start ELBF1 = 1462.50 m a.s.l.
Foundation El: of stilling basin at end ELBF2 = 1463.00 m a.s.l.
Bed level of stilling basin ELBS = 1463.50 m a.s.l.
Top EL: of end sill ELES = 1464.00 m a.s.l.

Top EL: of d/s stone apron ELDS = 1464.00 m a.s.l.
Top EL: of u/s side wall TLUW = #VALUE! m a.s.l. F.B. = 0.50
Top EL: of d/s side wall TLDW = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bed EL: of embedded channel (start) ELEC = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water EL: in embedded channel (start) ELWL = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Length of stilling basin LB = #VALUE! m (calculated)

Length of stilling basin LB = #VALUE! m (provided)
The length of stilling basin may be reduced due to economic considerations, keeping in
view the fact that the boulders carried by the river/nullah during flood season will deposit in
the stilling basin providing an armouring layer. A cutt-off wall to bed rock of suitable depth
should also be provided for added protection against undermining by scour.
Page 16 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Elevation (m asl)
Longitudinal Section
1467.0
1466.0
1465.8
1465.0
2.0 ### ### 1463.0 0.0 1465.0

1464.0
2.0 1465.8 7.6 1462.5 2.0 1465.0
1463.5
1463.0 2.5 1465.8 5.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! 1464.0
7.1 1463.5 2.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! 1464.0

1462.0
#VALUE! 1463.5 2.5 1465.3 2.5 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 1464.0 2.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

1461.0
#VALUE! 1464.0 ### #VALUE!
1460.0 #VALUE! 1463.0 ### #VALUE!

0.0 1.0 2.0 Distance
3.0 (m)
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Elevation (m asl)
X-Section
1465.9
1465.8
5.0 ### 45.0 1465.8 34.5 1465.8
1465.7 5.0 1465.8 45.0 #VALUE! 34.5 #VALUE!
1465.6 34.5 1465.8 45.6 #VALUE! 45.9 #VALUE!
34.5 1465.3 45.9 #VALUE! 34.5 #VALUE!

1465.5
44.5 1465.3 4.1 #VALUE! 45.9 #VALUE!
1465.4
44.5 1465.8 4.4 #VALUE!
1465.3
45.0 1465.8 5.0 #VALUE!
1465.2
1465.1 ###
1465.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Distance
20.0 (m)
25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
- EMBEDDED CHANNEL (COLLECTING CANAL)
Width of embedded channel B = L*cosβ (Recomm. #VALUE!

" " " " B = #VALUE! m
Maximum allowable width Bmax. = 2.50 m Ref: IIT, Roorkee

Trashrack bars longer than about 2.50 m may require support as slenderness ratios become
excessive.
Check B < Bmax. = #VALUE! ۩
Roughness (1 / Manning 'n') kS = 66.67 (concrete)

Longitudinal slope of channel I = 0.50 %
Length of embedded channel lC = 11.10 m
Page 17 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
2/ 3
Bt
Mannings Formula (rect. channels) Q A =Btk S I 1/ 2 ( B+2 t )
6.00 = #VALUE!
Water depth in embedded channel t = 0.88 m

Freeboard (25% of water depth) f = 0.22 m
Total depth of embedded channel Dt = 1.10 m (recommended)

Total depth of embedded channel Dt = 1.35 m (provided)
Flow Depth (m)
Depth Discharge
0.0 #VALUE!
1.2
Embedded Channel - Rating Curve 0.1 #VALUE!
0.2 #VALUE!
1.0
0.3 #VALUE!
0.8 0.4 #VALUE!
0.6 0.6 #VALUE!

0.7 #VALUE!
0.4
0.8 #VALUE!
0.2 0.9 #VALUE!
1.0 #VALUE!
0.0
Flow (cumecs)
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 1.1 #VALUE!
- HEADLOSS & WATER LEVEL IN EMBEDDED CHANNEL
FRICTION LOSS 2
2V L
Friction headloss (Manning) h f =n 4 / 3
R
Velocity in embedded channel V = #VALUE! m/s
Hydraulic radius R = #VALUE! m
Friction headloss (Manning) hf = #VALUE! m
GATE SLOT LOSS

2 2
v 1−α
hl , s=1. 2
2g [
( 1− β )2 +
α ( )]
Ref: Mosonyi
F Bh
Where β= = ¿ "Vol-I: page # 530"
F y Bh+2 y h+ yB
and Weisbach coefficient α=0 . 63+0 . 37 β3

Velocity (just before the slots) vin = #VALUE! m/s
Width of entrance flume B = #VALUE! m
Page 18 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Depth of entrance flume h = 0.88 m
Width of gate slot eg = 0.30 m

Depth of gate slot dg = 0.10 m
if d > 0.2e then y* = 0.2e

& if d <= 0.2e then y* = d
For gate slots yg* = 0.06 m
Coefficient (gate slots) βg = #VALUE!

Weisbach coefficient (gate slots) αg = #VALUE!
Head loss at gate slots hLG = #VALUE! m
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN EMBEDDED CHANNEL (Gate Slots + Friction)

Total headloss in embedded channel hLT = #VALUE! m
Bed EL: of embedded channel (start) = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water EL: in embedded channel (start) = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bed EL: of embedded channel (end) = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water EL: in embedded channel (end) = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
- STILLING BASIN
Recommended Stilling Basins Types (USBR)

Type 0 Floor Lining Only. No Special Energy Dissipating Devices
Type I U/S Chute Blocks and Optional Terminal Sill
Type II U/S Chute Blocks, Interm. Baffle Blocks and Terminal Sill
Type III U/S Chute Blocks and Terminal Dentated Sill
Energy Dissipaters
Stilling
Froude No. Chute Baffle
Basin type End Sill
Blocks Blocks
Not Not
1.7 ≥ F ≤ 2.5 Type I Required Required
Not Required
w=D1 (max.)
Height from
s=2.5w
graph
h=2D1 Not
2.5 ≥ F ≤ 4.5 Type IV Required
upper
surface
Slope 2:1
sloped at 5º
D/S
Page 19 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Height Height from

from graph graph
F > 4.5, v < 60 ft/s Type III h=w=s=D1
w=s=3/4
Height of Slope 2:1
Blocks
Dentated Sill
Not h=0.2D2
F > 4.5, v > 60 ft/s Type II h=w=s=D1
Required
w=0.15D2
s=0.15D2
h=height of block/sill , w=weight of block/sill , h=height of block/sill, s=spacing of block/sill
d1= Pre-jump depth, d2= Post-jump depth, v= incoming velocity
TAILWATER RATING CURVE
Tailwater Rating Curve W.L. Q

1,474
Elevation (m)
(m a.s.l.) (m3/s)
1,472 1464.0 0.0
1464.5 15.7
1,470
1465.0 49.0
1,468 1465.5 94.8
1466.0 150.7
1,466
1467.0 287.6
1,464 1467.5 366.6
1,462 1468.5 542.1

1469.5 737.4
1,460
1471.5 1175.9
0.0 200.0 400.0 Discharge
600.0 (m3/s)
800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0
Discharge Q = 50.0 100.0 200.0 400.0

Velocity V = 2.6 5.0 7.0 #VALUE!
Depth before jump D1 = 0.48 0.50 0.71 #VALUE!
Froude number FR1 = 1.20 2.26 2.64 #VALUE!
Jump type Type = Undular Weak Oscillating #VALUE!
Depth after jump D2 = 0.61 1.37 2.34 #VALUE!
Length of jump / basin LB = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Bottom Elevation ELB = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Froude Number V Ref: C.V. Davis

F R=
√ gD
(Where V & D are velocity and depth of flow entering the jump)
1
Manning's Equation Q= A R 2/3 S1/2
n
Page 20 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Depth after the jump D2 = #VALUE! m
Flow velocity - after the jump V2 = #VALUE! m/s
Froude Number - after the jump FR2 = #VALUE! dimensionless

(Recommended Froude Number 4.5 ≤ FR1 ≤ 9, for stable & steady hydraulic jump)
D1
Ratio of conjugate depths =0 . 5 ( √ 1+8 F 2R 2 −1 ) Ref: C. Nalluri
D2
D2
Alternatively =0 . 5 ( √ 1+8 F 2R 1 −1 )
D1
Depth before the jump D1 = #VALUE! m
Flow velocity - before the jump V1 = #VALUE! m/s
Froude Number - before the jump FR1 = #VALUE! dimensionless
3
Energy loss through the jump ( D2 −D1 ) Ref: C. Nalluri
E L=
4 D2 D1
" " " " EL = #VALUE!
Length of stilling basin LB = α (D2 - D1) α = 5.00

" " " " LB = #VALUE! m
Alternatively
D2
Length of stilling basin LB =4 . 5 Ref: L.W. Mays
F 0R .38
" " " " LB = #VALUE! m
Alternatively
1. 5
Length of stilling basin LB=KD 1 F 1 Ref: Paterka
Stilling Basin Type “K”

Stilling basin with a vertical or sloping end sill and one or two rows of
1.4
baffle blocks.
Stilling basin with a vertical or sloping end sill 1.7
Stilling basin with a sloping end sill and one or two rows of baffle blocks 2
Length of stilling basin LB = #VALUE! m
Select larger value of LB LB = #VALUE! m
Height of walls of basin HB = D2 + 0.1 * (D1 + V1)

" " " " HB = #VALUE! m
Page 21 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
U/S flood water level Ku = #VALUE! masl

U/S flood water level Kd = #VALUE! masl
Crest level Ks = 1465.80 masl
End sill level Kr = 1464.00 masl
- STABILITY AGAINST UPLIFT
CREEP LENGTH
Minimum creep length for no piping Lcr ≥CH net

Where:
Minimum creep length = Lcr
Net head (maximum value) = Hnet
Overflow case H net =K u −K d

Net head Hn1 = #VALUE! m
Full u/s no tailwater case H net =K s− K r

Net head Hn2 = 1.80 m
Maximum net head Hnet = #VALUE! m
Mimimum creep length Lcr(min) = #VALUE! m (required)
Values of C to be used in creep analysis (Kashef, 1987)
Foundation Material "C"

Very fine sand or silt 8.50
Fine sand 7.00
Medium sand 6.00
Coarse sand 5.00
Fine gravel 4.00
Medium gravel 3.50
Coarse gravel including cobbles 3.00
Boulders with some cobbles and gravel 2.50
Soft clay 3.00
Medium clay 2.00
Hard clay 1.80
Very hard clay or hardpan 1.60
Page 22 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
1
Total creep length (by Lane) ∑ Lcr =∑ Lv + 3 ∑ Lh
Where:
Total creep length in vertical direction ΣLv = 12.50 m
Total creep length in horizontal direction ΣLh = #VALUE! m
Total creep length (by Lane) ΣLcr = #VALUE! m (provided)
Check ΣLcr ≥ Lcr(min) = #VALUE! ۩
UPLIFT FORCE
Lx
The uplift force at any point 'x'
Where:
u x=h− H x + ( C )
Uplift pressure head = ux m
The u/s water depth = h m
El. at point 'x' relative to river bed = Hx m
Creep length upto point 'x' = Lx m
Weight of stilling basin per meter width Wsb = #VALUE! kN (provided)

Weight of stilling basin per meter width Wsb = #VALUE! kN (required)
Uplift pressure head at; h Hx Lx ux

1 At toe of glacis = #VALUE! -1.50 7.67 ###
2 At center of stilling basin = #VALUE! -1.50 ### ###
3 At end of stilling basin = #VALUE! -1.50 ### ###
FLOOR THICKNESS
h
The thickness of d/s floor t=1 .33 ( ) G−1
The thickness of d/s floor at; h G-1 t (m)
1 At toe of glacis = #VALUE! 1.4 ###
2 At center of stilling basin = #VALUE! 1.4 ###
3 At end of stilling basin = #VALUE! 1.4 ###
Uplift force per meter width Fu = #VALUE! kN
W
Factor of safety against uplift FSu =
Fu
Page 23 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
W
FSu =
Fu
Factor of safety against uplift FSu = #VALUE!
Check FSu ≥ 1.4 = #VALUE! ۩
- SAFETY FROM HYDRAULIC SHEAR FAILURE
No. of flow channels nC = 2 no.

No. of potential steps nS = 40 no.
Specific weight of water γW ≈ 10.0 kN/m3

Specific weight of sand/gravel γF ≈ 20.0 kN/m3
'n' for sand/gravel n ≈ 0.35
U/s water depth hO = #VALUE! m

U/s water elevation = #VALUE! m asl
D/s water depth hU = #VALUE! m

D/s water elevation = #VALUE! m asl
Head across the weir Δh=hO −hU Δh = #VALUE! m
γF
Critical hydraulic gradient I crit .=( 1−n )
( γW
−1
) Ref: GTZ, Intakes
" " " " Icrit. = 0.65
Δh
Existing gradient at critical point 'f' I exist .=
n S Δn S
ΔnS ≈ 0.17 m
Existing gradient at critical point 'f' Iexist. = #VALUE!
Safety factor υ = Icrit. / Iexist.

" " " " υ = #VALUE!
Page 24 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Check safety factor 'υ' ≥ 2 = #VALUE! ۩
- SLIDING STABILITY CHECK
Height of crest above river bed hC = 0.80 m

U/s water depth hO = #VALUE! m
D/s water depth hU = #VALUE! m
Specific weight of water γW ≈ 10.0 kN/m3

Specific weight of sand/gravel γF ≈ 20.0 kN/m3
Specific weight of concrete γC ≈ 25.0 kN/m3
Depth of foundation below river bed dF = #VALUE! m

Thickness of d/s floor tF = 1.00 m
Length of glacis (along the river) LG = 4.60 m

Length of d/s floor (along the river) LD = #VALUE! m
Length of foundation (along the river) LF = #VALUE! m
0 0
0 -0.80 0 -0.80
0 ### -0.80 -0.80
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! ### ###
#VALUE! ### ###
#VALUE! ###
#VALUE! ###
0.25 0.00
0 0
Surcharge over the crest hS = #VALUE! m Ref: GTZ, Intakes

Head across the weir Δh=hO −hU Δh = #VALUE! m
Note: All forces are related to a weir width of 1m
Page 25 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
VERTICAL FORCES
Weight of structure G = W1 + W2 +W3
" " " " " = #VALUE! kN
Water surcharge WV
" " " " WV = #VALUE! kN
Force due to seepage water pressure S
" " " " S = #VALUE! kN
Force due to tailwater pressure U =

" " " " U = #VALUE! kN
Sum of vertical forces ΣV = G + WV - S - U
" " " " ΣV = #VALUE! kN
HORIZONTAL FORCES
Force due to headwater WH1e =
" " " " WH1e = #VALUE! kN
Force due to tailwater WHr =

" " " " WHr = 90.1 kN
Bed load pressure PG =

" " " " PG = 25.0 kN
Sum of horizontal forces ΣH = WH1e + PG - WHr
" " " " ΣH = #VALUE! kN
STABILITY AGAINST SLIDING
Stability against sliding vG =

∑ V tan φ tanɸ 0.60 gravel, sand
∑H
Noncohesive soils tan ϕ
sand 0.56
gravel 0.60
rubble/stones 0.70
Cohesive soils
clay 0.20
sandy clay 0.30
vG = #VALUE!
Page 26 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Check safety factor 'vG' ≥ 1.5 = #VALUE! ۩
- CONCRETE VOLUME
Concrete quantity in u/s & d/s cutoffs Ccf =L s t cf ( d u / s +d d /s )
Concrete quantity in u/s & d/s cutoffs Ccf = 120.00 m3
1 2
Concrete quantity in end sill Ces =Ls [ d +t d + d ( d t )
2 es sb 2 es es es sb 2 ]
Concrete quantity in end sill Ces = 35.00 m3
1
Concrete quantity in stilling basin
[
C sb =Ls L B t sb 2 + LB ( t sb 1−t sb 2 )
2 ]
Concrete quantity in stilling basin Csb = #VALUE! m3
Concrete quantity in crest block CCB = #VALUE! m3
Concrete quantity in u/s side walls Cusw = #VALUE! m3
Concrete quantity in d/s side walls Cdsw = #VALUE! m3
PCC quantity in top layer Ctl = 1.12 m3
PCC quantity in blinding layer Cbl = #VALUE! m3
Total concrete quantity (RCC) CRcc = #VALUE! m3
Total PCC quantity CPcc = #VALUE! m3
- RIVER DIVERSION DURING CONSTRUCTION
Diversion flood (10 years) Qdf = 200.0 m3/s
Diversion through main river / nullah i.e. two stage construction

