‘Extraction and Analysis of Cannabinoids: A Review’

Report submitted for summer internship in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Science
in

Forensic Science

Submitted by

Yash Kamboj

B.Sc. Semester V

Enrollment No: A51605918039

Academic Session: 2018–2021

Supervisor:

Mr. Ravi Rathi

Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Forensic Science

Amity School of Applied Sciences (ASAS)

Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon.

 UNDERTAKING

I hereby declare that this report entitled “Extraction and Analysis of Cannabinoids: A Review”

submitted to Amity School of Applied Sciences, Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, for the

award of the degree of B.Sc. Forensic Science is carried out under the supervision of Mr. Ravi

Rathi.

June, 2020 Yash

Manesar, Gurugram Enrollment No. A51605918039

B.Sc. Forensic Science

Amity Institute of Applied Science

Amity University Haryana

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work contained in this report entitled “Extraction and Analysis of

Cannabinoids: A Review”, submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of

the degree of B.Sc. Forensic Science is an authentic record of work carried out by Yash Kamboj

under the supervision of Mr. Ravi Rathi.

_______________
Mr. Ravi Rathi
Department of Chemistry
Biochemistry & Forensic Science
Amity School of Applied Science
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to Prof. A.K Yadav (HOI) and DR. Seema R Pathak (HOD) for providing the
Opportunity of summer internship on various organizations and topics. I wish to express my
sincere gratitude and a special thanks to my supervisor Mr. Ravi Rathi who suggested me to do
internship on this particular topic and helped me throughout in the making of this report by
sharing his ideas and thoughts with me especially during this tough time of pandemic. I convey
my heartily thanks to my parents and my friends who provided me moral and emotional support
along the way.
CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. METHODOLOGY

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5. CONCLUSIONS

6. REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION

TOXICOLOGY

The word “ Toxicology” is derived from the Greek word “Toxicon” which was used as a
poisonous substance in arrowheads (2001). Traditionally, the toxicology is defined as the
science embodying the knowledge, source, character, fatal effect, lethal dose, analysis of
poisons and the remedial measures. A poison is defined as a substance, which is capable
of producing injury or death when absorbed. Appropriate dosage can differentiate poison
and also the remedial measures. All chemicals can produce injury or death under certain
conditions Hence, a poison can be defined as a substance that is capable of producing
detrimental effects on a living organism. As a result, there may be a change in the
structure of the substance or functional processes, which may injury or even death. The
toxicologist is specially a trained expert to examine the role of such substances and their
adverse effects. The variety of potential adverse effects and the diversity of chemicals
present in our environment contribute to make toxicology a very broad field of science.
Therefore, toxicologists are usually specialists to handle various areas of toxicology. The
professional activities of toxicologist fall into four main categories i.e. Forensic, Industrial,
and Environmental Toxicology. Forensic toxicology emerged as a hybrid of analytical
Chemistry and toxic principle effects. Forensic toxicologists are also primarily concerned
with the medico - legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on human and animals.
The expertise of forensic toxicologistsis primarily utilized in establishing the cause of death
and elucidating its circumstances in post - mortem investigation. The work of forensic
toxicologist is therefore considered as highly complicated as small quantities of poisons
and their metabolites are to be isolated, purified and quantified from a highly complex
matrices. Their are various type of cases encountered under the toxicology division for
toxicological analysis.
2. Review of Literature

