INTERPRETING WORKING DRAWINGS BY TYPES AND

RELATIONSHIPS

a. Building Symbols
✓ Architectural Graphic Symbols-

✓ Plumbing Symbols- industrial piping:

designed to carry liquids and gases used
in manufacturing processes; plumbing:
piping used in commercial and
residential applications, designed to
✓ Interior Walls
carry fresh water, liquid, solid wastes,
and gases.

✓ Material Symbols- used to represent TYPES OF BUILDING DRAWINGS

materials or contents on floor plans,
elevations, and detail drawings.
a. Proposal Drawing- first plan drawn, more of
sketch
b. Submission Drawings/Architectural Drawings-
submitted drawings are in the process to be
approved, rectified, rejected.
Purpose:
1. To develop design into a coherent
proposal
2. To communicate ideas and concept
3. To convince clients of the merits of
the design
4. To enable contractor to construct it
c. Working Drawing- a drawing or blueprint based
on explanation; approved and can be executed;
provides graphical & dimensional information;
contractors use this data to build their work or
for assemblage required; can be in the form:
architectural drawings, civil drawings, electrical
✓ Electrical Symbols- prepared by drawings, mechanical drawings, etc.; consist of
electrical drafters; symbols not two dimensional orthogonal projections,
standardized, hence requires legend in including section plans and elevations; can be
plan. drawn by hand, CAD (Computer-Aided
Drawing), BIM (Building Information Modelling,
used for 3D representation).
d. Completion Drawings- ito ‘yung drawings na
sinasubmit ng mga contractor; after the project
is finished, change, modifications, etc. sa
working drawing, dito pinapakita. For every
change, there should be record of approval.
SITE PLAN- shows contours, boundaries, roads, utilities,
structures, etc.; shows location of the proposed
structure in outline; shows corner locations relative to
reference lines. This may include:
1. Buildings to be demolished/removed/modify
etc.
2. Extent of earthworks, included, cutting, and
filling, the provision of retaining walls, etc.
3. General layout of external services, i.e.,
drainage, water, gas, electricity, telephone,
manhole covers, etc.
4. Layout of external lighting
5. Location of miscellaneous external component,
i.e., fire hydrants, signage, litter bins, etc.
FLOOR PLAN- views of building as though cutting planes
were made through the building horizontally; the
cutting plane is generally taken 5 feet, 0 inch (5’0”)
above the floor being shown; scale drawings; shows
relationship between rooms, spaces, physical features
viewed above; don’t hold enough info for builders to
actually construct structure; provides room layout &
conceptual starting point.
✓ Space Planning- important in new
structures; determine how to use space
more efficiently.
✓ 7 STEPS TO FLOOR PLANNING
1. List requirements- needs and wants
of those who will be occupying the
buildings.
2. Measure- make sure you have the
correct measurements.
3. Scale- floor plans should be drafted
in scales.
4. Think about sightlines- purpose of
space, think of it.
5. Render it- organize your plan.
6. Evaluate- review the wants & needs
list; evaluate spatial arrangement;
analyzing circulation; usable space;
privacy; accessibility.
7. Share- double check with each
other.
✓ IMPORTANCE OF FLOOR PLANS
1. Shows relationships between rooms
and spaces.
2. Communicate how one can move
through a property.
3. Essential part in real state marketing,
home building, home design, interior
design, architectural projects.
4. Communicate the ideas more clearly.
5. Shows the potential of the layout
6. Demonstrate the scale and scope of a
project to a home builder or contractor,
hence more accurate pricing.
FOUNDATION AND FLOOR FRAMING PLANS
a. Foundation Plan- Plan view drawing, in section,
showing the location and size of footings, piers,
columns, foundation walls, supporting beams;
based on floor plans, plot plans, elevation
plans/drawings; before drawing foundation
plans, examine first floor plan for exterior walls,
elevation plans should also consider in drawing
foundation plan for stepped footings, retaining
walls, and problem related to grade of the land.
✓ TYPES OF FOUNDATION PLAN
✓ A. SHALLOW FOUNDATION
1. Individual Footing/Isolated
Footing
1.1. Pad Footing
1.2. Stepped Footing
1.3. Sloped Footing
2. Combined Footing
3. Spread Footing/ Strip
footing and wall footing (or
just spread footing)
4. Raft of Mat Foundations-
parang net; support loads
from columns and walls;
used to prevent differential
settlement.
B. DEEP FOUNDATION
5. Pile Foundation- type of
deep foundation; used to
transfer heavy loads from the
structure to a hard rock strata
much deep below ground level;
used for construction wherein
soil is not suitable for heavy
loads
6. Drilled Shaft or Caisson
Foundation- a type of deep
foundation; similar to pile
foundation; high capacity cast-
in-situ foundation; resists loads
from structure through shaft
resistance, toe resistance,
and/or combination of the two;
construction through the use of
auger; isa sa mga ginamit na
foundation because of swampy
unpredicted soil sa CSPC—
Maam Mary.
FRAMING PLANS- must specify the sizes and spacing of
joists, girders, and columns used to support the floor;
shows anchoring joists and girders to the columns and
foundation walls or footings, when detail drawings are
needed; provides structural information, i.e., joist
location, spacing of direction, floor heights, and stair
openings.
