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Chapter l
Introduction

Background of the study

The spread of fake news over the web may have a great impact

not only

on Teenager but also an adult alike though it is not merely the social

media responsibility In the dissemination of fake news, but they are still

considered partners in crime when It comes to filtering out on promoting

news and stories. Stories through their newsfeed. According to a

recent BuzzFeed analysis (SILVERMAN,2016) fake news spread

faster than real news because fake News websites often

masquerade as credible news websites. Therefore, fake news can be

tempting and deceptive, which drives people to share them across

multiple social media platforms. As result harm can be caused,

especially when fake news is disconnected from the original

sources or context (Conroy et al,.2015).

Fake news is another hazard of technology

advancement and Networking because it always existed but as

of now misinformation are active in social media websites, they

are various viral post that include news content and pictures

which effect their mindset towards certain things, people, and

scenarios to a great extent. The students are the most

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vulnerable to such fake news viral posts because they

are young minds and have little knowledge of factual data and

hence, they easily get influenced by the fake news source. Example

a viral video of a mother making her child do homeworking in a

strick manner but it is interpreted as "Some teacher harrassing kid".

People often misinterpreted information because they are

manipulated in some way to tell a different story by misuse of

information to show an issues in completely different meaning.

Statement of the problem

This study aims to investigate the senior high school

student's Perception on Fake News Dissemination and to

determine the effect of misinformation to senior high school

students of Brent Hospital Incorporated.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following problems.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex

1.2 Age

1.3 Year level

1.4 Socio Economic Status

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2. What is the level of senior high school students’ perception on the Fake

News Dissemination in terms of:

2.1 communication

2.2 Advertisement

2.3 Social media

3. What is the effect of Fake News Dissemination to the senior high school

Students in terms of:

3.1 Mental

3.2 Behavioral

3.3 Emotional

3.4 Social aspects

4. Is there a significant relationship between the level of senior high

school students’ perception on the Fake News Dissemination and its

effect?

5. Is there a significant difference in the level of senior high school

students’ perception on the Fake News Dissemination when data are analyzed

according to profile?
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6. Is there a significant difference in the effect of Fake News

Dissemination to the senior high school students when data are analyzed

according to profile?

Hypotheses

The study is guided by the following null hypotheses:

1. There is no significant relationship between the level of senior high

school Student’s perception on the Fake News Dissemination and its effect.

2. There is no significant difference in the level of senior high school

students’ Perception on the Fake News Dissemination when data are

analyzed according to profile.

3. There is no significant difference in the effect of Fake News

Dissemination to the senior high school students when data are analyzed

according to profile.

Significance of the study

The result of the study will be of great benefit to following:

Dean. This study will provide data to the dean on the effect of wrong

Information and how the students should cope up with the fake
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news dissemination. This will also help the Dean to recommend to the

Guidance Counselor’s office for further assessment and evaluation.

Teachers. This study will also be beneficial to the teachers, because this

will provide data about the effect of Fake News Dissemination to

the mental, behavioral, emotional and social aspects of students. This

will alsohelp the teachers to recommend for counseling at the guidance

office. The teachers will also be able to monitor the academic

performance of the students.

Guidance Counselors. The result of this study may serve as the baseline data

To monitor, assist, assess, enhance and help teachers in guiding the

students on how to cope up with the wrong information. The

guidance office will provide awareness campaign to the students

thru seminars/ webinars so that they will be ready to face the

challenges.

Students. this study will give awareness to the students and help stop the

spreading of fake news and stay focus on their academic responsibilities

and be ware of misunderstanding news or information.

Parents. This study will provide insight to the parents about spreading fake

news to their children instead help them in doing their academic

responsibilities.
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Future Researchers. The findings of the study will provide additional

concepts, principles and theories to the researchers and they will develop

a similar framework or intervention pertaining to the Effect of Fake

News Dissemination.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study is limited to the senior high school student's perception on

Fake News Dissemination in terms of communication, advertisement and social

media and the the effect of Fake News Dissemination to the senior high school

Students in terms of mental, behavioral, emotional and social aspects. The profile

of the respondents in terms of sex, age, year level and socio - economic status is

also considered in this study.

Operational definition of Terms

To have a better understanding of this study, the following key variables and

other terms were operationally defined:

Profile. It refers to respondents’ characteristics such as, age, sex, year level,

socio - economic status.

Sex. It refers to teachers’ characteristics of being a male or a female.

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Age. This term refers to students’ chronological age categorized according to: 15

years old and below, 16-18 years old and 19 years old and above.

Year level . This refers grade level of the senior high school students such as

Grade 11 and Grade 12.

Socio - economic status. This refers to the monthly earnings category of the

parents of the students as 5,000 pesos and below, 6000 to 10000, 11 000 to 15000,

16000 to 20000 ad 21000 and above.

Fake News Dissemination. This refers to the wrong information received

either thru text messages or radio.

Communication. This refers to the way the fake news is spread its either thru

text messages, call thru cellphone, and/or radio.