Width of river bed br = 20.00 m
Flow depth yr = 1.40 m
Assume flow section to be trapezoidal

Side slope z = 1.00 1v : zh
Manning ''n' for river n = 0.030

Avg. slope of river at weirsite S = 0.030 m/m
A r = ( b + zy ) y
Page 27 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Flow area A r = ( b + zy ) y
Wetted perimeter P r =b +2 y √ 1 + z 2
Flow velocity 1
V = S 1/2 R2/ 3
n
Flow velocity V = 6.69 m/s
Discharge capacity Qr = 200.0 m3/s
Check Qr ≥ Qdf = O.K. ۩
Freeboard for cofferdam f.b. = 0.50 m

Total height of cofferdam hcd = 2.00 m
Bed elevation of cofferdam ELB = 1464.90 masl

Top elevation of cofferdam ELT = 1466.90 masl
Crest width of coffer dam wcd = 1.00 m
Base width of coffer dam bcd  wcd  2hcd z

Base width of coffer dam bcd = 5.00 m
Length of coffer dam (Stage-I) Lcd1 = #VALUE! m
Volume of coffer dam (Stage-I)

(
V cd 1 = ( w cd ×h cd ) +2× ( 12 zh ))× L
2
cd cd 1
Volume of coffer dam (Stage-I) Vcd1 = #VALUE! m3
Length of coffer dam (Stage-II) Lcd2 = 30.00 m

Volume of coffer dam (Stage-II) Vcd2 = 180.00 m3
Total quantity of coffer dam (I + II) Vcd = #VALUE! m3
- CREST GEOMETRY (OGEE SHAPE)
Unit discharge at design head q = 10.00 m3/s/m
Maximum flood surcharge Hmax = #VALUE! m

Height of crest above NSL P = 0.80 m (overflow section)
Approach velocity V a =q/ ( P+ H o )

Approach velocity Va = #VALUE! m/s
q2
Approach velocity head ha =
2 g ( P+ H o )2
Approach velocity head ha = #VALUE! m
and ha / Hmax = #VALUE!
Page 28 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Parameters of the crest geometry are determined from the above figure.
K = #VALUE! n = ###
Xc / Hmax = #VALUE! Yc/Hmax = ###
R1 / Hmax = #VALUE! R2/Hmax = ###
Slope of weir d/s of crest Sd/s = 2.00 H/V
The origin of X - Y axis is at the crest of spillway and Xc is distance from the u/s face to crest.
UPSTREAM OF THE ORIGIN / CREST
Distance from u/s face to crest Xc = #VALUE! m

Elevation from u/s face to crest Yc = #VALUE! m
Page 29 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Larger / second radius R1 = #VALUE! m

Smaller / first radius R2 = #VALUE! m
DOWNSTREAM OF THE ORIGIN / CREST
n
Y X
Ho
=− K
Ho ( )
X = #VALUE! ###
Y = #VALUE! ###
LOCATION OF TANGENT POINT

The ogee curve will terminate at tangent point and after that the chute will follow the given slope.
1
1
X-coordinate of tangent point
X t=
(
1−n
S d /s nKH max
n−1
)
" " " " " Xt = #VALUE! m
n
Xt
Y-coordinate of tangent point Y t =−H max K
( )
H max
" " " " " Yt = #VALUE! m
X Y
Hydraulic Profile
1.00 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.70 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 30 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Page 31 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
f: DOSD, SI Units
Page 32 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Page 33 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
m)
s ratios become
Page 34 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
Page 35 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
gravel, sand
Page 36 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
u/s face to crest.
Page 37 of 135
TYROLEAN WEIR
low the given slope.
Page 38 of 135
sc-01
Page 39
sc-02
Page 40
sc-03
Page 41
sc-04
Page 42
CONNECTING CHANNEL
DESIGN OF CONNECTING CHANNEL
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Design discharge for turbines QD = 5.00 m3/s

Add 20% sediemnts flushing flows
Design capacity of connecting channel QC = 6.00 m3/s
Channel Invert elevation B.L.1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Channel bed width b = #VALUE! m
Depth of flow in connecting channel y = 0.88 m
Total depth of connecting channel hc = 1.44 m
Free board F.B. = 0.55 m FB≥0. 4 y c
Length of channel (Δx) L = 100.0 m

Longitudinal slope S = 0.0050 m/m
Mannings friction factor n = 0.0150
12
0 ###
10
0 ###
8 #VALUE! ###
#VALUE! ###
6
0 ###
4 #VALUE! ###
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
SCOURING SLOPE
To avoid accumulation of particles in the connencting channel a suitable scouring slope
should be estimated as follows.
Scouring Slope 0 . 66 d 9/7 Ref: IIT, Roorkee

S s=
Where: q 6/7
0
Sediment size d = 0.020 m
Page 43 of 135
CONNECTING CHANNEL
Unit discharge of connecting channel qo = #VALUE! m3/s/m
Scouring Slope Ss = #VALUE! m/m

" " Ss = #VALUE! %
Factor of safety fos = 1.20

Safe scouring slope Ss = #VALUE! %
Check Design slope ≥ Ss = #VALUE! ۩
- FLOW & VELOCITY
1
Mannings equation V = S 1/2 R2/3 Ref: C.V. Davis
n
Area=( b+ zy ) y
Flow area A
" " " " " = #VALUE! m2
Perimeter=b+2 y √1+ z 2
Wetted perimeter P
" " " " " = #VALUE! m
Topwidth=b +2 zy
Top width T
" " " " " = #VALUE! m
A
Hydraulic depth D D=
" " " " " = #VALUE! m
T
Hrdraulic radius R
A
R=
" " " " " = #VALUE! m P
Flow velocity V
" " " " " = #VALUE! m/s #VALUE!
Check V ≥ 2.0 m/s = #VALUE! ۩
Discharge capacity Q Q= AV
" " " " " = #VALUE! m /s3
Check Q ≥ 1.2*Qd = #VALUE! ۩
Q
Unit discharge q q=
" " " " " = #VALUE! m3/s/m b
1/3
q2
Criticaldepth=
g ( ) Ref: L.W. Mays
Page 44 of 135
CONNECTING CHANNEL
2 1/3
Criticaldepth= ( qg )
Critical depth yc
Critical depth " = #VALUE! m
V
F r=
√ gD
Froude number Fr
" " " " " = #VALUE!
- HEADLOSSES
FRICTION LOSS
2
V L
Friction headloss (Manning) h f =n2
R4 / 3
Friction headloss (Manning) hf = #VALUE! m
BEND LOSS
The channel bends should have a centerline radius of 3T to 5T or more, where ‘T’ is the
water surface width of the design flow. If the radius must be reduced, the head loss at
channel bends can be estimated as;
2
v
Headloss at bends h L=K
Where:
2g
K = 2 x (B / Rc), Rc = center-line radius, B = channel width
Coefficient K = #VALUE! Where Rc = 5 x T
No. of bends = 4 no.

Headloss in bends hLB = #VALUE! m
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN CONNECTING CHANNEL (Friction + Bends)
Total headloss in connecting channel hLT = #VALUE! m
- RATING CURVE
Rating curve at given distance x = 0.0 m (from start)

W at e r Ele vati o n (m asl)
Elevation Flow
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Rating Curve (Connecting Channel) #VALUE! #VALUE!

12.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
10.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0
2.0
Page 45 of 135
0.0
Flow (cumecs)
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
W at e
12.0
Rating Curve (Connecting Channel)
10.0
CONNECTING CHANNEL
8.0
6.0
4.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0
Flow (cumecs)
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 #VALUE! #VALUE!
Bed level at start of connecting channel BL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at start WL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bnak level at start TL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bed level at end of connecting channel BL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at end WL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bank level at end TL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Elevation (m asl)
Longitudinal Profile
12.0 0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
100.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 20 40
Distance (m)60 80 100 120
- SURGE CALCULATIONS
SUDDEN OPENING OF INTAKE GATE

(if inlet gate has been provided)
Initial discharge Q0 = 0.00 m3/s
Full gate discharge Q1 = #VALUE! m3/s Ref: W.P. Creager
Q 1 −Q0
Increase in water level (m) Δy=
( v + √ gy ) b
Increase in water level Δy = #VALUE! m (very rare)
2
v2 v2 v2
SUDDEN CLOSURE OF OUTLET GATE
(if outlet gate has been provided)
Δy max = +
2g √( 2g
+2)2g
D Ref: W.P. Creager
Velocity head "K" v2/2g = #VALUE! m

Maximum height of surge wave Δymax = #VALUE! m (very rare)
0 .5 v 2 D
Δy max =
2g
+v
g √ Page 46 of 135
CONNECTING CHANNEL
0 .5 v 2 D
GRADUAL CLOSURE OF OUTLET GATE
(if outlet gate has been provided)
Where:
Δy max =
2g
+v
g √
A
Hydraulic depth D = #VALUE! m D=
T
Maximum height of surge wave Δymax = #VALUE! m
As only one gate has been provided at the inlet of connecting channel, therefore
Check Δymax < F.B. = #VALUE! ۩
- SUPER-ELEVATION
2
v T
Rise in water surface above flow depth Δy= Ref: V.T. Chow
Where: 2 gr
Radius of bend / curve r = #VALUE! m r=5 T
Super-elevation at bends Δy = #VALUE! m

Super-elevation at bends Δy = #VALUE! cm
Check Δy < F.B. = #VALUE! ۩
- CONCRETE VOLUME
Thickness of top slab tt = 0.20 m

Width of side walls at top wt = 0.20 m
Width of side walls at bottom wb = 0.30 m
Thickness of bottom slab ts = 0.30 m
Extension of bottom slab at each end ws = 0.30 m
PCC blinding layer (0.1m thick) YES

Top slab NO
X-sectional area of channel (RCC area) Axc = #VALUE! m2
Concrete quantity in bottom slab C B =( b+ 2 wb +2 ws ) t s L
Concrete quantity in bottom slab CB = #VALUE! m3
1
Concrete quantity in side walls
(
C S = wt hc + h c ( w b −wt ) 2 L
2 )
Concrete quantity in side walls CS = 71.92 m3
Concrete quantity in top slab Cts =( b+2 wt ) t t L
Concrete quantity in top slab Cts = 0.00 m3
Page 47 of 135
CONNECTING CHANNEL
PCC quantity in blinding layer CPcc = #VALUE! m3
12
0.0 ### ### #VALUE!
10 0.0 ### ### #VALUE!
8 0.3 ### ### #VALUE!
0.4 ### ### #VALUE!

6
0.6 ### ### #VALUE!
4 0.6 ### ### #VALUE!
#VALUE! ### 0.0 #VALUE!

2
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Page 48 of 135
SANDTRAP
DESIGN OF SANDTRAP
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Design discharge (turbines) QT = 5.00 m3/s

Add 20% sediemnts flushing flows
Design capacity of sandtrap QD = 6.00 m3/s
No. of chambers nc = 2 no.

Discharge per chamber Q = 3.00 m3/s
Critical sediment grain size d = 0.25 mm

Density of sand ρ = 2.60 ton/m3 or g/cc
- FLOW & SETTLING VELOCITIES
FLOW VELOCITY
Flow velocity (required) v d =a √ d cm/s Ref: Mosonyi

Coefficient a = 44
Maximum flow velocity in sandtrap vd = 22.00 cm/s
Maximum flow velocity in sandtrap vd = 0.22 m/s
SETTLING VELOCITY
Page 49 of 135
SANDTRAP
Settling velocity in standing water vs' = 0.0343 m/s Ref: GTZ
100
Alternatively: v s' = ( √ 1+1 . 57∗102 d 3 −1 ) mm/s
9d
(for T 20 & grain to water density ratio of 2.65)
o
Ref: ESHA Guide
Settling velocity in standing water vs' = 38.14 mm/s

" " " " vs' = 0.0381 m/s
(select the larger value of settling velocity from above)

Selected settling velocity vs' = 0.0381 m/s
- SANDTRAP GEOMETRY & CRITICAL VELOCITY CHECKS
Required cross sectional area Ar = 13.64 m2 (required)
Allowable max. height to width ratio H/B = 1.20 dimensionless
Width of chamber B = 3.40 m

Effective settling depth of chamber H = 4.10 m (at start)
B
Reduction factor α=0 . 132/ √ h

Reduction factor α = 0.065
H
Settling velocity in flowing water v s=v s ' −αv d
" " " " vs = 0.0238 m/s
h
vd H
Length of chamber L= w
v s−0. 04 v d Ref: Mosonyi
Length of chamber (required) L = 30.74 m
Alternatively:
H
Transit time t=
v s ' −αv d
Transit time t = 172.25 sec
Length of chamber L=v d t

Length of chamber (required) L = 37.89 m
Length of chamber (provided) L = 38.00 m
Qt d
Width of chamber B=
LH L
where t d=
Q vd
B=
vd H
Page 50 of 135
SANDTRAP
L
t d=
Therefore width of chamber Q vd
B=
vd H
Width of chamber (required) B = 3.37 m

Width of chamber (provided) B = 3.40 m
Check H ≥ 1.20*B = O.K. ۩

Ref: ESHA Guide
Check L ≥ 8*B = O.K. ۩
CRITICAL VELOCITY
Roughness coefficient 1/n = 66.67
1 HB 0 .03 ( ρ−1 ) ρ
Critical velocity v cr = (
n 2H +B )√ 1000
m/s
Ref: ESHA Guide
Critical velocity vcr = 0.278 m/s
Check vcr ≥ vd = O.K. ۩
Slope of sedimentation tank S = 3.0 %

Effective depth of chamber at start H1 = 4.10 m
Effective depth of chamber at end H2 = 5.24 m
Mean area of chamber Am = 15.88 m2
Mean velocity in chamber vm = 0.189 m/s
Check vcr ≥ vm = O.K. ۩
Page 51 of 135
SANDTRAP
- TRAP EFFICIENCY
−Lv s '
Percentage of sediments retained vm H Ref: L.W. Mays

P=( 1−e )∗100
Constant e = 2.718
Particle size / diameter (mm) d = 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.10 0.05

Settling vel. in standing water (m/s) vs' = 0.079 0.038 0.028 0.008 0.002
(at 20oC, in water)
Percentage of sediments retained S = 98% 85% 75% 34% 11%

Trap Effeciency (%)
Trap Effeciency Vs Particle size

120%
98%
100%
85%
80% 75%
60%
40% 34%
20% 11%
0%
0.5 mm 0.25 mmParticle
0.2Size
mm(mm) 0.1 mm 0.05 mm
- FINAL DIMENSIONS
Freeboard in sandtrap f.b. = 0.50 m

Hopper Depth dho = 1.40 m B−W fc
d ho =
Width of side walls at top wst = 0.30 2
Width of side walls at bottom wsw = 0.50 m
Thickness of bottom slab tb = 0.60 m
Width & height of flushing duct Wfc = 0.60 m (inside the sandtrap)
B−W fc
Total height of chamber H TS =f . b .+t t + H+ +W fc +t b
2
Total height of chamber (at start) HTS = 7.20 m
Total height at deepest point (at end) HTE = 8.64 m
Page 52 of 135
SANDTRAP
Total width of sandtrap W T =w sw ( n+1 ) + Bn
Total width of sandtrap WT = 8.30 m
Total length of sandtrap LT = #VALUE! m
- TRASHRACK
Rack Cleaning Machine = no (yes or no - in small letters)
Width of Trashrack bra =nt+bch Ref: GTZ Publication

"High Head Hydropower"
b ch
Number of rack bars n= −1
b
Width of rack bars t = 12.0 mm

Clearance between rack bars b = 150.0 mm
Inclination of trashrack z = 4.0 zV:1H
Angle of bars with horizontal α = 76.0 degrees
Width of Trashrack bra =W T −2. 0 w sw

Width of Trashrack bra = 7300.0 mm
Height of trashrack hra = #VALUE! mm

Channel width / diameter bch = 6770.4 mm
bra  b
n
Number of rack bars bt
" " " n = 44.1 no.
Page 53 of 135
SANDTRAP
Entrance velocity at trashrack ve = #VALUE! m/s

Ref: Mosonyi
t +b
Average flow velocity between bars v bars =v e "Vol-I: page # 537"
b
Average flow velocity between bars vbars = #VALUE! m/s
HEADRACE (PIPE OPTION)

Effective head from center of pipe he = #VALUE! m
Diameter of bellmouth for pipe Dbm = 3.8 m D bm =1. 5 D
Entrance velocity in bellmouth vbm = 0.45 m/s
- HEADLOSSES
FRICTION LOSS
2
V L
2
Friction headloss (Manning)
h f =n 4 / 3
R
2
W fc + B B−W fc
Flow area (per chamber) A =BH +W fc ( 2
+)( 2 )
Flow area (per chamber) A = 17.10 m2
Wetted perimeter (per chamber)

( B−W fc ) /2
P=2 H +2 +3 W fc
cos 45 °
Wetted perimeter (per chamber) P = 13.96 m
Hydraulic Radius R = 1.22 m
Friction headloss (per chamber) hf = 0.00032 m
2
ENTRANCE LOSS v Ref: Mosonyi
h L=K
2g
Page 54 of 135
SANDTRAP
2
v
h L=K K= 0.10
2g
Entrance headloss hLE = #VALUE! m
GATE SLOT LOSS

2 2
v 1−α
hl , s=1. 2
2g [
( 1− β )2 +
α ( )]
Ref: Mosonyi
F Bh
Where β= = ¿
"Vol-I: page # 530"
F y Bh+ 2 y h+ yB

Velocity (just before the slots) vin = #VALUE! m/s
Width of entrance flume B = #VALUE! m

if d > 0.2e then y* = 0.2e

& if d <= 0.2e then y* = d
Coefficient (gate slots) βg = #VALUE!

