ATAR PSYCHOLOGY

SEMESTER ONE REVISION PACKAGE

2020
Biological influences/bases of behaviour Cognition
Functions of the major parts of the brain Theories of intelligence
 hindbrain  general intelligence – Galton, Spearman
 midbrain  measuring mental age and intelligence
 forebrain quotient – Binet and Simon
 left and right hemispheres  empirical approaches to intelligence –
 corpus callosum Wechsler
 multiple intelligences – Gardner
Main features of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex  emotional intelligence – Golman
Structure of the neuron
 cell body Intelligence testing
 axon  advantages and disadvantages of group
 dendrites and individual testing
 myelin sheath
The role of sensation and perception in cognition
Methods for investigating brain function  sensory organs and stimuli
 external recordings – electroencephalography  perception – illusions and distortions of
(EEG) visual perception
 scanning techniques  attention – selected, divided, habituation,
o still pictures – computed axial tomography dishabituation
(CAT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) Physiological responses indicating different states
o dynamic pictures – functional magnetic of consciousness
resonance imaging (FMRI), position emission  electrical activity of the brain
tomography (PET) scan  heart rate
 case study – Phineas Gage  body temperature
 galvanic skin response
Factors that affect behaviour, emotion and thought
 physical activity
 psychological and physiological responses to
recreational drugs – cannabis, alcohol and
amphetamine

Development Personality
Aspects of human development across the life span Definition
 cognitive
Historical perspectives
 physical  psychodynamic – Freud
 social  trait – Eysenck, Allport
 emotional  humanistic – Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Nature/nurture debate Needs
 twin studies Approaches to measuring personality
 adoption studies  projective – Rorschach, thematic
 intelligence as measured by intelligence apperception test (TAT)
quotient (IQ) non-projective – self-reports

Role of play in physical, cognitive, emotional and social

readiness and skill development
Research Methods

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of meditation on memory.

Researchers randomly divided 100 Year 11 students into two groups, with 50 participants in
each group. Group One participated in 20 minutes of meditation before the test while Group
Two did not participate in meditation. All participants sat a memory recall test at the same
venue at the same time. The test required participants to recall as many words as possible
from a list of 20 words they had been shown earlier.

(a) What is the independent variable? (1)

____ meditation
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(b) List two (2) variables the researchers controlled in this study. (2)
_The number of words in the test and the amount of time spent meditating

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(c) Write an operational hypothesis for this study. (2)

It was hypothesized that year 11 students who spent 20 minutes before an exam,

meditating, they would perform better than the students who did not spend any time

meditating at all. The independent variable in this experiment was the meditation and the

dependent variable were the test scores that would be impacted by meditation. The

controlled variables were the amount of time actually spent meditating and the number of

words that were to be recalled in the test.

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(d) Identify two (2) ethical considerations relevant to this study. For each consideration,
identify how the researchers should deal with it. (4)
2 ethical considerations in this experiment would be consent and debriefing.

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An experiment was carried out by Dr White to see if the changing of a specific word in a
question would change a person’s estimate on how fast they thought a person was driving in
an eye witness statement (they could choose any speed between 30 – 70 km). Twenty
participants (first year university students) were shown a brief film depicting a red car driving
along a dual carriageway and driving into the back of a blue car. After they had watched the
film, the participants were split into two groups of ten and were asked several questions
about the crash. Of the questions asked, one of them read differently. It had either the word
slow or fast. This was to show that specific word placement could distort eyewitness
testimony.