 FLOOR FRAMING IN WOOD PLATFORM
1. Subfloor
2. Blocking
3. Framed opening
4. Heading, rim, or band joist
5. Still plates
6. Girder or beam
7. Column and footing
8. Joist
9. Poured concrete foundation wall
10. Footing
SLAB (Reinforced Concrete Slab)- crucial structural
element; provide flat surfaces (floor and ceiling in
buildings); classified into one-way slab & two-way slab.
A. ONE-WAY SLAB- supported in two sides and the
ratio of long to short span is greater than two;
supported by beams in two sides to carry loads
𝑙 entrance; schematic diagram, legend
along 1 direction; 𝑏 ≥ 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙 =
𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛, 𝑏 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
B. TWO-WAY SLAB- supported on four sides and
the ratio of long to short span is smaller than
𝑙 isometric diagram, detail of lavatory connection, detail
two; < 2; supported by beams at four side;
𝑏 of water closet, detail of catch basin
loads carried by the supports along w/ both
directions.
SECTIONS-Sectional views provide important info about
the height, materials, fastening and support system, and
concealed features of structure.
Two types of Sections:
1. Longitudinal Section- are long sections
through the longest length of the subject
land, section along the road.
2. Cross Section- sections across narrowest
length of the subject or land works; across
the road.
DETAILS- Detail views are large scale drawings of
construction assemblies and installations that can’t be
clearly shown in the section; enlarge drawings; show
various parts in more details how they will be
connected or placed.
ELEVATIONS- orthographic projection; shows one side
of the house; to show finish appearance of a given side
and furnish vertical height dimension; provides
information on the area of all wall surfaces and wall
openings.
Elevations:
1. Front
2. Rear
3. Left side
4. Right side
UTILITY PLANS- a floor plan that shows the layout of
heating, electrical, plumbing, or other utility systems;
used by the ratings responsible for the utilities; most
requires spacing in walls for installation.
WORKING DRAWING CONTENT BY DRAWING TYPE
Architectural: site development plan, vicinity map,
elevations (i.e., right side, left side, rear, front), roof
plan, ground floor, reflected ceiling plan, second floor
reflected ceiling plan, schedules of doors and windows
Structural: schedule of footing, schedule of column,
detail of wall footing, details of columns and footings,
foundation plan, second floor framing plan, roof
framing plan, detail of slab, detail of footing tie beam,
typical detail of beams, detail of stair, detail of conic
gutter, detail @ truss ridge, detail of truss
Electrical: ground floor lighting layout; second floor
lighting layout; ground floor power layout; second floor
power layout; schedule of loads; details of service
Plumbing-legend, ground floor clean water layout,
ground floor drain waste and vent layout, detail of floor
drain, detail of water meter, detail of septic vault,
COMMON CODE REQUIREMENTS
RELATIONSHIP TO PLAN CHECK DOCUMENTS
A. Plan check- review of plans, drawings, and
documents by the building official for
compliance with the building codes; required
before construction permit is issued.
B. Building Codes: a collection of rules and
regulation adopted by authorities; used for
safety; enforced by the local Government. A
code is a set of rules and specifications for the
correct methods and materials used in a certain
product, building or process.
1. National Building Code of the Philippines
(NBCP): PD 1096- provides and sets
standards so you’ll live in a building cozy,
safe; for the general welfare of the public.
2. National Structural Code of the
Philippines: a referral code of NBCP, not a
law.
3. Fire Code of the Philippines: RA 9514; year
2018; sec. 2. Ensure public safety, promote
economic development through
suppression/prevention of all kinds of
destructive fires; promote
professionalization of the fire service as a
profession.
4. Philippine Electrical Code- basis for
safeguarding persons, buildings and its
contents from hazards that may arise from
the use of electricity.
5. National Plumbing Code of the Philippines-
ensure the proper performance of plumbing
 systems; plumbing codes help ensure the
proper performance of plumbing systems
6. Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code
RELATIONSHIP TO DOCUMENTS AND DRAWINGS
Construction Documents- set of drawings that an
architect produces during the design development
phase of a construction project; serve as a project
manual during the construction phase; assist permitting
agencies and inspectors from local governments, who
have to clear the project; An architect must produce
two sets of this, one set is construction set (remains in
construction), another is permit set (for local permit).
Certificate of Occupancy: required for a building to be
available for occupants.
Building Permit- document issued by the building
official to an owner/applicant to proceed w/ the
construction, installation, addition, alteration, removal,
etc.
Under Chapter 3, Sec. 301 of PD 1096: Building permit
from building official is required for construction;
permits shall expire if construction does not start after
one year after having the permit or abandoned after
120 days after its start.
Requirements for Building Permit
✓ Barangay Clearance/Certification, Association
Certificate, Consent of owner, SPA.
✓ Transfer Certificate of Title, Tax Declaration,