Weisbach coefficient (gate slots) αg = #VALUE!
Head loss at gate slots hLG = #VALUE! m
U/S TRANSITION LOSS (CONTRACTION LOSS) Ref: IIT, Roorkee

"page # 38"
h L=K
( v 12−v 22) K= 0.30
2g
Headloss in u/s transition hLut = #VALUE! m
D/S TRANSITION LOSS (EXPANSION LOSS) Ref: IIT, Roorkee

v 2 −v 2 ) "page # 38"
h =K
( 1 2 K= 0.20
L
2g
Headloss in d/s transition hLdt = 0.007 m
TRASHRACK LOSS
t 4 /3 v 2bars Ref: Davis: page # 24-15

hl ,ra = K
b () 2g
sin α "Hydraulics Handbook"
Coefficient depending on bar shape K = 2.42
Page 55 of 135
SANDTRAP
Rack losses hl,ra = #VALUE! m
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN SANDTRAP (Entrance + Gate Slot + Transitions + Trashrack + Friction)

Total headloss in sandtrap hLT = #VALUE! m
- LONGITUDINAL SECTION
Bed level at start of u/s transition ELST = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at start of u/s transition WLST = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Wall top level at start of u/s transition EL WT = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
(Wall top level will be constant throughout the entire length of chamber including u/s transition)
Bed level at end of u/s transition ELET = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at end of u/s transition = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bed level at the end of chamber ELEC = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at the end of chamber WLEC = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bed level at end of d/s transition ELDT = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at the end of d/s transition WLET = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Top slab level in d/s transition ELTS = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Elevation (m asl)
Longitudinal
2.0 Section
### 2.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
12.0
2.5 ### 2.7 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
10.0 2.5 ### 2.7 #VALUE! 2.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!

#VALUE! ### 3.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0
#VALUE! ### 3.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0 #VALUE! ### 4.5 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

#VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0 #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0
#VALUE! ### ### #VALUE!
0.0 #VALUE! ###### #VALUE!

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Distance
2.5
(m) 3.5
3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
#VALUE! ###
Elevation (m asl)
X - Section
12.0
10.0 Page 56 of 135
8.0
SANDTRAP
Elevation (m asl)
X - Section
12.0
2 ### 9.90 #VALUE! 5.90 #VALUE!
10.0 2.00 ### 10.20 #VALUE! 6.50 #VALUE!

2.00 ### 10.40 #VALUE! 6.50 #VALUE!
8.0 2.20 ### 10.40 #VALUE! 7.90 #VALUE!
2.50 ### 10.40 #VALUE! 7.90 #VALUE!
6.0
2.50 ### 10.40 #VALUE! 8.50 #VALUE!
4.0 3.90 ### 2 #VALUE! 8.50 #VALUE!
3.90 ### 2 #VALUE! 9.90 #VALUE!
2.0
4.50 ### 9.90 #VALUE!
0.0 4.50 ###
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Distance
5.0
(m) 7.0
6.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0
5.90 ### 2.50 #VALUE!
5.90 ### 9.90 #VALUE!
- TRANSITION LENGTH
Width of channel wc = #VALUE! m Ref: L.W. Mays

Transition angle β = 12 degree
Transition length (horizontal) - required LT = #VALUE! m

Transition length (provided) LT = #VALUE! m
Check LT ≤ L/3 = #VALUE! ۩
- CONCRETE VOLUME (MAIN CHAMBER)

Width & height of flushing canal Wfc = 0.60 m
Hopper Depth dho = 1.40 m

Top slab NO
X-sectional area of top slab Ats = 0.00 m2
X-sectional area of bottom slab Abs = 2.40 m2
Page 57 of 135
SANDTRAP
X-sectional area of side walls at start Aws = 3.68 m2
X-sectional area of side walls at end Awe = 4.59 m2
X-sectional area under hopper Aho = 5.64 m2
Total x-sectional area at start AXS = 11.72 m2
Total x-sectional area at end AXE = 12.63 m2
Concrete volume of main chamber(s) Vmc = 462.69 m3
Concrete volume of u/s transition Vut = #VALUE! m3 (approx)
Concrete volume of d/s transition Vdt = #VALUE! m3 (approx)
Concrete volume of spillway Vsp = #VALUE! m3 (approx)
Total RCC volume of sandtrap VTS = #VALUE! m3
PCC quantity in blinding layer CPcc = 31.54 m3
- SEDIMENTS FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT
FLUSHING GATE DIMENSIONS

Width to height ratio (WFG/HFG) rFG 1.00 Recomm. "rFG" 2.00
Flushing discharge Qf =0. 53×( W FG ×H FG ) ×√ 2 gW fc

Flushing gate x-sectional area AFG = 0.55 m2
Width of flushing gate WFG = 0.74 m (required)

Height of flushing gate HFG = 0.74 m (required)
FLUSHING PIPE OPTION

Flushing discharge Qf = 1.00 m3/s 20 % of QP
Diameter of flushing pipe Df = 1.00 m
Length of flushing pipe Lf = 120.0 m
Mannings friction factor (steel) n = 0.0130
Effective head from center of pipe he = #VALUE! m (maximum)

Minimum effective head hemin = #VALUE! m
Ref: L.W. Mays

Flow velocity (orifice flow) V =Cd √ 2 ghe Cd = 0.60
Page 58 of 135
SANDTRAP
Flow velocity (orifice flow) V = #VALUE! m/s

Discharge (orifice flow) Qo = #VALUE! m3/s
Check Qo at hemin ≥ Qf = #VALUE! ۩
STEEL QUANTITY FOR FLUSHING PIPE

Thickness of steel sheet (provided) ts = 6.0 mm
Density of steel ρs = 7850.0 kg/m3 Ref: Flowadvisor
D+ K
Minimum thickness of steel sheet t min= (K = 500 & D in mm)
400 Ref: Warnick
Minimum thickness of steel sheet tmin = 3.75 mm
Corrosion allowance ca = 1.00 mm
Effective thickness of pipe te = 5.00 mm
Check te ≥ tmin = O.K. ۩

2
ts
A s=
π d i +2 (
1000 ) −
πd 2i
4 4
X-sectional area of steel As = 0.019 m2
Volume of steel Vs = 2.28 m3

Weight of steel Ws = 17.86 tons Ref: Mosonyi
Weight of steel (5% increse for joints) Ws = 18.76 tons
Width of steel sheet w = 3.18 m

Length of steel sheet l = 6.0 m
No. of steel sheets n = 20 no.
FLUSHING CHANNEL OPTION

Due to the choking hazard the flushing pipe may be avoided and the channel excavated in
rock for laying of flushing pipe can be used instead - depending on the site conditions.
Flushing discharge (20% of QD) Qf = 1.00 m3/s

Channel bed width b = 1.10 m
Depth of flow in flushing channel y = 0.48 m
Total depth of flushing channel hc = 1.00 m
Free board F.B. = 0.52 m
Length of flushing channel L = 120.0 m
Bed elevation of channel at sandtrap BLS = #VALUE! m asl

Bed elevation of channel at end BLE = #VALUE! m asl (required)
Page 59 of 135
SANDTRAP
Longitudinal slope S = #VALUE! m/m

Friction Coefficient (concrete) n = 0.015
Flow velocity in flushing channel vf = #VALUE! m/s
Discharge of flushing channel Qf = #VALUE! m3/s
Check Qf ≥ 20% of QD = #VALUE! ۩
CONCERETE VOLUME FOR FLUSHING CHANNEL


Top slab NO
X-sectional area of channel (RCC area) Axc = 0.73 m2
C B =( b+ 2 wb +2 ws ) t s L
Concrete quantity in bottom slab CB = 45.60 m3
1
(
C S = wt hc + h c ( w b −wt ) 2 L
2 )
Cts =( b+2 wt ) t t L
Total concrete quantity (RCC) CRcc = 87.60 m3
12 0.0 ### 1.5 #VALUE!
0.0 ### 1.5 #VALUE!

10
0.2 ### 1.7 #VALUE!
0.3 ### 1.7 #VALUE!

8
0.4 ### 1.9 #VALUE!
6 0.4 ### 1.9 #VALUE!
1.5 ### 0.0 #VALUE!

4
Page 60 of 135
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
8
6
SANDTRAP
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
- SPILLING ARRANGEMENT
A side channel spillway arrangement is recommended for spilling the excess flows diverted
from the Tyrolean weir during high flow (Summer) season. In the absence of such spilling
arrangement the excess flows will be carried by the Power Channel all the way to the Forebay
causing some spillage along the Power Channel which is least desirable.
Provide Spilling Arrangement YES

Crest level of spill section ELC = #VALUE! m asl
Width of spill section (crest length) LS = 10.0 m
Allowable surcharge over crest H = 0.35 m
3/2
Discharge over ogee crest Q=CLS H Ref: C.V. Davis
" " " " Qs = 4.52 m /s
3
Check Q s ≥ QD = FAIL ۩
SPILL CHANNEL
Length of spill channel (Δx) LSP = 80.0 m
Bed width of spill channel b = #VALUE! m
Depth of water in spill channel y = 0.88 m Ref: C.V. Davis
Total depth of spill channel hc = #VALUE! m
Free board in spill channel F.B. = #VALUE! m fb s≥0. 4 y c
Bed elevation of channel at sandtrap BLS = #VALUE! m asl

Slope of spill channel SS = #VALUE! m/m

12
10
0 ###
8
0 ###
6 #VALUE! ###
4 #VALUE! ###
2 0 ###
#VALUE! ###
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Page 61 of 135
6
2 SANDTRAP
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2/3
1 by
Manning's Equation Q= byS1s /2
n b+2 y ( )
Flow velocity in spill channel vS = #VALUE! m/s
Discharge of spill channel QS = #VALUE! m3/s
Check QS ≥ 1.2QD = #VALUE! ۩
Qs
Unit discharge of spill channel qs = #VALUE! m3/s/m q s=
ws
1/ 3
q 2s
Critical depth in spill channel
yc=( ) g
" " " " " yc = #VALUE! m

W ate r Ele vati on (m asl)
Elevation Flow
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Rating Curve (Sandtrap Spill Channel) #VALUE! #VALUE!

12.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0
0.00 2.00 4.00Flow (cumecs)
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
CONCERETE VOLUME FOR SPILL CHANNEL


Top slab NO
C B =( b+ 2 wb +2 ws ) t s L
Page 62 of 135
SANDTRAP
1
(
C S = wt hc + h c ( w b −wt ) 2 L
2 )
Concrete quantity in side walls CS = #VALUE! m3
12 0.0 ### ### #VALUE!
0.0 ### ### #VALUE!

10 0.3 ### ### #VALUE!
0.4 ### ### #VALUE!

8
0.6 ### ### #VALUE!
0.6 ### ### #VALUE!

6
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Page 63 of 135
POWER CHANNEL
DESIGN OF HEADRACE / POWER CHANNEL
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Headrace Invert elevation B.L.1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Design discharge QD = 5.00 m3/s
Depth of flow y = 1.74 m
A minimum freeboard of 0.5 is recommended. FB≥0. 5 m
Length of channel (Δx) L = 5000.0 m

Mannings 'n' (rubble masonry) n = 0.022
12.0
0 ###
10.0 0 ###
2.5 ###
8.0
2.5 ###
6.0 0 ###
2.5 ###
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
- FLOW & VELOCITY
1
n
Area=( b+zy ) y
Flow area A
" " " " " = 4.343 m2
Perimeter=b+2 y √ 1+ z 2
Page 64 of 135
POWER CHANNEL
Wetted perimeter P
" " " " " = 5.97 m
Topwidth=b +2 zy
Top width T
" " " " " = 2.50 m
A
T
" " " " " = 1.74 m
A
Hrdraulic radius R R=
" " " " " = 0.73 m
P
Flow velocity V
" " " " " = 1.15 m/s 1.15
Check V ≤ 1.5 m/s = O.K. ۩
Discharge capacity Q
" " " " " = 5.00 m3/s
Check Q ≥ Qd = O.K. ۩
Q
Unit discharge q q=
" " " " " = 2.00 m3/s/m b
2 1/3
q
Criticaldepth=
Critical depth yc
" " " " " = 0.74 m
Fr
V
Froude number F r=
" " " " " = 0.28 √ gD
Flow Total Hyd. B/D

Bed Width Velocity Discharge
Depth Depth Radius ratio
B (m) y (m) D (m) R (m) V (m/s) Q (m3/s)
1.50 3.26 3.76 0.61 1.02 5.00 0.40
1.75 2.65 3.15 0.66 1.08 5.00 0.56
2.00 2.24 2.74 0.69 1.11 5.00 0.73
2.25 1.95 2.45 0.71 1.14 5.00 0.92
2.50 1.74 2.24 0.73 1.15 5.00 1.12
2.75 1.57 2.07 0.73 1.16 5.00 1.33
3.00 1.44 1.94 0.73 1.16 5.00 1.55
Flow depth (m) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 1.74 #VALUE! ###
Page 65 of 135
POWER CHANNEL
Discharge (m3/s) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 5.00 #VALUE! ###
- HEADLOSSES
2
v Ref: Mosonyi
ENTRANCE LOSS h L=K
2g K= 0.10
Entrance velocity vE = 1.15 m/s

Entrance headloss hLE = 0.0068 m
FRICTION LOSS 2
V L2
Friction headloss (Manning) h f =n 4 /3
R
Friction headloss (Manning) hf = 5.00 m
BEND LOSS
water surface width of the design flow. If the radius must be reduced, the head loss at
channel bends can be estimated as;
2
v
Headloss at bends h L=K
2g
Where:
K = 2 x (B / Rc), Rc = center-line radius, B = channel width
Coefficient K = 0.40 Where Rc = 5 x T

Headloss in bends hLB = 0.54 m
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN HEADRACE (Entrance + Friction + Bends)
Total headloss in headrace channel hLT = 5.01 m
- RATING CURVE
Elevation Flow
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
1 2.0
Rating Curve #VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
1 0.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0
2.0
0.0
Flow (cumecs) Page 66 of 135
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Rating Curve
W at
1 2.0
1 0.0
8.0 POWER CHANNEL

6.0
4.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0
Flow (cumecs) #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
#VALUE! #VALUE!
Bed level at start BL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Bnak level at start TL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Bed level at end BL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Bank level at end TL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Elevation (m asl)
12.0
0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
10.0 5000.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 1000 Distance
2000 (m)
3000 4000 5000 6000
SUDDEN OPENING OF INTAKE GATE

Full gate discharge Q1 = 5.00 m3/s Ref: W.P. Creager
Q1 −Q 0
Increase in water level (m) Δy=
( v + √ gy ) b
Increase in water level Δymax = 0.38 m (very rare)
2
v2 v2 v2
SUDDEN CLOSURE OF OUTLET GATE Δy max =
2g
+
√( )
2g
+2
2g
D Ref: W.P. Creager
Velocity head "K" v2/2g = 0.07 m

Maximum height of surge wave Δymax = 0.56 m (very rare)
0 .5 v 2 D
GRADUAL CLOSURE OF OUTLET GATE
Where:
Δy max =
2g
+v
g √ A
Hydraulic depth D = 1.74 m D=
T
Page 67 of 135
POWER CHANNEL
A
D=
T
Maximum height of surge wave Δymax = 0.52 m
Check Δymax < F.B. = O.K. ۩
- SUPER-ELEVATION
2
v T
Rise in water surface above flow depth Δy= Ref: L.W. Mays
Where: 2 gr
Radius of bend / curve r = 12.5 m r=5 T
water surface width of the design flow.
Super-elevation at bends Δy = 0.014 m

Super-elevation at bends Δy = 1.35 cm
Check Δy < F.B. = O.K. ۩
- CONCRETE VOLUME
(Not applicable to stone masonry channels)

Total depth of headrace channel hc = 2.30 m

Top slab NO
C B =( b+ 2 wb +2 ws ) t s L
Concrete quantity in side walls CS

(
C S = wt hc + h c ( w b −wt ) 2 L
=
2
5750.00 m 3
)
Page 68 of 135
POWER CHANNEL
12
10
0.0 ### 3.2 #VALUE! 0.7 #VALUE!
8 0.0 ### 3.2 #VALUE! 3.2 #VALUE!
0.4 ### 3.4 #VALUE!