The results are as follows:

Group 1 question: “How slow was the car going when it crashed?”
Group 2 question: “How fast was the car going when it crashed?”
Estimated Speed of the Car (Km)
Participant Number Group 1 Group 2
1 42 60
2 33 70
3 30 70
4 40 70
5 40 50
6 43 30
7 50 47
8 30 55
9 31 60
10 52 69
Mean
Median

Mode

(a) Calculate the Mean, Median and Mode for the data above. (3 marks)

(b) Write an operational hypothesis for this investigation. (2 marks)

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(c) What is the independent variable? (1 mark)

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(d) What is the dependent variable? (1 mark)

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(e) Using evidence from the study, what conclusions can be drawn regarding Dr White’s
study? Was the hypothesis supported? (3 marks)
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 (f) Determine the population of this study. (1 mark)

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(g) What is the difference between a population and a sample? (2 marks)

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A team of scientists were looking into the relationship between the amount of melatonin (a
hormone improving the quality of sleep) and scores in a driving test. One hundred female
drivers aged 20 – 25 participated. Their melatonin levels were determined and their test
score in a driving test was recorded. The results were represented in the graph below.

Average driving test scores for female drivers aged 20 – 25 years old based on the amount
of melatonin.

(a) Describe the correlation illustrated in the graph. (2 marks)

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(b) Identify and explain two (2) ethical considerations the team of scientists need to be
aware of when conducting this experiment. (2 marks)

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(c) State a conclusion that could be drawn from the data collected in this research. 1
mark)
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(d) Can this data be used in the wider population? Explain why/why not? (2 marks)
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(e)This research method was criticised for having poor reliability and validity. Define these
two terms as it is used in psychological research. (2 marks)
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(f) Suggest one (1) extraneous variable that could have influenced the results of this
study. (1 mark)
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Biological Influences
While Madison was repairing a roof she fell eight metres to the ground. As a result of the fall,
Madison now has trouble understanding and remembering what her customers say to her.
(a)The lobe of the brain most likely affected in this case is the (1)
Temporal lobe
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(b)If Madison was unable to recognise faces, the lobe of the brain most likely affected would
be:
Temporal lobe
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(c) If Madison had lost the ability to process visual information, the lobe of the brain most
likely affected would be the:
Occipital lobe
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Rhonda is a talented painter and is excelling in her visual arts class. However, she struggles
in some of her other classes, particularly mathematics. Her mother tells her that she is a
‘right-brain’ thinker. This is a common oversimplification. Explain what is wrong with this
comment. (2)
A common misconception is that ‘left-brained’ people tend to be more logical and

mathematical and ‘right-brained’ people are more creative and artistic. This exists because

of many of the brains parts being located in certain areas, like language processing being in

the left while motor skills being in the right, but both parts of the brain are interconnected and

control the opposite sides of the body.

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Adam is undergoing a functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) scan. He is asked to perform

some cognitive tasks during the fMRI scan.
(a)Name the substance in the bloodstream is detected by the fMRI scan? (1)
_Blood-oxygen levels
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(b)Describe the information about the functioning of the brain the fMRI scan will provide
during the performance of the cognitive tasks? (2)
_fMRI scans measure blood oxygen levels, the scan would measure the changes in these

levels while the patient performed various activities. Observing which parts of the brain has

higher or lower amounts of activity, doctors can come to a conclusion about where the

problem is occurring and how to fix it.

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(c)Name one (1) other imaging technique that could be used to find out similar information to
the fMRI. (1)
_Position Emission Tomography
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A patient presents at Rockingham General Hospital in an agitated state and is experiencing

a rapid heart rate and excess sweating. The emergency physician surmises that the patient
has taken an illicit drug.
(a)Infer which drug the patient has taken. (1)
___Amphetamine___________________________________________________________
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(b)Every drug can be classified by its mechanisms of action. Classify this drug according to
its effects on the body and explain the presenting symptoms. (2)

Amphetamine is a stimulant. It results in increased heart rates, aggression and sweating.

This is caused by increased neurotransmitter activity which raises energy levels. When it

wears off it can cause acute depression, weaker abilities to fight off infections and

headaches.________________________________________________________________

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Shannon, a psychology student, wanted to examine the effectiveness of physical exercise or

social support on a person’s stress response. Stress is related to depression and other
negative affect disorders. Shannon advertised her study in the local newspaper and invited
readers to complete a questionnaire online.

The results of her study are graphed below.

Figure 2
Self-reported levels of stress of respondents who use social support or physical exercise as
stress management techniques.
Referring to evidence from a previously conducted psychological study, explain the above
graph. (3)
The graph above shows the stress levels of respondents that can be classifies into 2 groups.