Thin - Layer Chromatography- The history of thin-layer chromatography is an excellent

example of how scientific advances directly follow the achievements of previous
contributors. Over the past century, TLC has been characterized by a number of important
milestones, each enabling new possibilities in analytical chemistry.
Merck’s Role in the History of Thin – Layer Chromatography
Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany introduced the first pre – coated plates on the market.
And we continue to develop innovative products to meet the requirements of today’s
demanding TLC and HPTLC applications. We offered reliable TLC plates in a wide range
of chemistries, sizes and backing to suit a variety of requirements. They combine robustness
with the highest surface homogeneity for unsurpassed separation performance. HPTLC
plates provide even greater sensitivity, and facilitate standardization and validation
procedures.
1900s: History of Thin Layer Chromatography – The Beginning
Chromatography was first used in Russia by the Italian – born scientist Mikhail Tsvet in
1903. He continued to work with chromatography in the first decade of the 20th century,
primarily for the separation of plant pigments, such as chlorophyll, carotenes, and
xanthophyll’s. Since these components have different colors ( green, orange and yellow,
respectively) they gave the technique its name. New types of chromatography, developed
during the 1930s and 1940s, made the separation technique useful for many other
applications.
1941: History of Thin – Layer Chromatography - Partition Chromatography
The mid – 20th century saw an explosion of research in new chromatographic techniques,
particularly thanks to the work of Archer John Porter Martin and Richard Laurence
Millington Synge. Martin and synge developed partition chromatography to separate
chemicals with only slight differences in partition coefficients between two liquid solvents.
The first reported use of thin layer was in 1938 by two Russian scientists, N.A.Izmailov
and M.S.Scheriber. They separated plant extracts on a slurried adsorption medium spread
to a 2-mm-thick layer by spotting an alcoholic plant extract in the center of the layer and
the observing rings as the solution spread. This work was reviewed in 1941 by O’L
Crowe, who reported that he and his colleagues had been using a thin layer of adsorbent
in a petri dish and had achieved similar results. The fledgling technique was then improved
by the addition of binders to the sorbents. This was first reported in Analytical Chemistry
by J.E.Meinhard and N.F.Hall in 1949.
1947: History of Thin Layer Chromatography - TLC
J . G. Kirchner and his colleagues at the U.S.A. Department of Agriculture were working
to determine the chemistry of orange and grapefruit flavors. Kircher and his team found
that silicic acid bound with amioca starch created a satisfactory layer for TLC. He continued
his work with sorbent layers on glass plates and developed TLC essentially as we know
it today. Kirchner also observed that in order to obtain reproducible results, conditions had
to be standardized.

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ( GC/MS )

The coupling of a gas chromatograph (GC) a mass spectrometer (MS) was motivated by
a desire to combine complementary features of the two analytical tools: the gas
chromatograph (GC) provided a means of separating the components of a mixture into
sequentially eluting individual pure compounds, while the mass spectrometer provided
powerful means of identifying pure unknowns. The success of GC/MS analysis of complex
organic mixtures was further facilitated by a compatible feature shared by both analytical
tools: they use small sample amounts in the gas phase. Several.
In the mid – 1950s, however, two serious impediments to the marriage of these analytical
tools persisted in the instrumentation technology: the instruments operated at vastly different
pressure and on vastly different analysis timetables. The gas chromatograph outlet was at
atmospheric pressure and the mass spectrometer inlet was at ~1 Pa or lower. A less
daunting problem was that gas chromatographic peaks eluted from the column with peak
widths on the order of seconds, whereas scanning the mass spectrum required the better
part of a minute. Overcoming these incompatibilities required nearly a decade before the
combined instrument became the powerful analytical tool in use in labs throughout the
world today.
The dominant mass spectrometer of the mid – 1950s was a single focusing magnetic sector
instrument, typically scanning the accelerating voltage by exponential decay to obtain a
mass spectrum. The vacuum system overall had low pumping speed, although the source
and analyzer regions were differentially pumped. However, years later. The earliest report
in the literature date from 1957, in which the effluentfrom the gas chromatograph was
added connected to the mass spectrometer by a suitable capillary. These can speed
limitation was overcome by the modification of consolidated electrodynamics 21-103B mass
spectometre to display a 16 mass unit range of the mass spectrum of an oscilloscope. Despite
the limitation of this approach, it was used for the analysis of compound in tobacco smoke.
In the same yearresearcher and backmen intruments reported a combined GC/MS intruments
based on an Rf mass spectrometer capable rapidly producing mass spectra 12 to 100 dt and
also on oscilloscope.