6
0.5 ### 3.5 #VALUE!
0.7 ### 3.9 #VALUE!

4
0.7 ### 3.9 #VALUE!
2 3.2 ### 0.0 #VALUE!
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Page 69 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
DESIGN OF HEADRACE PIPE (FREE FLOW)
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Pipe invert elevation (start) I.L.1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Pipe inner diameter di = 2.50 m
Freeboard F.B. = 1.1 m
Length of pipe (Δx) L = 5000.0 m

f = 1.25
z
a = 4.141
h = -0.107
θ y
2.50
- FLOW & VELOCITY
2θ = 189.79 degree Ref: C. Nalluri
Flow area A = 2.721 m2 Ref: C.V. Davis

Wetted perimeter P = 4.141 m
Hydraulic radius R = 0.657 m
Top width T = 2.491 m
Hydraulic depth D = 1.092 m
1
V = S 1/2 R2/3
n
Page 70 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
1
Mannings equation V = S 1/2 R2/3
n
Flow velocity V
" " " " " = 1.84 m/s O.K.
Discharge capacity Q = 5.00 m3/s

Maximum discharge capacity Qmax = 9.39 m3/s (at y = 93.8% of di)
Check Q ≥ Qd = O.K. ۩
- HEADLOSSES
FRICTION LOSS
1
Mannings equation V = S 1/ 2 R2/ 3
n 2
V L
Friction headloss (Manning) h f =n2
R4 / 3
2
BEND LOSS v Ref: Mosonyi
h L=K K= 0.15
2g
No. of bends nB = 50 no.
ENTRANCE LOSS 2 Ref: Mosonyi

v
h L=K K= 0.10
2g
Velocity at pipe bellmouth vE = #VALUE! m/s
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN HEADRACE (Entrance + Friction + Bends)
Total headloss in headrace pipe hLT = #VALUE! m
- RATING CURVE
Page 71 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
W at e r Ele v ati o n (m asl)

Elevation Flow
#VALUE! 0.00
#VALUE! 0.18
#VALUE! 0.76
Rating Curve
12.0 #VALUE! 1.71
10.0 #VALUE! 2.94
8.0 #VALUE! 4.36
6.0 #VALUE! 5.86
4.0 #VALUE! 7.31
2.0 #VALUE! 8.53
0.0 Flow (cumecs) #VALUE! 9.30
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
#VALUE! 9.39
Invert level at start IL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Top level at start TL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Invert level at end IL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Top level at end TL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Elevation (m asl)
12.0
10.0 5000.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 1000 Distance
2000 (m)
3000 4000 5000 6000
- STEEL QUANTITY

D+ K
400 Ref: Warnick
Effective thickness of penstock te = 11.00 mm
Page 72 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE

2
ts
A s=
π d i +2(1000 ) −
πd 2i
4 4


Page 73 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
DESIGN OF HEADRACE PIPE (PRESSURE FLOW)
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Pipe invert elevation at sandtrap I.L.1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Design discharge Q = 5.0 m3/s
Internal diameter of pipe D = 2.50 m Area = 4.91 m2
Flow velocity V = 1.0 m/s Q=VA O.K.
Effective head from center of pipe he = #VALUE! m

Ref: L.W. Mays
Max. possible flow velocity (orifice flow) VOmax = #VALUE! m/s

Max. possible discharge (orifice flow) QOmax = #VALUE! m3/s
2
Alternatively Q o = C √ 2 g D ( H 3/2 3/2
2 −H 1 )
3
Max. possible discharge (conduit flow) QCmax = #VALUE! m3/s
Check QOmax ≥ Q = #VALUE! ۩
Total length of pipe (Δx) L = 5000.0 m

Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient C = 120 Ref: W.P. Creager

Friction factor (Moody) f = 0.0165
2.50
Page 74 of 135
2.50
HEADRACE PIPE
- BELLMOUTH CURVE DESIGN
x2 y2
Elliptical entrance curve (bellmouth) + =1
( 0 . 5 D )2 ( 0 . 15 D )2
2 2 Ref: DOSD
Elliptical entrance curve (square & rect.) x y
+ =1
D ( 0 . 33 D )2
2
For circular pipes D is the diameter while maximum values of 'x' & 'y' are given in plan view as;
Maximum 'x' = 0.65D from pipe centerline and Maximum 'y' = 0.5D from entrance face
However the existing practice in the region is to adopt the bellmouth diameter as 1.5D, therefore
x2
Therefore: y=
√( 1− 2 ( 0 .25 D )
( D) )
2
Elevation (m asl)
x y (low) y (up)
2.500 0.000 0.000 #VALUE! #VALUE!
Longitudinal
2.250 Section
0.272 0.250 #VALUE! #VALUE!
12.0
2.000 0.375 0.500 #VALUE! #VALUE!
10.0
1.750 0.446 0.750 #VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0 1.500 0.500 1.000 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0 1.250 0.541 1.250 #VALUE! #VALUE!

1.000 0.573 1.500 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0
0.750 0.596 1.750 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0 0.500 0.612 2.000 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 0.250 0.622 2.250 #VALUE! #VALUE!

0.0 0.5 0.000 1.0 Distance
1.5 (m) 2.0
0.625 2.5 3.0 2.500 #VALUE! #VALUE!
- FRICTION FACTOR
DV
Reynolds number Re = Ref: Davis
where: ν
Kinematic viscosity of water at 20oC ν = 1.0E-06 m2/s
Reynolds number Re = 2546479
Check Re ≤ 2000 = TURBULENT ۩
64
For laminar flow f= for laminar flow
Re
1 e/ D 2. 51
For turbulent flow
(Colebrook - White equation) √f
=−2 log 10 +
(
3 . 7 Re √f )
Page 75 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
1 e/ D 2. 51
√f
=−2 log 10 +
3 . 7 Re √f( )
1 R √f
For hydraulically smooth pipe
√f
=2 log 10 e
2 . 51 ( ) Ref: Von Karman
For hydraulically rough pipe 1 D Ref: Von Karman
where:
√f
=2 log 10 3 . 7
e ( )
Roughness height (welded steel) e = 0.600 mm
Ratio e/D = 0.00024
1 = 1.06
- SUBMERGENCE REQUIREMENTS
Ref: ESHA Guide
V
Minimum submergence (by Knauss)
(
S min =D 1+2 .3
√ gD ) 3.68 m
" " " " (by Rohan) S min  1.474V 0.48 D 0.76 2.98 m
" " " " (by Gordon) S min =0 .7245 V √D 1.17 m
Smin
Minimum submergence Smin = 2.61 m

Provided submergence SPr = #VALUE! m
Check SPr ≥ Smin = #VALUE! ۩
- HEADLOSSES
FRICTION LOSS
1
n 2
V L
Headloss (Manning) h f =n2
R4 / 3
Headloss (Manning) hf = 1.64 m
hf
Hazen-Williams equation Q=C u CD 2 . 63 S 0. 54 where S= & Cu=0.278
L
1/0. 54
Q L
Headloss (Hazen-Williams) h f =10. 654
C () D4 . 87
Headloss (Hazen-Williams) hf = 1.71 m
2
L V
Darcy-Weisbach equation h f =f
D 2g
Page 76 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
2
L V
h f =f
D 2g
Headloss (Darcy-Weisbach) hf = 1.75 m
hf e/ D 2. 51 ν
Average velocity of flow
(Colebrook - White equation)
V =−2 2 gD
√ L
log
( √ )
3 .7
+
D 2 gD
hf
L
1 = 2.39
Friction loss (Colebrook-White) hf = 8.70 m
Maximum friction headloss hfmax = 1.75 m

Fricti on He adloss (m )
Headloss Flow
0.00 0.00
0.02 0.50
Friction Headloss Vs Discharge 0.07 1.00
1.80
1.60 0.15 1.50
1.40
0.26 2.00
1.20
0.41 2.50
1.00
0.80
0.59 3.00
0.60 0.80 3.50

0.40 1.05 4.00
0.20
1.33 4.50
0.00
0.00 1.00
Flow (cumecs)
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 1.64 5.00
2
BEND LOSS v Ref: Mosonyi
h L=K
2g K= 0.15
No. of bends nB = 50 no.

v
h L=K K= 0.10
2g
Velocity at pipe bellmouth vE = #VALUE! m/s
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN HEADRACE (Entrance + Friction + Bends + Valve + Manifold)
Page 77 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
Total headloss in headrace pipe hLT = #VALUE! m
Invert level at start IL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at start (inside the pipe) WL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Top level at start TL1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Invert level at end IL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Water level at end (inside the pipe) WL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Top level at end TL2 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.
Elevation (m asl)
12.0
10.0
5000.0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 1000
Distance (m)
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
- WALL THICKNESS
Bulk modulus of water k = 2.1E+09 N/m2

Modulus of elasticity of pipe material E = 2.1E+11 N/m2
Wall thickness (provided) ts = 12.0 mm
Pw D
Wall thickness required t s= Ref: ESHA Guide
2 σ f kf
Hydrostatic pressure Pw = #VALUE! kN/mm2
Weld efficiency kf = 0.90
Allowable tensile stress σf = 1400 kN/mm2
Corrosion allowance cs = 2.0 mm
Wall thickness (required) ts = #VALUE! mm
Wall thickness (provided) ts = 12.0 mm

D+ K
400 Ref: Warnick
Page 78 of 135
HEADRACE PIPE
" " " " " tmin = 7.50 mm

Alternatively
Minimum thickness of steel sheet t min=2 . 5 D+1. 2 Ref: ASME
" " " " " tmin = 7.45 mm
Effective thickness of pipe te = 10.00 mm t e=t s −c s
Check te ≥ tmin = #VALUE! ۩
0 . 1 H max D
Hoop stress σ H= Ref: DPR-Bilgaon
2 te
Hoop stress σH = #VALUE! kgf/cm2
Check σH ≤ 1.5yield stress = #VALUE! ۩
- STEEL QUANTITY
2
ts
A s=
(
π d i +2
1000 ) −
πd 2i
Ref: Davis
As
4 4
X-sectional area of steel = 0.095 m 2

Width of steel sheet w = 7.93 m 287.82

Page 79 of 135
FOREBAY
DESIGN OF FOREBAY
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Minimum diverted water - Headrace QH = 1.20 m3/s

Design discharge - Penstock QP = 5.00 m3/s ( = Peak discharge)
- INFLOWS
Length of headrace LH = 5000.0 m

Diameter/Bed width of headrace DH 2.50 m
Depth of flow in headrace dH 1.74 m
X-sectional area of flow AH = 4.34 m2
Velocity in headrace vH = 0.28 m/s
Volume of headrace VH = 21715 m3
Time of travel (upto forebay) tH = 18096 sec
- OUTFLOWS
Length of penstock LP = 500.0 m

Diameter of penstock DP = 1.00 m
X-sectional area of flow AP = 0.79 m2
Velocity in penstock vP = 6.37 m/s
Volume of penstock VP = 393 m3
Time of travel (upto turbines) tP = 79 sec
- PEAKING TIME
Peaking time TPK = 0.1 hrs

Non-peaking time TN-P = 23.9 hrs
Volume of water required for peaking VPK = 1800 m3
- FOREBAY DIMENSIONS
Width of forebay (at start) WFs = 20.0 m

Width of forebay (at end) WFE = 12.6 m
Length of forebay LF = 48.9 m
Page 80 of 135
FOREBAY
Depth of forebay (including freeboard) dF = 8.0 m

Freeboard in forebay F.B = 1.5 m
Slope for vertical transition z = 1.0 1v : zh

Length of vertical transition LVT = #VALUE! m
Δx of vertical transition ΔxVT = #VALUE! m
SIDE WALLS GEOMETRY


Thickness of bottom slab at each end tsE = 1.0 m
Thickness of bottom slab in center tsC = 0.5 m
Length of thicker bottom slab lb = 10.0 m should be < 10
TRANSITION LENGTH (PLAN VIEW)

Diameter/Bed width of headrace DH = 2.5 m
Transition angle β = 15 degree
W F −D H
Transition length LT = Ref: L.W. Mays
2 tan β
Transition length - horizontal (required) LHT = 32.7 m
Transition length (provided) LHT = 33.0 m
- CONCRETE VOLUME (FOREBAY STRUCTURE)

Top slab NO
X-sectional area of top slab Ats = 0.00 m2
X-sectional area of bottom slab Abs = 22.60 m2
X-sectional area of side walls Asw = 12.35 m2
Total x-sectional area AXS = 34.95 m2
Concrete volume of main structure Vms = 1707.6 m3
Concrete volume of u/s transition Vut = 576.68 m3 (approx)
Concrete volume of spillway Vsp = #VALUE! m3 (approx)
Page 81 of 135
FOREBAY
Total concrete volume of forebay VTF = #VALUE! m3
- HEADLOSSES
FRICTION LOSS
V2L
2
Friction headloss (Manning) h f =n 4 /3
R
Flow area A = 130.00 m2
Flow velocity V = 0.038 m/s
Friction headloss in forebay hf = 2.6E-06 m

v
h L=K K= 0.10
2g
GATE SLOT LOSS 2 2

v 1−α
hl , s=1. 2
2g [
( 1− β )2 +
α ( )]
F Bh
Where β= = ¿
Ref: Mosonyi
F y Bh+ 2 y h+ yB "Vol-I: page # 530"
and Weisbach coefficient
α=0 . 63+0 . 37 β3
Velocity (just before the slots) vin = 1.4 m/s
Width of entrance flume B = 2.50 m

if d > 0.2e then y* = 0.2e

& if d <= 0.2e then y* = d
Coefficient (gate slots) βg = 0.933

Weisbach coefficient (gate slots) αg = 0.930
Head loss at gate slots hLG = 0.0011 m
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN FOREBAY (Entrance + Friction + Gate Slot)