Deed of Absolute Sale, Waiver of Rights,
Contract of Lot Award, DENR Tagging Entry
Pass/Stub.
✓ Contract/Agreement (should include contract
price) with general contractor.
✓ Contract/Agreement (should include contract
price) with sub-contractors for Electrical,
Mechanical, Sanitary/Plumbing, Elevators, and
all other services required by the developer.
✓ Fully accomplished application forms:
• Building
• Sanitary/Plumbing
• Electrical
• Mechanical
• Fencing
• 5 Sets Of Building Plans And Specification:
o Location Plan, Site
Development plan, Vicinity Map
o Architectural Plans
o Structural Plans
o Sanitary/Plumbing
o Electrical Plans
o Mechanical Plans/Fire
Protection Plan (if Applicable)
✓ 5 Sets Of
• Structural Design and Computations
• Bill of Materials/Cost Estimates
• Specification
• 3 Large envelope w/ Folder, Faster And
(1)Logbook
• Others
✓ Fire Safety Certificate Checklist
✓ Location Clearance
Note: 1. All Application Forms, plans, specification,
design and computation, bill of materials should be sign
and sealed by duly licensed ARCH, CE, SE, PEE, Master
plumber, master Electrician. 2. In case of large-scale
Development subdivision, secure Development permit
form in Sangguniang Bayan. 3. Photocopy of PRC ID and
PTR
COMMON SPECIFICATION INFORMATION
Design Documentation: is prepared so to allow the
construction to be accurate. This include: design
planning, bill of quantities, & technical specifications.
Design drawings: are developed to a level of detail
necessary to prepare a clear, coordinated visual
depiction of all aspects of the works.
Major project elements include overall layout,
earthworks equipment, mechanical, electrical,
structural, and water supply systems; are designed and
depicted through coordinated scale drawings and
detailed elevations and plans.
Lot feeder may engage consultants to ensure well-
coordinated drawings and bill of quantities are
prepared.
Technical specifications are prepared to provide
consistency and to instruct construction contractors on
how the works are to be carried out, the quality of the
workmanship and methods of quality assurance for the
construction; describe the project design and
construction practices, technical standards,
specifications and principles to be followed during
construction; may specify a performance goal (a
performance specification) or procedures used to meet
the performance goal (design specification); depend on
the nature and complexity of the project; should form
part of all construction projects.
Objectives of the design drawings and technical
specifications
1. provide a detailed record of the design of the
project.
2. set standards for the technical aspects required
in the construction.
3. set standards for the execution of the
construction.
4. set standards for documenting the design,
tendering and construction process.
Design drawings and technical specifications should
include:
1. Design Drawings
2. Bill of Quantities
 3. Material specifications
4. Requirements for Material Testing
5. Construction and installation methods
6. Development approval conditions that have to
be complied with throughout the construction
Design documents relate to the design, construction
and commissioning of the project works.
the documents should include:
1. design drawings- Design drawings for
construction contain all the information
necessary for the construction contractor to bid
on and build a particular project. A contract or
tender document often references design
drawings; show details on layout,
measurements, plan, cross-sectional and
vertical profiles; prepared as scale drawings of
the works to be constructed. Design drawings
should be presented in such a way that:
understandable, communicate the concept
visually to the lot feeder and the construction
contractor, legible, include all information from
previous revisions and updates. The design
drawings should include the following aspects:
site layout and the location of the works to be
constructed, plan views, detailed designs and
cross-sectional profiles of the works,
dimensions and units gradients, titles and
scales that meet the required standards and
units, adequate labelling, dated and signed by
the designer.
The lot feeder ensures all parties responsible
for the creation, processing or supply of
drawings and diagrams standardize the layout
and content of these drawings.
2. construction specifications
Sample specifications
I. INTENT AND APPLICATION OF THE
PROVISION OF THIS SECTION
II. GENERAL CONDITIONS OF PLANS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
Division 1: General Requirements
Division 2: Scope of Work
Division 3: Site Work
Division 4: Masonry
Division 5: Metal
Division 6: Wood and Plastics
Division 7: Thermal and Moisture
Protection
Division 8: Doors and interior Viewing
Windows
Division 9: Finishes
Division 10: Specialties
Division 11: Toilets
Division 12: Electrical Specifications
Division 13: PLUMBING / SANITARY
WORKS
Division 14: Mechanical Works
Division 15: Fire Protection
Division 16: Furniture
Division 17:
Division 18: Warranty
III. Statement of Compliance
COORDINATION OF ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS WITH
STRUCTURAL, ELECTRICAL, MECHANICAL AND
PLUMBING PLANS
Architectural design- done by architect; means building
appearance, functions based on client’s vision. Design
process: (1) consultation w/ client (project’s budget,
expected finish date, visual appearance, spatial
requirements, functional program, and other design
