FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE

CIRCULATION (Reporting)
GROUP 2
Ling and Lomod
(1) Background in Anatomy and Physiology including medical key terminologies (Just
short review of the systems/organs involved) 5 minutes

(1st slide) What is circulation in the body?

It is the involvement of the heart (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and blood
vessels, which transports oxygen, fluids, electrolytes, and products of metabolism in all
internal parts of the body.
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- The heart is a hollow, cone-shaped organ about the size of a fist. It is located in the
mediastinum, between the lungs and underlying the sternum

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[figure 1] Location of the heart (mediastinum)

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[figure 2 GIF]
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[figure 3] Four Chambers of the Heart (encircle Right and Left Atrium/Ventricle)
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[figure 4 GIF]
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- The coronary arteries originate at the base of the

aorta, branching out to encircle and penetrate the myocardium. These arteries fill during ventricular
relaxation, bringing oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

(next slide) cardiac cycle

- The repeated contraction and relaxation of the

heart is known as the cardiac cycle.

(The Systole and Diastole)- With each

heartbeat, the myocardium goes through a cycle of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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[figure 5] Cardiac Conduction System - A network of specialized cells and pathways known as the
cardiac conduction system normally controls the electrical activity and contractions of the heart

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[figure 6 GIF]
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[figure 7 GIF] Cardiac Output- the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in 1 minute.
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[figure 8 GIF]

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Blood vessels- With each cardiac contraction, blood is ejected into a closed system of blood vessels
that transport blood to the tissues and return it to the heart.
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Arterial circulation- Arterial circulation moves blood from the heart to the tissues,
maintaining a constant flow to the capillary beds despite the intermittent pumping
action of the heart.

(Last slide)

Other Factors related to Cardiac Function:

 Stroke volume (SV)- Amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat
 Heart rate (HR-) Number of beats each minute
 Contractility- Inotropic state of the myocardium, strength of contraction
 Preload- Left ventricular end diastolic volume, stretch of the myocardium
 Afterload- Resistance against which the heart must pump