Total headloss in Forebay hLT = 0.006 m
Page 82 of 135
FOREBAY
Headrace invert / BL at end B.Lhr = #VALUE! m asl

Water level at end of headrace WHR = #VALUE! m asl
(Wall top level will be constant throughout the entire length of forebay including u/s transition)
Wall top level ELWT = #VALUE! m asl
Bed level of forebay at start B.L s = #VALUE! m asl
Longitudinal slope of forebay S = 1.0 %
Bed level of forebay at end B.Le = #VALUE! m asl
Maximum water level in forebay (end) Wmax = #VALUE! m asl
Allowable fluctuation in water level σallow = 1.4 m
Minimum water level in forebay Wmin = #VALUE! m asl (provided)

Minimum water level in forebay Wmin = #VALUE! m asl (required)
Ele vati o n (m asl)
12.0 Longitudinal Section

10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0 Distance (m)

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
- PEAKING CAPACITY CHECK
Useful capacity of forebay (designed) VF = #VALUE! m3 (live storage provided)

Flow available from headrace VHA = 432 m3
Useful capacity (required) V F−R=3600 T PK ( QP −QH )

Useful capacity (required) VF-R = 1368 m3 (live storage required)
Normally a volume of QP x 120 m3 (or two minutes at maximum plant flow) will be
satisfactory for mechanical governors. For digital governors the control volume can
be further reduced
Check VF ≥ VF-R = #VALUE! ۩
Water level in forebay masl = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! ###

Useful volume in forebay m3 = 0 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! ###
Page 83 of 135
FOREBAY
Total volume in forebay m3 = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! ###
Initial Final
Forebay Forebay
Time forebay forebay Spill
inflow outflow
volume volume
freeboard (hrs) (m3/s) (m3) (m3/s) (m3) (m3/s)

0 0 #VALUE! 0 #VALUE! 0
1 6:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 5 #VALUE! 0.00
Peak storage
2 7:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 5 #VALUE! 0.00
Min. operating WL: 3 8:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 5 #VALUE! 0.00
4 9:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 5 #VALUE! 0.00
penstock
5 10:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
6 11:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
7 12:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
8 1:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
#VALUE! 9 2:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
#VALUE! 10 3:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
11 4:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
12 5:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
13 6:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
14 7:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
15 8:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
16 9:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
17 10:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
18 11:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
19 12:AM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
20 1:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
21 2:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
22 3:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
23 4:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
24 5:PM 1.2 #VALUE! 1.2 #VALUE! 0.00
- TRASHRACK
Rack Cleaning Machine RCM = no (yes or no - in small letters)
Width of trashrach bra =nt+bch Ref: GTZ Publication

"High head Hydropower"
b
Number of rack bars n= ch −1
b

Page 84 of 135
FOREBAY
Number of rack bars n

" " " n = 11.4 no.
Effective head from center of penstock he = #VALUE! m

Diameter of bellmouth for penstock Dbm = 1.5 m Dbm =1. 5 D
Entrance velocity in bellmouth vbm = 2.83 m/s (calculated)

Ref: Mosonyi
t +b
b
Average flow velocity between bars vbars = 1.35 m/s
Ref: ESHA Guide
1 t Q 1
Minimum trashrack area (required) A rack = ( )
ξ t+ b v e sin α
ξ = 0.80
Minimum trashrack area (required) Arack = 0.38 m2
Trashrack area provided Arack = 4.00 m2
Check Arack-provided ≥ Arack-min = O.K. ۩
- SPILL SECTION
Provide Spilling Arrangement YES

Crest level of spill section ELC = #VALUE! m asl
Width of spill section (crest length) LS = 10.0 m
Allowable surcharge over crest H = 0.75 m
3/2
Discharge over ogee crest Q=CLS H Ref: C.V. Davis
" " " " Q = 14.17 m /s
3
Check Q ≥ 2.0QP = O.K. ۩
Page 85 of 135
FOREBAY
- SPILL CHANNEL OPTION
Length of spill channel (Δx) LS = 156.0 m

Bed width of spill channel wS = #VALUE! m
Depth of water in spill channel dS = 1.13 m Ref: C.V. Davis
Free board in spill channel f.b.S = #VALUE! m fb s≥0. 4 y c
Transition angle β = 15.0 degree

Transition length (horizontal) LT = #VALUE! m
Bed elevation of channel at forebay BLS = #VALUE! m asl

Slope of spill channel SS = #VALUE! m/m

12
10 0 ###
8
0 ###
#VALUE! ###
6 #VALUE! ###
0 ###
4
#VALUE! ###
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2/3
1 w S dS
Manning's Equation Q= w S d S S 1/2
n S (
w S +2 d S )
Flow velocity in spill channel vS = #VALUE! m/s
Discharge of spill channel QS = #VALUE! m3/s
Check QS ≥ 1.5QP = #VALUE! ۩
Qs
Unit discharge of spill channel qs = #VALUE! m3/s/m q s=
ws
1/ 3
q 2s
Critical depth in spill channel
yc=
g ( )
" " " " " yc = #VALUE! m
Page 86 of 135
1 2.0
Rating Curve (Spill Channel Option)
1 0.0
FOREBAY

Elevation Flow
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
1 2.0
Rating Curve (Spill Channel Option) #VALUE! #VALUE!
1 0.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
#VALUE! #VALUE!
CONCERETE VOLUME FOR SPILL CHANNEL OPTION

Total depth of headrace channel hc = #VALUE! m

Top slab NO
C B =( b+ 2 wb +2 ws ) t s L
Concrete quantity in side walls CS

(
C S = wt hc + h c ( w b −wt ) 2 L
2
= #VALUE! m 3
)
12
10
0.0 ### ### #VALUE!
8 0.0 ### ### #VALUE!
4 Page 87 of 135
2
12
10 FOREBAY
8
0.3 ### ### #VALUE!
6
0.4 ### ### #VALUE!
4 0.7 ### ### #VALUE!
0.7 ### ### #VALUE!

2
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
- SPILL PIPE OPTION
Diameter of spill pipe DS = 2.00 m

Depth of flow ys = 1.50 m
Length of spill channel (Δx) LS = 156.0 m
Flow area A = 2.527 m2 Ref: C.V. Davis

Top width T = 1.732 m
Hydraulic depth D = 1.459 m
Ref: C. Nalluri
f = 0.87
z
a =θ 4.189
h = -0.500
y
2θ = 240.00
2.00
1
Mannings equation V = S 1/2 R2/3
n
Flow velocity V
" " " " " = #VALUE! m/s
Discharge capacity QS = #VALUE! m3/s

Maximum discharge capacity QSmax = #VALUE! m3/s (at y = 93.8% of di)
Check QS ≥ 1.5QP = #VALUE! ۩
Page 88 of 135
FOREBAY

Elevation Flow
#VALUE! 0.00
#VALUE! #VALUE!
#VALUE! #VALUE!
12.0
Rating Curve (Spill Pipe Option)
#VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!

#VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0
#VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
STEEL QUANTITY FOR SPILL PIPE OPTION

D+ K
400 Ref: Warnick

2
t
A s=
π d i +2 s(
1000 ) −
πd 2i
4 4
X-sectional area of steel As = 0.050 m 2


- ENERGY DISSIPATION FOR SPILL CHANNEL/PIPE
V
Froude Number F R= Ref: C.V. Davis
√ gD
Page 89 of 135
FOREBAY
V
F R=
√ gD
(Where V & D are velocity and depth of flow entering the jump)
Froude Number - before the jump FR1 = #VALUE! dimensionless

(Recommended Froude Number 4.5 ≤ FR1 ≤ 9, for stable & steady hydraulic jump)
D2
Ratio of conjugate depths =0 . 5 ( √ 1+8 F 2R 1 −1 ) Ref: L.W. Mays
D1
Depth before the jump D1 = 1.13 m
Depth after the jump D2 = #VALUE! m
Length of stilling basin LB = α (D2 - D1)

" " " " LB = #VALUE! m
Alternatively
D2
Length of stilling basin LB =4 . 5
F 0R .38
" " " " LB = #VALUE! m
Ref: L.W. Mays
Height of walls of basin HB = D2 + 0.1 * (D1 + V1)
" " " " HB = #VALUE! m
Height of baffle blocks hB = 2.5 * D1

" " " " HB = 2.8 m
Number of baffle blocks n = 2

Width of baffle blocks wB = #VALUE!
SCOUR DEPTH BELOW WATER SURFACE
Scour depth of rivers subject to fluctuating flood throughout the year

3/ 10
Q
Scour depth below water surface R=0 .78
Cr ( ) (in British unit system)
Scour depth below water surface R = 1.03 m Cr = 2.00
- FLUSHING PIPE
Flushing discharge Qf = 1.00 m3/s (20% of QP)

Diameter of flushing pipe Df = 0.80 m
Length of flushing pipe Lf = 8.5 m
Effective head from center of pipe he = 6.1 m (maximum)

Minimum effective head hemin = #VALUE! m
Ref: L.W. Mays

Page 90 of 135
FOREBAY
V =Cd √ 2 ghe
Flow velocity (orifice flow) V = #VALUE! m/s
Discharge (orifice flow) Qo = #VALUE! m3/s
Check Qo at hemin ≥ Qf = #VALUE! ۩
STEEL QUANTITY FOR FLUSHING PIPE

D+ K
400 Ref: Warnick

2
ts
A s=
π d i +2 (
1000 ) −
πd 2i
4 4
X-sectional area of steel As = 0.015 m 2


- IMPACT TYPE STILLING BASIN FOR FLUSHING PIPE
This is an impact-type energy dissipator equipped with a hanging-type, L-shaped baffle,

contained in a relatively small boxlike structure, which requires no tail water for successful
performance.
The use of the impact-type stilling basin is limited to installation where the velocity at the
entrance to the stilling basin does not greatly exceed 30 ft/s (9.1 m/s). For discharges
exceeding 10 m3/s, it may be more economical to consider multiple units side by side.
Page 91 of 135
FOREBAY
Diameter of flushing pipe Df = 2.62 ft 0.80 m

Flushing discharge Qf = #VALUE! ft3/s ### m3/s
Page 92 of 135
FOREBAY
Flow velocity (orifice flow) V = #VALUE! ft/s ### m/s

Froude Number FR1 = #VALUE! dimensionless
W / D ratio (from DOSD graph) W/D = 4.70 dimensionless

Where:
Depth of flow entering the basin D = 2.33 ft = 0.71 m
(D = square root of flow area)
Inside width of stilling basin W = 10.93 ft = 3.33 m
Alternatively:
Inside width of stilling basin (from graph) W = 6.00 ft = 1.83 m
Loss in energy (from graph) EL/E1 = 53 %
Select the larger value of width i.e.

Inside width of stilling basin W = 10.93 ft = 3.33 m
The dimensions of various components as shown in the above figure, are given below;
Total depth of basin at start (H = 3/4 W) H = 8.20 ft = 2.50 m

Total length of basin (L = 4/3 W) L = 14.58 ft = 4.44 m
Distance of baffle from inlet (a = 1/2 W) a = 5.47 ft = 1.67 m
Height of baffle (b = 3/8 W) b = 4.10 ft = 1.25 m
Depth of basin at end (c = 1/2 W) c = 5.47 ft = 1.67 m
Length of baffle top (d = 1/8 W) d = 1.37 ft = 0.42 m
e = 1/12 W e = 0.91 ft = 0.28 m
Thickness of baffle (t = 1/12 W) t = 0.91 ft = 0.28 m
Riprap stone size (drock = 1/20 W) drock = 0.55 ft = 0.17 m
Length of riprap (Lrr = W) Lrr = 10.93 ft = 3.33 m
Page 93 of 135
PENSTOCK
DESIGN OF PENSTOCK
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Penstock invert elevation at forebay I.L.1 = #VALUE! m a.s.l.

Normal tailwater level (in powerhouse) I.L.2 = 1300.00 m a.s.l.
Rated capacity of plant Pr = #VALUE! kW
Maximum gross head H = #VALUE! m
Net head Hn = #VALUE! m
Total length of penstock (Δx) L = 500.0 m

Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient C = 120 Ref: W.P. Creager
Mannings friction factor n = 0.0130
- DIAMETER & VELOCITY

0 . 43
CP
Most economical penstock diameter D e= Ref: L.W. Mays
H 0 .60
" " " " De = #VALUE! m C = 0.52
Most economical penstock diameter 0.5 Ref: L.W. Mays

De=CQ
" " " " De = 1.61 m C = 0.72
0 . 45
Q
Most economical penstock diameter D e=1. 12 Ref: Mosonyi
H 0 .12
" " " " De = #VALUE! m
0 . 43
P
Most economical penstock diameter De=0 .71 0. 65 Ref: GTZ
H
" " " " De = #VALUE! m
2 0.25
Q
Most economical penstock diameter D e=3. 55 ( )
2 gH
Ref: Guidelines, Roorkee
Sarkaria's equation
" " " " De = #VALUE! m
Page 94 of 135
PENSTOCK
0 .1875
n 2 Q2 L
Dia. for limiting headloss to 4% of H Dlim it =2. 69 (
H ) Ref: ESHA Guide
" " " " Dlimit = #VALUE! m
Use maximum value of diameter from above. (Dlimit #VALUE! m)
Selected diameter for penstock D = 1.00 m (Recomm. #VALUE! m)
Average flow velocity in penstock V = 6.37 m/s
Check V < Vmax (i.e. 10 m/s) = O.K. ۩

Ref: L.W. Mays
Max. possible velocity (orifice flow) VOmax = #VALUE! m/s

Max. possible discharge (orifice flow) QOmax = #VALUE! m3/s
1.00
- BELLMOUTH CURVE DESIGN
x2 y2
Elliptical entrance curve (bellmouth) + =1
( 0 . 5 D )2 ( 0 . 15 D )2
Ref: DOSD
Elliptical entrance curve (square & rect.) x2 y2
+ =1
D 2 ( 0 . 33 D )2
For circular pipes D is the diameter while maximum values of 'x' & 'y' are given in plan view as;
Maximum 'x' = 0.65D from pipe centerline and Maximum 'y' = 0.5D from entrance face
Page 95 of 135
PENSTOCK
However the existing practice in the region is to adopt the bellmouth diameter as 1.5D, therefore
x2
Therefore: y=
√( 1−
( D) )
2
( 0 .25 D )2
Elevation (m asl)
x y (low) y (up)
1.000 0.000 0.000 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.900
Plan 0.109 0.100 #VALUE! #VALUE!
12.0
0.800 0.150 0.200 #VALUE! #VALUE!
10.0
0.700 0.179 0.300 #VALUE! #VALUE!
8.0 0.600 0.200 0.400 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6.0 0.500 0.217 0.500 #VALUE! #VALUE!

0.400 0.229 0.600 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4.0
0.300 0.238 0.700 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2.0 0.200 0.245 0.800 #VALUE! #VALUE!
0.0 0.100 0.249 0.900 #VALUE! #VALUE!