HPLC( High Performance Liquid Chromatography )

Today, high performance liquid chromatography is used across many industries. From
pharmaceuticals manufacturing to detecting trace elements for quality control, HPLC
is an
important pillar of many thriving industries. But it was not always this way. While the
groundwork for the development of HPLC was the first laid out over the years
through
a number of important breakthroughs. If you are planning to pursue HPLC training, read
on to learn more about the history of liquid chromatography. And find out how
each new development helped pave the way to the current technology we know and
use.

1903 : The Beginning of Chromatography

The history of HPLC was first started in early 20th century, in the year 1903. That was
pigments.
He separated the plant pigments through a glass tube filled with powered chalk. That chalk
acted as an original stationary phase - the phase that helps separate compounds in
chromatography. Unlike current methods of HPLC, Tsvet did not push compounds through
the stationary phase. Instead, early form of chromatography used only gravity to help the
compounds make their way through the stationary phase. As a result, it was a much slower
process than what professionals with HPLC training know today.
Each separated pigment was also a different color, which is why Tsvet called the technique
chromatography because “ Chroma’ means colour.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography

During the 1970s, new breakthroughs in chromatography technology helped refine this
popular technique even more. It was at this time that pumps were developed to help push
the liquid phase and compounds through the stationary phase. As a result, the
compounds were able to pass through and be separated more quickly. It was called high
performance – or in some cases high pressure - liquid chromatography.

Figure 1 : Instrument of HPLC in the laboratory.

The technique of HPLC has become extremely important to separation science. In fact, it
is not a special type of chromatography, it is rapid technique and methodology applicable
to all kind of chromatography method such as adsorption, ion – exchange, partition and
exclusion chromatography. If one compare HPLC and GC from the point of view of speed
and simplicity of equipments, GC is better. However for isolation of non volatile material
including organic ion, thermally unstable material, HPLC is preferable.

UV – Vis Spectrophotometer
In the 1930s, scientist found the phenomenon of absorpting of ultraviolet light on Vitamin
A, while researching the content of vitamin in the army rations. The research finally lead
out the commercial UV – Vis spectrophotometer in the early 1940s
In 1941, Beckman Instruments Inc. Launched the first commercial UV – visible
spectrophotometer. This spectrophotometer which takes several hours or even days, which
was in the past. Although the modern UV – Vis spectrophotometer has been quite different
then this historical one, however, the basic principle of operations is very much similar.
It measures the light flux difference before and after passing the sample, according to the
amount of the light is absorbed by the liquid sample, one can measure characteristics of
the sample. The modern UV – Vis spectrophotometer ( hereafter referred to as UV – Vis,
equal to UV / Vis ), has been developed in several types of architectures, in order to fit
to different testing requirement. There are two main types of UV – Vis, Dispersive and
Photodiode Array.

Figure 2 : Instrument of UV – Vis Spectrophotometer.

1. Dispersive UV – Vis uses a diffraction grating ( it is a wavelength selector ) to filter the

white light in to a single wavelength light before the light is led into detector. A
diffraction grating is called “ Monochromator “ , in the past, a Monochromator can be a
prism, but now it is rare.
2. Photodiode Array UV – Vis has the white light directly pass through the sample, and
then use the light dispersion to break down the light into different wavelengths, and
each individual light dispersion to break down the light into different wavelengths, and
each individual light with different wavelength is senses by the Photodiode Array.
The modern dispersive type UV – Vis spectrophotometer technologies are designed based
on the number of light source and detector, which can be divided into two types;
Single Beam: Composed by a single light source, Monochromator, a cuvette, and a detector.
The simple structure brings the cheapest price.
 Figure 3 : Single bream UV - Vis Spectrophotometer