Ones that use physical activity to reduce stress and others that rely on social supports. The

data shows that ones who handle stress through physical activity, in fact have lower levels of

stress when compared to ones who use social support.

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List whether the following drugs are stimulants or depressants. (2 marks)

Alcohol __Depressant_

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Amphetamine___Stimulant____________________________________________________

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In regards to physiological changes, list one similarity and one difference between alcohol
and amphetamine use. (2 marks)
Amphetamine increases neurotransmitter activity which in turn increases the energy and

makes an individual more active. Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the rate of

message transfer from CNS to information processing parts of the

brain._____________________________________________________________________

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Phineas Gage received an injury whilst working on a railway project.

(a)Recall the lobe that sustained the damage. (1)

___Frontal lobe
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(b)List two functions of this lobe (2)

___The frontal lobe is responsible for personality and controls voluntary movement.

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(c) Initially, Gage’s personality changed. Explain why this occurred. (1)

_Because the frontal lobe is damage, the personality section in his brain was damaged,

therefore changing his personality.

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(a) Label the structures of a neuron shown in the diagram below.

Image: http://pixshark.com/motor-neuron-unlabelled.htm

In 2008, Sally McLellan claimed the silver medal in the 100 metre hurdles for Australia at the
Olympic Games. The motor planning, refinement of motor movements and the maintenance
of posture and smooth execution of leg and arm movements throughout the race required
her brain to execute and control her motor movements and at the same time, control her
concentration and emotions. What region of the brain was primarily involved in:
(a)Motivation and emotions?
_Limbic system
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(b)Planning the movements?

_Cerebellum
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(c)Perception of the height and distance of the hurdles?

Occipital
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Complete the following table regarding the regions of the brain. (4 marks)

Area of the Brain Damaged Impact on the body

Temporal Lobe Processes auditory information and some

 aspects of memory. Damage in this region
can affect hearing

Occipital lobe Processes visual information, damage can

lead to blind spots and tumours.
Damages to the parietal lobe Impaired spatial awareness.

Damages to the hippocampus Amnesia

Compare and contrast two (2) of the techniques that are used to measure brain function.
Include the name of the procedure, how it’s performed and the advantages and
disadvantages of both. (5 marks)
Position Emission Tomography and Computerized Tomography are two techniques used to

measure brain function. PET scans use a radioactive glucose injected into the patient’s

bloodstream, whose consumption is then measured by the brain and high and low areas of

glucose consumption are measured to detect abnormalities. However this an expensive

process to run with 30 to 40 second intervals between images, it also utilizes radioactive

material which doesn’t allow a patient to use it often, however it does provide detailed and

clear images of the brain and is non invasive. Computerized Tomography or CT scans is a

computing based imaging techniques that creates 3D images of structures. It is a fast,

painless and cheap process but it is highly radioactive and is not suitable for pregnant

women.

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Discuss two limitations of EEG. (2 marks)

EEG is a rather crude and primitive scanning technique. Because the electrodes are placed

on the scalp, they have to pass through the skull to reach the brain and this weakens the

signal and makes the imaging more difficult. They don’t provide detailed areas of abnormal

activity either.

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Identify one structure from each of the brain sections below, and explain their function. (6

marks)

The cerebrum is a part of the

forebrain that is responsible for processing sensory information. It is the centre of the

nervous system and mostly processes visual, touch and olfactory senses. The midbrain

consists of a hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating hunger, thirst and temperature.

The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum which is responsible for fine tuning motor

movements.

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Define psychoactive drugs, and provide an example. (2 marks)

Psychoactive drugs, like cocaine, are drugs that alter the mood, senses and perception of

those who use them. It can also affect thoughts.

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Using an example, explain the relationship between physiological and psychological effects.
(3 marks)
Physiological changes refers to the changes in our bodily processes caused by drugs.

Alcohol slows downs the rate of message transfer between the CNS and PNS.