0.0 0.2 0.000 0.4 Distance
0.6 (m) 0.8
0.250 1.0 1.2 1.000 #VALUE! #VALUE!
Ref: L.W. Mays

Transition length from gate to penstock
VD C = 0.80
Lt =
C
Transition length Lt = 2.12 m
A length of 1.0D should be satisfactory for this transition.
GATE SIZE
Gate hight H = 1.00 m H =D
Gate width W = 0.79 m H=0 . 785 D
For a gate having H=D and W=0.785D, the flow velocity at the gate will be equal to the
velocity in penstock so no further flow acceleration is produced in this section.
- FRICTION FACTOR
DV
Reynolds number Re = Ref: Davis
where: ν
Kinematic viscosity of water at 20oC ν = 1.0E-06 m2/s
Reynolds number Re = 6366198
Check Re ≥ 2000 = TURBULENT ۩
64
For laminar flow f= for laminar flow
Re
Page 96 of 135
PENSTOCK
64
f=
Re
1 e/ D 2. 51
For turbulent flow
(Colebrook - White equation) √f
=−2 log 10 +
3 . 7 Re √f( )
1 R √f
For hydraulically smooth pipe
√f
=2 log 10 e
2 . 51 ( ) Ref: Von Karman
For hydraulically rough pipe 1 D Ref: Von Karman
where:
√f
=2 log 10 3 . 7
e ( )
Roughness height (welded steel) e = 0.600 mm
Ratio e/D = 0.00060
1 = 0.98
- SUBMERGENCE REQUIREMENTS
Ref: ESHA Guide

V
Minimum submergence (by Knauss)
(
S min =D 1+2 .3
√ gD ) 5.67 m
" " " " (by Rohan) S min  1.474V 0.48 D 0.76 3.58 m
" " " " (by Gordon) S min =0 .7245 V √D 4.61 m
Smin
Minimum submergence required Smin = 4.62 m (average value)

Provided submergence SPr = #VALUE! m
Check SPr ≥ Smin = #VALUE! ۩
- TRASHRACK
Rack Cleaning Machine = NO (yes or no - in small letters)
Width of Trashrack bra=nt+bch Ref: GTZ Publication

"High head Hydropower"
b ch
Number of rack bars n= −1
b
Page 97 of 135
PENSTOCK

Inclination of trashrack z = 4.0 zV:1H
Width of Trashrack bra =2. 0×D

Height of trashrack hra =bra

Height of trashrack hra = 2000.0 mm
Number of rack bars n

" " " n = 11.4 no.

Diameter of bellmouth for penstock Dbm = 1.5 m Dbm =1. 5 D
Entrance velocity in bellmouth vbm = 2.83 m/s
Entrance velocity at trashrack ve = 1.25 m/s

Ref: Mosonyi
t +b
b
Average flow velocity between bars vbars = 1.35 m/s
Check vbars ≤ 1.2 m/s = FAIL ۩
- HEADLOSSES
FRICTION LOSS
1
n 2
V L
h f =n2
R4 / 3
Page 98 of 135
PENSTOCK
V2L
Headloss (Manning) h f =n2
R4 / 3
Headloss (Manning) hf = 21.75 m
2 . 63 0. 54
hf
Hazen-Williams equation Q=C u CD S where S= & Cu=0.278
L
1/0. 54
Q L
Headloss (Hazen-Williams)
()
h f =10. 654
C D4 . 87
1. 85
6 . 87 L V
Alternatively Headloss (Hazen-Williams) h=
D
f (C )
1 . 165
Headloss (Hazen-Williams) hf = 15.02 m
2
L V
Darcy-Weisbach equation h f =f
D 2g
Headloss (Darcy-Weisbach) hf = 17.33 m
hf e/ D 2. 51 ν
Average velocity of flow
(Colebrook - White equation)
V =−2 2 gD
√ L
log
( √ )
3 .7
+
D 2gD
hf
L
1 = 1.00
Headloss (Colebrook-White) hf = 18.03 m
Maximum friction headloss hfmax = 21.75 m

Selected the larger value of friction loss from above equations.
Fricti on He adloss (m )
Headloss Flow
0.00 0.00
0.22 0.50
Friction Headloss Vs Discharge 0.87 1.00
25.00
1.96 1.50
20.00
3.48 2.00
15.00 5.44 2.50

7.83 3.00
10.00
10.66 3.50
5.00 13.92 4.00

17.61 4.50
0.00
0.00 1.00
Flow (cumecs)
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 21.75 5.00
TRASHRACK LOSS
2
t 4 /3 v bars Ref: Davis:
hl ,ra = K
b () 2g
sin α
Page 99 of 135
PENSTOCK
4 /3 v2
t
hl ,ra = K ()
b
bars
2g
sin α "Hydraulics Handbook"
Coefficient depending on bar shape K = 2.42
Rack losses hl,ra = 0.008 m

v
h L=K K= 0.20
2g
GATE SLOT LOSS

v2 1−α 2
hl , s=1. 2
2g [
( 1− β )2 +
α ( )]
Ref: Mosonyi
F Bh
Where β= = ¿
F y Bh+ 2 y h+ yB

Velocity (just before the slots) vin = 6.4 m/s
Width of entrance flume B = 2.00 m

if d > 0.2e then y* = 0.2e

& if d <= 0.2e then y* = d
Coefficient (gate slots) βg = 0.917

Weisbach coefficient (gate slots) αg = 0.916
Head loss at gate slots hLG = 0.038 m
2
v
BEND LOSS h L=K Ref: Mosonyi
2g K= 0.20
Page 100 of 135

PENSTOCK
VALVE LOSS 2 Ref: Mosonyi

v
h L=K Kv = 0.20
2g
Valve headloss hLV = 0.41 m
2 Ref: L.W. Mays

MANIFOLD LOSS v
h L=K Kb = 0.30
2g
Manifold headloss (bifurcation) hLB = 0.62 m
Where:
Kb = 0.20 for symmetrical bifurcation,
Kb = 0.30 for symmetrical trifurcation, and
Kb = 0.20 for manifold branch
TOTAL HEADLOSS IN PENSTOCK (Trashrack + Entrance + Friction + Bends + Valve + Manifold)

Total headloss in Penstock hLT = 26.97 m
Page 101 of 135

PENSTOCK
Check hLT ≤ 4H/100

= #VALUE! ۩
(The usual limit of headlosses in penstocks is 4% of gross head from economic point of view)
- PENSTOCK SECTIONS
No. of longitudinal sections i = 4 i≤4
PENSTOCK SECTIONS SEC-01 SEC-02 SEC-03 SEC-04

Length of section-i Li = 100.0 100.0 30.0 270.0 m
Invert elevation at end of each section di = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 1300.5 masl
Elevation drop in section-i ΔEi = 40.0 15.0 25.0 #VALUE! m
Penstock inner diameter di = 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 m
Thichness of steel sheet ti = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! mm
Angle of inclination with vertical θi = 66.42 81.37 33.56 #VALUE! deg.
Longitudinal slope Si = 0.44 0.15 1.51 #VALUE! m/m
Velocity of flow Vi = 6.37 6.37 6.37 6.37 m/s
Invert level at start I.L.iS = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! masl
Invert level at end I.L.iE = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! masl
Elevation (m asl)
12
Invert top
10
0 #VALUE! #VALUE!
8
100 #VALUE! #VALUE!
6 200 #VALUE! #VALUE!
230 #VALUE! #VALUE!
4
500 #VALUE! #VALUE!
2
0
Distance (m)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
- AERATION PIPE
3
t
Collapsing depression Pc =882500 s
D ( ) (ts & D in mm)
Ref: ESHA Guide

Collapsing depression Pc = 1.52 kN/mm 2
Q
Diameter of aeration pipe d=7 . 47
√ √ PC
for Pc ≤ 0.49
Diameter of aeration pipe for Pc > 0.49

(Aeration pipe is used to avoid negative pressure)
d=8.94 √Q
Diameter of aeration pipe dV = 19.99 cm
Page 102 of 135

PENSTOCK
" " " " " dV = 0.20 m
ALTERNATIVELY
QT
Air vent area should be greater of these two values A V =0 .20 A P or AV=
Where: 25. 0
Cross-section area of penstock AP = 0.79 m2
Rated turbine flow QT = 5.00 m3/s
Cross-section area of air vent pipe AV = 0.20 m2

Diameter of air vent pipe dV = 0.50 m
The air vent should exhaust to a safe location unoccupied by the project staff or general public.
CRACK OPENING
The penstock should be filled slowly to avoid excessive and dangerous "blow-back". The
recommended practice is to control filling rate via the head gate. The head gate should not be
opened more than 50 mm until the penstock is completely full. This is sometimes referred
to as "cracking" the gate.
- MANIFOLD / BIFURCATION
Number of turbine units nT = 3 no.

Number of branches / manifolds nb = 3 no.
Discharge of one branch Qb = 1.67 m3/s
Diameter of main penstock D = 1.00 m

Average velocity in main penstock V = 6.37 m/s
Flow velocity in branches (required) vb = 6.37 m/s (vb ≥ V)
Flow area per branch Ab = 0.26 m2
Diameter per branch db = 0.50 m

Max. wall thickness (provided) ts = 13.0 mm
Flow velocity in branches (designed) vb = 8.49 m/s
Check vb ≥ V = O.K. ۩
Length of first bifurcation / branch Lb1 = 7.7 m

Length of second bifurcation / branch Lb2 = 11.9 m
Length of third bifurcation / branch Lb3 = 13.6 m
Included angle θ = 60.0 degree
Wall thickness of branches tsb = 14.00 mm
Page 103 of 135

PENSTOCK
2
t
X-sectional area of steel A s=
(
π d i +2 s
1000 ) −
πd 2i
Ref: Davis
4 4
Volume of steel in branches Vs = 0.75 m3

Weight of steel in branches Ws = 5.89 tons Ref: Mosonyi

No. of steel sheets for branches n = 4 no.
10−3 k
Pressure wave speed
Bulk modulus of water k

c=
1+
√(
kD
Et s
=
ρ
)
2.1E+09 N/m2
Ref: ESHA Guide
Modulus of elasticity of pipe material E = 2.1E+11 N/m2

Maximum wall thickness (provided) ts = 11.0 mm
Pressure wave speed c = 1075.8 m/s
Critical time T = 0.93 sec 2L

T=
c
Valve closure time Tv = 6.0 sec
Check 2T < Tv < 10T = O.K. ۩
N N2
Allievi Formula for max. overpressure
ΔP=P w ( √
2
±
2
4
+N ) Ref: ESHA Guide
LV
Where: N=
(
gP w T v )
N = #VALUE!
Maximum overpressure (positive) ΔP = #VALUE! m of water column

Maximum overpressure (negative) ΔP = #VALUE! m of water column
If water acceleration constant is less than 3 seconds than surge tank is not required
VL
Water acceleration constant t h= Ref: ESHA Guide
gH
" " " " " th = #VALUE! sec
Page 104 of 135

PENSTOCK
Check th < 3 = #VALUE! ۩
ALTERNATIVELY
ΣL i V i
A surge tank may be required when L/ H >4 to 8 or >7 to 13
H
Check L/H<5 = #VALUE! ۩
ALTERNATIVELY
A surge tank may be required when L≥ L max . Ref: IIT, Roorkee
Where:
Tv
Maximum length of penstock Lmax =3. 14 H n
V
Maximum length of penstock Lmax = #VALUE! m
Check L < Lmax = #VALUE! ۩
- WALL THICKNESS
PENSTOCK MATERIAL
ASTM A516-70 steel having yield stress of 38000 psi (262010 kN/m2) and tensile stress
of 80000 psi (55880 kN/m2) has been used for penstock design.
ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESS

For steel (ASTM A516-70), the basic allowable stress equals the lesser of:
2/3 of yield stress = 2/3(262010 kN/m2)= 174671 kN/m2

or
1/3 of tensile stress = 1/3(55880 kN/m2)= 186267 kN/m2
Joint efficiency (E) has been taken as 100%( i.e. 100% radiographic inspection).
Following conditions have been considered.
Allowable Design Allowable Design

Condition Stress increase Stress
factor (K) Sa = (SI)(K)(E)
Normal Operating 1 25,333 psi (174671 kN/m2)

Emergency 1.5 38,000 psi (262010 kN/m2)
Exceptional 2.5 63,333 psi (436681 kN/m2)
Pw D
Wall thickness required t s= Ref: ESHA Guide
2 σ f kf
Hydrostatic pressure Pw = #VALUE! kN/mm2
Total pressure PT = #VALUE! kN/mm2

Weld efficiency kf = 0.90
Page 105 of 135

PENSTOCK
Allowable tensile stress σf = 1747 kN/mm2

Corrosion allowance cs = 2.00 mm
Max. wall thickness (required) ts = #VALUE! mm
Max. wall thickness (provided) ts = 12.0 mm

Effective thickness of penstock te = 10.00 mm t e=t s −c s
MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS
D+ K
400 Ref: Warnick
" " " " " tmin = 3.77 mm
ALTERNATIVELY
Minimum thickness of steel sheet t min=2 . 5 D+1. 2 (D in meter)
" " " " " tmin = 3.70 mm Ref: ASME
ALTERNATIVELY
Minimum thickness of steel sheet t min=D /288 (D in mm)
" " " " " tmin = 3.47 mm
The larger value of minimum shell thickness governs for design purpose
Check te ≥ tmin = #VALUE! ۩
Maximum head Hmax = Hgross + Hsurge
For instantaneous closure cV

H surge =
g
Maximum surge head Hsurge = 698.11 m
(For instantaneous closure)
Maximum head Hmax = #VALUE! m Ref: ESHA Guide

(For instantaneous closure)
2 VL
For given closure time H surge =
g Tv
Maximum surge head Hsurge = 108.16 m
(For given closure time)
Maximum head Hmax = #VALUE! m Ref: Mosonyi

(For given closure time)
0 . 1 H max D
σ H=
2te
Page 106 of 135
PENSTOCK
0 . 1 H max D
Hoop stress σ H= Ref: DPR-Bilgaon
2te
Hoop stress σH = #VALUE! kgf/cm2
Check σH ≤ 1.5yield stress = #VALUE! ۩
PENSTOCK SECTIONS SEC-01 SEC-02 SEC-03 SEC-04
Length of penstock segment m = 100.0 100.0 30.0 270.0

Cumulative length of penstock m = 100.0 200.0 230.0 500.0
Valve closure time sec = 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
Hydrostatic pressure kN/mm 2
#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Overpressure (surge head) kN/mm 2
2.2 4.3 5.0 10.8
Wall thickness mm = #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Hoop stress kgf/cm2 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Check for hoop stress #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Thichness of first 230 m from intake / forebay = ### mm

Thichness of remaining 270 m up to manifold = ### mm
- STEEL QUANTITY (Main Penstock)

2
t
X-sectional area of steel A s=
(
π d i +2 s
1000 ) −
πd 2i Ref: Davis
4 4


- DISTANCE B/W SUPPORTS

(For supported sections only - Not applicable to burried penstock sections)
Unit weight of pipe wp = 299.5 kg/m Ref: ESHA Guide

Unit weight of pipe full of water wp+w = 1299.5 kg/m
( D+ 0. 0147 )4 −D4
Maximum length between supports
Maximum length between supports

Ls =182 .61
Ls =
√
3
w p+w
6.6 m
Page 107 of 135

PENSTOCK
Change in temperature Δt = 20.0 C

o
Length of penstock section L = 100.0 m
Expension due to temp. change Δl=ωLΔt Ref: Mosonyi

" " " " " Δl = 24.00 mm
Temperature induced stress σt = 500.0 kg/cm2 σ t =25 Δt
- VOLUME OF CONCRETE SADDLES (SURFACE PENSTOCKS)
Sloped length of penstock L = 500.0 m

Diameter of penstock D = 1.00 m
0 .82
Concrete volume in footings V f =3. 5 ( LD 2 ) Ref: IIT, Roorkee
Concrete volume in footings Vf = 571.77 m3
Concrete volume in anchor blocks V ab =0 . 66∗V f

Concrete volume in anchor blocks Vab = 377.37 m3
Page 108 of 135

POWERHOUSE
BASIC SIZING OF POWERHOUSE STRUCTURE
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- MAIN DIMENSIONS
No. of units n = 3 no.
Unit Spacing Us = 9.24 m
Total length of powerhouse L = 41.2 m n x Us x Ra/Sp + K

Length without valve L = 44.3 m
Repair bay floor area Ra

Powehose roof span Sp
Depends on the length requried for K
electric overhead cranes to handle the
last unit in the powerhouse 3 ot 5m
Sp (with valve) Sp = 14.20 m 12+(Q)^0.49

Sp (without valve) Sp = 10.70 m 8.5+(Q)^0.49
Distance from centreline to d/s wall Ds = 4.47 m
Clear height Hc = 9.23 m
Repair bay floor area Ra = 134.72 m2
For high tailwater levels at flood It may be necesssary to provide separate erection and
unloading bays adding considerably to the repair bay floor area.
Repair bay floor area Ra = 113.60 to 142.00 m
L = 41 m
W = 13 m
MAIN DIMENSIONS
H = 9 m
Ds = 4 m
Page 109 of 135

POWERHOUSE
Page 110 of 135

TAILRACE
DESIGN OF TAILRACE CHANNEL
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA

Channel Invert elevation B.L.1 = 1297.69 m a.s.l.
Length of tailrace channel (Δx) L = 150.0 m

Side slope z = 0.00 1V:zH
Mannings 'n' n = 0.020
1300
0 1299.8
1299.5
0 1297.7
1299 2.5 1297.7
1298.5 2.5 1299.8
0 1299.3
1298
2.50 1299.3
1297.5
1297
1296.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
- FLOW & VELOCITY
1
n
Area=( b+zy ) y
Flow area A
" " " " " = 4.00 m2
Perimeter=b+2 y √1+ z 2
Wetted perimeter P
Page 111 of 135

TAILRACE
" " " " " = 5.70 m
Topwidth=b +2 zy
Top width T
" " " " " = 2.50 m
A
" " " " " = 1.60 m
T
A
Hrdraulic radius R R=
" " " " " = 0.70 m P
Flow velocity V
" " " " " = 1.25 m/s 1.25
Check V ≤ 2.0 m/s = O.K. ۩
Discharge capacity Q
" " " " " = 5.00 m3/s
Check Q ≥ QD = O.K. ۩
Q
Unit discharge q q=
" " " " " = 2.00 m3/s/m b
2 1/3
q
Criticaldepth=
Critical depth yc
" " " " " = 0.74 m
V
Froude number Fr F r=
" " " " " = 0.32 √ gD
2
2V L
Friction headloss (Manning) h f =n 4 / 3
R
- RATING CURVE

Elevation Flow
1297.7 0.00
1297.9 0.26
1298.1 0.77
1300.0
Rating Curve
1299.5
1299.0
Page 112 of 135
1298.5
1298.0
W at e r Ele vati o n (m a
TAILRACE
1300.0
Rating Curve
1298.3 1.40
1299.5
1298.5 2.10
1299.0
1298.7 2.86
1298.5
1299.0 3.65
1298.0
1299.2 4.48
1297.5
1299.4 5.32
1297.0
1299.6 6.19
1296.5
Flow (cumecs) 1299.8 7.06
0.00 1.00 2 .00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Bed level at start of tailrace BL1 = 1297.69 m a.s.l.