Double Beam: There are two light sources, two detectors. ACTTR Technology introduced
UV1901 series UV – Vis spectrophotometer, is designed based on this framework. It has
not only the excellent performance, but also the price is pretty economic, which is a cost
– effective instrument for most of the industries and research organizations. The future of
UV – Vis Spectrophotometer will still go on and on. The evolution of this technology will
be developed towards to “easy- to-use”, “application – specific” direction. Furthermore, the
application field for the analysis of solid samples, such as solar cell research, semiconductor
products, as well as the coating materials, etc.,UV/VIS Spectrophotometer is still the most
common usage. Beside, the evolution of the light source such as the LED light source, it
also brought the new future for UV/VIS Spectrophotometer. This new light source, not
only have the opportunity to improve the traditional UV/VIS Spectrophotometer, it also
brings the brand future for the handheld spectrophotometer, which will bring new
applications as well. The remote detector can take out of the laboratory. These technologies
is on the way and will be brought to us in the way and will be brought to us in the
near future.
 Figure 4 : Double beam UV - Vis Spectrophotometer )

FTIR ( Fourier – transform infrared spectroscopy )

This optical device was invented in 1880 by Albert Abraham Michelson. He was awarded
the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907 for accurately measuring the wavelength of light using
his interferometer. Michelson was the first American to win a Nobel Prize, and was
instrumental in establishing the United States as a first – rate scientific power.
The Michelson interferometer was not originally designed to perform infrared spectroscopy.
It was designed to test the existence of a illuminiferous aether”, a medium through which
light wave were through to propagate. In the famous Michelson – Morley experiment,
Michelson used his interferometer to show there is no evidence for the existence of a
Iluminiferous aether. This prompted the question the questioning of the entire foundation
of physics up to that time, and eventually lead to Einstein’s discovery of special relativity.
In a sense the Michelson – Morley experiment product the most famous “negative” result
in the entire history of science.
Since the 1960s many other companies have begun manufacturing and selling FTIRs in
the United States. The mid – 1970s saw the entry of Nicolet instruments of Madison,
Wisconsin into the FTIR business, who quickly became one of the largest FTIR
manufactures.
Figure 5 : Instrument of FTIR in the laboratory.

3. Methodology

How to receive a case ?

Whenever a case is received in the laboratory for analysis, various things are checked
before receiving the case.
The cases which are most likely to be encountered are poisoning, liquor and arson cases.
The evidences which are most commonly sent to the chemistry/ toxicology division are:

 Viscera and blood for the analysis of poisoning in poisoning cases.

 Liquor to analyze the presence of alcohol or for estimation of the percentage of

alcohol present in the sample.

 Blood / urine to analyze it for the presence of alcohol and to find out the
percentage of alcohol present in the sample.

 Fuel oil or ashes in arson cases.

For the evidences which are sent for analysis to the laboratory a file is prepared with
respect to their cases. Usually the documents in the file are same but some of the document
differ according to type of case and the type of evidence.
While receiving a case, it has been checked that the parcels should be sealed and there
should not be any sign of internal mishandling. Seals on the parcel should be intact and
must be similar to the attested specimen seals providing by the forwarding authority.
Number of parcels should be in accordance with the forwarding authority. Number of
parcels should be in accordance with the forwarding memo. In poison cases a copy of
MLC/PMR, letter from the medical officer and the sample seal on a piece of cloth duly
signed by the medical officer should be sent along with the docket. If the evidence of
viscera, then 25 – 35 form should be checked and if it is a case with liquor bottles as
evidence then form number 29 should be checked.

Analysis of evidences

To analyse the evidences in the laboratory they perform various test and at that time they
have to use instrumentation techniques also. Following are some of the tests mentioned:-

Density meter:

This instrument helps us in measuring the density of the sample.