Psychological effects are a result of physiological effects and affect a person’s thoughts,

emotions and behaviours. Like in amphetamines, a person becomes more aggressive.

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With reference to two examples, explain how the consumption of psychoactive drugs is
detrimental to leading a healthy lifestyle. (6 marks)

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Label the following diagram: (5 marks)

What is the role of the corpus callosum? (1 mark)

_The corpus callosum connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain in order to promote communication

between the 2 and maintain normal activities.

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Provide an example of a depressant and explain its effect on the body. (2 marks)

Alcohol is a depressant, it slows the rate of message transfer between the CNS and

PNS, which leads to a slower processing of information and therefore clumsier

movements.

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Name and explain one scanning technique that uses a dynamic picture to investigate
the brain. (2 marks)
Position Emission Tomography, or PET scan measures glucose consumption in the

brain to measure abnormal activity. The patient is injected with a radioactive glucose

that is consumed by the brain, while a patient performs various activities. This

process provides clear and detailed images of brain activity. It is however not safe

for multiple uses on the same patient due to the radioactive materials involved,

neither can it work in rapid succession because of the 30-40 second wait

time._______________________________________________________________

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Cognition
Describe two (2) key ideas in Francis Galton’s (1869) theory of intelligence. (2 marks)
Galton was the first to propose that intelligence was a general ability that is inheritable, and

shows itself depending on the environmental factors. He was the first to propose an idea of

general intelligence that could be measured like height. Galton was also the first to argue

about individual characteristics in a person’s make up of general intelligence.

The Stanford-Binet intelligence test is still widely used today. Identify one (1) strength and
one (1) weakness of this type of testing as a means of determining intelligence.

Strength:

The test undergoes rigorous scrutiny and is conducted by trained professional to

ensure its validity in identifying gifted individuals

 Weakness:

The test does not account for the participant’s mood, emotional state, familiarity with

the test or any other kind of background factors that may influence the results.

Binet introduced the concept of mental age. To what does mental age refer? (2 marks)

Mental age refers to the level of mental functioning possessed by an individual. It compares

how an individual performance of his or her mental abilities to the expected mental abilities

of other children of the same chronological age.

Weschler’s WAIS intelligence test is administered to individuals rather than groups. Outline
two (2) benefits of individual testing. (2 marks)
Examiners can pay more attention to the participant and resolve any questions and better

asses their fatigue and emotional state, in comparison to a group test which does not have

any one on one interaction with the examiner. Secondly, individual testing is not as reliant on

reading ability as the group test, group test requires reading ability and little to no clarification

from the examiner.

To many people, the black shapes in the figure above seem to spell a word. Use the
example above to explain the difference between sensation and perception. (3 marks)
Sensation is input from the physical world, received by our sensory organs and processed
by the brain to make an appropriate judgement. Perceptual set is how our brain processes
visual information from the world around us. It is the predisposition of how we expect
something to be. In the image above, it is an example of perception because it uses lights
and shadows to signal our brain to perceive the use of shadows to be a text.

Name three (3) physiological responses that can indicate a change in a state of
consciousness. Outline how each physiological response is different in sleep compared with
waking consciousness. (6 marks)
Electroencephalogram or EEG can be used to measure consciousness. It has 4

wavelengths to indicate consciousness: Beta for normal waking consciousness, Alpha for

drowsiness, Theta waves to indicate stage 1 or 2 of sleep and Delta waves to indicate stage

3 or 4 of sleep. Heart rate is also a measure of consciousness, lower heart rates means a

stage of rest or sleep while fast heart rates indicate alertness caused by possible strenuous

activities. Galvanic Skin Response or GSR measures electrical conductivity in the skin to

gain an indication of changes in alertness and emotions. GSR can be lowered through

meditation and rest but increased through exercise and drugs.