Water level at start WL1 = 1299.29 m a.s.l.
Bnak level at start TL1 = 1299.79 m a.s.l.
Bed level at end of tailrace BL2 = 1297.54 m a.s.l. (required)

Water level at end WL2 = 1299.14 m a.s.l.
Bank level at end TL2 = 1299.64 m a.s.l.
Elevation (m asl)
1300.0
Longitudinal Profile 0 1297.7 1299.3 1299.8
1299.5 150.0 1297.5 1299.1 1299.6
1299.3 1299.1
1299.0
1298.5
1298.0
1297.5
1297.0
1296.5
1296.0 Distance (m)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
SUDDEN OPENING OF INLET GATE

Full gate discharge Q1 = 5.00 m3/s Ref: W.P. Creager
Q1 −Q 0
Increase in water level Δy = 0.44 m Δy=
( v + √ gy ) b
Check Δymax < F.B. = O.K. ۩
- CONCRETE VOLUME

Page 113 of 135

TAILRACE

Total depth of tailrace channel hc = 2.20 m

Top slab NO
C B =( b+ 2 wb +2 ws ) t s L
1
(
C S = wt hc + h c ( w b −wt ) 2 L
2 )
1300.5
1300
1299.5
0.0 1297.4 3.1 1297.7
1299
0.0 1297.7 3.1 1299.9
1298.5
0.3 1297.7 3.3 1299.9
1298
0.4 1299.9 3.4 1297.7
1297.5
0.6 1299.9 3.7 1297.7
1297
0.6 1297.7 3.7 1297.4
1296.5
3.1 1297.7 0.0 1297.4
1296
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Page 114 of 135

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- BASIC DATA
Rated net head Hn = #VALUE! m

Minimum operating head Hmin = #VALUE! m
Design discharge Qd = 5.00 m3/s
Number of turbine units nT = 3 no.

Rated turbine discharge Qd = 1.67 m3/s
Type of turbine = FRANCIS
Minimum River flow QRmin = 1.20 m3/s

Rotational speed of generator nG = 300.0 rpm (Assumed)
Ref: ESHA Guide
120∗frequency
rotationalspeed=
no . ofpoles
Number of poles Np = 20 no.
Preliminary turbine selection PELTON FRANCIS KAPLAN TURGO

Possible selection #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Specific speed based on optimum point P (metric HP units)

nq  n 5/4
H
ns = #VALUE!
1st choice overlap 2nd choice
Recommended Turbine ### #VALUE! ###
If turbine operates at head H1 other than the rated head Hd, the flow admitted by
the turbine will be:
H1
Minimum turbine discharge

Q 1 =Q d
Qmin =
√ Hn
#VALUE! m3/s
Ref: ESHA Guide
MINIMUM TECHNICAL FLOW AND HEAD RANGE OF TURBINES
Turbine Type Qmin (% of Qdesign) Head Range (m)

Francis 50% 25 < Hn < 350
Page 115 of 135

Semi Kaplan 30%

Kaplan 15% 2 < Hn < 40
Pelton 10% 50 < Hn < 1300
Turgo 20% 50 < Hn < 250
Crossflow 5 < Hn < 200
Propeller 75% 2 < Hn < 40
- SPECIFIC SPEED
n √Q
Specific speed of turbine nQE = Ref: ESHA Guide
Where: E3 /4
Rotational speed of turbine n = 5.00 t/s (w.r.to generator speed
" " " " " n = 300.0 rpm i.e. direct coupling)
Specific hydraulic energy of turbine E=9 . 81 H n

Specific hydraulic energy of turbine E = #VALUE! j/kg
Specific speed of turbine nQE = #VALUE! t/s
0 . 0859 1 . 924 2 . 294

Pelton (1 nozzle) nQE = Francis nQE = Kaplan nQE =
H 0n . 243 H 0.
n
512
H 0.
n
486
In pelton turbines the specific speed increases with the square root of the number of jets
PELTON FRANCIS KAPLAN

Specific speed nQE = #VALUE! ### ### t/s
RANGE OF SPECIFIC SPEED FOR EACH TURBINE TYPE
Turbine Type Specific Speed

Pelton one nozzle 0.005 ≤ nQE ≤ 0.025
Pelton 'n' nozzles 0.005 n0.5 ≤ nQE ≤ 0.025 n0.5
Francis 0.05 ≤ nQE ≤ 0.33
Kaplan, Propellers, Bulbs 0.19 ≤ nQE ≤ 1.55
Maximum value of specific speed nQE = 0.330 t/s
Maximum rotational speed of turbine nmax = #VALUE! t/s

" " " " " " nmax = #VALUE! rpm
Max. specific speed of turbine nQE = #VALUE! t/s

in SI units ns = #VALUE! rpm
- RUNNER DIAMETER
PELTON TURBINES
Page 116 of 135

Number of jets / nozzles njet = 2 no.
Diameter of circle describing the buckets centerline D 1 =0 . 68

√ Hn
n
" " " " " D1 = #VALUE! m (n = rotational speed-t/s)
Q 1
Bucket width
" " " " " B2

B 2 =1. 68
=
√ n jet √ H n
#VALUE! m
Ref: ESHA Guide
(for 1 nozzle, 'njet'=1)
Q 1
Nozzle diameter
" " " " " De

De=1. 178
=
√ n jet √ gH
#VALUE! m
Check D1 / B2 > 2.7 = #VALUE! ۩
If this ckech fails than lower the rotational speed or increase the no. of nozzles
2
De
Nozzle discharge Q jet =K v π √ 2 gH
Where;
4 Cp / De Kv
Kv is a function of relative gate opening "a = Cp / De" 0.00 0.00
0.20 0.28
Opening of nozzle Cp = 0.10 m 0.40 0.50
0.60 0.65
Relative opening a = #VALUE! m 0.80 0.73
Coefficient Kv = #VALUE! 1.00 0.77
1.20 0.78
Nozzle discharge Qjet = #VALUE! m /s 3 2.00 0.78
FRANCIS TURBINES
Outer diameter of runner D 3 =84 . 5 ( 0 . 31+2. 488 nQE )

√ Hn
60 n
" " " " " D3 = #VALUE! m
0 . 095
Inlet diameter (smaller)
(
D 1 = 0. 4+
nQE
D3
)
" " " " " D1 = #VALUE! m
D3
Inlet diameter (larger) D2=
0. 96 +0 .3781 nQE
For nQE < 0.164, we can consider D1 = D2
Inlet diameter (larger) D2 = #VALUE! m
Page 117 of 135

KAPLAN TURBINES
Outer diameter of runner De=84 . 5 ( 0 .79+1. 602 nQE )

√ Hn
60 n
" " " " " De = #VALUE! m
0 .0951
Runner hub diameter
(
Di= 0 . 25+
nQE
De
)
" " " " " Di = #VALUE! m
- TURBINE SETTING / SUCTION HEAD
Specific density of water ρ = 1000.0 kg/m3

Altitude of powerhouse site h = 1300.0 m asl
Water vapor pressure P = 880.0 Pa
Outlet average velocity V = 2.0 m/s
Atmospheric pressure at altitude 'h' Ph =P0 e

( mgh
−
kT )
Where:
Atm. pressure at mean sea level P0 = 760 mm of Hg (Mercury)
Avg. mass of air molecule m = 29 amu (for dry air)
Boltzmann constant k = 1.38*10^(-23) J/K
Temperature T = 300 o
K
Atmospheric pressure Ph = #VALUE! Pa
FRANCIS TURBINES
2
V
Cavitation coefficient (Thoma's coeff.) σ =1 .2715 n 1. 41
QE +
2 gH n
" " " " " σ = #VALUE!
Patm −P v V 2
Turbine setting w.r.t. tailwater level H S= + −σH n
ρg 2g
" " " " " HS = #VALUE! m
KAPLAN TURBINES
2
Cavitation coefficient (Thoma's coeff.) V
σ =1 .5241 n1QE. 46 +
2 gH n
" " " " " σ = #VALUE!
Patm −P v V 2
Turbine setting w.r.t. tailwater level H S= + −σH n
ρg 2g
" " " " " HS = #VALUE! m
Page 118 of 135

- NOZZLE DIAMETER FOR PELTON ALTERNATIVE
Daimeter of penstock D = 1.0 m

Length of penstock L = 500.0 m
Flow velocity in penstock V = 6.37 m/s
Coefficient of the nozzle CN = 0.98
D2 D
Diameter of nozzle (for max. energy)
Diameter of nozzle (for max. energy) d

d=
=
√
C N 8 fL
0.12 m
Ref: J. Alen
"Civil Engg. Ref. Book"
Area of nozzle (X-section) a = 0.012 m2

2
D
Velocity in the jet v =V ( )
d
Ref: J. Alen
" " " " " v = 410.32 m/s
Alternatively velocity in jet v =C N √2 gH n Ref: J. Alen

" " " " " v = #VALUE! m/s
3
Energy delivered in the jet ρ av
E=
2
" " " " " E = #VALUE! kN m/s
- GOVERNING CONDITIONS
LV o
Water starting time T w= Ref: C.C. Warnick
gH o
Page 119 of 135

COST ESTIMATES
COST ESTIMATES
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- UNIT RATES (Rs.)
DESCRIPTION UNITS UNIT RATE
Bulk excavation m3 140

Structural excavation m 3
270
Fill / backfill m3 150
Stone apron m3 3700

Stone pitching m 3
3200
Gabion stones (providing & filling) m3 2900
Rubble stone masonry (1:4 C/S Mortar) m 3
3900
Reinforced concrete (1:1.5:3) m3 13600

Rebars steel for RCC (1:1.5:3) Ton 65000
Reinforced concrete (1:2:4) m3 10880
Rebars steel for RCC (1:2:4) Ton 65000
Plain concrete (1:4:8) m 3
4700
Formwork m2 840
PVC Water Stop Ru.m 1300
Joint Sealant Ru.m 870
2-Coats of Hot Bitumen on Contr. Jts. m2 780
Expansion Joint with Pre-moulded Filler / Sealer Ru.m 1370
Cement sand plaster (1:5) m2 235

Hollow blocks each 50
Brick masonry m 3
2900
Steel sheets kg 150

Steel gates kg 100
ɸ 20 mm Galvanized Steel rungs each 1400
Steel Railing Ru.m 4000
Trash racks kg 100
Steel doors m2 2350
Aluminium doors m2 3000
Aluminium windows m2 3000
Page 120 of 135

COST ESTIMATES
Dismentling of cofferdam m3 1000

Dewatering, handling and care of water m 3
210
Turbine assembly / kw 28500

Generators and transformers / kw 33750
Transmission line / km
- ABSTRACT OF COST
DESCRIPTION UNITS QUANTITY RATE AMOUNT (Rs.)
WEIR #VALUE!
Bulk excavation m3 #VALUE! 140 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 270 #VALUE!
Fill / backfill m 3
#VALUE! 150 #VALUE!
Stone apron m3 1000 3700 3700000

Stone pitching m 3
108 3200 345600
Gabion stones (providing & filling) m 3
#VALUE! 2900 #VALUE!
Reinforced concrete (1:2:4) m3 #VALUE! 10880 #VALUE!

Rebars steel for RCC (1:2:4) Ton #VALUE! 65000 #VALUE!
Formwork m2 #VALUE! 840 #VALUE!
PVC Water Stop Ru.m #VALUE! 1300 #VALUE!
Joint Sealant Ru.m #VALUE! 870 #VALUE!
2-Coats of Hot Bitumen on Contr. Jts. m 2
#VALUE! 780 #VALUE!
Steel gates kg #VALUE! 100 #VALUE!

ɸ 20 mm Galvanized Steel rungs each #VALUE! 1400 #VALUE!
Steel Railing Ru.m #VALUE! 4000 #VALUE!
Trash racks kg #VALUE! 100 #VALUE!
Dewatering, handling and care of water m3 30000 210 6300000

Dismentling of cofferdam m 3
Sub-Total (Rs.) #VALUE!
CONNECTING CHANNEL #VALUE!

Bulk excavation m 3
#VALUE! 140 #VALUE!
Structural excavation m3 #VALUE! 270 #VALUE!
Fill / backfill m 3
#VALUE! 150 #VALUE!

Page 121 of 135

COST ESTIMATES

#VALUE! 780 #VALUE!

SANDTRAP & SPILL CHANNEL #VALUE!

Bulk excavation m 3
#VALUE! 140 #VALUE!
#VALUE! 270 #VALUE!
Fill / backfill m 3
#VALUE! 150 #VALUE!

#VALUE! 780 #VALUE!
Steel sheets kg 1563 150 234450

ɸ 20 mm Galvanized Steel rungs each 29 1400 40600
Steel Railing Ru.m #VALUE! 4000 #VALUE!
HEADRACE CHANNEL 329812368

Bulk excavation m 3
24948 140 3492720
40848 270 11028835
Fill / backfill m 3
32898 150 4934665
Reinforced concrete (1:2:4) m3 14228 10880 154795200

Rebars steel for RCC (1:2:4) Ton 1423 65000 92478750
2048 4700 9623250
Formwork m2 49796 840 41828850
PVC Water Stop Ru.m 5000 1300 6500054
Joint Sealant Ru.m 5000 870 4350036
1000 780 780007
Sub-Total (Rs.) 329812368
HEADRACE PIPE (FREE FLOW) 0

Bulk excavation m 3
140 0
Structural excavation m3 270 0
Fill / backfill m 3
150 0
Page 122 of 135

COST ESTIMATES
Reinforced concrete (1:2:4) m3 10880 0

4700 0
Formwork m2 840
780
Steel sheets kg 3902831 150 585424607

Sub-Total (Rs.) 0
HEADRACE PIPE (PRESSURE FLOW) 0

Bulk excavation m 3
140 0
270 0
Fill / backfill m 3
150 0
Reinforced concrete (1:2:4) m3 10880 0

4700 0
Formwork m2 840
780
Steel sheets kg 3902831 150 585424607

Sub-Total (Rs.) 0
FOREBAY & SPILL CHANNEL #VALUE!

