Week # 7

Periodic Table
 The elements are classified in a framework called the periodic table
 The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged in order of increasing proton
number
 The Periodic Table makes it easier to study the properties that elements have
in common
 The Periodic Table consists of Groups and Periods
 All the elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer
shell. The number of electrons in the outer shell is the same as the group
number.
 All the elements in the same period have the same number of electrons
shells. The number of shells occupied by electrons is the same as the period
number.
 In any period, there is a change from metallic elements on the left to non-
metallic elements on the right.
 Metals show a greater tendency to lose their valence electrons than non-
metals
 The non-metals (with the exception of the noble gases) attract electrons more
readily than metals
Group II elements (Magnesium to Barium)
 Are all metals
 Have two electrons in their valence shell, with all the inner shells being
filled
 All the elements show a common and fixed oxidation of +2 in their
compounds
 All elements form compounds that ionic
 Show gradual changes in the physical properties as the group is descended,
Densities increases, melting and boiling points generally decrease (metallic
bonding becomes weaker), electro negativities decreases
  Show gradual changes in the chemical properties as the group is descended;
elements are increasingly more reactive due to increasing ease of ionization
The Group 1 elements show similar trends, but they have an oxidation state of +1
in their compounds and are more reactive than the Group II elements

Transition Metals
 Show similar physical properties
 Have variable oxidation states in their compounds
 Their compounds act as catalysts
 They form coloured compounds
 They form complex compounds

Group VII Elements

 Group VII elements, the halogens, have similar electronic configurations and
generally, have similar chemical properties
 The halogens accept electrons easily- they are highly electronegative
 The more electronegative the halogens, the more reactive it is
 Because of their comparatively small atomic size and high electronegativity,
the halogens are powerful oxidizing agents
 Fluorine is the most powerful oxidizing agents and iodine is the least
powerful oxidizing agent in group VII
 The halogens oxidize hydrogen, other non-metals and most metals
 Reactivity decreases down Group VII. An element high in the group
displaces one lower down the group from its compounds
Period 3
 The following trends are observed when going across Period 3, sodium to
argon:
 Atomic radii decrease
 The elements change from metals (e.g. sodium and magnesium) to non-
metals )e.g. Sulphur and chlorine), i.e. there is a decrease in metallic
character
 Whereas the oxides of the elements on the left of Period 3 are Basic, the
oxides of the elements on the right are acidic (although aluminium oxide is
amphoteric- having both basic and acidic properties)
 The oxides and chlorides of the metals in Period 3 are ionic compounds v
with high melting and boiling points
 The oxides and chlorides of the non-metals in Period 3 are covalent
compounds