A number of devices are often used to monitor sleep patterns in sleep clinics.
Name one (1) of these devices, list what it measures, and clearly explain how its recordings
can distinguish between rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
sleep. (3 marks)

Wild chimpanzees in Africa have become ‘used to’ the people how make observations about
them. Identify the psychological term for this process. (1 mark)
habituation

After some time, one of the chimps seemed to ‘notice’ the observer. Identify the
psychological term for this process. (1 mark)
Dishabituation

Identify the underlying mechanisms required for the process named in questions above. (1
mark)
Attention

Holly has just obtained her driver’s license and is excited about being able to drive her own
car. Holly understands that it would be extremely dangerous for her to drive her new car and
talk on a mobile phone at the same time. Explain, in terms of types of attention, why it is
dangerous to carry out both tasks simultaneously? (3 marks)

Attention, in psychology, the concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to

the exclusion of other stimuli. Because our attention has a limited capacity, we can
focus on one stimulus at a time, individual attend to information that is more personal
to them or is a greater stimulus. It is dangerous for Holly to use her phone and drive
at the same time because her phone is a more personal stimulus and is more likely
to attend to her phone while driving, driving is a more dangerous stimulus which can
harm her and others. Because the bottleneck effect states that individuals can focus
on one stimulus at a time, Holly won’t be able to drive safely if she attends to her
phone.

Goleman introduced a new concept of intelligence in the 90s. Identify and describe this form
of intelligence. (2 marks)

Goleman created the 4 frameworks of emotional intelligence, and called EQ for Emotional

Quotient. The 4 frameworks for EQ are self-management, self awareness, social awareness

and relationship management.

Define habituation and give an example. (2 marks)

Habituation is a process of learning to not respond to variable that occur repeatedly and do

not grab our attention any longer. An example is chimpanzees being observed in Africa, they

have grown used to the observers and have learnt not to respond to them.

Using an example, explain the three factors which influence whether a person is able to
successfully divide their attention. (6 marks)

There are 3 factors to decide if a person can divide their attention: Task similarity, task

difficulty and task practice. Task difficulty means how hard is to perform the task while

attention is divided, a harder task makes it harder to complete when attention is divided,

Task similarity is how alike is to the second task to which attention is given, a tasks that

resemble each other are easier to complete when dividing attention. Task practice refers to

the mastery of the task, a task which aren’t used to doing will be harder to perform when

attention is divided.

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Write the formula used to calculate Intelligence Quotient (IQ). (2 marks)

_mental age/chronological age *100

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According to Howard Gardner (1999) there are nine different types of intelligence. Name
and describe any three (3) of these types of intelligence. (6 marks)
3 intelligences of Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory are linguistic intelligence, body-

kinaesthetic intelligence and inter-personal intelligence. Linguistic intelligence refers to how

well an individual can understand words and language, a boy that can speak French, English

and German by the age of 11 is multi-lingual and clearly has higher linguistic intelligence.

Body-Kinaesthetic intelligence is how apt an individual is in controlling their body parts and

manipulating their movement, higher body-kinaesthetic intelligence is associated with better

sporting abilities and health. Inter-personal intelligence is how well an individual can

communicate their others and make distinctions and recognise emotions of other people.

These people have a strong theory of mind which enable them to infer the emotional states

of other people.

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Ricky is really good at languages; he taught himself Japanese in primary school and was
bilingual by the age of 14. According to Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory which area is
he considered intelligent in? (1 mark)

_Linguistic_______________________________________________________________

Psychologists use ‘group’ and ‘individual’ tests to measure intelligence. Identify one (1)
individual empirically-based test that is used by psychologists to measure intelligence.
Describe how this test is used to calculate an intelligence quotient score.
List the five constructs of Emotional intelligence according to Goleman. (5 marks)

i._Self awareness

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ii._Self-management

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iii._Social awareness

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iv._Relationship management

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Explain one of Goleman’s five emotional constructs. (2 marks)

Self Management: Goleman stated that the ability to understand your emotions and adapt

them to changing circumstances is self management.

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Name the theorist who developed the first intelligence test. (1 mark)

_Alfred Binet_______________________________________________________________

Explain the reason why this intelligence test was created. (1 mark)

Binet created the Binet-Simon intelligence scale for the French government to help identify

slow children that would require more help in school.