Bulk excavation m 3
1562 140 218638
8589 270 2319120
Fill / backfill m 3
5076 150 761327

102 780 79426
Steel sheets kg 1064 150 159663

Steel gates kg 1492 100 149150
Steel Railing m 123 4000 491897
Page 123 of 135

COST ESTIMATES
PENSTOCK & ANCHOR BLOCKS 32998288

Bulk excavation m 3
1134 140 158760
2268 270 612360
Fill / backfill m3 3402 150 510300

Plain concrete (1:4:8) m3 8 4700 39480
Formwork m 2
1387 840 1164941
8 780 6240
Steel sheets kg 157232 150 23584781

POWERHOUSE #VALUE!
Bulk excavation m 3
831 140 116278
4153 270 1121250
Fill / backfill m 3
2492 150 373750
Reinforced concrete (1:1.5:3) m3 29 13600 395673

Rebars steel for RCC (1:1.5:3) Ton 3 65000 189108
Reinforced concrete (1:2:4) m 3
1096 10880 11925646
346 4700 1626504
Formwork m 2
3938 840 3308090
33 780 25458
Cement sand plaster (1:5) m2 49 235 11505

Hollow blocks no. 36719 50 1835950
Steel sheets kg 43121 150 6468114

Steel doors m 2
12.3 2350 28905
Aluminium doors m2 12.3 3000 36900
Aluminium windows m 2
30.75 3000 92250
Miscellaneous works L.S. #VALUE! #VALUE!
Turbine assembly / kw #VALUE! 28500 #VALUE!

Generators and transformers / kw #VALUE! 33750 #VALUE!
TAILRACE CHANNEL 5901700
Page 124 of 135

COST ESTIMATES
Bulk excavation m3 703 140 98431

986 270 266118
Fill / backfill m 3
844 150 126653
Stone pitching m3 25 3200 80000

Plain concrete (1:4:8) m3 58 4700 273893
Formwork m 2
810 840 680684
2-Coats of Hot Bitumen on Contr. Jts. m2 30 780 23609

Total #VALUE!
Contingencies @ ??% #VALUE!
Grand Total (Rs.) #VALUE!
Grand Total (M. Rs.) #VALUE!
Grand Total (M. US $) #VALUE!
- SUMMARY OF COST ESTIMATES
SUB HEAD AMOUNT (M. Rs.) % OF TOTAL
WEIR #VALUE! #VALUE!
CONNECTING CHANNEL #VALUE! #VALUE!
SANDTRAP & SPILL CHANNEL #VALUE! #VALUE!
HEADRACE CHANNEL 329.812 #VALUE!
FOREBAY & SPILL CHANNEL #VALUE! #VALUE!
PENSTOCK & ANCHOR BLOCKS 32.998 #VALUE!
Page 125 of 135

COST ESTIMATES
POWERHOUSE #VALUE! #VALUE!
TAILRACE CHANNEL 5.902 #VALUE!
TOTAL #VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 126 of 135

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
PROJECT ABC PROJECT

RIVER ABC RIVER
REGION PAKISTAN
INPUT
- OPTIMIZATION OF DESIGN DISCHARGE
Power Revenues 0.060 US $ / kWh Cost Fact : 1 -

O&M Cost 1.5 % Net Head : ### m
Interest Rate 10 % Forced Outage : 1 d ( Full Operation )
Life Time 30 Years Increm. Discharge 0.5 m /s3
Construc. Period 3 Years CRF 0.10608 -

11.46 12.36 13.06 13.46 13.60 13.41 13.13 12.61
Design Discharge m3/s 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50
Original Cost Mill US $ 10.66 11.16 11.65 12.24 12.55 12.88 13.10 13.32
Orig. Ann. Energy GWh 26.01 28.95 31.62 34.05 35.23 35.74 35.69 35.12
Installed Capacity MW 3.45 4.00 4.55 5.08 5.45 5.73 5.94 6.06
Energy Reduction GWh ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
Ann. En. (incl.Red.) GWh ### ### ### ### ### ### ### ###
Accum. Factor - 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Present Value Cost Mill US $ 11.8 12.3 12.9 13.5 13.8 14.2 14.4 14.7
Annual Benefits Mill US $ 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
Annual O&M Cost Mill US $ 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Annual (B-O&M) Mill US $ 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.9
Present Value Bene Mill US $ 13.2 14.8 16.2 17.5 18.1 18.4 18.3 18.0
NPV (B-C) Mill US $ 1.5 2.5 3.4 4.0 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.3
Tarrif / kWh US $ / kWh 0.054 0.051 0.049 0.047 0.047 0.048 0.048 0.050
Cost / kW US $ / kW 3407 3077 2828 2658 2543 2481 2434 2424
CRF - 0.119 0.127 0.134 0.138 0.139 0.137 0.135 0.130

1/CRF - 8.392 7.847 7.465 7.260 7.193 7.285 7.430 7.704
C/B (auxilliary Val.) - 8.392 7.848 7.465 7.260 7.193 7.285 7.430 7.704
IRR % 11.46 12.36 13.06 13.46 13.60 13.41 13.13 12.61
Optimized Installed Capacity Popt. = 5.45 MW

Optimized Design Discharge Qopt. = 5.00 m3/s
In te rn al R ate o f Re tu rn %
NPV ( B - C ) M ill US $
5
14.00 5
13.50 4 Page 127 of 135
13.00 4
3
12.50
3
12.00
2
In te rn al R ate o f Re tu rn %
NPV ( B - C ) M ill US $
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
5
14.00 5
13.50 4
13.00 4
3
12.50
3
12.00
2
11.50
2
11.00 1
10.50 1
10.00 0
2.50 3.00 Design
3.50 Discharge
4.00 m3/s 5.00
4.50 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 2.50 3.00 Design 4.00
3.50 Discharge
4.50m3/s
5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00
Page 128 of 135

DESIGN UTILITIES
DESIGN UTILITIES
1 MINIMUM TECHNICAL FLOW AND HEAD RANGE OF TURBINES
Turbine Type Qmin (% of Qdesign) Head Range (m)

Francis 50% 25 < Hn < 350
Semi Kaplan 30%
Kaplan 15% 2 < Hn < 40
Pelton 10% 50 < Hn < 1300
Turgo 20% 50 < Hn < 250
Crossflow 5 < Hn < 200
Propeller 75% 2 < Hn < 40
2 If turbine operates at head H1 other than the rated head Hd, the flow admitted by
the turbine will be:
H1
Rated head Hd =
Q 1 =Q d
65.00
√ Hd
m
Minimum operating head Hmin = 50.00 m
Rated turbine discharge Qd = 4.00 m3/s
Minimum River flow QRmin = 2.80 m3/s
Minimum turbine discharge Qmin = 3.51 m3/s
Preliminary turbine selection PELTON FRANCIS KAPLAN TURGO

Possible selection NO YES NO NO
3 Median grain size of bed material Dm = 1.00 mm
Soil Type Dm (mm) Lacey's silt factor "f"

Large boulders and shingle 129.13 20.00
Boulders and shingle 72.64 15.00
Boulders and gravel 50.44 12.50
Medium boulders, shingle & sand 32.28 10.00
Coarse gravel 26.15 9.00
Gravel 7.28 4.75
Heavy sand 1.29 2.00
Coarse sand 0.73 1.50
Medium sand 0.51 1.25
Standard silt / fine sand 0.32 1.00
Medium silt 0.16 0.70
Fine silt 0.08 0.50
Very fine silt 0.05 0.40
Page 129 of 135

DESIGN UTILITIES
Lacey's silt factor Where Dm = 1 mm

f =1 .76 √ Dm
Lacey's silt factor f = 1.76
4 LACEY'S METHOD - REGIME APPROACH

Flow Q = 19009.2 ft3/s 538.3 m3/s
Bed Width q = 164.0 ft 50.0 m
Flow intensity (unit discharge) q = 115.88 ft3/s/ft (cusec/ft)
Lacey's silt factor f = 1.76

1/3
q2
Scour depth below water surface R=0 . 9( )
f
K Where K= 1.50
Scour depth below water surface R = 26.58 ft 8.10 m
Flow depth d = 4.72 ft 1.44 m
Scour depth below nullah bed S = 21.85 ft 6.66 m
5 INGLIS METHOD - REGIME APPROACH

Scour depth below water surface 0 .71

R=0.93q
Scour depth below water surface R = 14.95 ft (for straight flow)
6 BROWN FORMULA - FOR HILLY AREAS

Design discharge Q = 19009.2 ft3/s 538.3 m3/s
1/2
Width of incised river W =2. 4 Q
Width of incised river W = 330.90 ft
a. Scour depth of rivers subject to sustained floods

3/10
Q
Scour depth below water surface R=1. 32
( )
Cr
b. Scour depth of rivers subject to sudden and short lived floods

3/10
Q
R=1. 0
Cr ( )
Page 130 of 135

DESIGN UTILITIES
c. Scour depth of rivers subject to fluctuating flood throughout the year

3/ 10
Q
R=0 .78
Cr ( )
d. Scour depth of rivers in gorges with inerodible banks and a deep alluvium bed
3/10
Q
( ) Cr
1 /2
Q
For gorge width W ≥2. 4
Cr ( )
d1 Scour depth below water surface R = 22.46 ft 6.85 m
3/5
Q
( )
WC r
1/2
Q
For gorge width W <2 . 4
Cr ( )
d2 Scour depth below water surface R = 20.05 ft 6.11 m
Bed Material Kennedy's velocity ratio Cr

Fine sand 0.80
Medium sand 1.00
Coarse sand 1.25
Fine gravel or Bajri 1.50
Medium gravel 1.75
Coarse gravel 2.00
Small boulders and gravel 2.50
Medium boulders and gravel 3.00
Large boulders and gravel 4.50
7 SCHOKLITSCH EQUATION - FOR D/S SCOUR AT WEIRS

Head across the structure H = 20.00 ft
Praticle size for which 90 % is finer than D90 = 20.00 mm
Downstream mean water depth dm = 15.00 ft
H 0 . 2 q0 . 57
Scour depth below stream bed R=3. 15
( D090.32 ) −d m
Scour depth below stream bed R = 5.45 ft
Page 131 of 135

DESIGN UTILITIES
8 VERONESE EQUATION - FOR D/S SCOUR AT STILLING BASINS

Scour depth below stream bed R=1. 32 ( H 0 .225 q0 .54 )−d m
9 ZIMMERMAN & MANIAK EQUATION - FOR D/S SCOUR AT STILLING BASINS

Praticle size for which 85 % is finer than D85 = 30.00 mm
0 .93
q0 .82 dm
Scour depth below stream bed
D 85 ( )( )
R=1. 95 0 . 23
q2/ 3
−d m
10 ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION
Soil Type Internal Friction Angle "ɸ"

Gravel 35o
Coarse sand 28o
Silty sand 25o
Fine sand 28o
Clayey sand 20o
Silty sand 20o
11 ALVAREZ EQUATION - MAXIMUM FLOW DEPTH IN THE BEND
Maximum depth of flow in bend d max =Edus
Maximum depth of flow in bend dmax = #VALUE! ft

Depth of flow in u/s reach of river dus = 10.00 ft
Coefficient depending on B/R ratio E = #VALUE!
Water surface width in u/s rerach of riverB = 15.00 ft

River bend centerline radius r = 50.00 ft
B/r "E"
0.000 1.27
Page 132 of 135

DESIGN UTILITIES
0.166 1.48
0.200 1.84
0.250 2.20
0.333 2.57
0.500 3.00
12 QUANTITY OF STONE IN APRON

Scour depth below the normal bed level R = 5.00 ft
Quantity of stone in apron QS = 22.50 per ft 4.5 - 10 R
Page 133 of 135

DESIGN UTILITIES
1/3
Q Metric Units
R=0 . 473()
f
2 1/3
q Metric Units
R=1. 35 ( )
f
Page 134 of 135

DRAWINGS MODULE
DON'T MODIFY

Input Sheet - 1: Project Abc Project River Abc River Region Pakistan Design Engineer M. Asif

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Input Sheet - 1: Project Abc Project River Abc River Region Pakistan Design Engineer M. Asif

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INPUT SHEET - 1

PROJECT ABC PROJECT

Length of connecting channel 100 m L-Slope of conn. channel 0.50 %

No. of sandtrap chambers 2 no. Height to width ratio 1.20

Type of headrace CHANNEL Propose dia. / bed width of HR 2.50 m

Length of penstock 500 m Proposed dia. of penstock 1.00 m

Type of turbine FRANCIS name Effeciency of turbine 90 %

PROJECT ABC PROJECT

INPUT Thickness of PCC blinding layer 0.1 m

FLOW DURATION CURVE MONTHLY FLOWS WEIR

PROJECT ABC PROJECT

INSTALLED CAPACITY #VALUE! MW Net Head = #VALUE! m

WATER LEVELS BED LEVELS

WEIR 40.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! - #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 1462.50

SANDTRAP 3.40 4.10 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

FOREBAY 20.00 8.00 48.86 0.006 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

PENSTOCK 1.00 1.00 500.00 26.973 #VALUE! 1300.50 #VALUE! 1300.50

TAILRACE 2.50 2.20 150.00 - 1299.29 1299.14 1297.69 1297.54

All dimensions in meters and levels in m.a.s.l.

PROJECT ABC PROJECT

STATUS OF DESIGN CHECKS

Discharge Freeboard Slope Velocity

Length Velocity Spillway Flushing

Submergence Discharge Wall thickness Velocity

Capacity Spillway Flushing Trashrack

Submergence wall thickness Manifold Hoop stress

ABC PROJECT ANNUAL ENERGY

Design Discharge QD = 5.00 m3/sec

No. & Type of Units = 3 FRANCIS

Design Discharge (single unit) Qunit = 1.67 m3/sec

Net Head Hn = #VALUE! m GROSS POWER ### MW

Turbine Efficiency at QD hT = 90.0% ANNUAL ENERGY ### GWh

Generator Efficiency hG = 96.3% PLANT FACTOR ### %

Transformer Efficiency hTr = 98.0%

Annual Shutdown TAS = 20 days

Flushing Period (for storage projects) TFL = 0 days

PERIOD TURBINE - 1 TURBINE - 2 TURBINE - 3

PERIOD TURBINE - 1 TURBINE - 2 TURBINE - 3

PERIOD TURBINE - 1 TURBINE - 2 TURBINE - 3

PERIOD TURBINE - 1 TURBINE - 2 TURBINE - 3

PERIOD TURBINE - 1 TURBINE - 2 TURBINE - 3

MEAN ANNUAL ENERGY (GWh) = #VALUE!

Annual Downtime Losses (20 days closure) = 5.5%

Actual Mean Annual Energy (GWh) = #VALUE!

Plant Factor = #VALUE!

ABC PROJECT DETAIL DESIGN

PROJECT ABC PROJECT CONDUIT DIA. 1.00 m TURBINES 3 No.

including shutdown gated weir friction + shutdown

DESIGN OF TYROLEAN WEIR

PROJECT ABC PROJECT

Design discharge for power generation QA = 5.00 m3/s

Contraction coefficient for trashrack µ = 0.85 (round bars)

For un-controlled ogee crest Q=CLS H 3/ 2

Design flood discharge (100 years) Q100 = 400.0 m3/s

Flood surcharge over the crest He = #VALUE! m

0.0 #VALUE! #VALUE!

Add the sandtrap flushing discharge i.e. 20 % of Turbine flow

Sloped length of trashrack LI = #VALUE! m

Depth of u/s stone apron below NSL = 0.00 m

Height of overflow section above rack hof = 0.50 m

Required bed El: of stilling basin ELBS = 1463.50 m a.s.l.

Thickness of stilling basin floor at start tsb1 = 1.00 m

Length of stone aprons LSA = 10.00 m