objectives are addressed.)
Structural design- done by structural engineer; support
the building’s dead, live, and environmental loads, thus
enabling it to remain upright.
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) design-
done by MEP engineers; drawings before the projects
are issued for permitting and construction.
Other disciplines- include landscapers, civil engineers,
communications engineers, acoustic and specialty
consultants etc.
Coordination issues, also known as clashing, arise when
the drawings don’t align well with one another.
Examples include: columns obstructing views or
passage, misaligned slab edges, mechanical ducts
running through structural members, etc.
How to improve coordination?
To ensure effective integration between disciplines, the
right expectations must be laid out before the project
begins. The architect should commit to furnishing the
engineer with some of the following critical information:
the structural design & overall design.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) integrate various
design inputs, facilitating and improving the accuracy of
clash detection. Peer reviews are also helpful in
identifying systemization flaws and getting them fixed.
INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGE DRAWING
Bridge: Structure that covers a gap; carry a load across a
natural or artificial obstacle i.e., river, canal, railway,
other road; carry a free flow of transport; most
significant component of transportation system.
Parts of the Bridge:
1. Substructure
1.1. Foundation (Pile/Spread Footing)
1.2. Pier (Column)
1.3. Abutment
2. Superstructure (any structure above bearing;
wearing surface)
3 TYPES OF BRIDGE
1. Short span (6-30 m)
 2. Medium span (30-100 m)
3. Long span (> 100m)
Span >6 m -→ Bridge; Span <6m→ Culvert
Examples of Bridge:
Bristol Bridge: UK
Avon Mouth Bridge: UK
Golden Gate Bridge: USA
Electric Wharf Footbridge: UK
London Millennium Footbridge: UK
The Forth Railway Bridge: Scotland
Thames Ditton Railway Bridge
BASIC TYPES BASED ON TRUCTURAL FORM
• Arch- has abutments (used to support the arch
part of the bridge); most common: VIADUCT
(long bridge made up of many arches); arch
span lateral pressure → abutment e.g. Gaoliang
Bridge of the Summer palace, China
• Beam/Girder Bridge- simplest type e.g. Iowa
River Bridge
• Cantilever- “canti” inclination
• Truss- load bearing structure; incorporates
truss; incorporates triangular sections of truss
(this absorbs tension and compression to create
a stressed structure able to accommodate
dynamic loads) e.g., Francis Scott Key Bridge,
Baltimore, USA
• Cable-stayed- dependent upon towers/pylons
which are the load-bearing element of the
structure e.g., Rio Antirrio Bridge, Greece
• Suspension- deck- load-bearing element;
vertical suspension- held in place deck; support
cables (suspension cables) e.g., Great East River
Suspension Bridge
• Tied Arch- incorporate arch structures (usually
metal) supported by vertical ties e.g., Infinity
Bridge in Stockton-on-Tees, England
CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDING BRIDGE:
✓ Span length
✓ Bridge length
✓ Beam Spacing
✓ Material Available
✓ Site conditions
✓ Speed of Construction
✓ Aesthetics
✓ Cost
✓ Access for Maintenance
CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDING AESTHETIC BRIDGE:
✓ Context
✓ Comprehension
✓ Cost
✓ Constructibility
CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDING AESTHETIC BRIDGE:
✓ Function
✓ Proportion
✓ Harmony
✓ Order & Rhythm
✓ Contrast & Texture
Process of Making Bridge:
Establish requirements → Understand Context→
Setting design objectives and Principles→ Develop
Design→ Analysis of Design→ Design Refinement→
Implementation Plan
INTRO TO BIM (Building Information Modelling)
BIM - used to design and document building and
infrastructure designs; helps stakeholders understand
what the finished product will be – highlighting key
steps of the construction process along the way; ensure
all parties involved are kept up-to-date with the
project’s progress. an intelligent 3D model-based
process that provides AEC professionals with every
detail need to plan, design, construct, and manage
buildings and infrastructure; also known as Virtual
building or Building Simulation.
BIM Process
1. Plan- capture real-world data and generate
context models
2. Design- conceptual design, analysis, detailing
and documentation are performed;
preconstruction process begins
3. Build - fabrication begins using BIM
specifications
4. Operate
Uses and benefits
1. used to manage information on a construction
project across the project lifecycle
2. digital description of every aspect of the built
asset
3. provides modelling and management
information
4. enables all the parties to work to the same
standard and to be kept in the loop regarding
any updates and changes
5. better project coordination and collaboration
with stakeholders
6. efficient workflows
7. 3D virtualizations
8. overall improved project outcomes
Who uses?
1. Contractors and sub-contractors
2. Project Managers
3. Claims and litigation legal firms
4. Quantity surveyors
BIM objects are the components that make up a BIM
mode.
FEATURES OF BIM OBJECTS a. Excavation
b. Embankment
• Information content that defines a product.
c. Backfilling
• Product properties, such as thermal performance. d. Gravel Fill
e. Hauling of Waste Materials
• Geometry representing the products physical
characteristics. 3. FORMS AND SCAFFOLDINGS