Advertisement. This refers to the information received by the students in the

form of television, radio, text message and classmates

Social media. This refers to the medium sources of information its either thru

neighbors, Facebook, Instagram, Zoom, Google meat

Mental. This refers to the intellectual capability of the students to respond in the

issue about fake news.

Behavioral . In this study this term refers to how the students respond and

interact to his society.

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Emotional . This refers to how the students accept and adapt the situation

where they are facing.

Social. This refers to the way the students interact with their peers or friends in

school.

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the related literature and studies, the theoretical and

conceptual frameworks of the study.

Related Literature

Fake news” is a term that has come to mean different things to different people.

At its core, we are defining “fake news” as those news stories that are false: the story

itself is fabricated, with no verifiable facts, sources or quotes. Sometimes these stories

may be propaganda that is intentionally designed to mislead the reader, or may be

designed as “clickbait” written for economic incentives (the writer profits on the number

of people who click on the story). In recent years, fake news stories have proliferated via

social media, in part because they are so easily and quickly shared online, (Wardle,

2017).

The universe of “fake news” is much larger than simply false news stories. Some

stories may have a nugget of truth, but lack any contextualizing details. They may not
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include any verifiable facts or sources. Some stories may include basic verifiable facts,

but are written using language that is deliberately inflammatory, leaves out pertinent

details or only presents one viewpoint. "Fake news" exists within a larger ecosystem of

mis- and disinformation. Misinformation is false or inaccurate information that is

mistakenly or inadvertently created or spread; the intent is not to deceive.

Disinformation is false information that is deliberately created and spread "in order to

influence public opinion or obscure the truth" Claire Wardle of FirstDraftNews.com has

created the helpful visual image below to help us think about the ecosystem of mis- and

disinformation. And as she points out, "it's complicated."

"Fake news" is "fabricated information that mimics news media content in form

but not in organizational process or intent. Fake-news outlets, in turn, lack the news

media's editorial norms and processes for ensuring the accuracy and credibility of

information. Fake news overlaps with other information disorders, such as

misinformation (false or misleading information) and disinformation (false information

that is purposely spread to deceive people)." [David and Lazer, 2018).

Fake news is now viewed as one of the greatest threats to democracy and

journalism. The reach of fake news was best highlighted during the critical months of

the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, where the top twenty frequently-

discussed fake election stories generated 8,711,000 shares, reactions, and comments

on Facebook, which is larger than the total of 7,367,000 for the top twenty most-

discussed election stories posted by 19 major news websites. Our economies are not
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immune to the spread of fake news either, with fake news being connected to stock

market fluctuations and massive trades. Zhou (2019).

Related Studies

Fake news is an invention – a lie created out of nothing – that takes the

appearance of real news with the aim of deceiving people. This is what is important to

remember: the information is false, but it seems true. That’s logical! If it is too obvious

that it is a lie, it won’t have any impact. Fake news is a little like a false rumour, but on a

large scale…Just as true information has many faces, fake news can also come in many

forms. Here are a few of them.

According to Hunt(2016), the rise of fake news highlights the erosion of long-

standing institutional bulwarks against misinformation in the internet age. Concern over

the problem is global. However, much remains unknown regarding the vulnerabilities of

individuals, institutions, and society to manipulations by malicious actors. A new system

of safeguards is needed. Below, we discuss extant social and computer science research

regarding belief in fake news and the mechanisms by which it spreads. Fake news has a

long history, but we focus on unanswered scientific questions raised by the proliferation

of its most recent, politically oriented incarnation.

Misinformation can be very difficult to correct and may have lasting effects even

after it is discredited. One reason for this persistence is the manner in which people

make causal inferences based on available information about a given event or outcome.

As a result, false information may continue to influence beliefs and attitudes even after

being debunked if it is not replaced by an alternate causal explanation. This result of

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the study conducted by Rand, et. al. (2018) has significant implications for how to most

effectively counter misinformation about controversial political events and outcomes.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

This study anchors on the Conspiracy Theory by Byford Jovan (2011). The

Conspiracy theories resist falsification and are reinforced by circular reasoning: both

evidence against the conspiracy and an absence of evidence for it are re-interpreted as

evidence of its truth, whereby the conspiracy becomes a matter of faith rather than

something that can be proved or disproved. Research suggests that conspiracist ideation

—belief in conspiracy theories—may be psychologically harmful or pathological and that

it is correlated with psychological

projection, paranoia and Machiavellianism. Psychologists attribute finding a conspiracy

where there is none to a mental phenomenon called illusory pattern perception.

Keeley (2-19) said that conspiracy theories often target or discriminate against an

entire group perceived as the enemy behind a real or imagined threat. They polarise

society and fuel violent extremism. While most people who spread conspiracy theories

genuinely believe in them, others deploy them cynically to achieve these effects.
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Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 presents the senior high school student's Perception on Fake

News Dissemination and to determine the effect of misinformation to

senior high school students of Brent Hospital Incorporated.