Working Principle

The sample to be measured is filled into a U- shaped tube which is induced to vibrate.
The Eigen frequency of the oscillation of the U-tube is influenced by the mass and therefore
by the density of the sample.
The higher the density of the sample inside the cell, the lower the oscillation frequency

The oscillation frequency of the U- shaped filled with a sample can be expressed as
follows:

T=2

P = density of the sample in the cell.

Vc = internal volume of the U-Tube.
mc = mass of the empty U-Tube.
K = U- Tube specific constant.

Thin layer Chromatography:-

TLC is a type of planar chromatography. It is semi quantitative method consisting of

analysis.
Principle
Similar to other planer chromatographic methods, thin layer chromatography is also based
on the principle of separation.
 1. The separation depends on the relative affinity of compounds towards stationary
and the mobile phase.
2. The compounds under the influence of the mobile phase ( driven by capillary )
travel over the surface of the stationary phase. During this movement, the compounds
with higher affinity to stationary phase travel slowly while the others travel faster.
Thus, separation of compounds in the mixture is achieved.
3. Once separation occurs, the individual components are visualized as spots at a
respective level on the plate. Their nature or character are identified by means of
suitable detection techniques.

System Components

TLC system components consists of:-

1. TLC Plate:- TLC plates ready made with a stationary phase. These are stable and
surface layer. The stationary phase on the plates is of uniform thickness and is in a
fine particle size.
2. TLC Chamber:- This is used for the development of TLC plate. The chamber maintains
a uniform environment inside for proper development of spots. It also prevents the
evaporation of solvents, and keeps the process dust free.
3. Mobile phase:- This comprises of a solvent or solvent mixture. The mobile phase used
should be particulate-free and of the highest purity for proper development of TLC
spots. The solvents recommended are chemically inert with the sample, a stationary
phase.

Working procedure

The stationary phase is applied onto the plate uniformly and then allowed to dry and
stabilize. These days, however, ready-made plates are preferred.

1. With a pencil, a thin mark is made at the bottom of the plate to apply the sample
spots.
2. Then, samples solutions are applied on the spots with the help of capillary, marked
on the line in equal distances.
3. The mobile phase is poured into the TLC chamber to a leveled few centimeters
above the chamber bottom.
4. Now, the plate prepared with the sample spotting is placed in TLC chamber so that
the side of the plate with the sample line is facing the mobile phase. Then the
chamber is closed with a lid.
5. The plate is then immersed, such that the sample spot are well above the level of
mobile phase ( but not immersed in the solvent ) for development.
6. Allow sufficient time for the development of spots. Then remove the plates and
allow them to dry. The sample spots can now be seen in a suitable UV light
chamber.

This technique is used for the analysis of poison. The extract of sample poison is prepared
by dissolving it with suitable solvent. A spot of this sample extract is spotted on the plate
along with the standard at a distance. Then it is allowed to run in the TLC chamber with
the suitable solvent. After sometime the plate is taken and dried. Then it is viewed in the
UV/Vis chamber.

UV Spectrophotometry:

\We can also perform UV Spectrophotometry to confirm that the sample is turpentine.
First of all suitable system is required. In this case it is methanol. Take methanol in a
cuvette and run the spectrophotometer to get a blank reading. This is done to nullify the
effect of methanol in the sample.
After that take your standard ( resin ) and dissolve it in methanol. Now take some of it
in another cuvette and run the spectrophotometer. This gives us a peak. Take out the
cuvette with the standard and now fill it with the sample specimen dissolved in methanol.
Run the spectrophotometer and observe the peak. If it overlaps or if it shows exact same
curve as that of standard then the sample is turpentine.

The result is as follows:-

Figure 8 : Peaks of Reference and Questioned sample after doing UV – Vis

Spectrophotometry analysis.