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List two contributing factors of perceptual set and explain how these effect interpretation of a
stimuli (4 marks)

Perceptual grouping: Common fate: We tend to group objects that are moving together or

are close together as one unit. For example: A flock of birds or a herd of sheep. Common

fate can lead to perceiving groups of people or objects or any other things as one. Like lots

of cans and litter in a specific area can be grouped as garbage dump. Perceptual groupings:

Similarity: We tend to group individuals with similar characteristics like skin colour, accessory

etc… to be related. Example, an individual will perceive a group of people wearing the same

sports jersey to be a part of team or fan club.

Explain why psychologists study visual illusions. (2 marks)

Visual perception is considered a dynamic process that goes far beyond simply
replicating the visual information provided by the retina. ... Optical illusions provide
fertile ground for such study, because they involve ambiguous images that force the
brain to make decisions that tell us about how we perceive things.

With reference to perceptual set, explain why one person may perceive this image as a rat,
whereas another may perceive it as face. (3 marks)

Bulgelski and Alampay created the rat-man illusion. Their research showed that people who

were shown a series of animals before this image are more likely to perceive it as a rat

whereas another set of individuals who were shown a series of faces before this one are

more likely to perceive it as an old man. The series of images shown before each group
conditions them to expect an image with similar features to be next, if humans were show

people would expect the image to have a nose and a mouth and hair but if animals were

shown, the group would expect to see more animalistic features like a snout and paws.

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With reference to the diagram below, outline two Gestalt Principles. (2 marks)

2 principles are fine ground pattern and proximity. Proximity means that 2 objects close to

each other are perceived to be a single unit where as fine ground pattern are lines that make

up an image, where a specific colour in the foreground create one pattern and the

background colours create another pattern.

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Development
Demonstrate your understanding of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development by
completing the following chart as well as the definitions below the chart. (8 marks)

Developmental Age Characteristics

stage
Birth to 2
years
Sensorimotor Infants have no object permeance, have limited
motor skills and use their mouth, hearing ad sight to
learn about the world around them.
3-7 years Child has now developed more complex motor
 Preoperational skills. But still doesn’t understand concrete logic.
Has egocentrism, centration and doesn’t
understand conservation, or irreversibility
7-11 years Child now understands concrete logic and can
understand conservation. Can apply classification
Concrete operation and categorisation.

12 years Child now completely understands logic, has

onwards complex motor skills and applies life experiences
Formal operational and can use a scientific approach to fix problems
called hypothetico-deductive reasoning.

Identify two stages of cognitive development, and describe the characteristics associated
with those stages. (4 marks)
Preoperational and concrete operational are the 2nd and 3rd stages of Piaget’s cognitive

development theory. In the preoperational stage, normally around 2 to 7 years of age, the

child has developed more complex motor abilities and can under some basic logic but not

concrete logic. They cannot understand conservation; meaning they don’t understand the

mass and volume stay the same besides the change in form. They also have centration,

they only focus on one aspect of a problem, they also have egocentrism which doesn’t allow

them to view things from another’s perspective. In the concrete operational stage, around 7

to 11 years of age, children now understand logic and conservation and can group things

based on similar characteristics and features simultaneously into general and specific

groups. They can also identify similar properties and use categorical information to solve

problems.

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Identify another stage of cognitive development, and explain what task is used to measure
whether a child has reached that stage of development. (2 marks)
The formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development in Piaget’s cognitive
development theory. Children in this stage can develop a hypothesis and apply actual real
life experiences to solve a problem. In an experiment Children asked which was the most
important in determining the speed of swing of a pendulum: The length of the string or heaviness of
the weight Children in the Formal Operational stage would approach the task systematically by
creating hypotheses, and manipulating one variable at a time and recording data.
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James is 5 years old and was asked if he had a sister. He said, “Yes her name is Jill”. He
was then asked if Jill had a brother. He said “No”.
Identify the cognitive development stage James would be in, according to Piaget. (1 mark)
James is in the preoperational stage.
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State and explain the concept Piaget would use to explain James’ behavior. (4 marks)
According Piaget, James is in the preoperational stage. Children in this stage display

egocentrism, which is the inability of children to infer the perspective from other people.