Perception of Students on Effect of Fake News to

Fake News in terms of: students in terms of:
Communication mental
Advertisement behavioral
Social Media emotional
social aspects

Profiles of the students in

terms of:
Sex
Age
Year Level
Socio-Economic Status

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 shows the interplay of the two variables, the independent and

dependents variables. The independent variable is the p erception of students on fake

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news in terms of communication, advertisement and social media. The dependent variable is

the mental, behavioral, emotional and social aspects. The profile of the students in terms of sex,

age, year level and socio-economic status are also considered as the intervening variables.

Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, research locale, population and

respondents of the study and sampling procedure, research instrument, validity and

reliability of the research instrument, data gathering procedure and the statistical

treatment of data.

Research Design

This study employs the descriptive-quantitative research. It is descriptive

research because it primarily described the senior high school student's perception

on Fake News Dissemination and the effect of misinformation to senior

high school students. Valdez (2010) stressed descriptive research is concerned with

the description of data and characteristics about a population. The goal is the

acquisition of factual, accurate and systematic data that can be used in averages,

frequencies and similar statistical calculations. Descriptive studies seldom involve

experimentation, as they are more concerned with naturally occurring phenomena than

with the observation of controlled situations.

Research Locale
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This study is conduced at the Brent Hospital Incorporated. Brent Hospital

Incorporated is located at the RT Lim, Boulevard, Zamboanga City.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the Grade 11 and Grade 12 students of Brent

Hospital Incorporated.

Sampling Procedures

The researchers utilize the quota random sampling technique to get the samples

of the study. There are _____ Grade 11 students and _____ Grade 12 students, a total

of _____ students. However, 20 students of Grade 11 and 20 Grade 12 students will be

included in the study, hence of a total of 40 students will be used as samples in the

study.

Data Gathering Procedures

Permission will be sought from the Dean of Senior High School to gather data

from the senior high school students. Upon approval, the letter will be presented to

department of the senior high school to facilitate the gathering of data. The

researchers then arrange the schedules of distribution and retrieval of the survey

questionnaires. The researchers will personally gather the data from the senior high

school students.
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The data retrieve from the survey questionnaires are encoded and statistically

analyze employing appropriate statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences

(SPSS)

Research Instrument

The research instrument of this study is a researcher-made survey

questionnaire. The survey questionnaire consisted of three parts. Part I is the profile of

teachers, Part II is on the senior high school student's perception on Fake News

Dissemination and Part III is on the effect of misinformation to senior high

school students.

Part I. The profile of teachers seeks to elicit data on the name (optional), sex,

age, year level and socio - economic status.

Part II. The senior high school student's perception on Fake News

Dissemination. Each indicator consisted of five statements with four options,

described as, 4 – Very high, 3 – High, 2 – average, 1 – low.

Part III. The effect of misinformation to senior high school

students. Each of the three statements had four options, described as, 4 – high effect, 3

– effect, 2 – less effect ad 1 – no effect.

Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument

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The survey questionnaire of this study is developed on the basis of the research

questions and related literature and studies. The survey questionnaire is referred to the

adviser for comments and suggestions. After which, the same survey questionnaire is

submitted to a panel of experts who examine the items in terms of relevance,

appropriateness and suitability. The suggestions and remarks of the panel are then

integrated in the final draft.

In determining the reliability of the survey questionnaire, 25 copies are

administered to non-respondents - senior high school students with similar

characteristics of the respondents. The survey questionnaires are conducted once and

the data are collated and computed using Cronbachs’ Alpha test for the reliability

estimate.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To facilitate the analysis of data, the following statistical measures using the

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) is used:

Frequency and Percentage. These measures are used to determine the profile

of the respondents in terms of sex, age, year level and socio-economic status.

Weighted Mean. This measure is used to determine the level of senior high

school students’ perception on the Fake News Dissemination in terms of

communication, advertisement and Social media. It is also used to determine the effect

of Fake News Dissemination to the senior high school Students in terms of

Mental, Behavioral, Emotional and Social aspects.

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Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation. This measure is used to

determine if there is a significant relationship between the level of senior

high school students’ perception on the Fake News Dissemination and its

effect.

Independent Sample T-test. This measure is used to determine the if there is a

significant difference in the level of senior high school students’ perception on

the Fake News Dissemination and its effect when data are analyzed according to

sex.

Paired Sample Test. his measure is used to determine the if there is a

significant difference in the level of senior high school students’ perception on

the Fake News Dissemination and its effect when data are analyzed according to

year level.

One Way - ANOVA. This measure is used to determine the if there is a

significant difference in the level of senior high school students’ perception on

the Fake News Dissemination and its effect when data are analyzed according to

age and socio economic status.

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REFERENCES

Hunt, A. Et. Al(2017), Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election, Working
paper for the National Bureau of Economic Research, No. 23089,
2017.
Lazer, David M. J.; et al. (2018). The Science of Fake News.  Science, March
DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2998.
Rund, A. et, al. (2018). Displacing Misinformation about Events: An experimental
Test of Causal Corrections”
Byford, Jovan (2011). Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction. Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN 9780230349216 Macmillan OCLC 802867724.
Keeley, Brian L. (2019). Of Conspiracy Theories. The Journal of Philosophy
109–126. doi:10.2307/2564659. JSTOR 2564659.