Tests for Cannabis

Cannabis is a plant, which widely distributed throughout the temperate and tropical zones
of the world. Most countries have reported illegal growth and traffic or herbal products,
which are obtained from the plant Cannabis Sativa L. It is a traditional belief only
fruiting and flowering tops and leaves of the cannabis plant contain significant quantities
of the psychotropic constituents. They are known as “ drug containing parts”.
Female plant are very leafy up to the top, where as male plants have leaves on the
inflorescence fewer and much further apart.
 a) Ganja:- Ganja means the flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis plant ( excluding
the seeds and leaves ).
b) Bhang:- Bhang consist older and mature leaves. It is also used by boiling in water
and adding butter cases of addiction have not reported. It dec. the blood sugar,
hence increases appetite.
c) Cannabis Resin ( Charas ):- The herbal material is threshed, often against a wall.
This process is done to separate the resin producing parts of the plant from those
parts which do not produce resin, and are therefore low in psychoactive constituents.
Particles of cannabis resin and of cannabis leaves, as well as cannabis seeds become
detached from fibrous parts of the plant.
d) Liquid Cannabis ( Hashish oil ): liquid cannabis is dark viscous oil with
characteristics odour. When diluted with organic solvents, it becomes either green
colour or brown coloured solution. Liquid cannabis is liquid extract of either herbal
cannabis material or of Cannabis; the extract is often concentrated prior to trafficking.
Presumptive Tests:-

Duquenois – Levine Test

Reagents: solution 1 : 5 drops of acetaldehyde and 0.4g of vanillin are dissolved in 20ml
of 95 % ethanol. ( Store in cool and dark place and discard if assumes a deep yellow
colour ).
Solution 2: concentrated HCL.
Solution 3: Chloroform
Method:
Place small amount of suspected material in a test tube. Add 2 ml of solution 1. Shake
for 1 minute. Add 2 ml of solution 2 & shake the mixture. Allow it to stand for 10
minutes. If colour develops then add 2 ml of solution 3.
Violet colour in the lower chloroform layer indicates the presence of cannabis.

Figure 9 : Confirmatory test of Cannabis.

Test for differentiation between Bhang, Ganja & Charas

Reagents:
Reagent 1: p – aminophenol ( 1 mg in ethanol 10 ml )
Reagent 2: Caustic potash ( 1g ) in distilled water ( 10ml )
Method:
extract the suspected material of cannabis in ethanol. Take a drop of extract in a cavity
of a spot plate or in a micro tube, add 2 drops of chromogenic reagent 1 and mix
throroghly followed by addition of 2 drops of reagent 2.

Bhang gives green colour, ganja gives blue colour while Charas gives violet colour.

figure 10 : Test for differentiation b/w Bhang, Ganja & Charas.

Test for Charas:

Charas is made from the resin of the cannabis plant. It means the separate resins obtained
from the cannabis plant.
Figure 11 : Samples of Charas.

Distillation:
Distillation of Charas is done in the medium of diethyl ether for three times. Then distillate
is taken in the beaker and placed on the hot plate at the temperature 50 – 80 degree
celcius. When only extract of Charas is remain then it is taken for the TLC and FTIR.

Figure 12 : Distillation process for the Charas.

Thin Layer Chromatography:

Plate: 0.25mm thick silica gel aluminum plate having fluorescing additive with fluoresces
at 254nm.
Size of spots: 2mm.
Developing solvents/ mobile phase: Toluene.
Preparation of solution of sample: After distillation of Charas by digestion method and
after heating, the extract of charas remains in the breaker. Now liquefy the charas sample
by adding chloroform. Shake it well for proper mixing. Keep for 30 minutes at room
temperature. Use the supernatant extract for application.
Visualization:
Dry the plate prior to visualization at room temperature or more quickly by use of hot
air blower.
Visualization methods:
• UV light.
• Fast blue B salt spray.
Reagents: Dissolve 50mg of fast blue B salt in 20ml of 0.1N NaOH.
Dissolve sodium carbonate in acetone solution.
After running the TLC plate, spray the TLC plate with spray reagent and let the plate
drying for 5 minutes.

Figure 13 : Visualization of different components of Charas after doing TlC.