•Visualization data giving the object a recognizable DIRECT COST

appearance.
a. Materials Cost
• Functional data, such as detection zones, that enables b. Labor Cost
the object to be positioned and behave in the same
INDIRECT COST
manner as the product itself.
a. Project Supervision
b. Tax
BIM LEVELS
4. REINFORCED CONCRETE WORKS
Level 0- no collaboration; using 2D CAD and working
a. Footing
with drawings/digital prints
DIRECT COST
Level 1- 3D CAD is being used for concept work, while
2D CAD is used for drafting production information a. Materials Cost
b. Labor Cost
Level 2- all parties involved utilize 3D CAD models, and
c. Equipment Rental Cost
the way stakeholders exchange their data varies from
other levels; Information is shared through a common INDIRECT COST
file format, and all firms involved combine this with
a. Project Supervision
their own data.
b. Tax
Level 3- everyone on the project uses one, shared
b. Footing Tie Beam
project model instead of working on their own 3D
model independently; open BIM; most collaborative c. Columns
BILL OF MATERIALS AND DETAILED COST ESTIMATE d. Roof Beams
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS e. Suspended Floor Slab
a. Mobilization/Demobilization
f. Slab on Fill
DIRECT COST
5. MASONRY WORKS
a. Labor Cost
a. CHB 6" for all exterior walls and fire wall
INDIRECT COST
DIRECT COST
a. Project Supervision
b. b. Tax a. Materials Cost
b. Labor Cost
b. Construction Safety and Health c. Equipment Rental Cost
DIRECT COST INDIRECT COST
a. Materials Cost a. Project Supervision
b. Labor Cost b. Tax
INDIRECT COST b. CHB 4" for all interior walls
a. Project Supervision 6. PLASTERING WORKS
b. Tax
c. Project Photographs DIRECT COST
DIRECT COST a. Materials Cost
a. Materials Cost b. Labor Cost
INDIRECT COST c. Equipment Rental Cost

a. Project Supervision INDIRECT COST

b. Tax a. Project Supervision
2. SITE WORKS b. Tax
 7. ARCHITECTURAL DOORS AND WINDOWS
a. Doors
b. Windows
8. TILEWORKS
a. Comfort Rooms (floors and walls)
b. Floor Tiles (Bedroom)
c. Floor Area
d. Outdoor
9. METAL ROOFING WORKS
a. Metal Truss and Accessories
b. Corrugated G.I. Roofing
10. CEILING WORKS
11. PAINTING WORKS
12. WATERPROOFING WORKS
13. PLUMBING, SANITARY AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM
a. Plumbing Fixtures
b. Plumbing Fixtures
c. Sanitary and Storm Drainage System
d. Septic Tank and Catch Basin
14. ELECTRICAL WORKS

Sub-Total of Direct Cost (Materials+Labor+Equipment

Rental)

Sub-Total of Indirect Cost (Contractor's Profit+Tax)

SUMMARY OF ESTIMATES

DIRECT COST

Total Materials Cost

Total Labor Cost

Equipment Expenses

INDIRECT COST

Project Supervision

Tax

TOTAL PROJECT COST

Prepared by john Good luck engineer