Because they lack the Theory of Mind, which is the ability itself to infer other peoples

perspective and mental stage. Because James is in the preoperational stage, egocentrism

prevents him from answering question from Jill’s perspective.

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Explain two contributions Piaget’s theory has made to our understanding of children’s
cognitive development. (4 marks)
Before Piaget’s research about cognitive development in children, people just assumed that

children were just incompetent when compared to adults. Piaget’s research showed that

children think in far different ways than adults, and are in fact incapable of adult logic.

Piaget’s His findings like schema, and the stages of cognitive development have allowed

adults to understand what children are capable and incapable of in different stages and were

taught to educate them accordingly.

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When testing cognitive development, the conservation of volume test is often used. What is
the conservation of volume test, when using water as a means of assessing volume?
The conservation of volume test, is designed for children in the preoperational stage. In this

test, children are shown 2 glasses, in short and wide and the other skinny and tall. The first

glass would have water which was then transferred to the tall glass, children were asked

which glass had more water after the transfer. Because they didn’t understand conservation

they said the tall glass had more water, despite both glasses having the same amount of

water. The water only changed form but the volume of water remained the same.

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When conducting the test mentioned in part a) above on a four-year-old and an 11-year-old,
how would you expect their results to differ? (2 marks)
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Describe two contributions of play to the development of a child. (2 marks)

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Provide (1) one adoption and twin study to outline their importance of twin and adoption
studies into the nature nurture debate of intelligence. (4 marks)
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Identify the researcher associated with Social Development (1 mark)

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Mia’s friends are going to go a party on a Friday night and she doesn’t want to go because
she’d rather watch movies at home, however goes along with them anyway. Evaluate
whether this behaviour is typical for her stage of social development. (3 marks)
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Using a scenario, identify and explain another social development which occurs during
adolescence. (3 marks)
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With reference to empirical research, outline the importance of play in physical development.
(3 marks)
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Explain two differences in physical development between males and females during
adolescence. (4 marks)
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Explain the relationship between the relationship between physical and cognitive
development. (3 marks)
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Personality
How do psychologists define ‘personality’? (1 mark)

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Theories have been developed by psychologists to describe the ways in which we differ in
personality and to account for these differences.
Describe ONE (1) psychological theory of personality and explain how it accounts for
differences in personality between people. (6 marks)
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Outline the limitations of the theory you have discussed above. (3 marks)
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Compare and contrast two theories of personality. (3 marks)

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Identify the characteristics of Freud’s psychodynamic personality theory. (2 marks)

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Jean is a perfectionist, she likes everything tidy and in order. Identify and explain the
psychosexual stage Freud would say Jean was fixated in as a child. (2 marks)
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Identify a trait theorist and explain how they would explain Jean’s behaviour. (2 marks)

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Thomas is an overweight smoker who is needy and dependent on others. Identify and
explain the psychosexual stage Freud would say Thomas was fixated in as a child. (2 marks)
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Outline the main concepts of ‘humanistic’ theories of personality. (4 marks)

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What does Maslow mean by a ‘hierarchy of needs’? (2 marks)

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Explain Freud’s “Psychodynamic theory” of psyche (3 marks)

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Explain the first two of Freud’s “Psychosexual stages (4 marks)

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Mikaela is a cheerful person who is always willing to help others. Identify, with evidence from
the above scenario, one cardinal trait Mikaela has, and one Secondary trait. (2 marks)
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Patrick has had a stressful day at school with lots of assessments, and on the bus home, he
is harassed by a group of year 8s. Identify and describe one defence mechanism that he
might use. (2 marks)
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Describe the personality of someone who is self-actualised, using Eysnck’s trait theory. (3
marks)
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Explain the real and ideal self from Roger’s theories, in reference to congruence and
incongruence. (4 marks)
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Compare and contrast projective and non-projective personality tests, providing an example
of each. (4 marks)
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Outline and explain the disadvantages of projective personality tests. (3 marks)

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