FTIR Spectroscopy
After distillation of charas by the digestion process. Heat the sample on hot plate at
temperature between 50 – 80 degree celcius. When only extract of charas remains we
perform FTIR Spectroscopy.
• 1st set the background and we put the sample id that is the case no. of the sample.
• Now place a little bit of charas extract and put it on the diamond crystal of the
instrument.
• Now, scan the sample. A graph will be shown on the screen with the list of all
constituents of the given charas sample.
• Now compare the principles peaks.
• By comparing the IR spectrum of the substance with the IR spectrum of the already
present in the inbuilt library.

Figure 14 : Graph formation of Charas sample after doing FTIR analysis.

Figure 15 : Graph of charas showing different component of charas after doing

the FTIR analysis.
4. Results and Discussion

I learned the importance of different type of chromatographic methods and their use in
particular substance and case. This internship training provide me an opportunity to study
different types of instruments. Just because of this summer internship training I came to
know about different types of drugs and their origin and their use and abuse and how
people use these drugs for their own enjoyment and mood alteration. I also came to know
about different method of taking drugs. Kinetic profiles and pharmacokinetic parameters of
THC and its metabolites in plasma, oral fluid and urine were described to provide estimations of
THC concentration from oral fluid concentration is not available regardless of large observed
concentrations in this biological fluid. On the hand urine THCCOOH concentrations could
estimate plasma THC concentrations. However, THCCOOH is a metabolite whose development
presented also a wide variability of concentrations and moreover is an inactive metabolite, will not
reflect performance impairment.

5. Conclusion

Overall, internship is a really good program that is the part of my bachelor’s degree. It
helps me to enhance and develop my skills, abilities, and knowledge. It was a good
experience as not only I have gained, but also new knowledge in practical field. This
experience brought out my strength and also the areas I needed to make up. It added
more confidence to my professional approach built a stronger positive attitude and taught
me how to work in different situations. The primary objective of an internship is to gather
a real life working experience and put their theoretical knowledge in practice. My experience
at was highly educative one. At last this internship has given me new insights and
motivation to pursue a career in Forensic department.

6. References
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identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products; 2013.

2. Augsburger M, Donze N, Menetrey A, Brossard C, Sporkert F, Giroud C, Mangin P (2012)

Concentration of drugs in blood of suspected impaired drivers. Forensic Sci Int 153(1):11–
15. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.025

3. Menetrey A, Augsburger M, Giroud C, Mangin P (2015) Cannabis and automobile driving.

Praxis 90(34):1398–1407

4. Ramaekers JG, Kauert G, Theunissen EL, Toennes SW, Moeller MR (2009)

Neurocognitive performance during acute THC intoxication in heavy and occasional
cannabis users. J Psychopharmacol 23(3):266–277. doi:10.1177/0269881108092393
5. Huestis MA, Gustafson RA, Moolchan ET, Barnes A, Bourland JA, Sweeney SA, Hayes
EF, Carpenter PM, Smith ML (2007) Cannabinoid concentrations in hair from documented
cannabis users. Forensic Sci Int 169(2–3):129–136. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.005

6. Daldrup T, Käferstein H, Köhler H, Maier R, Musshoff F (2010) Deciding between one

off/occasional and regular cannabis consumption. Blutalkohol 37(1):39–47
7. John Kelly (2008), False Positives Equal False Justice, GCMS,148(25)-1026.
8. Dayanandan, P. and Kaufman, P.B. (2015), Trichomes of Cannabis sativa L.
(Cannabaceae), Amer. J. Bot. 63(5), 578-591
9. De Meijer, E.P.M et al. (2014), Characterization of Cannabis accessions with regard to
cannabinoid content in relation to other plant characteristics, Euphytica, 62, 187-200
10. Mishcier I , Johanson S , Dadario Raxi (2007) cannabis and effects of it on body, the way it
changes your mind, Russ, Forensic Sci 321(8-2)3:197-578